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 ASSIGNMENT SOLUTIONS GUIDE (2018-2019)
M.P.S.-2
vUrjkZ"Vªh; lEcU/% fl¼kUr vkSj leL;k;sa
( International Relations: Theory & Problems )
Disclaimer/Special Note: These are just the sample of the Answers/Solutions to some of the Questions given in the

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Assignments. These Sample Answers/Solutions are prepared by Private Teacher/Tutors/Authors for the help and guidance
of the student to get an idea of how he/she can answer the Questions given the Assignments. We do not claim 100%

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accuracy of these sample answers as these are based on the knowledge and capability of Private Teacher/Tutor. Sample
answers may be seen as the Guide/Help for the reference to prepare the answers of the Questions given in the assignment.

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As these solutions and answers are prepared by the private Teacher/Tutor so the chances of error or mistake cannot be

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denied. Any Omission or Error is highly regretted though every care has been taken while preparing these Sample Answers/

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Solutions. Please consult your own Teacher/Tutor before you prepare a Particular Answer and for up-to-date and exact

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r
information, data and solution. Student should must read and refer the official study material provided by the university.

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iz'u 3- vUrjkZ"Vªh; laca/ksa esa vkRe&fu.kZ;u osQ fl¼kUr ij ppkZ dhft,A
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mÙkjµ,d jk"Vªh;rk osQ yksxksa dks vius Lo;a osQ jkT; esa viuk 'kklu Lo;a djus dk vfèkdkj vkRe&fu.kZ; dgykrk gSA ;g fl¼kUr

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jk"Vª&jkT; osQ vUrxZr egÙoiw.kZ LFkku j[krk gS rFkk bl fl¼kUr us vusd jk"Vªksa dks tUe fn;k gS] ysfdu vkRe&fu.kZ; osQ fl¼kUr dks

d y e
izFke fo'o&;q¼ osQ ckn vesfjdh jk"Vªifr oqMjks foYlu us ,d O;ofLFkr :i iznku fd;kA mUgksaus 'kkflr iztk dh Hkkoukvksa ,oa muosQ
fgrksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, vius 14&lw=kh dk;ZØe esa bls egÙoiw.kZ LFkku fn;k FkkA ij vkRe&fu.kZ; dh leL;k fo'o esa fo|eku gS
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vkSj fo'o esa dbZ ,sls LFky gSa] tgk¡ blls ruko O;kIr gSA
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la;qDr jk"Vª la?k osQ pkVZj esa tkfr;ksa osQ leku vfèkdkjksa ,oa vkRe&fu.kZ; osQ vkèkkj ij eS=kh lacaèkksa dk fodkl djuk ,d eq[;

O bo
mís'; ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gSA pkVZj osQ vè;k; X;kjg] ckjg vkSj rsjg osQ vUrxZr bls ekU;rk iznku dh xbZ gSA egklHkk osQ vusd izLrkoksa

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}kjk Hkh turk osQ vkRe&fu.kZ; osQ vfèkdkjksa dh foLr`r O;k[;k dh xbZ gS vkSj fons'kh 'kklu 'kks"k.k ;k vkfèkiR; osQ vèkhu gksuk

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vkRe&fu.kZ; osQ fl¼kUr osQ izfrowQy ekuk x;k gSA turk oQks vkRe&fu.kZ; Lora=krk vkSj lekurk iznku djus osQ fy, la;qDr jk"Vª la?k
}kjk mifuos'kokn osQ var esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jghA blus viuh U;kl ifj"kn osQ ekè;e ls bl lanHkZ esa lkFkZd iz;kl fd, gSaA
vkRe&fu.kZ; vkSj jk"Vªokn

w eH a
vkRe&fu.kZ; osQ fl¼kar dk vFkZ ;g gksrk gS fd izR;sd jk"Vªh;rk dks viuh Lora=krk osQ fo"k; esa fu.kZ; ysus dk vfèkdkj gSA
dksbZ jk"Vª viuh bPNk osQ fo#¼ nwljs jk"Vª osQ vèkhu ugha jg ldrk gSA og viuh bPNkuqlkj vius jktuhfrd HkkX; dk fuèkkZj.k dj

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ldrk gSA lkFk gh jk"Vªokn ,d ,slh èkkj.kk gS tks ,d jkT; esa jgus okys yksxksa esa ,drk LFkkfir djrh gSA jk"Vªokn ,d jpukRed
rFkk izHkko'kkyh 'kfDr Hkh gSA

w O;kid vFkks± esa jk"Vªokn ,d jkT; esa jgus okys yksxksa dks ,d lw=k esa ck¡èkus dk ekè;e gSA ,sfrgkfld n`f"Vdks.k ls jk"Vªokn dk
mn; ;wjksi esa jk"Vª&jkT;ksa osQ fuekZ.k osQ nkSjku gqvkA 19 oha vkSj 20 oha 'krkCnh osQ iwok¼Z esa teZuh osQ ,dhdj.k] gSIloxZ vkSj vksVkseu
lkezkT; osQ fo?kVu esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ rFkk ,f'k;k vkSj vizQhdk dh jktuhfrd tkx`fr esa izHkko'kkyh 'kfDr dk dke fd;kA 19oha
'krkCnh osQ iwokZ¼Z esa jk"Vªokn dks mnkjokn] yksdra=k rFkk laoSèkkfud vkSj ukxfjd Lora=krk osQ lkFk tksM+k x;kA ckn esa bl fopkjèkkjk
us vkozQked :i èkkj.k dj fy;k vkSj ;g lSfud vkSj O;kikfjd izfrLièkkZ }kjk ,d jk"Vª dks nwljs jk"Vª ls Js"B fl¼ djus osQ iz;Ruksa
rFkk lkezkT;okn dk izrhd cu xbZA 20 oha 'krkCnh esa ;g iQklhokn rFkk vU; lokZfèkdkjoknh vkanksyuksa osQ vfuok;Z rÙo osQ :i
esa mHkjk vkSj mifuos'kokn osQ f'kdkj r`rh; fo'o osQ yksxksa osQ fy, jk"Vªokn ,d fonzksgh 'kfDr osQ :i esa vfHkO;Dr gqvkA

