ETAP User Guide 16.0. - Part53 PDF

Underground Raceway Systems Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Right-Click on UGS1, to View, Save, Rename, or Purge UGS1
ETAP 47-6 ETAP 16.0 User Guide

47.1.2 Edit Toolbar
New Duct Bank Raceway Wizard
Add Existing Direct Buried RWs Add New Direct Buried RWs
Add Existing Cables Add New Cables
Add Existing Duct Bank RWs Add New Duct Bank RWs
Add New Conduits for Duct Banks RWs Add New Locations for Direct Buried RWs
Add Existing Heat Sources Add New Heat Sources
Display Options
UGS Edit Toolbar
Pointer
The mouse pointer allows you to select or move items. Clicking on the Pointer icon returns the cursor to
its original shape after an element icon has been clicked on, displaying an element to be placed into the
UGS.

New Raceway Wizard

The new raceway wizard allows you to create new duct bank raceways using one of the following
raceway arrangement options:
• Uniform
• Non-Uniform
• Circuit Level

Existing External Heat Source

Click on the Existing External Heat Source icon to open a drop-down list from which you can choose an
external heat source that has been previously created.
If no existing external heat sources are available a message box will appear. These external heat sources
can be found either in the Dumpster or in other underground systems. For more information on external
heat sources see the External Heat Source Editor.
New External Heat Source

Click on the New External Heat Source icon to create a new external heat source. This will enable you to
place it in the UGS wherever there is space available. For more information on external heat sources see
External Heat Source Editor.
Existing Cable
Click on the Existing Cable icon to open a drop-down list from which you can choose a cable that has
been previously created. This list includes one-line, equipment, and UGS cables.
The cables in this list can be found in the one-line diagram (either as a one-line or equipment cable),
Dumpster (deleted cables), or in other underground raceway systems (UGS cables). Cables selected from
the one-line diagram will be converted from one-line or equipment cables to compound cables. A
compound cable represents a cable that exits in the one-line diagram and UGS. For more information on
cables, see Cable Editor Overview.
Note: You can graphically add existing one-line cables to any location (conduit) in UGS. To do this, press
and hold Shift and drag the cable from the one-line diagram into a location in UGS.
A message will appear if no existing cables are available. These cables can be found in the one-line
diagram, Dumpster, or in other underground raceway systems. Cables selected from the one-line diagram
will be converted from one-line cables to compound cables. For more information on cables, see Cable
Editor Overview.

New Cable
Click the New Cable icon to create a new cable. This will enable you to place it in the UGS wherever
there is space available. This cable will be a UGS cable since it only exists in the UGS. To add this cable
(or any other cable in the UGS) to the one-line diagram press and hold Shift and drag the cable, using the
mouse, from the UGS into the one-line diagram. For more information on cables see the Cable Editor
Overview.
Existing Duct Bank Raceway

Click the Existing Duct Bank Raceway icon to open a dialog box from which you can choose a duct bank
raceway that has been previously created.
A message will appear if no existing duct bank raceways are available. These duct bank raceways can be
found either in the Dumpster or in other underground systems. For more information on duct bank
raceways, see Duct Bank Raceway Editor.
New Duct Bank Raceway

Click the New Duct Bank Raceway icon to create a new duct bank raceway. This will enable you to place
it in the UGS wherever there is space available. For more information on duct bank raceways, see Duct
Bank Raceway Editor.
Existing Direct Buried Raceway

Click the Existing Direct Buried Raceway icon to open a dialog box from which you can choose a direct
buried raceway that has been previously created.
A message will appear if no existing direct buried raceways are available. These direct buried raceways
can be found either in the Dumpster or in other U/G Systems. For more information on direct buried
raceways, see Direct Buried Raceway Editor.
New Direct Buried Raceway

Click the New Direct Buried Raceway icon to create a new direct buried raceway. This will enable you to
place it in the UGS wherever there is space available. For more information on direct buried raceways,
see Direct Buried Raceway Editor.

New Conduit
Click the New Conduit icon to create a new conduit. This will enable you to place it in any duct bank
raceway wherever there is space available. For more information on conduits, see Conduit Editor.
New Location
Click the New Location icon to create a new location. This will enable you to place any Direct Buried
Raceway wherever there is space available. For more information on locations, see Location Editor.
Display Option
Click on the Display Options icon to change the appearance of element IDs and ratings in the UGS. For
more information, see Display Options.

Underground Raceway Systems Study Toolbar
47.2 Study Toolbar
Steady-State Cable Temperature Calculation
Cable Ampacity Calculation, Uniform Ampacity
Cable Ampacity Calculation, Uniform Temperature
Cable Sizing
Transient Cable Temperature Calculation
Display Options
View Output Report
Cable Temperature Plots
Halt Current Calculation
Get Online Data
Get Archived Data
Click on this icon to calculate the steady-state temperature of cables in the raceway system under the
specified loading conditions. ETAP uses the IEC 60287 or the NEC accepted Neher-McGrath Method for
these calculations. It determines steady-state conductor temperature for the specified cable loading and
raceway system configuration, considering the effect of heat generated by neighboring cables and external
heat sources.
Uniform-Ampacity Cable Ampacity Calculation

Click on this icon to calculate cable ampacity under uniform ampacity conditions for all cables in the
raceway system. This calculation assumes that the loading of all cables is increased/decreased uniformly
based on cable base ampacity, which is defined in the cable library. The cable ampacity is calculated by
increasing the loading of all cables until the temperature of the hottest cable reaches the maximum
allowable limit. ETAP uses the Neher-McGrath Method for this calculation. This icon is disabled when
the IEC 60287 Method is used.
Uniform-Temperature Cable Ampacity Calculation

Click on this icon to calculate cable ampacity under uniform temperature conditions for all cables in the
raceway system. This calculation adjusts individual cable loading to maintain uniform temperature
throughout the raceway system. The cable ampacity is obtained when the cable temperature reaches its
maximum allowable limit. ETAP uses the Neher-McGrath Method for this calculation. This icon is
disabled when the IEC 60287 Method is used.

Cable Sizing
Click on this icon to automatically optimize cable sizes for the specified cable loading and cable
temperature limit. The result of this study yields the smallest possible sizes for all cables in the raceway
system that can carry the specified loading within the temperature limit. ETAP uses the Neher-McGrath
Method for this calculation. This icon is disabled when the IEC 60287 Method is used.
Transient Cable Temperature Calculation

Click on this icon to calculate cable transient temperatures as a function of time. The cables carry time-
varying loads, as defined in the Load Profile of the Cable Editor. This study allows you to investigate
cable transient operating conditions and verify cable temperatures against time for determining the short-
time loading limit. This calculation is based on a dynamic thermal circuit model. This icon is disabled
when the IEC 60287 Method is used.
Display Options
Click on this icon to open the Cable Derating Display Options dialog box to display calculation results.
Report Manager
Click on this button to open the Cable Derating Report Manager dialog box to select a variety of pre-
formatted output files to review. Select a file type and click OK to open the output file. A detailed
explanation of the Cable Derating Report Manager is given in Section 46.13, Output Reports.
Output Report files can be selected from the Output Report List Box on the Study Case toolbar shown
below.

Study Case Toolbar
Cable Transient Temperature Plot

Click on the Plot icon to select and plot the calculated temperatures of the cables in the raceway.
Get Online Data

If the ETAP key installed on your computer has the online feature (ETAP Real-Time), you can copy the
online data to the cables in the current U/G system.
Get Archived Data

If the ETAP key installed on your computer has the online feature (ETAP Real-Time), you can copy the
archived data to the current U/G system.

