Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Melissa Burningham
12 April 2019
When an individual first hears the word “addiction,” typically substance abuse of drugs
or alcohol is what first comes to mind. Drug and excessive alcohol use are discouraged
frequently in schools and by health experts. News channels will report on occurrences where an
individual with an addiction overdosed or turned violent when confronted. Consequently, most
individuals understand that becoming dependent on a substance of any kind will impact their
lives negatively. However, addiction can manifest itself in other forms, forms that we as a
society, are not as familiar with and well educated on. These new forms of dependence can
include addiction to pornography, binge watching television, and, with increasing prevalence in
the younger generations, addiction to social media. Many are unaware that technology provides
an easy way for addictive behaviors to develop. It is at the tips of our fingers, making it a simple
process to access any show, website, or profile immediately. This ease of access has created a
new and extremely easy way for addictive behaviors to develop, and feeds these cravings
constantly once they are created. Every notification that goes off reminds the user to keep
coming back, creating a dependence on social media. This reliance on social media has the
What is addiction? At first glance, this seems to be very simple. Many people understand
that in its most simple definition, addiction is dependence on substance or habit to such an extent
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that is negatively impacts the body. However, what really is addiction? How does it work, and
how does it affect the brain? In the brain many chemicals, known as neurotransmitters, are
involved with making the chemistry of the brain balanced in order for it to function normally.
There are four of these neurotransmitters that help keep emotions steady: dopamine, oxytocin,
serotonin and endorphins (sometimes referred to as DOSE) (Roman). When all of the
neurotransmitters are released at normal levels, the body is able to function correctly. However,
if too much or too little of any of these chemicals are released, the body is unable to work
Dopamine is the chemical that rewards the brain and is released in the amygdala when a
person completes an action that invokes a positive response, such as eating, spending time with
friends, or exercising. Once released, it is held by receptors in the brain, which allow the
experience, an influx of dopamine is released immediately, which creates more of these receptors
so that all the dopamine can be used. Once the substance leaves the body or the addictive
experience is over, the brain reverts to releasing its normal amount of dopamine.
Heidi Vawdrey, a registered nurse who studies mental health and addiction explained
how addiction is created. When speaking on how the brain reacts to this loss of dopamine, she
said:
When you try to stop, all those extra dopamine receptors yell very loudly to be filled. It
[addiction] hijacks the higher function of the brain and goes back to what I call the ‘lizard
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brain’, the amygdala and hippocampus, and tells you that you're [going to] die if you
Simply put, once the level of dopamines go back to normal levels, the extra receptors in the brain
are unable to be filled, resulting in the possible side effects of “messed up sleep regulation, poor
concentration, unexplained aches and pains, changes in appetite… racing heart, restlessness or
sluggishness, low motivation, fatigue, [and] digestive disturbances, [among other symptoms]” as
well as the possibilities of mental disorders such as depression and anxiety that are created as a
This process of dopamine release functions the same way when an individual spends time
on social media; research suggests that using social media provides the same response of
professor who studies media and consumerism, said that whenever an individual uses social
[the] brain is experiencing the interaction as highly pleasurable and responds with an intense
need to do it," (qtd. in Gold 16). Dopamine is released after every like and comment on a post on
social media, resulting in the brain wanting to return to that situation time and time again, in
order to receive that rush of dopamine following each occurence. A study done by Harvard
University found that dopamine is released when a person talks about themself. When there is an
audience, the reward, or the amount of dopamine released, increases. The same reward response
was found when a person posted on social media, no matter the content of what was posted
Figure 1: Potential side effects in users that have an addiction to social media
The symptoms of social media addiction have also been found to be similar to symptoms
associated with addiction to drugs and alcohol. High periods of internet use have been linked to
suicidal ideation and higher adolescent health risks (Marchant et al. 18). Excessive social media
use and sedentary behavior —activities that involve sitting or laying down that use low quantities
of energy, such as browsing the internet or checking social media— have been found to be
linked to increased occurrence of mental disorders such as depression and bipolar, as well as
anxiety and compulsive behavior (Rohilla and Kumar 143-4). The occurrence of mental
disorders is similar to the effects of alcohol and drug dependency, which can trigger anxiety,
Individuals with addiction to social media have also been found to have similar
symptoms of individuals who are addicted to gambling. In a study on the correlation between
excessive social networking sites (SNS) and decision making skills, participants underwent a
simulation of the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), a paradigm that is used to reveal impaired decision
making skills. During the IGT, the participant is given two decks, one that gives high rewards,
high penalties, and a negative return of money, while the other gives lower rewards, lower
penalties, and a positive return of money. The participants are then told to make as much money
as possible. Typically, a person with a gambling addiction is proven to lose money on the IGT
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and receive a low score, meaning that they have impaired decision making skills. During the
study, the participants who had a history of excessive SNS use also received significantly lower
scores than participants who did not spend large amounts of time on SNS (Dar Meshi, et al.