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 izFke fo'o&;q¼ osQ ckn U;k;;qDr fo'o cukus gsrq vesfjdh jk"Vªifr oqMjks foYlu us vkRe&fu.kZ; osQ fl¼kar dh dYiuk is'k
dhA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd osQoy vkSifuosf'kd 'kfDr;ksa osQ fgrksa dk è;ku gh ugha j[kk tkuk pkfg,] vfirq 'kkflr iztk dh Hkkoukvksa
,oa muosQ fgrksa dks Hkh è;ku esa j[kk tkuk pkfg, vkSj mudh jktuhfrd Lora=krk rFkk izknsf'kd v[kaMrk dks lajf{kr j[kus dk vk'oklu
fn;k tkuk pkfg,A mUgksaus eè; ;wjksi vkSj iwohZ ;wjksi dh tkfr;ksa (;k jkf"Vªd lewgksa) dh fons'kh vkfèkiR; ls eqfDr dks mfpr Bgjk;k
FkkA fopkj osQ :i esa vkRefu.kZ; dk fl¼kar u osQoy lkezkT; dh iwoZ fLFkfr dk fojksèk djrk Fkk] cfYd lkekU; :i ls ;g gj
lkezkT;okn dk fojksèkh FkkA iQyr% bl fl¼kar osQ fozQ;kUo;u ls dbZ leqnk;ksa us ml le; Lora=krk izkIr dj yh vkSj jk"Vªh;rk osQ
vkèkkj ij vusd jk"Vªksa dk xBu gqvkA
iz'u 4- vUrjkZ"Vªh; laca/ksa esa ,d mHkjrh gqbZ 'kfDr osQ :i esa phu dh Hkwfedk dk ijh{k.k dhft,A
mÙkjµ1978 osQ ckn phu us ,d ,d fLFkj laLFkkxr <kapk vkSj lÙkk gLrkarj.k dh i¼fr fodflr dh vkSj mnkjhdj.k dk dk;ZØe
çkjaHk fd;k] ftlls fiNys 20&22 lkyksa esa phu nqfu;k dk lcls rst çxfr djus okyk ns'k cu x;kA
phu dh vFkZ&'kfDr

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phu dh vk£Fkd 'kfDr dk rhoz xfr ls fodkl gks jgk gSA 1978 esa nsax ft;kvks isax us mnkjoknh vk£Fkd uhfr dks çksRlkfgr fd;k

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vkSj Ñf"k ,oa m|ksx dk vkèkqfudhdj.k djus osQ fy, O;kogkfjd vk£Fkd uhfr;ksa ij cy fn;k] ftls ubZ yEch Nykax Lora=k m|e (New

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Leap Forward Free Enterprise) dgk x;kA futh m|eksa dks oqQN lqfoèkk,¡ ,oa lhfer Lora=krk çnku dh xbZA vfèkd Je gsrq vfèkd osru

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dk fl¼kar ,oa vkRe&çcUèk dh ifj;kstuk (Self Management Scheme) osQ vèkhu vusd dkj[kkuksa easa LFkkfir dh xbZA vkRe&çcUèk

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ifj;kstuk osQ funsZ'kd dks cSad ls ½.k ysus] mRiknu dk Lrj fuf'pr djus ,oa mRikn osQ oqQN Hkkx dks LosPNk ls cspus] ykHk dk ,d
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va'k j[kus ,oa deZpkfj;ksa osQ dk£ed ç'kklu osQ lacaèk esa vfèkdkj çnku fd;k x;kA
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fiQj iwjs phu dks fo'ks"k vk£Fkd tksu esa foHkkftr djosQ ogk¡ ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ fuekZ.k dk ç;kl gqvk tgk¡ fons'kh fuos'kdksa

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us phu dh Hkwfe] Je ,oa fu;kZr] mRiknu lalkèkuksa dk mi;ksx djus gsrq mRlkg ls dne c<+k;kA vkt blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i phu esa fons'kh
iw¡th fuos'k dh ek=kk dkiQh mPPk Lrj dh gSA o"kZ 2004&05 esa phu esa 60 vjc MkWyj dk fons'kh fuos'k gqvk] tcfd Hkkjr esa ;g
djhc ik¡p vjc MkWyj FkkA
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fiNys n'kd osQ pkj o"kks± esa phu dh peRdkfjd fodkl nj 10 iQhlnh ls vfèkd jghA ljdkj }kjk mPp fodkl nj dks fu;af=kr
djus dh çLrkouk osQ ckn Hkh phu dh fodkl nj nqfu;k esa loksZPp gSA bl le; phu dk fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj 610 vjc MkWyj gS] tcfd

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Hkkjr dk 128 vjc MkWyj gSA blesa ;fn gkaxdkax vkSj edkmQ dk eqæk HkaMkj Hkh tksM+ fn;k tk,] rks og nk¡rksa rys vaxqyh nckus tSlk
750 vjc MkWyj ls vfèkd gks tk,xkA o"kZ 2004&05 esa 32 vjc MkWyj dk equkiQk gqvkA vesfjdk vkSj tkiku osQ ckn phu vkt nqfu;k
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dh rhljh cM+h vk£Fkd rkdr gSA ,slh laHkkouk O;Dr dh xbZ fd 2010 rd og tkiku dks ihNs NksM+ nsxkA
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mYys[kuh; gS fd phu osQ fodkl osQ ekxZ dks xfr çnku djus osQ fy, ç'kkldh; lqfoèkkuqlkj 21 çkUrksa] frCcr lfgr ik¡p Lok;Ùk
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{ks=kksaµch¯tx] 'ka?kkbZ vkSj fr,uflu dh rhu uxjikfydkvksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA baXySaM dk mifuos'k jgk gkaxdkax 1997 ls vkSj

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iqrZxky dk mifuos'k edkmQ 1999 ls phu osQ ç'kkldh; {ks=k esa gSA lÙkk gLrkarj.k le>kSrs osQ vuqlkj ^phu ,d ns'k] nks O;oLFkk*
osQ rgr 50 o"kZ osQ fy, ;FkkfLFkfr cuk, j[ksxkA rVdj jfgr eqDr vFkZO;oLFkk osQ dkj.k gkaxdkax u osQoy fo'o O;kikj] iw¡th

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vkokxeu] lapkj] i;ZVu] euksjatu osQ lkxj esa fo'kky txexkrs eksrh tSlk ,d [kwclwjr osQUæ gS] cfYd fo'o ehfM;k osQ fy, vius
[kqysiu osQ dkj.k ,f'k;k&ç'kkar {ks=k] iwoZ ,f'k;k nf{k.k iwoZ ,f'k;k vkSj phu dks le>us dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ okrk;u gSA

w Thlkekftd {ks=k vkSj ewyHkwr <kaps osQ lqèkkj esa Hkh phu dks vçR;kf'kr liQyrk feyh gSA ogk¡ lk{kjrk nj 90 izfr'kr osQ vklikl
gSA LokLF; lsok vkSj çkFkfed f'k{kk osQ lqèkkj ij phu us fo'ks"k è;ku fn;k gSA ;gk¡ foKku&çkS|ksfxdh osQ vusd 'kksèk laLFkku vkSj