Underground Raceway Systems Study Case Editor
47.3 Study Case Editor
The Cable Derating Study Case Editor contains solution control variables, cable loading parameters, and
options for Output Reports. ETAP allows you to create and save an unlimited number of Study Cases.
Cable derating calculations are conducted and reported in accordance with the settings you have specified
in the Study Case Editor.
Note: You can have an unlimited number of Study Cases and can easily switch between the Study Cases
without the trouble of resetting the Study Case options each time. This feature is designed to organize
your study efforts and save you time.
To conduct studies, you first need to switch to the Calculation Mode by clicking on the U/G Cable
Raceways button on the Mode toolbar.

The Cable Derating Study Case Editor can be accessed by clicking on the Study Case button located on
the Study Case toolbar. You can also access this editor from the System Manager by clicking on the
Cable Derating Study Case folder.
There are two methods to create a new Study Case. The first method involves going to the System
Manager, right clicking on the Cable Derating Study Cases folder, and selecting Create New. A new
Study Case is created, which is a copy of the default Study Case and it is added to the Cable Derating
Study Case folder.
The second method involves clicking on the New Study Case button on the Study Case Toolbar as shown
above.

Study Case ID
The Study Case ID is shown in this entry field. You can rename a Study Case by deleting the old ID and
entering the new ID. The Study Case ID can be up to 25 alphanumeric characters. Use the Navigator
button at the bottom of the editor to move between Study Cases.
Methods
Use this area to specify the Calculation Method by clicking one of the two buttons.
Neher-McGrath
When this option is selected, the Neher-McGrath Method is employed.
IEC 60287
When this option is selected, the IEC 60287 Method is used for the steady-state temperature calculation.
Initial/Steady-State Amp
Use this area to specify the cable loading for the Study Case by clicking one of the two buttons. The
loading amps are entered into the Loading page of the Cable Editor. The cable current specified in the
Cable Editor is the phase current, and the current each conductor carries is equal to the phase current
divided by the number of conductors per phase.
Load Profile
When this option is selected, the first current value in the Transient Load Profile list in the Loading page
of the Cable Editor will be used as the initial load current for the transient temperature calculation, and as
the load current for the steady-state temperature calculation.
Operating Load
When this option is selected, the operating load in the Loading page of the Cable Editor will be used as
the initial load current for the transient temperature calculation and as the load current for the steady-state
temperature calculation. The operating load current can be updated with the load flow calculation result
by clicking on the Update Cable Load Current button on the Load Flow toolbar.
Multiplication Factor
ETAP provides several multiplication factors, which allow you to vary the cable loading both individually
and globally. These options furnish flexibility in raceway system design and allow you to project future
load variation.
Use Application MF
When this box is checked, the Application MF selected in the Sizing-Phase page of the Cable Editor will
be utilized to modify the cable load. Prior to performing the cable derating calculation, the cable load
current is multiplied by the Application MF.
Individual GF
Select this option to apply the individual load projection multiplication factor that you have entered in the
Loading page of the Cable Editor. The cable load will be multiplied by this factor prior to calculation.
Global GF
The cable load, which you have specified in the Cable Editor, is multiplied by this factor prior to
calculation, allowing you to globally change the system load.

Transient Temperature Study

Enter the time limit and plot time step for a Cable Transient Temperature Study in this section.
Max. Time
Maximum Time is the length of time, at the unit selected, for which the transient temperature calculation
will be performed.
Output Step Size

Output Step Size specifies the time step, at the unit selected, at which plot points will be generated. The
total number of plot points generated is approximately equal to the Max. Time divided by the Output Step
Size.
Units
The Units list box allows you to select time units for the Max. Time and Output Step Size. Time unit
options include days, hours, minutes, and seconds.
Update
This group is provided for you to flag ETAP to update your cable data.
Currents from Ampacity Calculation

If the box is checked, after running a UT ampacity or UA ampacity calculation, ETAP will update the
allowable current for each cable involved with the calculated ampacity.
Size from Cable Sizing Calculation

If the box is checked, ETAP will update all the cables involved with the calculated optimal size after
running a cable sizing calculation.

Underground Raceway Systems Display Options
47.4 Display Options

47.4.1 Cable Derating Result Display Options
This dialog box allows you to specify the format for information annotations associated with an
Underground Raceway Systems presentation.
Default
This checkbox is used to edit the display options specified by the Project Default Display Options. When
this option is selected, the Info group in this dialog box will be disabled and all the customized selections
displayed will be ignored and replaced by the default settings.
Results
This group allows the user to enable / disable the calculation results from the steady state temperature and
uniform ampacity calculations. Results from the transient temperature calculation are available via output
reports and plots.
Temperature
Select this option to display the calculated cable temperature in degrees Celsius.
Ampacity
Select this option to display the cable current in amps.
Info
This group becomes accessible only when the Use Default Display Options box is not checked; otherwise,
the information in this group will not apply.
Color
This selection box allows you to select one of the sixteen available colors for information annotations.
Cable ID
Select the checkbox to display the cable ID in the raceway view.

Conduit/Location ID
Select the checkbox to display the conduit/location ID in the raceway view.
Raceway ID
Select the checkbox to display the raceway ID in the raceway view.
Heat Source ID
Select the checkbox to display the external heat source ID in the raceway view.
47.4.2 U/G Raceway Display Options

This dialog box is used to specify the format and content of the annotations to be displayed for each
individual element on the Underground Raceway Systems presentation.
Default
If the Use Project Default Options box is selected, the project default settings will be used on the UGS
presentation.
Options
Color
Select from a variety of colors to display annotations for each element.

ID
For each element type (cable, conduit/location, raceways, and heat sources) choose whether or not to
display their ID in the UGS presentation.
Size
For each element type (conduit/location, raceways, and heat sources) choose whether or not to display
their size (in inches or cm) on the UGS presentation.
Results
% Fill
Select this option to display the conduit percent fill expressed as a percentage. The %fill is a dynamically
calculated number that is updated each time the cable size is changed and/or cables are moved between
conduits.
47.4.3 Default Display Options - UGS

This dialog box is used to specify the default format and content of the annotations to be displayed for
each individual element on UGS presentations.
Underground Raceway System Annotations
Color
Select the color for information annotations to be displayed.

ID
For each element type (cable, conduit/location, raceways, and heat sources) choose whether or not to
display their ID on the UGS presentation.
Size
For each element type (conduit/location, raceways, and heat sources) choose whether or not to display
their size (in inches or cm) on the UGS presentation.
Annotation Font
IDs
Select the font, style, and size to display all IDs selected in Display Options.
Ratings
Select the font, style, and size to display all ratings selected in Display Options.
Results
Select the font, style, and size to display all study results selected in their respective Display Options.

Underground Raceway Systems Editing a UGS
47.5 Editing a UGS

This section addresses editors for elements in the U/G Raceway Systems (UGS). Except for the element’s
ID, all other data that appear in the editors are considered engineering properties.
The elements that are included in this chapter are shown below.
Add Elements
Duct bank raceways and direct buried raceways, conduits for duct bank raceways, locations for direct
buried raceways, external heat sources, and cables are the elements that can be adding to an underground
raceway system. This is done by clicking on the Edit toolbar.
Rules
• Elements can be added ONLY in Edit Mode when the Base Data is active.
• Elements CANNOT be added when you are in Study Mode or in a Revision level of the database.
• You CANNOT drop two raceways on top of each other.
• You CANNOT drop an external heat source inside a raceway.
• Cables can ONLY be placed inside of a conduit or location.
• Conduits and locations can ONLY be added inside of their respective raceway types.
• Conduits and raceways CANNOT overlap each other.

