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Research Tips Research Tips

Emmanuel Dotong, MBA, CHIA
Research Tips
01 Research Introduction

02 Literature Review
03 Research Consistency

04 APA Format
CHARACTERISTICS OF A FR
RESEARCH PROBLEM
An investigator know that a problem is really
researchable when:
❑There is no known solution to the problem
❑The solution can be answered by using statistical
methods and techniques;
❑There are probable solutions but they are not yet
tested; or
❑The occurrence of phenomena require scientific
investigation to arrive at precise conclusion.
A Good Research Problem should be FR
SMART:
Specific. The problem should be specifically stated.
Measurable. It is easy to measure by using research
instruments such as questionnaire, test and others in
collecting data.
Achievable. The data are achievable using correct
statistical techniques to arrive at precise results;
Realistic. Real results are not manipulated; and
Time-bound. Time frame is required in every activity
because the shorter completion of the activity the better.
 FR
Research Process
1. Identification of a Research problem
2. Formulation of a research Problem and
Objectives
3. Development of a Theoretical or Conceptual
Framework
4. Designing of the Research Methodology
5. Collection, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data
6. Presentation of Conclusions and
Recommendations
7.Taking Course of Action
Literature Review
 FR
Purpose of the Review of
Related Literature
❑Expands the introductory chapter of the research.
❑Helps to further define the research problem.
❑Provides the theoretical basis for the research question.
❑Helps the researcher in the interpretation of results or
findings.
❑Helps the researcher outline the implications of his study.
 FR
Guidelines in Citing Related
Literature and Studies
❑The materials must be as recent as
possible.
❑Materials must be as objective and
unbiased as possible
❑Materials must be relevant to the study.
❑Materials must not be too few but not
too many.
 FR
“RELATED”
❑Means the readings, literature and studies
which have being or related to the present
study.
❑The researcher needs to review the right ups,
literature and studies to determine the
similarities and differences of the findings
between the past and present studies.
 FR
Guidelines in Writing Review
of Literature and Studies
❑Only literature and studies which are related in
purpose, method, or findings to the current study
should be included.
❑The discussion of such literature and studies should
be in the form of a brief critical analysis of the
purposes, method of study, main findings and
conclusions.
❑Studies containing the same set of variables as your
study should be a priority and essential to the review
of literature and studies.
 FR

RRL Components
❑ Introduction
❑ Methods
❑ Body
❑ Discussion & Conclusion
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 FR
Literature Review Components

Context, Field of Study, Relevance of the topic,

INTRODUCTION
and focus of the literature review

METHODS Research approaches, description of criteria, presentation approach

Chronological: Different Paragraphs for Different Time Period
BODY Thematic: Subtopics Based on the Different Themes
DISCUSSION & Summary of main contributions of significant studies, and discuss
CONCLUSION questions or research gaps about the topic and field

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Literature Review
Writing Approaches

•Chronological Approach
•Deductive Approach
•Thematic Approach
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Chronological
Approach
• Approach is use if you focus on how ideas or
methodology have progressed over time
• Group and discuss your sources in order of their
publication date
• Check how the field has developed over the
years. Do all studies discuss a common topic?

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 FR

Deductive Approach
•Trends
•Issues
•Problematization
•Solution
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Thematic
Approach
• Focused on summarizing each related
studies
• Analyze existing knowledge on the topic
with regard to certain important issues
• Draw the readers’ attention to new angles
or perspectives
• Start listing citations you may include in
your paper.

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 ONLINE
RESOURCES

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 FR
Research Rules:
❑Title
❑Proper Sources
❑Timeless Theory
❑Proper formatting

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 Research
Consistency
 FR

How do we know
if my research is
systematic?
• Research Title
• RRL
• Statement of the Problem
• Conceptual Framework
• Survey Questionnaire
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APA Format
 FR

APA Format
V i a M i c ro s o f t Wo rd

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Red
Research Tips Other Concerns
 FR
Elements of
Research Problem:
• WHY. This includes the aims, objectives, targets or
purposes of the problem for investigation.
• WHAT. The subject matter or topic to be investigated.
• WHERE. The place or locale where the research is to be
conducted.
• WHEN. The period or time of the study during which the
data are to be gathered.
• WHO or FROM WHOM. The population or universe from
whom the data are to be collected. This answers the
questions “who are the respondents”.
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 FR
Sampling
Technique
• Judgment or Purposive Sampling
• The basic idea involved in this type is that logic, common
sense or sound judgment can be used to select a sample that
is representative of a larger population

• Convenience Sampling
• To find participants that are accessible, available or easy
to find. This is the selection of participants in the easiest
way.
• Snowball Sampling
• To find a few people that are relevant to the study. Ask them
to refer you to more of them. This sampling procedure is also
referred to Network sampling or Referral sampling, wherein
the “word of mouth” approaches is used to gather
participants.
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 FR
Sampling Size
SLOVIN’S FORMULA

n= N Sample calculation:
1 + Ne2 N = 253
where: e = 5%
N = population size n= 253
n = sample size 1 + 253(.05)2
e = margin of error n= 253
1 + 253 (.0025)

n = 155

Note: Most commonly used margins of error are 0.01 or 0.05 (meaning either 1% or 5 % of your
survey can be wrong)
PPT Presentation
Red
FR Thank You.
Emmanuel Dotong
FABRIKAM RESIDENCES
Research Tips
977 304 8760
ejdotong@up.edu.ph