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fo'ofo|ky; fo'o Lrj osQ gSaA phu 1964 ls gh ijek.kq 'kfDr laiUu ns'k cu pqdk gSA mldk varfj{k vuqlaèkku vkSj felkby fodkl
dk;ZØe vR;Ur leqÂr gSA uxj&fu;kstu] Hkou fuekZ.k] gokbZ vîóksa osQ vkèkqfudhdj.k esa mls cM+h liQyrk feyh gSA 'ka?kkbZ vkSj ch¯tx
us uxj&fu;kstu vkSj lqUnjrk esa if'pe osQ uxjksa dks ihNs NksM+ fn;k gSA nf{k.k esa gkaxdkax osQ ikl 'ksutsu esa] tgk¡ phu us lcls igys
vk£Fkd mnkjhdj.k dk ç;ksx fd;k Fkk] mÙkj rVh; bykdksa esa vkS|ksxhdj.k] uxjhdj.k vkSj vkèkqfudhdj.k dh rst xfr lkiQ fn[kkbZ
iM+rh gSA lcls rst fodflr nf{k.kh çkUr xqtkunkax] iyZ unh MsYVk {ks=k] gkaxdkax vkSj edkmQ osQ lfEefyr bykosQ fu;ksftr uxj&fodkl
dk çkjaHk gSaA iwjs phu dks 83 gtkj fd-eh- vfr vkèkqfud lM+d ekxZ ls tksM+us dk dk;ZØe py jgk gSA ^,d naifr] ,d f'k'kq* osQ
fu;e osQ vUrxZr tula[;k dks fu;af=kr djus esa Hkh phu dks cM+h liQyrk feyh gSA
lfn;ksa ls lkewfgd phuh ekul esa viuh lH;rk dks fo'o esa mPpre] vius ns'k dks egkure osQUæ cukus dk fo'okl lek;k
gqvk gSA ckS¼] dUÝ;qf'k;loknh laLÑfr ls çHkkfor phu esa viuh Hkk"kk vkSj laLÑfr ls vn~Hkqr çse gSA 'kgj gks ;k xk¡o] lc vksj LoPNrk

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dk vkye gSA fouezrk] 'kkyhurk vkSj galeq[k LoHkko vkSj mPpLrjh; lajpuk us phu dh 'kDy ;wjksi tSlh cuk nh gSA mls nqfu;k
dk lcls çfrLi¼hZ vFkZO;oLFkk okyk ns'k Hkh cuk fn;k gSA mUgksaus le>k fd osQoy Ñf"k lqèkkj vkSj fofuekZ.k osQ tfj, phu fo'o
dh loksZÙke vk£Fkd 'kfDr ugha cu ldrk] cfYd blosQ fy, mPp VsDuksykWth vkSj Kku vkèkkfjr m|ksxksa ij vfèkd è;ku nsuk gksxkA
iQyr% phu osQ 'kgjh bykdksa esa voko~Q dj nsus okyh xfr ls Kku vkèkkfjr ck;ksVsd] uSuksVsd fpIl] dEI;wVj gkMZos;j ,oa lkWÝVos;j
dEifu;ka vkrh tk jgh gSaA vkèkkjHkwr <k¡ps dk ykHk mBkrs gq, dkj m|ksx Hkh oqQykaps ekj jgk gSA bl çdkj liQkbZ] lM+d] dkjksa dh
la[;k] eksckby iQksu] esVªks vkSj ;wjksih; iks'kkdksa esa xksjs phuh yksx fodflr ns'k gksus dk vglkl djkrs gSaA
iz'u 5- f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ i'pkr~ dky esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa dh izo`Qfr dh O;k[;k dhft,A
mÙkjµf}rh; fo'o&;q¼ osQ ckn fo'o osQ ftu çeq[k jk"Vªksa us vkus okyh ihf<+;ksa dks ;q¼ dh foHkhf"kdk ls cpkus osQ fy, la;qDr
jk"Vª la?k dh LFkkiuk dh] rks os fuekZ.k osQ le; ls gh mu dkj.kksa dks è;ku esa vo'; j[kk Fkk] ftlosQ iQyLo:i jk"Vª la?k foiQy
gks x;kA blfy, os lalkj dks bl çdkj laxfBr djus dk ç;kl dj jgs Fks fd fo'o osQ fofHk ns'kksa dh turk lq[kiwoZd 'kkafr ls jg

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losQA yksxksa osQ jgu&lgu osQ Lrj dks Å¡pk djus] lkekftd o vk£Fkd fodkl dh xfr rst djus] oSKkfud ,oa çkfofèkd Kku dk çlkj
djus] ckydksa vkSj 'kj.kk£Fk;ksa tSls oxks± dks fo'ks"k enn nsus osQ fy, dbZ laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk dhA la;qDr jk"Vª la?k osQ pkVZj esa ekuoh;]
'kSf{kd] lkaLÑfrd] vk£Fkd&lkekftd ,oa LokLF; lacaèkh dk;ks± dks cgqr vfèkd egÙo çnku fd;k x;k gS D;ksafd os le>rs Fks fd

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vk£Fkd lkekftd fo"kerk ,oa vlarks"k ruko dh Hkkouk dks tUe nsrs vkSj ruko gh 'kkafr lqj{kk lekfIr dk dkj.k curs gSaA vr% mi;qZDr

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dk;ks± dh ns[kHkky osQ fy, fofHk vUrjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA bu laxBuksa dk fuekZ.k i`Fko~Q :i ls ,d Lok;Ùk'kklh laxBu

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osQ :i esa gqvk rFkk buosQ fofHk dk;ks± esa leUo; j[kus dk nkf;Ro vk£Fkd&lkekftd ifj"kn~ dks fn;k x;kA bu laxBuksa osQ vfrfjDr

lqn`<+ cuk fy;k gSA r

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fofHk O;olk;ksa ls lacaèk j[kus cgqr&ls xSj&ljdkjh laxBuksa dk Hkh mn~Hko gqvk] tks vius&vkidks vc O;ofLFkr <ax ls fodflr vkSj
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lapkj ØkfUr ,oa ifjogu O;oLFkk osQ fodkl ls fofHk O;fDr;ksa] lewgksa ,oa ljdkj osQ eè; lEioZQ dkiQh rsth ls c<+k gSA blosQ

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ifj.kkeLo:i rduhdh] lkekftd] vk£Fkd ,oa xSj&ljdkjh laxBuksa osQ foLrkj esa o`f¼ gqbZ gSA ,slk çrhr gksrk gS fd f}rh; fo'o&;q¼

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osQ ckn xSj&ljdkjh laxBuksa dk çknqHkkZo ,oa fo'ohdj.k dh vUrjkZ"Vªh; vUrfuHkZjrk LokHkkfod fodkl gSA ;gh otg gS MsfoM dgrs
gSa fd vUrjkZ"Vªh; xSj&ljdkjh laxBu ,oa Lok;Ùk'kklh laxBuksa dh fofHk xfrfofèk;ksa }kjk lEiw.kZ ç'kklu osQ vUrxZr lkekU; fgr osQ