A UGS Presentation
To add a new element to your UGS presentation, select a new element from the Edit toolbar, which
changes the cursor symbol to a picture of that element. You may place the element anywhere in the UGS
(where there is room) by clicking the mouse. After dropping the element, the cursor goes back to its
original arrow shape. If you double-click on an element in the Edit toolbar, you can place multiple copies
of the same element in the UGS.
To add an existing element to a UGS presentation, select an existing element in the Edit toolbar (red
symbols), which changes the cursor shape to a picture of that element. Move the cursor into the UGS
presentation and click. It will open an editor (dialog box), which allows you to select an element from the
list box to be added as an existing element, and then click on OK. The element will be added with the
same ID (name) with all of the engineering properties preserved.
External Heat Source Cable Duct Bank Raceway Direct Buried Raceway

Add Raceways and External Heat Sources

Click on the Raceway or External Heat Source button on the Edit toolbar, move the cursor to the UGS
presentation, and drop it into place by clicking. If a new raceway or heat source is selected from the
toolbar, ETAP creates the new raceway or external heat source using the default values. If an existing
raceway or heat source is selected, ETAP prompts you with a drop-down list to select an element from the
already existing ones.
Add Cables
Click on the Cable button on the Edit toolbar, move the cursor inside of a conduit or location, and drop it
into place by clicking. If you select new cables from the toolbar, a new cable (UGS cable) is created with
a dummy cable diameter. If an existing cable is selected, ETAP provides a drop-down list that you can
use to select a one-line cable, equipment cable, or UGS cable.
Add Conduits
Click on the Conduit button on the Edit toolbar, move the cursor inside of a duct bank raceway, and drop
it into place by clicking. Conduits are always created. You cannot add existing conduits to a raceway. The
drop point of a conduit or location is its center. The cursor is marked with an X if your drop point is too
close to the raceway’s edge causing it to overlap the outside of the raceway.
Add Locations
Click on the Location button on the Edit toolbar, move the cursor inside of a direct buried raceway, and
drop it into place by clicking. Locations are used for placing and locating cables in direct buried raceways
and do not physically exist. Locations are always created. You cannot add existing locations to a raceway.
The drop point of a location is its center. The cursor is marked with an X if your drop point is too close to
the raceway edge causing it to overlap outside of the raceway.
Add One-Line Cables

You can graphically add cables from one-line diagrams (one-line cables) to underground raceways. To do
this from a one-line diagram presentation, use <Shift>+Drag to select and graphically drag a one-line
cable to a conduit or location in a UGS presentation. At first, the cursor becomes a cable symbol with a
big X marked on top of it. Once the cursor inside a conduit or location, the X disappears and you can drop
it. The cable that you have just placed inside a U/G raceway appears both in the one-line diagram and the
UGS presentations. The property of this cable can be changed from either presentation.
Note: You can also use <Shift> + Drag to add UGS cables to the one-line diagram.
Select Elements
To select an element, click the left mouse button while the cursor (arrow shape) is on top of the element.
To rubber band multiple raceways, click the left mouse outside the raceway and drag the mouse across the
raceways you want to select. It will show you a dotted rectangle. When the mouse is released, only the
raceways inside the rectangle will be selected.
Note: When a raceway is selected, no matter how many conduits, locations, or cables it contains, the
raceway is considered to be one element. For example, if you cut or copy a selected raceway, the raceway
and its contents will be cut or copied.
Selecting & Deselecting Multiple Elements

<Ctrl>+Click on the elements that you want to select or deselect.

UGS Cable System Representation

This section explains how ETAP is representing and naming the three-phase, single-phase and DC cables
for single core “1/C” and multi-core ”3/C” cables.
Three Phase - cable branch by 1/C (single core) cables

For a 3-phase cable branch that is 1/C and 2-conductor/Phase, six 1/C cables will be generated in the
UGS. These physical cables are named as Cable49-1A, Cable49-1B, Cable49-1C, Cable49-2A, Cable49-
2B, and Cable49-2C respectively, where “Cable49” is the cable name and “A”, “B” and “C” represent the
phases. The names of such physical cables are displayed in the editor, UGS view and report.
Three Phase - cable branch by 3/C (multi-core) cables

For a 3-phase cable branch that is 3/C and 2-conductor/Phase, two 3/C cables will be generated in the
UGS. These physical cables are named as Cable52-1, Cable52-2, respectively, where “Cable52” is the
cable name. The names of such physical cables are displayed in the editor, UGS view and report.

Single Phase-2 wire cable branch by 1/C (single core) cables

For a 1-phase 2-wire cable branch that is 1/C and 2-conductor/Phase, four 1/C cables will be generated in
the UGS. These physical cables are named as Cable38-1F, Cable38-1R, Cable38-2F, and Cable38-2R
respectively, where “Cable38” is the cable name and “F” and “R” represent forward and return
conductors. The names of such physical cables are displayed in the editor, UGS view and report.
Single Phase -2 wire cable branch by 3/C (multi-core) cables

For a 1-phase 2-wire cable branch that is 3/C and 2-conductor/Phase, two 3/C cables will be generated in
the UGS. These physical cables are named as Cable41-1, Cable41-2 respectively, where “Cable41” is the
cable name. In this case, two conductors from each cable will be carrying currents and the third conductor
will not be used. The names of such physical cables are displayed in the editor, UGS view and report.

Single Phase-3 wire cable branch by 1/C (single core) cables.

For a 1-phase 3-wire cable branch that is 1/C and 2-conductor/Phase, six 1/C cables will be generated in
the UGS. These physical cables are named as Cable43-1F, Cable43-1R, Cable43-1Ct, Cable43-2F,
Cable43-2R, Cable43-2Ct respectively, where “Cable43” is the cable name and “F”, “R”, and “Ct”
represent forward, return, and center tap conductors. The names of such physical cables are displayed in
the editor, UGS view and report.
Single Phase -3 wire cable branch by 3/C (multi-core) cables

For a 1-phase 3-wire cable branch that is 3/C and 2-conductor/Phase, two 3/C cables will be generated in
the UGS. These physical cables are named as Cable51-1, Cable51-2 respectively, where “Cable51” is the

cable name. In this case, three conductors from each cable will be carrying currents. The names of such
physical cables are displayed in the editor, UGS view and report.
DC cable branch by 1/C (single core) cables

For a DC cable branch that is 1/C and 2-conductor/Phase, four 1/C cables will be generated in the UGS.
These physical cables are named as Cable39-1P, Cable39-1N, Cable39-2P, and Cable39-2N respectively,
where “Cable39” is the cable name and “P” and “N” represent positive and negative conductors. The
names of such physical cables are displayed in the editor, UGS view and report.

DC cable branch by 3/C (multi-core) cables

For a DC cable branch that is 3/C and 2-conductor/Phase, two 3/C cables will be generated in the UGS.
These physical cables are named as Cable40-1, Cable40-2 respectively, where “Cable40” is the cable
name. In this case two conductors from each cable will be carrying currents and one conductor will not be
used. The names of such physical cables are displayed in the editor, UGS view and report.

Move/Relocate Elements
When an element (other than a cable) is added to a UGS presentation, according to the drop point, its
coordinates (x and y) are updated automatically in its editor and in the Help Line at the bottom of your
screen. You may relocate the element to new coordinates, either from its editor (Ref. X and Ref. Y for
raceways and external heat sources, and Horiz. Dist. and Vert. Dist. for conduits and locations relative to
their raceways reference point) or by dragging the element and watching the Help Line change to the
desired position, as shown below.
X and Y Coordination of an Element in the Help Line
To drag an element, first select the element that you want to move, place the cursor on top of the selected
element. Click and hold the left mouse button, drag the element to the desired position, and release the
left button.
Move Raceways, Heat Sources, and Locations (Conduits)

Select the element, hold the left button, drag it to the new position, and then release the left button. When
the cursor is placed on a selected element, the cursor becomes a movement symbol.
The following graph shows the relationship between raceway reference points and other elements.