169-73).
Along with increasing risks for mental disorders and impairing decision making skills,
addiction to social media has also been proven to change the structure of the brain, just as
excessive use of drugs and alcohol changes the brain structures of addicts. Individuals with SNS
addictions were shown to have pruned amygdalas, which has been shown to generate strong
impulsive behaviors, again correlating with the results from the Iowa Gambling Test study (He et
al.1-3). The size of structures in the brain have also been found to be altered as well, particularly
the amygdala in addicts to both social networking sites and substance abusers (Dar Meshi et al.
170).
Hattie Gladwell, a user of Tumblr, a social media network used for blogging, wrote of her
experience with social media addiction. Gladwell described how she became obsessed with her
amount of followers and the amount of re-blogs each of her posts received. Gladwell was
unaware of how isolated she had become because of her addiction. She said “I became obsessed
with the site. It got to the point where I’d be online from 12pm - 2am repeatedly scrolling
through… Ultimately Tumblr made my life more miserable. Because of my addiction… I was
quick to lose friends” She lost all of her friends that weren’t online and continued to spend more
and more time on the website… until, one day, she decided to quit. Looking back, Gladwell
regrets sacrificing her relationships and mental health in order to feel accepted by strangers
Since there are so many side effects from social media addiction, especially on the still
developing brains of teenagers and children, it is vital that the dangers of this addiction are
explained to both parents and children, so that the amount of people who become addicted to
technology and social media is lessened. As of 2018, about 95% of U.S. teens have access to a
smartphone, and with that, have access to social media, if they so choose to (Anderson and
Jiang). Most teens will not become addicted to social media, but it remains a fact that many teens
spend more than the recommended amount of time on their smartphones every day. According to
a study done by Pew Research Center, about 45% of teenagers say that they are online almost
constantly. Compared to the maximum of two to three hours per day that researchers
recommend, this constant use of the internet and social media has the potential to drastically
affect the still-developing minds of our rising generation. However, if we start teaching about the
effects of excessive technological use, if people are made aware of what they can do to stop this
Works Cited
Anderson, Monica and Jingjing Jiang. “Teens, Social Media and Technology 2018”. Pew
https://www.pewinternet.org/2018/05/31/teens-social-media-technology-2018/
http://www.humanillnesses.com/Behavioral-Health-A-Br/Brain-Chemistry-Neurochemist
ry.html
Dar Meshi et al. Excessive social media users demonstrate impaired decision making in the Iowa
Gladwell Hattie. “How my addiction to social media affected my mental health and my
https://metro.co.uk/2017/09/05/how-my-addiction-to-social-media-affected-my-mental-h
ealth-and-my-relationships-6901759/.
Gold, Sunny Sea. “How to Be a Better Digital Native.” Scientific American Mind, vol. 25, no. 6,
He, Qinghua et al. “Brain anatomy alterations associated with Social Networking Site (SNS)
Marchant, Amanda, et al. “A Systematic Review of the Relationship between Internet Use,
Self-Harm and Suicidal Behaviour in Young People: The Good, the Bad and the
Unknown.” PLoS ONE, vol. 12, no. 8, Aug. 2017, pp. 1–26. EBSCOhost,
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0181722.
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NIDA. "Drugs, Brains, and Behavior: The Science of Addiction." National Institute on Drug
www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugs-brains-behavior-science-addiction.
“The Relationship Between Substance Abuse and Social Media Addiction”. Rehabcenter.net. 5
Feb. 2019.
https://www.rehabcenter.net/the-relationship-between-substance-abuse-and-social-media-
addiction/
Rohilla, Partap Singh and Krishan Kumar. “Impact of Social Media on Mental Health.”
International Journal of Education. vol 5. Vidya Publications. Dec. 2016. pp. 142-9.
Roman, Kaia. The Brain Chemicals That Make You Happy (and How To Trigger Them).
Mindbodygreen.
https://www.mindbodygreen.com/0-23924/the-brain-chemicals-that-make-you-happy-and
-how-to-trigger-them.html