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dk;ks± osQ iQyLo:i èkhjs&èkhjs lhekUr js[kk,a lkjghu gks tk,axh rFkk yksx jk"Vªsrj n`f"Vdks.k ls lkspus&fopkjus osQ vH;Lr gksdj vUrjkZ"Vªh;
fgr esa dk;Z djus yxsaxsA
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oSls Hkh vk£Fkd o lkekftd ifj"kn euq"; osQ thou dks lq[kh cukus gsrq fo'ks"kKksa dh ,d ,slh lfefr gS] ftldk eq[; mís';
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nq%[k vkSj nfjærk ls ekuo tkfr dks eqfDr fnykuk gSA vk£Fkd&lkekftd ifj"kn dks fuEufyf[kr vUrjkZ"Vªh; vUr%& 'kkldh; vfHkdj.k
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lgk;rk çnku djrs gSa%

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1- vUrjkZ"Vªh; Je laxBuµvUrjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksx }kjk Jfedksa dh n'kk mÂr cukus] mudh vk£Fkd fLFkfr esa fLFkjrk ,oa lkekftd

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Lrj dks mÂr cukus osQ fy,A

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2- [kk| ,oa Ñf"k laxBuµfo'o esa [kk| ,oa Ñf"k dh n'kkvksa dks mÂr cukus] jgu&lgu dk Lrj Å¡pk mBkus] ikSf"Vd Hkkstu
esa fodkl rFkk [kk| inkFkks± osQ mRiknu esa o`f¼ gsrqA

w Th
3- fo'o LokLF; la?kµfo'o esa LokLF; lacaèkh mís'; dks iwjk djus gsrqA
4- la;qDr jk"Vªh; 'kS{kf.kd oSKkfud ,oa lkaLÑfrd laxBuµf'k{kk] foKku ,oa laLÑfr osQ }kjk fofHk jk"Vªksa osQ eè; eèkqj

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lacaèk fodflr djus gsrqA
5- fo'o Mkd la?kµvUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij Mkd lqfoèkkvksa dk fodkl djus] ,d ns'k dh Mkd nwljs ns'k esa Hkstus ,oa Mkd dh
nj fuf'pr djus gsrqA
6- vUrjkZ"Vªh; ukxfjd mîó;u la?kµvUrjkZ"Vªh; ok;q ifjogu ls lacafèkr fofèk;ksa vkSj le>kSrs dk çk:i rS;kj djus] muls
lacafèkr leL;kvksa osQ lekèkku] lqj{kk] fujarjrk vkSj n{krk gsrqA
7- vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"kµvUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dks ijLij lg;ksx ls foLr`r ,oa lqn`<+ djus ,oa Hkqxrku larqyu rFkk fons'kh eqæk
dk çcUèk djus gsrqA
8- iqu£uekZ.k vkSj fodkl osQ fy, vUrjkZ"Vªh; cSadµfo'o dh vk£Fkd n'kk lqèkkjus rFkk mudk iqu£uekZ.k ,oa fodkl&dk;Z
esa lgk;rk djus gsrqA

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 9- la;qDr jk"Vª cky ladV dks"kµcPpksa ,oa efgykvksa osQ LokLF; ,oa f'k{kk osQ Lrj dks lqèkkjus rFkk vaèkdkj Hkjs thou esa
çdk'k osQ foLrkj gsrqA
10- vUrjkZ"Vªh; v.kq 'kfDr vfèkdj.kµfo'o dh v.kq 'kfDr dk ç;ksx 'kkafriw.kZ dk;ks ± esa djus] blosQ lqj{kk ,oa fuekZ.k esa
fn'kk&funsZ'k nsus gsrqA
11- vUrjkZ"Vªh; varfj{k foKku la?kµlalkj osQ ns'kksa dks Írq lacaèkh lwpuk nsus ,oa vkus okys [krjksa ls fo'o dks cpkus gsrqA
12- vUrjkZ"Vªh; leqæh; ijke'kZ laxBuµlalkj esa ty ;krk;kr esa lqj{kk rFkk fcuk HksnHkko osQ O;kikj esa o`f¼ gsrqA
13- vUrjkZ"Vªh; foÙk fuxeµfo'o cSad dh lgdkjh laLFkk osQ :i esa vfodflr ,oa v¼Zfodflr ns'kksa esa O;fDrxr laLFkkuksa
dkss vk£Fkd lgk;rk nsdj mÂr cukus osQ fy,A
buosQ vfrfjDr ,f'k;k fodkl cSad] ,eusLVh baVjus'kuy vjc yhx] vkfl;ku] jk"VªeaMy vksisd] ØksesosQu osusyDl] ukÝVk] lÝVk]
bÝVk] G-7, G-15, G-77 vÚhdk ,drk laxBu] jsM ØkWl] ,LosQi] Hkkjr lgk;rk Dyc] dkseslk] edksZlqj bR;kfn us xSj&ljdkjh laxBuksa

m
osQ foLrkj esa viuk egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;k gSA bu laxBuksa us Kku] rduhd] iw¡th rFkk mRiknu dks fodflr ns'kksa ls fodkl'khy ns'kksa
rd LFkkukUrj.k fd;k gSA bl çdkj vUrjkZ"Vªh; jktuhfr osQ ledkyhu ;qx esa vjkT;h; xSj&ljdkjh laxBu fo'kkydk; vk£Fkd dÙkkZvksa
osQ :i esa mifLFkr gq, gSaA
o
iz'u 8- (d) u;k&O;gkfjdrkokn
Hkkx&II

t.c g
r
mÙkjµuo&dk;kZRedrkokn dk;kZRedokn osQ foijhr orZeku jkT;ksa dk ,dhdj.k djosQ u, jkT;ksa dh LFkkiuk dk i{kèkj gSA budk

a ead in
iz;kl igys {ks=kh; Lrj ij gksxk] fiQj ,dek=k fo'o jkT; dh jpuk gksxhA budk ;wjksih; la?k osQ leku fopkj gS fd fc[kjko dh izfØ;k
}kjk ,dhdj.k gksxk vkSj os ,dhdj.k dh izfØ;k esa vfHktu oxZ osQ n`f"Vdks.k rFkk lgdkjh fu.kZ; izfØ;k dks egÙo iznku djrs gSaA
uo&dk;kZRedoknh ekurs gSa fd LoSfPNd iz;klksa }kjk cM+h jktuhfrd fudk; dh LFkkiuk gksxh rFkk ,dhdj.k dh izfØ;k esa Hkkx ysus

m
okys jkT; LosPNk ls viuh oqQN 'kfDr;ksa dks NksM+ nsaxs ,oa fooknksa dks lqy>kus osQ fy, ubZ&ubZ rduhosaQ viuk,axsA bl izdkj 'kkafr vkSj

y e R
le`f¼ gsrq jkT; vius lalkèkuksa dk lk>k mi;ksx dj lEizHkqrk dk oqQN va'k vk£Fkd fodkl dks xfr'khy cukus osQ fy, NksM+ nsaxsA

u d
vuZLV ßkl dk ekuuk gS fd ,dhdj.k dh izfØ;k esa Hkkx ysus okys jkT; LosPNk ls viuh oqQN 'kfDr;ksa dk R;kx djus yxrs gSa

lin s
rFkk la?k"kZ lqy>kus vkSj lkewfgd leL;kvksa osQ lek/ku osQ fy, ubZ rduhd viukrs gSaA bl fopkj dks vkxs c<+krs gq, tkstsiQ ukbZ us
n o k
st
nkok fd;k fd {ks=kh; jktuhfrd laxBuksa us ^varjk"Vªh; O;oLFkk esa 'kfDr dk }hi* LFkkfir djus esa izeq[k ;ksxnku fn;k gSA bu fo}kuksa

r
O bo
dk ekuuk gS fd 'kkafr vkSj le`f¼ dk ekxZ iz'kLr djus osQ fy, jkT;ksa dks vius lalk/uksa dk la;qDr mi;ksx djuk gksxk rFkk viuh