The value of the reference Y for raceways and heat sources represents the depth of the elements below the
earth’s surface. The value of the reference X determines the relative horizontal distance between
raceways and heat sources. The reference X is irrelevant for a UGS presentation that has only one
raceway.
Rules
• Elements CANNOT be relocated in Study Mode or in a Revision level of the database.
• Elements CANNOT be overlapped.
• All three phases of a cable must be routed through the same raceway, i.e., if you move one of the
conductors, ETAP prompts you to move all conductors (placed together).
You can also move a raceway (reference X and Y) or a location/conduit (horizontal and vertical distance)
from its editor as shown below.
Move Cables
You can graphically move any cable within a UGS. To move a cable, select the cable, hold the left button,
drag it to the new location (conduit), and then release the left button. When you move a cable from one
raceway to another raceway, all conductors for that cable will be moved.

Move Cable2 from One Conduit to Another
Move Cable4 from Raceway RW1 to RW2
Cut (Delete) Elements

When elements are cut, they are placed into the Dumpster (inside a Dumpster Cell). You can cut elements
in Edit Mode only. When you cut an element or group of elements, they are deleted from UGS and placed
in the Dumpster with the same IDs (engineering properties are preserved).
Elements can be cut (deleted) three ways:
• Click on Edit in the menu bar, and then click on Cut.

• Click on the Cut button on the Project toolbar.
• Press the Delete key on the keyboard.
Rules
• Elements can be cut in Edit Mode ONLY when Base Data is active.
• Elements have to be selected in order for them to be Cut (deleted).
• When a conduit or location that contains cables is cut, the cables are not deleted. They are moved into
a container attached underneath of the raceway. This container is used to hold cables that belong to
this raceway but are not assigned to a specific conduit or location.
• When one or more raceways, cables, or heat sources are placed in the Dumpster, ETAP forms a new
Dumpster Cell (element group) that holds these elements. ETAP automatically assigns the name of
the Dumpster Cell.

Copy Elements
Elements are copied into the Dumpster (inside a Dumpster Cell). To copy an element or group of
elements, right-click on top of the element and select Copy. When you copy an element or group of
elements, they get copied into the Dumpster with new IDs while the engineering properties are preserved.
Elements can be copied two ways:
• Click on Edit in the menu bar, and then select Copy.

• Click on the Copy button in the Project toolbar.
Rules
• Element can be copied in Edit Mode ONLY when Base Date is active.
• Element must be selected before they can be copied.
• When one or more raceways, cables, or heat sources are placed in the Dumpster, ETAP forms a new
Dumpster Cell (element group) that holds these elements. ETAP automatically assigns the name of
the Dumpster Cell.
Select a raceway and <Shift>+Drag to graphically copy raceways from a UGS presentation to the
Dumpster. At first, the cursor becomes a preventive symbol (a red circle with a line across it). When you
move the cursor on top of the Dumpster, it becomes a box symbol with a plus sign indicating that you can
copy it to the Dumpster.
Paste
Use the Paste command to copy the selected cell from the Dumpster into the UGS presentation. To paste
a copy of the elements from a Dumpster Cell, first select the Cell from the Dumpster, activate the UGS
presentation view you want the element to be pasted into, and then click on Paste. When you paste
elements, they get copied into the UGS presentation with new IDs (engineering properties are preserved).
Elements can be pasted two ways:
• Click on Edit in the menu bar, and then select Paste.

• Click on the Paste icon in the Project toolbar.
Rules
• You CANNOT paste if there are no Cells (element groups) in the Dumpster.
• Pasting can be done in Edit Mode ONLY when Base Data is active.
• Conduits or locations in the Dumpster CANNOT be deleted or purged unless the raceway containing
these conduits or locations is deleted or purged.
• You can paste any Dumpster Cell you wish to by making it active from the Dumpster presentation.
• When you cut or copy elements to the Dumpster, the newly created Dumpster Cell becomes the
active Cell.
• You CANNOT paste part of a Dumpster Cell; the entire contents of a Cell are pasted.
• You CANNOT paste Dumpster Cells that contain one-line diagram elements in UGS presentations.
• A UGS presentation can contain multiple raceways but not a duplicate raceway (i.e., a raceway
CANNOT be placed twice in the same UGS presentation).

Size Elements
When an element is added into a UGS presentation, its size is set to the default. You can graphically
change the width and height of raceways, as well as, the outside diameter of conduits, locations, and heat
sources. To change the size, select the element, move the cursor to the corner or edges of the selected
element, and, when the cursor changes its shape, release the mouse button. You can see the new sizes on
the Help Line.
Note: You can also change the sizes from the Raceway Editor. Outside diameter (OD) of cables can only
be changed from the Cable Editor.
Rules
• Sizing elements can be done in Edit Mode ONLY when Base Data is active.
• Elements CANNOT overlap each other.
Hyperlinks
You can add hyperlinks to the raceway presentation or cables.

Underground Raceway Systems Underground System Rule Book
47.6 Underground Raceway System Rule Book

A rule book is a system level file that contains various engineering rules / rules of thumb, standards and
best practices for performing routine engineering tasks. The advantage of utilizing the rule book is that it
can be shared across the organization ensuring that the companies / industry engineering standards are
being followed consistently. A user can open and create their own rule files similar to library files. Along
with copying and merging different rule files together.
Rules Menu
The rule book can be access from the Rules menu either in Network Analysis or UGS system as shown
below.
The following options are available under the Rules menu:
• UGS
• Open
• Save
• Save As
• Create
• Copy/Merge
• Purge
UGS
This option launches the Underground Raceway System Rule Book Editor.
Open
This option allows you to associate a rule book with your current ETAP project. When you open a new
rule book, the association between the ETAP project and its existing rule book will be disconnected. A
warning message as shown below is issued.

Save Rule Book

Select this option to save the entire associated rule book file. The Save option in the Library menu only
saves the associated rule book file and is independent of the ETAP Save Project function in the File
menu.
Save As Rule Book

Select this option to save the current rule book file as a new rule book file. This new rule book file
contains all the information in the current rule book file but now has a new name in an independent
location. If the name for the new rule book file already exists in the selected location, it will request
permission to overwrite the old rule book file, and then do so if you click Yes. The new rule book must
have a .rul extension.
Create Rule Book

This option allows you to create a new rule book and associate it with the current project file. The old rule
book file will be disconnected.
Copy / Merge Rule Book

ETAP allows merging of two rule book files (*.rul) using the copy/merge function. The typical
application of the rule book Copy/Merge function can be accessed on the following two menus:
1. Rules menu on the main toolbar.

2. Right-click menu on the Rules folder in the System Manager.
The Copy/Merge function allows you to merge partial (selected rules) or complete rule book file from one
rule book (source) to another rule book (sink). The Copy/Merge function is enabled only for the Project
Editor and Librarian access levels. The source rule book overwrites any duplicate information found in
the sink rule book during the merge process.

First Rule file

The first rule file in the copy / merge is selected here. By default this file is the same as the project rule
file.
Second Rule file

The second rule file in the copy / merge is selected here. By default this field is blank.
File
Opens a dialog to select the rule file to copy / merge.
Arrow
The direction of Copy/Merge is specified by this button. The tail of the arrow is the source and the head
of the arrow is the destination. It has two positions one is downward , the other is upwards .