-
laizHkqrk dk oqQN Hkkx NksM+uk gksxk rkfd {ks=kh; leL;kvksa osQ lanHkZ esa vkfFkZd fodkl dks xfr'khy cuk;k tk losQA uo dk;kZRedoknh

e fo E
vkSipkfjd laLFkkvksa ij cy nsrs gSa rkfd ;g r; gks losQ fd varjk"Vªh; laLFkkvksa dh vis{kk jk"Vªh; fudk; fdl lhej rd egÙoiw.kZ

. ub nd
dk;Z lEiUu djrs gSaA

w eH a
iz'u 8- ([k) vUrjkZ"Vªh; laca/ksa ij ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k
mÙkjµvUrjkZ"Vªh; lacaèk dk ekDlZoknh mikxe orZeku vUrjkZ"Vªh; lacaèkksa esa iw.kZ ifjorZu dk fgek;rh gSA dkyZ ekDlZ ,oa muosQ

w Th
leFkZdksa osQ vuqlkj vUrjkZ"Vªh; jktuhfr fo'oLrj ij oxZ&la?k"kZ dk :i gS] ftlesa iw¡thifr ns'k fuèkZu ns'kksa dk 'kks"k.k djrs gSa vkSj viuh
LokFkZ&flf¼ gsrq ;q¼ ,oa foLrkjokn dh uhfr dks izJ; nsrs gSaA ysfuu us ekDlZ dh oxZHksn dh ladYiuk esa la'kksèku djrs gq, ;g er

w
izLrqr fd;k fd vUrjkZ"Vªh; {ks=k esa lkezkT;okn iw¡thokn dk izfrfufèkRo djrk gS vkSj vYifodflr ns'kksa dks vius 'kks"k.k dk f'kdkj
cukrk gSA
ekDlZokn osQ vuqlkj fdlh Hkh ;qx dh lekt O;oLFkk rRdkyhu mRiknu iz.kkyh (Mode of Production) ij vkfJr gksrh gSA
mRiknu c<+kus osQ fy, u,&u, mik; lksps tkrs gSa] ftlls u,&u, midj.kksa dk vkfo"dkj gksrk gSA u, midj.kksa dk iz;ksx gksus ij
mRiknu iz.kkyh cny tkrh gS] ftlls lekt O;oLFkk Hkh cny tkrh gSA lH;rk osQ izkjaHk ls gh lekt nks oxks± esa c¡Vk jgkµftl oxZ
us mRiknu osQ lkèkuksa ij viuk LokfeRo LFkkfir djosQ vius fy, lq[k&laifÙk osQ lkjs lkèku tqVk fy,] og laiUu oxZ cuk vkSj tks
osQoy Je cspdj tSls&rSls thou fuokZg djrk jgk vkSj laifÙk ls oafpr jgk] og foiUu oxZ cukA ;g oxZHksn gh oxZ&la?k"kZ dk dkj.k
jgkA blh rjg vUrjkZ"Vªh; jktuhfr esa Hkh iw¡thoknh jkT;ksa vkSj iw¡thoknh O;oLFkk }kjk 'kksf"kr] xjhc vkSj fiNM+s gq, jkT;ksa esa la?k"kZ pyrk
gSA vUrjkZ"Vªh; lacaèkksa esa u,&u, mik;ksa }kjk vehj jkT; xjhc jkT;ksa dk 'kks"k.k djrs gSa] ysfdu ifjogu vkSj lapkj osQ mUur tulapkj

5
ekè;eksa ls fofHkUu ns'kksa osQ chp lacaèk LFkkfir gks tkrk gSA os bu lkèkuksa dk mi;ksx djosQ oxZ&psruk mRiUu djosQ laxBu dks lqn`<+
cuk dj vkanksyu dks fo'oO;kih Lo:i iznku djrs gSa vFkkZr~ vkUrfjd 'kks"kdksa osQ fo#¼ etnwj ØkfUr;k¡ jkT;ksa esa lektokn yk,xh vkSj
rc lektoknh 'kfDr lfEefyr :i ls viuh 'kfDr }kjk iw¡thokn dks lekIr dj lektoknh Hkzkr`Ro osQ vkèkkj ij vUrjkZ"Vªh; lacaèk
LFkkfir djsxhA bl izdkj 'kks"k.k jfgr vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;oLFkk esa leku Hkkxhnkjh osQ lnL; jgsaxsA
ekDlZoknh fopkjdksa osQ vuqlkj HkkSfrd O;oLFkk rFkk oxZ lajpuk fuf'pr le; esa tks mRiUu djrs gSa] ogh jktuhfr ,oa
fo'o&jktuhfr dk ekxZ ,oa izÑfr dk fuèkkZj.k djrs gSa] blfy, fofHkUu fo"k;ksa dh lhekvksa ls ckgj fudydj vUrjkZ"Vªh; jktuhfr dk
xfr'khy vè;;u fd;k tk ldrk gSA
ekDlZ osQ vuqlkj bfrgkl osQ izR;sd ;qx esa lekt osQ vkfFkZd lacaèk iwjh lekt&O;oLFkk osQ fuèkkZjd jgs gSa vkSj jktuhfrd]
lkekftd] uSfrd vkSj ckSf¼d lacaèk vkfFkZd lacaèkksa dh izfrPNk;k ek=k gksrs gSaA vkfFkZd lacaèkksa ls vfHkizk; ;g gS fd lekt osQ lnL;
fdu lacaèkkas ls caèkdj thou&fuokZg osQ lkèku tqVkrs gSa vkSj viuh vko';drk iwjh djrs gSaA blesa lkjh vkfFkZd xfrfofèk;k¡ vk tkrh

o m
gSa] mRiknu (Production), fofue; (Exchange) vkSj forj.k (Distribution)A vr% lekt osQ fodkl dh izfØ;k esa oLrqvksa osQ mRiknu]
fofue; vkSj forj.k i¼fr dh Hkwfedk lcls izèkku gksrh gSA blesa vU; rÙoksa] tSlsµlkfgR;] foKku] dyk] laLÑfr] dkuwu vkSj èkeZ

c
dh Hkwfedk xkS.k gksrh gS] D;ksafd bu lc esa Hkh vkfFkZd rÙo dk izHkko lcls c<+&p<+ dj gksrk gSA

.
bl izdkj ekDlZoknh mikxe vUrjkZ"Vªh; lacaèkksa esa iw¡thoknh] lkezkT;oknh ns'kksa vkSj lektoknh ,oa rhljh nqfu;k osQ ns'kksa osQ chp

t
lacaèkksa dk fo'ys"k.k djuk pkgrk gSA lkFk gh ,sfrgkfld HkkSfrdokn] oxZ&la?k"kZ] 'kks"k.k osQ fo#¼ etnwjksa osQ ,dhdj.k vkfn èkkj.kkvksa
g
osQ vkèkkj ij vUrjkZ"Vªh; lacaèkksa osQ vè;;u dk i{kèkj gSA
iz'u 9- (d) jk"Vª&jkT;ksa dh iM+rky (Interrogating) r
a ea din
mÙkjµvUrjkZ"Vªh; jktuhfr esa jk"Vª&jkT; dks blosQ egÙo ,oa mís';ksa osQ lkFk izeq[k vkèkkjHkwr dk;ZdÙkkZ le>k tkrk gSA jk"Vª jkT;ksa

m
dh ljdkjksa dh uhfr;ksa osQ izHkko vUrjkZ"Vªh; lacaèkksa osQ izeq[k rÙo jgs gSaA jk"Vª&jkT;ksa esa 'kfDr osQ fy, la?k"kZ] 'kfDr iz;ksx o fgalk ,oa

R
èkefd;ka vUrjkZ"Vªh; lacaèk dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ rF; gSaA blfy, ge dg ldrs gSa fd vUrjkZ"Vªh; jktuhfr eq[; :i ls jk"Vª&jkT; O;oLFkk

d
vUrjkZ"Vªh; jktuhfr esa jk"Vª&jkT; O;oLFkk gh gkoh jghA
in ks
y e
dh dk;Z iz.kkfy;ksa dk gh ifj.kke jgh gSaA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij oqQN igys rd osQoy jk"Vª jkT; gh izeq[k dÙkkZ jgs vkSj

l
jk"Vª&jkT; dks pkj izeq[k rÙoksa ls igpkuk tkrk gSµtula[;k] Hkwfe] ljdkj rFkk izHkqlÙkkA vUrjkZ"Vªh; lacaèk osQ {ks=k esa jk"Vª& jkT;

tu n o
dh pkj vkèkkjHkwr fo'ks"krkvksa dks Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSµizHkqlÙkk] jk"Vªokn] izkUrh; v[kaMrk rFkk dkuwuh lekurkA

O bo
izHkqlÙkk dks jk"Vª&jkT; osQ fy, izek.k fpÉ ekuk tkrk gSA izHkqlÙkk dk vFkZ vkUrfjd vkSj cká izHkqlÙkk osQ fy, fd;k x;k gSA

s o r -
vkUrfjd izHkqlÙkk osQ vkèkkj ij jkT; vius ukxfjdksa ,oa vU; lewgksa osQ O;ogkj dks fu;af=kr djrk gS rFkk cká lEizHkqrk ls vFkZ Lora=krk

e E
ls gS vFkkZr~ izR;sd jkT; viuh bPNkuq:i varjkZ"Vªh; laoaèkksa esa viuh Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrk gSA jk"Vª&jkT;ksa dh lkekU; Loho`Qfr ij
f
. ub nd
vUrjkZ"Vªh; fofèk vkèkkfjr gSA bl dkuwu dks jkT;ksa osQ chp vkilh O;ogkj fu;eksa osQ :i esa Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA ;s dkuwu jk"Vª&jkT;
ls Åij ugha gSaA oLrqr% vUrjkZ"Vªh; fofèk jk"Vª&jkT;ksa dh izHkqlÙkk] {ks=kh; v[kaMrk rFkk lHkh izdkj dh dkuwuh lekurk dks ekU;rk iznku

w eH a
djrh gSA izHkqlÙkk lEiUu jk"Vª jkT; osQ lacaèkksa dks gh vUrjkZ"Vªh; lacaèk dgdj ekU;rk nh tkrh gSA
jk"Vª&jkT; dh èkkj.kk osQ lkFk&lkFk jk"Vªokn dh èkkj.kk dk mn; gqvk] ftlls jk"Vª&jkT; dks lqn`<+rk feyhA jk"Vªokn dh Hkkouk

w Th
us èkhjs&èkhjs ekuo dh O;fDrxr igpku dks jkT; }kjk ?ksjuk izkjaHk fd;kA ,d ukxfjd dh gSfl;r ls gh O;fDr jkT; ls vius vfèkdkjksa
dh ekax djrk gSA jktuhfrd lekthdj.k osQ }kjk yksxksa dks ;g f'k{kk nh tkrh gS fd og tUe ls gh jkT; dk ukxfjd gSA jkT; vius

w
dkuwu ikyu osQ cnys vla[; lqfoèkk,¡ ukxfjdksa dks iznku djrk gSA jkT; osQ izfr O;fDr osQ fo'okl ,oa izse osQ ifj.kkeLo:i vxj
,d vksj jk"Vªokn dh Hkkouk cyorh gqbZ] rks nwljh vksj vusd la?k"kZ mRiUu gq,A mifuos'kokn ls eqfDr osQ fy, jkT;ksa us cM+s&cM+s vkanksyu
fd,] ftlls os vius dks izHkqlÙkk laiUu jk"Vª cuk losQA vkØked ,oa mxz lSfudokn osQ ifj.kkeLo:i gh f}rh; fo'o&;q¼ gqvkA
fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dh ladYiuk mlosQ {ks=kh; v[kaMrk osQ vkèkkj ij gksrh gS vkSj jkT; dh lhekvksa esa jgus okys yksxksa dh lqj{kk budk
eq[; nkf;Ro gksrk gSA jk"Vª&jkT; dk Js; eq[;r% {ks=kh; v[kaMrk dks fn;k tkrk gSA blh fl¼kUr osQ vkèkkj ij izHkqlÙkk ,oa jk"Vªokn osQ
fopkjksa dks 'kfDr iznku dh tkrh gSA
fo'o osQ lHkh jk"Vª&jkT;ksa dks mudh tula[;k] lSfud 'kfDr] vfFkZd lzksrksa vkSj muosQ vkdkj dks è;ku esa j[ks fcuk leku
lEizHkqrklEiUu jkT; Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA

6
 ,f'k;k o vizQhdk esa vusd izHkqrklEiUu jk"Vª&jkT;ksa dk f}rh; fo'o&;q¼ osQ ckn tUe gqvkA lkFk gh ySfVu vesfjdk esa
jk"Vª&jkT;ksa dk iqujQRFkku gqvk] ftlls vUrjkZ"Vªh; jktuhfr dk dk;Z{ks=k c<+k gS vkSj jk"Vª&jkT;ksa osQ chp fo'oLrj ij dk;Z gq, gSa]
ysfdu ;q¼ksÙkj dky esa vusd ?kVukvksa osQ dkj.k fo'ks"kdj ijek.kq vL=kksa }kjk Fkksis x, ifjorZu vjkT;h; dÙkkZvksa dh mifLFkfr vkSj
jk"Vªksa osQ chp c<+rh gqbZ vkilh fuHkZjrk jk"Vª&jkT; O;oLFkk dks detksj djus okyh fl¼ gqbZ gSA
oLrqr% jk"Vª&jkT; osQ dY;k.kdkjh Lo:i ls oSKkfud] vkS|ksfxd ,oa rduhdh {ks=k esa lqfoèkk,¡ yksxksa rd igq¡ph rFkk
lkekftd&vkfFkZd vk'kk,¡ c<+haA lapkj ØkfUr ls yksx ,d&nwljs osQ fudV vk;sA fo'o osQ yksxksa esa vkilh fuHkZjrk c<+hA blls jk"Vª&jkT;ksa
dks c<+rs gq, vUrjkZ"Vªh; rkyesy esa etcwju Hkkx ysuk iM+kA vkt izR;sd jk"Vª dks ,d&nwljs ij fuHkZj jguk iM+ jgk gSA ,d rjiQ èkuh
jk"Vª dks dPps eky osQ fy, o rS;kj eky osQ foØ; gsrq fuèkZu jk"Vªksa ij fuHkZj jguk iM+rk gS] rks nwljh rjiQ fuèkZu jk"Vª fcuk èkuh jk"Vª
dh fuHkZjrk ls viuh vko';drk ;k ek¡xksa dks iwjk ugha dj ldrsA iQyr% bl rF; us izHkqlÙkk osQ ikjEifjd izseHkko dks de fd;k gSA
vkèkqfud dky esa jk"Vª&jkT;ksa osQ fy, ;g vko';d gks x;k gS fd vUrjkZ"Vªh; 'kkafr o lqj{kk osQ fy, vius jk"Vªh; fgrksa osQ mís';ksa

m
osQ lkFk&lkFk vU; jk"Vª osQ jk"Vªh; fgrksa dks Hkh vius le{k j[ksaA vUrjkZ"Vªh;dj.k osQ ;qx esa izR;sd jk"Vª&jkT; osQ fy, vko';d gks
x;k gS fd og vius jk"Vªh; fgrksa dh iwfrZ bl izdkj djsa ftlls fd LohÑr varjkZ"Vªh; lacaèkksa osQ mís';ksa dh izkfIr esa dksbZ ckèkk mifLFkr
u gksA
o
c
vUrjkZ"Vªh; vkilh fuHkZjrk osQ bl ;qx esa jk"Vª&jkT; esa og lkeF;Z ugha gS fd og vosQys vius fodklkRed mís';ksa dh izkfIr

.
dj ysA blfy, vc {ks=kh; ,oa vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij lg;ksx vko';d gks x;k gSA if'peh ;wjksih; ns'kksa dk vkfFkZd ,dhdj.k] ;wjksih;

t
eqnzk rFkk cSafoaQx O;oLFkk] ,fl;ku ns'kksa oQk {ks=kh; ,dhdj.k] lkoZQ dk mn; vkfnA blosQ vfrfjDr fo'o esa vkt ,sls vusd laxBu
g
r
a ead in
dk;Zjr gSa tks jk"Vª&jkT;ksa osQ chp lkekftd] vkfFkZd] lkaLÑfrd rÙoksa dks izksRlkfgr djrs gSaA la;qDr jk"Vª la?k dk LFkkf;Ro vkSj lHkh
dh Hkkxhnkjh dh laLFkk osQ :i esa bldh ;FkkFkZrk] f}i{kh; lacaèkksa ,oa {ks=kh; lacaèkksa osQ laLFkkuh;dj.k dh izo`fÙk] xqV&fujis{k vkanksyu
dh 'kfDr] vizQhdk&,f'k;k ,drk vkanksyu ,oa vU; dbZ ekè;eksa ls vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd ,dhdj.k ,oa lg;ksx dks c<+kok feyk gS ftlls

m
yksxksa eas vkilh HkkbZpkjs rFkk ,drk dks izksRlkgu feyk gSA ekuo dY;k.k osQ fy, vc jk"Vªh; lhekvksa dks vko';d ,oa ifo=k ugha

R
ekuk tkrkA bl izdkj dh Hkkouk ls jk"Vª&jkT; O;oLFkk vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;oLFkk osQ i{k esa viuk egÙoiw.kZ LFkku [kksus yxh gSA

y e
bl ijek.kq ;qx esa ,d vkèkqfud jk"Vª&jkT; laHkkfor ;q¼ ls viuh lqj{kk osQ fy, vius vki dks vleFkZ ik jgk gSA xSj&ijek.kq

u d l n
jkT; vius vki dks ijek.kq ;q¼ ls vlqjf{kr ik jgs gSa rks ijek.kq 'kL=k lEiUu ns'k vius vU; mís';ksa dh iwfrZ osQ fy, 'kL=kksa osQ iz;ksx
i ks
esa dfBukbZ vuqHko dj jgs gSaA fo'o esa c<+rh gqbZ tuer dh 'kfDr] vUrjkZ"Vªh; dkuwuksa dk lafgrkdj.k ,oa mldh c<+rh gqbZ Hkwfedk]
n o
st
fu%'kL=khdj.k osQ i{k esa 'kfDr'kkyh vkanksyu rFkk 'kfDr fu;a=k.k O;oLFkk bR;kfn ,sls rÙo gSa ftUgksaus ledkyhu ;qx esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; lacaèk

r
O bo
esa ,d ns'k dh jk"Vªh; 'kfDr ij izfrcaèk yxk;k gSA vkt fdlh jk"Vª&jkT; osQ fy, varjkZ"Vªh; lacaèk esa ;q¼ vFkok 'kfDr }kjk vius

-
mís';ksa dh izkfIr dfBu gSA iQyr% jk"Vª&jkT; O;oLFkk dh izÑfr ,oa Hkwfedk esa varj vk;k gSA

e fo E
jk"Vª&jkT; dh izHkqrklEiUu lekurk dk fl¼kUr ,d ewyHkwr fl¼kUr Fkk] ftlosQ rgr vUrjkZ"Vªh; lacaèk esa lHkh jkT; leku :i