Connect the project to the merged rule

When checked the project will automatically connect to the merged rule file (destination). For example, if
the project is connected to the first rule file, but the merge is to the second rule file, then after completing
the merge, the project will automatically connect to the second rule file.
Copy / Merge List

A list of rule books and rules within the source rule file are displayed here. Checkboxes are available to
check / uncheck which rules are copied to the destination rule file. If UGS is expanded the individual
Rules will be available for checking and unchecking.
Copy / Merge Confirmation

Clicking on Next will bring the Copy/Merge Confirmation dialog. A list of rules that will be copied is
displayed, and another list of rule that will not be copied is also displayed.
Purge Rule Book

This action will permanently delete all data from the current rule book file but not the rule book file itself.
Be certain that you no longer require the rule book data prior to clicking on the Purge button.
Access Levels
The type of actions a user can perform on the rule books will depend on the type of Access Level they are
logged in as. Furthermore, ETAP needs to keep track of the Lock, Edited, and Checked by information
(name and date) for individual rules defined within the rule book.
Add / Edit a Rule

The access level and lock/unlock status determines if a rule can be added or edited by a user. A locked
rule cannot be edited by a user until it is first unlocked.
When a rule is first added it is unlocked, therefore, the Project Editor, Base Editor, Revision Editor, and
Librarian can add a new rule.
An unlocked rule can be edited by a Project Editor, Base Editor, Revision Editor, and Librarian.
Access Level Edit Unlocked Rule

Project Editor X
Base Editor X
Revision Editor X
Checker -
Browser -
Librarian X
Controller -
Operator -

View Rule
A locked rule can be viewed but not edited if the user has Project Editor, Base Editor, Revision Editor,
Checker, or Librarian access level.
Access Level View Locked Rule

Project Editor X
Base Editor X
Revision Editor X
Checker X
Browser -
Librarian X
Controller -
Operator -
Lock/Unlock Rule
Only Project Editors and Librarians have the rights to Lock or Unlock a Rule
Access Level Lock Rule

Project Editor X
Base Editor -
Revision Editor -
Checker -
Browser -
Librarian X
Controller -
Operator -
Delete Rule
The access level and lock/unlock status determines if a rule can be deleted by a user. A locked rule cannot
be deleted by any access level. A rule must first be unlocked before it can be deleted. An unlocked rule
can be deleted by a Project Editor, Base Editor, Revision Editor, and Librarian.
Access Level Delete Unlocked Rule

Project Editor X
Base Editor X
Revision Editor X
Checker -
Browser -
Librarian X
Controller -
Operator -

Check Rule
To check a rule the user must be logged in as Checker.
Access Level Check Rule

Project Editor -
Base Editor -
Revision Editor -
Checker X
Browser -
Librarian -
Controller -
Operator -
Copy/Merge
To Copy/Merge Rules from other rule files, the user must have Project Editor or Librarian access level.
Copy/Merge
Access Level
Rule File
Project Editor X
Base Editor -
Revision Editor -
Checker -
Browser -
Librarian X
Controller -
Operator -
Change Project Rule File

To change the rule file used by the project the user must be logged in as Project Editor.
Change
Access Level
Rule File
Project Editor X
Base Editor -
Revision Editor -
Checker -
Browser -
Librarian -
Controller -
Operator -

Save Rule File

Access levels that can edit rules can save them as well
Save Rule
Access Level
File
Project Editor X
Base Editor X
Revision Editor X
Checker -
Browser -
Librarian X
Controller -
Operator -
Create Rule File

To create a new rule file the user must be logged in as Project Editor
Create
Access Level
Rule File
Project Editor X
Base Editor -
Revision Editor -
Checker -
Browser -
Librarian -
Controller -
Operator -
Purge Rule File

To delete a rule file the user must be logged in as Project Editor or Librarian.
Copy/Merge
Access Level
Rule File
Project Editor X
Base Editor -
Revision Editor -
Checker -
Browser -
Librarian X
Controller -
Operator -

UGS Rule Book Manager

This manager is also launched when the UGS rule book is selected from the Rules menu option.
Rule List
The rules that are part of the selected rule book are listed here.
Lock
A Locked or Unlocked image is displayed here. If the rule is locked, then the locked image will be
displayed. If the rule is unlocked, then the unlocked image is displayed.
ID
The ID of the rule is displayed here.
Type
The type of the rule is displayed here, Non-Uniform or Circuit Level.
Unit
Display the unit of measurement to sort the rules (inches or cm).
Edit
Opens the rule editor for the selected rule.
Add
Opens the rule editor for a new rule.
Delete
Deletes the selected rule from the rule book. A confirmation message is displayed if an unlocked rule is
deleted. Note that locked rules cannot be deleted unless they are unlocked.

Copy
Copies the selected rule to a new rule with the user-defined name.
Reference
Edit or view the rule reference as a text.
Description
Edit or view the rule description as alphanumeric text up to 100 characters.
Edited By
The Edited by Name and Date are displayed here.
Checked By
The Checked by Name and Date are displayed here.
Locked By
The Locked by Name and Date are displayed here.

UGS Rule Book Editor – Non-Uniform Rules – Adding Rules

Clicking on Add in the Rule Book editor will open the Rule Book Editor. Note: When the rule has been
locked, all fields become Display Only.
Rule ID
The ID of the Rule is entered here. If Edit was clicked to open the rule editor, then the ID of the selected
rule will be displayed, but cannot be changed.
Type
The rule type is selected from the list. If Edit was clicked to open the rule editor, then the Type field is
display only and cannot be changed. Rule types include:
- Non-Uniform
- Circuit Level
Unit
Select the display units in inches or cm. If Edit was clicked to open the rule editor then the unit field is
display only and cannot be changed.
Reference
Edit the rule reference as a text.
Description
Edit the rule description as alphanumeric text up to 100 characters.

UGS Rule Book Editor – Non-Uniform Rules - Info Page

Clicking on Edit in the Rule Book will also open the Rule Book Editor. The info page will include the
edited by, checked by and locked by information in addition to the information entered when the rule was
created.
Rule ID
ID of the selected rule is displayed and cannot be changed.
Type
Type field is display only and cannot be changed. Rule types include:
- Non-Uniform
- Circuit Level
Unit
Unit field is display only and cannot be changed.
Reference
Description
Edited By
Checked By

Locked By
UGS Rule Book Editor – Non-Uniform Rules – Size Page

The purpose for the non-uniform rules is to allow the user to specify the following rules for an
underground raceway system setup:
1. Specify the conduit types commonly used for designing underground raceway systems
2. Specify the conduit sizes considered for various conduit types
3. Specify the minimum separation to maintain when placing conduits of various sizes to create an
underground raceway
The size page is used to define items 1 and 2, i.e. the commonly used conduit types and the sizes
considered based on the conduit types.
Used Conduit Types

These are the available conduit types / conduit materials that will be utilized as part of this rule. Note that
if the company standard is to utilize e.g. PVC Schedule 40 then only that particular conduit type must be
checked. Checking one conduit material in this list does not imply that the other types will not be
available within the conduit editor. This selection only impacts raceways that are built using the UGS
raceway wizard.
Available
Select whether a particular size is available for the selected conduit material. This selection only impacts
raceways that are built using the UGS raceway wizard and is only saved with the selected rule. You can
always change the conduit size using the conduit editor.

Trade Size
Size specifies the standard diameter of a conduit in inches or centimeters. There are a variety of sizes to
choose from. The English trade sizes are shown below:
- 0.50
- 0.75
- 1.00
- 1.25
- 1.50
- 2.00
- 2.50
- 3.00
- 3.50
- 4.00
- 5.00
- 6.00
ID
This is a non-editable field showing the internal diameter of the conduit in inches or cm.
OD
This is a non-editable field showing the outside diameter of the conduit in inches or cm.
Thickness
This is a non-editable field showing the conduit wall thickness in inches or cm.

UGS Rule Book Editor – Non-Uniform Rules – Spacing Page

The spacing page is used to enter or view the edge-edge spacing between conduit walls for various
conduit sizes. This is a matrix of spacing between various conduit sizes and can be adjusted per the
company rules or standards. The default values for this rule are obtained from General Cable Installation
Manual and are primarily based on satisfying thermal requirements.
Size
Based on the available sizes checked on the description page, generate a cumulative list of available sizes.
Spacing value
The spacing rules are user-defined numeric fields that give edge to edge spacing between conduits of
various sizes. Note that this list is symmetrical so you only need to enter spacing between the sizes once.
Spacing for example between 1 and 3 is used between size 3 and 1.
Top-Edge
This is a user-defined field where the raceway top edge to conduit edge spacing is defined.
Side-Edge
This is a user-defined field where the raceway side edge to conduit edge spacing is defined.
Bottom-Edge
This is a user-defined field where the raceway bottom edge to conduit edge spacing is defined.