. ub nd
ls Hkkxhnkj Fks] ysfdu izHkqrklEiUu lekurk fl¼kUr :i esa gh lgh O;ogkj esa vkt la;qDr jk"Vª lqj{kk ifj"kn~ esa LFkk;h lnL;ksa (vesfjdk]

w eH a
fczVsu] izQkal] :l rFkk phu) dks Veto dh 'kfDr izkIr gSA vfèkdka'kr% jk"Vª iw.kZr% ;k vkaf'kd :i ls 'kfDr'kkyh jk"Vªksa ij gh fuHkZj gSaA
orZeku le; esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; vkfFkZd laLFkkvksa ij vesfjdk dk fu;a=k.k gSA nwljs jk"Vªksa dh vis{kk mls vfèkd egÙo iznku fd;k tkrk

w Th
gS vr% lHkh jk"Vª&jkT;ksa osQ chp lekurk dk fl¼kUr vkt O;kogkfjd ugha gSA
cgqjk"Vªh; dEiuh tSlh dbZ 'kfDr'kkyh vjkTdh; dÙkkZvksa osQ mn; ls jk"Vª&jkT; O;oLFkk cqjh rjg izHkkfor gqbZ gSA vjkT;h; dÙkkZ

w
fofHkUu :i esa cgqns'kh; gksrs gSa rFkk bUgsa fo'o osQ fofHkUu ns'kksa esa jgus okys yksx pykrs gSaA budk lacaèk vkSipkfjd :i ls vius ns'k
dh ljdkjksa osQ fy, ugha gksrk gSA vkt varjkZ"Vªh; lacaèkksa dk vè;;u osQoy jk"Vªksa osQ vkilh lacaèkksa osQ vkèkkj ij ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
blosQ fy, vjkT;dh; rÙoksa dh Hkwfedk dks Hkh è;ku esa j[kuk gksrk gSA oLrqr% ledkyhu fo'o esa bu rÙoksa dh Hkwfedk vfèkd izHkkoh
,oa okLrfod cudj mfnr gqbZ gSA bUgksaus fofHkUu ns'kksa fo'ks"kdj rhljh nqfu;k osQ ns'kksa dh vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa ,oa dk;ks± dks izHkkfor djus
dh fo'kky {kerk izkIr dj yh gSA
bl izdkj bu lc rÙoksa osQ dkj.k jk"Vª&jkT; O;oLFkk {kh.k gksus yxh gSA lalkj ;krk;kr] lapkj lqfoèkkvksa vkSj rduhdh ØkfUr
ls floqQM+dj NksVk gks x;k gSA vc jk"Vª&jkT; vkRefuHkZj ,oa vkRelarq"V gksus dh vk'kk ugha j[krkA vkilh fuHkZjrk c<+h gS vkSj
vUrjkZ"Vªh; fuokZg osQ fy, ;g ,d vfuok;Z 'krZ cu x;h gSA 'khr&;q¼ osQ i'pkr~ vkfFkZd] {ks=kh; ,oa dk;kZRed vUrjkZ"Vªh; laxBu dk
fodkl gks jgk gSA ikj&jk"Vªh; dÙkkZ ,oa cgqjk"Vªh; vfHkdÙkkZ vfèkd lfØ; gks jgs gSaA

7
 fdUrq jk"Vª&jkT; vHkh Hkh fo'o esa ,d izHkkoh jktuhfrd laxBu gS] ftldk mís'; ,oa lkeF;Z vUrjkZ"Vªh; jktuhfr dks lapkfyr
djrk gSA blfy, dgk tk ldrk gS fd jk"Vª&jkT; vUrjkZ"Vªh; jktuhfr osQ eq[; vax jgs gSa] vkSj jgsaxsA Hkys gh budh Hkwfedk esa ifjorZu
gks x;k gSA oLrqr% vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;oLFkk vkt rd dkiQh xfr'khy jgh gSA jk"Vª&jkT; us vHkh rd mlesa izHkkoh O;oLFkk oQks cuk, j[kk]
ysfdu vusd vUrjkZ"Vªh; laxBu ,oa ikj] jk"Vªh; dÙkkZ vkSj vjkT;h; vfHkdÙkkZ osQ vkanksyu dks iQyus&iwQyus dk volj iznku fd;kA
([k) oS'ohdj.k vkSj lrrrk (Sustainability)
mÙkjµfj;ks&fM&tsusjks esa lEiUu i`Foh lEesyu lEiw.kZ fo'o osQ fy, ,sls fodkl n'kZu vkSj uhfr dh [kkst gS] tks ekuo Hkfo";
dks [krjs esa u MkysA blesa ,d ,sls Hkfo"; dh :ijs[kk fufgr gS ftlls Hkwr vkSj orZeku dh fojklr rks feys] ysfdu iznw"k.k dh ijNkb±
ml ij Øe'k% de iM+sA blesa i`Foh dks iqu% gjk&Hkjk cukus dk izfl¼ nLrkost ,tsUMk&21 osQ uke ls LohÑr gqvk rFkk fVdkmQ fodkl
osQ fy, oqQN uhfr;ksa ij vke lgefr cuh] ysfdu ;g ekuk x;k fd i;kZoj.k dh {kfr rc rd tkjh jgsxh] tc rd xjhch dh leL;k
ij Li"V j.kuhfr ugha cuk;h tkrhA blfy, fVdkmQ fodkl gsrq èku dh vko';drk gSA

o m
,tsUMk&21 ij dkiQh cy fn;k x;kA blosQ fodkl esa viuk ;ksxnku nsus dk vk'oklu fodflr ns'kksa us fn;k] ysfdu blosQ fliZQ
vk'oklu gh cus jgus dh mEehn jgh D;ksafd D;ksVks izksVksdkWy esa Hkh vk'oklu fn;k x;k] fdUrq vHkh rd mloQh uhfr dks ykxw ugha
fd;k x;kA

.c
LFkk;h fodkl ij fopkj djus osQ fy, fo'o f'k[kj lEesyu vxLr&flrEcj 2002 esa nf{k.k vizQhdk osQ tksgUlcxZ esa lEiUu

t
gqvkA bl lEesyu esa ,tsUMk&21 osQ fØ;kUo;u esa 10 o"kks± esa gqbZ izxfr dh leh{kk dh xbZ vkSj LFkk;h fodkl osQ izfr vUrjkZ"Vªh;
g
r
opuc¼rk ij tksj fn;k x;kA bl lEesyu dk ewy mís'; gh ,tsUMk&21 esa fd, x, ok;nksa osQ ikyu dh fn'kk esa jk"Vªh; vkSj vUrjkZ"Vªh;

a ea in
dk;ks± vkSj mik;ksa dk vkdyu djuk FkkA blesa ekSle ifjorZu dh igy esa dfe;ksa dks js[kkafdr fd;k x;kA
d
la;qDr jk"Vª la?k osQ fVdkmQ fodkl vk;ksx us vius lEesyu esa usr`Ro vkSj cpko] uo&fuekZ.k ,oa Hkkxhnkjh] LokLF; ,oa i;kZoj.k]

m
fVdkmQ leqnk; rFkk vUrjkZ"Vªh; 'kklu tSls fo"k;ksa ij fopkj fd;kA lkFk gh fVdkmQ fodkl dh izxfr dk ewY;kadu Hkh fd;kA

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