UGS Rule Book Editor – Circuit Level Rules - Info Page

Clicking on Edit in the Rule Book will also open the Rule Book Editor. The info page will include the
edited by, checked by and locked by information in addition to the information entered when the rule was
created.
Rule ID
ID of the selected rule is displayed and cannot be changed.
Type
Type field is display only and cannot be changed. Rule types include:
- Non-Uniform
- Circuit Level
Unit
Unit field is display only and cannot be changed.
Reference
Description
Edited By

Checked By
Locked By
UGS Rule Book Editor – Circuit Level Rules – Size Page

The purpose for the circuit level rules is to allow the user to specify the following rules for an
underground raceway system setup:
1. Specify the conduit types commonly used for designing underground raceway systems
2. Specify the conduit sizes considered for various conduit types
3. Specify the minimum separation to maintain when placing conduits of various circuit or power
levels next to each other
The size page is used to define items 1 and 2, i.e. the commonly used conduit types and the sizes
considered based on the conduit types.
Used Conduit Types

These are the available conduit types / conduit materials that will be utilized as part of this rule. Note that
if the company standard is to utilize e.g. PVC Schedule 40 then only that particular conduit type must be
checked. Checking one conduit material in this list does not imply that the other types will not be
available within the conduit editor. This selection only impacts raceways that are built using the UGS
raceway wizard.

Available
Select whether a particular size is available for the selected conduit material. This selection only impacts
raceways that are built using the UGS raceway wizard and is only saved with the selected rule. You can
always change the conduit size using the conduit editor.
Trade Size
Size specifies the standard diameter of a conduit in inches or centimeters. There are a variety of sizes to
choose from. The English trade sizes are shown below:
- 0.50
- 0.75
- 1.00
- 1.25
- 1.50
- 2.00
- 2.50
- 3.00
- 3.50
- 4.00
- 5.00
- 6.00
ID
This is a non-editable field showing the internal diameter of the conduit in inches or cm.
OD
This is a non-editable field showing the outside diameter of the conduit in inches or cm.
Thickness
This is a non-editable field showing the conduit wall thickness in inches or cm.

UGS Rule Book Editor – Circuit Level Rules – Circuit Level Page
The rules page of the rule book will contain the following information when type of rule selected is circuit
level based. These levels are based on circuit power levels, i.e. control power, LV power and/or MV
power.
Circuit Level #
ANSI 518-1982 defines circuit levels from level 1 through 4S. Additional circuit levels are provided for
future expansion or handling of other standards. The following table is the overall summary of ANSI 518-
1982 standard. For more details, please refer to the standard.
Circuit
Type Voltage Amps
Level
Analog Signal < 50 V -
1
Digital Signal < 16 V -
Analog Signal > 50 V -

2
Switching Signal < 50 V -
Switching Signal > 50 V -

3 Analog Signal > 50 V -
AC Feeders - < 20 A
4 AC & DC 0 - 1 kV 20 - 800 A
4S AC & DC > 1 kV > 800 A

Avail.
Clicking this selection indicates whether a particular condition (circuit level) is to be used as part of the
overall rule or not.
ID
This is the ID given to each condition. Circuit Level IDs 1 through 4S are fixed and cannot be changed.
This ID is displayed in the conduit editor. Circuit Level 5, 6, 7 and 8 are user-defined and are editable.
Type
This refers to the default type of conduit material used for each circuit level. This is a fixed list with the
list of all available conduit types.
Conduit Size
This refers to the size of conduit used for each circuit level. This is a fixed list with all available conduit
sizes.

UGS Rule Book Editor – Circuit Level Rules – Spacing Page

The spacing page is used to enter or view the edge-edge spacing between conduit walls for various circuit
levels. This is a matrix of spacing between various circuit levels and can be adjusted per the company
rules or standards. The default values for this rule are obtained from ANSI 518-1982. For the default rule
the circuit level spacing has certain spaces that are colored in blue. The blue color indicates that these
values are not based on ANSI 518-1982 electromagnetic interference standard but based on thermal
spacing requirements.
Circuit Level #
Circuit level # matrix between which spacing can be defined.
Spacing value
The spacing rules are user-defined numeric fields that give edge to edge spacing between conduits of
various circuit levels. Note that this list is symmetrical so you only need to enter spacing between the
sizes once. Spacing for example between 1 and 3 is used between circuit level 3 and 1.
Top-Edge
Side-Edge
Bottom-Edge

Underground Raceway Systems Duct Bank Raceway Wizard
47.7 Duct Bank Raceway Wizard

New raceways can be created using the New Raceway Wizard from the edit toolbar as shown below.
Raceway Arrangement
There are three main options for using the wizard to create new raceways with associated conduits:
- Uniform
- Non-Uniform (using rule book)
- Circuit Level (using rule book)

UGS Raceway Wizard – Uniform

Use uniform selection when the raceway needs to be built using uniform conduit size, type and spacing.
This option is particularly useful for building standard raceway layouts like 2x2, 3x3, 2x3, etc.
Row
Enter the number of rows of conduits to include in the uniform raceway.
Column
Enter the number of columns of conduits to include in the uniform raceway.

Type
Type specifies the type of material used in the fabrication of the conduit for duct bank raceways. You can
select from a variety of options including:
- Metal
- Fiber
- Transite
- PVC-40
- PVC-80
- PVC-A
- Other
Size
Size specifies the standard diameter of a conduit in inches or centimeters.
OD
OD is the outside diameter of the chosen conduit size in inches or centimeters. This is a display only field.
Thickness
Thickness is the wall thickness of the chosen conduit size in inches or centimeters. This is a display only
field.
C-C Spacing
Select whether the uniform conduit spacing for horizontal and vertical spacing is based on center to center
spacing.
E-E Spacing
Select whether the uniform conduit spacing for horizontal and vertical spacing is based on edge to edge
spacing.
Horizontal
Enter the horizontal spacing between the conduits in inches or centimeters.
Vertical
Enter the vertical spacing between the conduits in inches or centimeters.
Distance to Reference Location – Horizontal

Enter the distance from the reference location to the top edge of the raceway in inches or centimeters.
This is the horizontal distance or distance in the X direction.
Distance to Reference Location – Vertical

This is the vertical distance or distance in the Y direction.
Raceway Dimensions – Height

This is the raceway height in inches or centimeters. Note that the minimum height is automatically
calculated based on the number of conduits in rows, conduit spacing and margin spacing. This value can
be modified greater than the minimum calculated value.

Raceway Dimensions – Width

This is the raceway width in inches or centimeters. Note that the minimum width is automatically
calculated based on the number of conduits in columns, conduit spacing and margin spacing. This value
can be modified greater than the minimum calculated value.
Top-Edge
Side-Edge
Bottom-Edge
Preview
This shows the overall conduit layout based on the number conduits in rows & columns, spacing, margin
spacing and raceway overall dimensions.

UGS Raceway Wizard – Non-Uniform

Select this option to create a new raceway using the spacing rules from the non-uniform rule book. This
option creates the raceways with non-uniform conduit size and types but based on the spacing rules
entered with respect to conduit size. These rules are used when adequate spacing is required in order to
avoid thermal interaction between the conduits in close proximity.

Rule
Select from the drop down list, a list of rules that are setup in the rule book and applicable to non-uniform
spacing. Note that rules for inches or centimeters are displayed based on the project unit selection.
Top-Edge
Side-Edge
Bottom-Edge
Size
Click to launch the selected rule book and view the rule book information. If the rule book is not locked
then the size selections within the rule book can be modified.
Spacing
then the space selections within the rule book can be modified.




Row
The row information is automatically filled out based on the selected rule book. For example if 3 sizes are
selected as part of the rule book then automatically 3 rows will be made available with the 3 selected
sizes.
Quantity
Enter number of conduits in each row.
Top – Down Arrow

Select the row to move the conduits from one row and merge them into another neighboring row.

Trade Size
Size specifies the standard diameter of a conduit in inches or centimeters. The list of sizes is based on the
number of sizes included in the selected rule book.
Type
Type specifies the type of material used in the fabrication of the conduit for duct bank raceways.
The list of conduit types is based on the number of conduit types included in the selected rule book.
OD
View the outside diameter of the selected conduits in inches or centimeters.
Add
Click to add additional rows to the list. Note that the rows will be appended to the tabular list.
Delete
Click to delete the selected rows
Preview
This shows the overall conduit layout based on the number conduits in rows, quantity, spacing, margin

UGS Raceway Wizard – Circuit Level

Select this option to create a new raceway using the spacing rules from the circuit level rule book. This
option creates the raceways with non-uniform conduit size and types but based on the spacing rules
entered with respect to circuit level of circuits routed through the conduits. These rules are used when
adequate spacing is required in order to avoid EMI between the conduits in close proximity.

Rule
Select from the drop down list, a list of rules that are setup in the rule book and applicable to non-uniform
spacing. Note that rules for inches or centimeters are displayed based on the project unit selection.
Top-Edge
Side-Edge
Bottom-Edge
Size
then the size selections within the rule book can be modified.
Spacing
then the space selections within the rule book can be modified.




Row
The row information is automatically filled out based on the selected rule book. For example if 3 sizes are
selected as part of the rule book then automatically 3 rows will be made available with the 3 selected
sizes.
Quantity
Enter number of conduits in each row.
Top – Down Arrow

Select the row to move the conduits from one row and merge them into another neighboring row.

Trade Size
Size specifies the standard diameter of a conduit in inches or centimeters. The list of sizes is based on the
number of sizes included in the selected rule book.
Circuit Level
Select the circuit level to assign to each row. The circuit levels 1 through 4S are based on definitions per
ANSI 518.
Type
Type specifies the type of material used in the fabrication of the conduit for duct bank raceways.
The list of conduit types is based on the number of conduit types included in the selected rule book.
OD
View the outside diameter of the selected conduits in inches or centimeters.
Add
Click to add additional rows to the list. Note that the rows will be appended to the tabular list.
Delete
Click to delete the selected rows
Preview
This shows the overall conduit layout based on the number conduits in rows, quantity, spacing, margin

Underground Raceway Systems Underground System Editor
47.8 Underground System Editor

The Underground System (UGS) Editor provides details regarding the overall layout of the underground
system. This includes global properties such as soil type and temperature.
ID
Enter a unique alphanumeric ID with a maximum of 25 characters. ETAP automatically assigns a unique
ID to each UGS. The IDs consist of the word UGS plus an integer starting with the number one and
increasing with the addition of each UGS. The default ID can be changed from the Defaults menu in the
menu bar or from the System Manager.
Soil
Soil refers to the surrounding earth for the raceway system. Backfill soil or concrete for raceways is
specified in the Raceway Editor.
Type
Select the soil type from the drop-down list.
 Average Dry
 Average Wet
 Clay Dry
 Clay Wet
 Sandy Dry
 Sandy Wet
Note: The selection of soil type will not affect the value of RHO.

RHO
Enter the thermal resistivity of the earth (soil) in degrees C-cm/Watt.
The table below provides some typical thermal resistivity of common components. (Source: Electric
Power Distribution Equipment and Systems).
Components Thermal Resistivity

Degrees C-cm/W
XLPE Insulation 350
EPR Insulation 500
Paper Insulation 700
PE Jackets 350
PVC Jackets 500
Plastic ducts 480
Concrete 85
Thermal Fill 60
Soil 90
Water 160
Air 4000
The table below provides some typical thermal resistivity of common types of soil (Source: Electric
Power Distribution Equipment and Systems).
United Soil Soil Thermal Resistivity Thermal Resistivity

Classification System (Wet) (Dry)
(USCS)
Degrees C-cm/W Degrees C-cm/W
GW Well graded gravel 40 120
GP Poor graded gravel 45 190
GM Silty gravel 50 140
GC Clayey gravel 55 150
SW Well graded sand 40 130
SP Uniform sand 45 300
SM Silty sand 55 170
SC Clayey sand 60 180
ML Silt 65 240
CL Silty clay 70 210
OL Organic silt 90 350
MH Micaceous silt 75 300
CH Clay 85 270
OH Soft organic clay 110 400
Pt Silty peat 150 > 600
Temperature
Ambient
Ambient refers to the soil ambient temperature specified in degrees Celsius. The soil temperature is a
constant from the surface of the soil to the deepest point considered in the underground raceway system.

Warning
Warning refers to the conductor warning temperature specified in degrees Celsius. Each conductor, whose
temperature is above the warning level and below the alarm level, will be shown in magenta after a cable
temperature calculation study has been performed.
Alarm
Alarm refers to the maximum allowable conductor temperature specified in degrees Celsius. Each
conductor, whose temperature is above the alarm level, will be shown in red after a cable temperature
calculation study has been performed.
Heat Sources
This is the list of all external heat sources located in this underground raceway system. Each heat source
is specified by an ID as well as its (center-point) X and Y coordinates. X and Y coordinates are specified
from the upper left corner of your underground raceway system.
Raceways
This is the list of all raceways (direct-buried or duct bank) located in this underground raceway system.
Each raceway is specified by its ID, as well as, its reference point X and Y coordinates. The reference
point is the upper-left corner of the raceway.

Underground Raceway Systems Raceway Editor
47.9 Raceway Editor

The Raceway Editor consists of three separate pages or screens. These are the Raceway, Location, and
Cable pages. The Location and Cable pages will not be displayed if there are no conduits/locations or
cables in the raceway.
47.9.1 Raceway Page
Raceway Info
ID
ID to each raceway (direct buried or duct bank). The default ID consists of RW plus an integer starting
with the number one and increasing as the raceway numbers increase. The default ID can be changed
from the Defaults menu in the menu bar or from the System Manager.
Ref.X
Ref.X is the X coordinate for the reference point in inches or cm. The reference point is the upper left
corner of the raceway. X and Y coordinates are specified from the upper left corner of your underground
raceway system.

Ref.Y
Ref.Y is the Y coordinate for the reference point in inches or cm. The reference point is the upper left
corner of the raceway. X and Y coordinates are specified from the upper left corner of your underground
raceway system.
Width
Width specifies the raceway width in inches or in centimeters. The width of the raceway begins from the
raceway reference point and extends to the right.
Height
Height specifies the raceway height in inches or in centimeters. The height of the raceway begins from the
raceway reference point and extends down.
Fill Type
Select the type of fill (material) from the list of options used in the construction of the raceway. Light
Aggregate and Heavy Aggregate are options for duct bank raceways, and Average Dry, Average Wet,
Sandy Dry, Sandy Wet, Clay Dry, and Clay Wet are options for direct buried raceways.
Fill RHO
Fill RHO specifies the thermal resistance of the fill material. Units are specified in degrees Celsius
centimeters per watt.
Cables in Raceway
Displays a list of all the cables located in this raceway. Each cable is described with its ID, the number of
conductors per phase, the number of conductors per cable, and which location (conduit) the cable is
located in.

47.9.2 Location Page
Conduit/Location Info
Conduit
ID to each location or conduit. The default IDs consist of Loc (for direct buried locations) or Cond (for
duct bank conduits) plus an integer starting with the number one and increasing as the location/conduit
numbers increase. The default ID can be changed from the Defaults menu in the menu bar or from the
System Manager.
Horiz.Dist
Horiz. Dist specifies the horizontal distance of the center point of the location (conduit) from the raceway
reference point. The horizontal distance is specified in inches or in centimeters.
Vert. Dist
Vert. Dist specifies the vertical distance of the center point of the location (conduit) from the raceway
reference point. The vertical distance is specified in inches or in centimeters.
Type (Conduit)
Type specifies the type of material used in the fabrication of the conduit for duct bank raceways. This
field is not active for direct buried raceways. You can select from a variety of options including:

• Metal
• Fiber
• Transite
• PVC-40
• PVC-80
• PVC-A
• Other
Size (Conduit)
Size specifies the standard diameter of a conduit in inches or centimeters. There are a variety of English
trade sizes to choose from including:
• 0.50
• 0.75
• 1.00
• 1.25
• 1.50
• 2.00
• 2.50
• 3.00
• 3.50
• 4.00
• 5.00
• 6.00
There are also a variety of Metric trade sizes (mm) to choose from including:
• 16
• 21
• 27
• 35
• 41
• 53
• 63
• 78
• 91
• 103
• 129
• 155
OD (Conduit)
OD specifies the outside diameter of a conduit in inches or centimeters. For standard size conduits, ETAP
provides the outside diameter of the conduit based on the conduit type.
Thickness (Conduit)
Thickness specifies the thickness of the material used to fabricate the conduit in inches or centimeters.
For standard size conduits, ETAP provides the conduit thickness based on the conduit size and type.
Assigned for Circuit Level

Click to assign the conduit circuit level based on the cable type (Control or Power)

47.9.3 Cable Page
Cable Type
Cable type specifies details regarding the selected cable header and size. The details include
manufacturer, type, voltage rating, loading factor, number of conductors per cable, conductor material
type, and magnetic or non-magnetic installation type.
Size
Size specifies the cable size using international standards. The units for cable sizing are AWG/kcmil for
English unit cables and mm2 for Metric unit cables.
Note: For rapid selection, ETAP provides the list of all available cable sizes from the selected library.
Changing the cable size will update pertinent cable data from the library.
Cable Editor
Clicking on the Cable Editor button will open the editor for the selected cable. The Cable Editor contains
electrical and physical data used in both the one-line diagram and the underground raceway systems. Any
changes made in the Cable Editor will be reflected on the Cable page of the Raceway Editor.
Cable Routing
Cable routing specifies the conduit or location where this cable is installed (routed) in every underground
raceway system for this project. Details include the raceway ID, the type of raceway, i.e., direct buried or
duct bank, and which underground raceway system the raceway is located in.

Underground Raceway Systems External Heat Source
47.10 External Heat Source
External heat sources can be placed in underground raceway systems to simulate steam pipes or other
sources of heat in the vicinity of raceways.
Info
ID
ID to each external heat source. The IDs consist of HS plus an integer starting with the number one and
increasing as the external heat source numbers increase. The default ID can be changed from the Defaults
menu in the menu bar or from the System Manager.
Ref. X
Ref. X is the X coordinate reference for the focal (center point) of the external heat source in inches or
cm. X and Y coordinates are specified from the upper left corner of your underground raceway system.
Ref. Y
Ref. Y is the Y coordinate reference for the focal (center point) of the external heat source in inches or
cm. X and Y coordinates are specified from the upper left corner of your underground raceway system.
Outside Diameter
Outside diameter specifies the diameter of the external heat source in inches or cm. The thermal energy
produced by the external heat source uses a constant temperature for the entire external heat source. The
larger the diameter, the greater the thermal energy provided by the external heat source. The outside
diameter is specified in inches or in centimeters.
Operating Temp.
Operating Temp. specifies the surface operating temperature of the external heat source in degrees
Celsius. The temperature is constant throughout the external heat source.

Underground Raceway Systems Calculation Methods
47.11 Calculation Methods

ETAP provides five types of cable derating calculations, namely, steady-state temperature calculation,
uniform-ampacity ampacity calculation, uniform-temperature ampacity calculation, cable sizing, and
transient temperature calculation.
In the calculations, all conductors from the same cable branch are presumed to equally share the total line
current. They can be located in the same conduit/location or different conduits/locations in the same
raceway.
Note: The cables located in different conduits/locations in general will not have the same temperature,
even though they carry the same load current. However, if they are located in the same conduit/location,
the calculated temperature will be the same.
The raceway system can contain several raceways and external heat sources. The calculation considers
the mutual heat effect of cables in the same raceway as well as in different raceways. It also considers the
heat effect from external heat sources.
Raceway Width and Height Ratio

Based on the Neher-McGrath calculation method, and as indicated in Appendix II of “The Calculation of
the Temperature Rise and Load Capability of Cable System,” formulas used for determining the
geometric factor Gb for duct bank apply to Y/X ratios less than 2; where the X and Y quantities are the
smaller and larger dimensions of the duct bank cross section, respectively.
According to IEC 60287-2-1, section 2.2.7.3, formulas for external thermal resistance of the duct are only
valid for Y/X ratios less than 3; where the X and Y quantities are the shorter and longer dimensions of the
duct bank cross section, respectively.
Cables with De-Energized Conductors

For a DC or a single-phase cable branch, it is possible that some of the cable conductors may not carry
current. For example, consider that a single-phase branch needs five conductors per phase to carry its
load. Since a single-phase circuit has a forward and a return path, it requires ten conductors in total. If for
some reason three-conductor cables are used for this branch, four, three-conductor cables will be needed,
which equals a total of twelve conductors. This leaves two of the twelve conductors as non-current-
carrying (de-energized) conductors. ETAP will spread non-current-carrying conductors among individual
cables for the branch. In this case, two of the four cables will have only two conductors carrying current.
In the Cable Temperature section of the Output Report, ETAP reports the number of energized conductors
for each individual cable.
Voltage Used for Calculating Cable Dielectric Losses

Since the cable dielectric losses are directly related to the voltage applied on the insulation layer, the cable
operating voltage should be used for this calculation. In ETAP, if a cable is a branch cable or an
equipment cable, the nominal kV of the cable terminal bus will be used. For an underground cable (no
terminal bus), the cable rated voltage is used. In the report, the voltage applied on the insulation layer is
printed under the “Insulation Layer kV” column.
Modeling of DC Cables
A DC cable is handled in a similar way to that of an AC cable in cable derating calculations. However,
since the current flowing through and the voltage applied on a DC cable are DC current and voltage, the
losses in an AC cable due to AC current nature do not apply to a DC cable. These losses include loss due

to conductor proximity and skin effect, losses in shield, sheath, and armor layer, loss in a steel conduit,
and cable die-electric loss. For a DC cable, all these losses are equal to zero.
47.11.1 Steady-State Temperature Calculation

The Steady-State Cable Temperature calculation determines the temperature of all the cable conductors
involved in the raceway system under a specified loading condition. The calculation is based on the IEC
60287 standard or the NEC accepted Neher-McGrath approach, which employs a thermal circuit model to
represent heat flow situations. It is assumed that the cables have been carrying the specified load long
enough that the heat flow has reached its steady-state and no more changes of temperature will occur
throughout the raceway system. The cable temperature calculated is dependent on raceway system
configuration, cable loading, and the location of each particular cable.
The most important differences between the IEC 60287 and Neher-McGrath approaches are listed below.
1. The Neher-McGrath approach uses a user defined load factor, whereas the IEC 60287 approach
assumes a unity load factor.
2. IEC 60287 gives analytical expressions for the computation of the geometric factor of three-core
cable insulation, whereas the Neher-McGrath approach makes a reference to the paper by Simmons
(1932).
3. The Neher-McGrath approach uses the thermal resistivity, power/loss factors and dielectrical
constants as defined in the file insullib.mdb, located in the Table directory under the ETAP
installation directory. The relevant values used in IEC 60287 are as defined in the standard. When a
material is not given in IEC Table, a conservative value of 6.0 is used for IEC cable derating.
4. Calculation of losses in magnetic armor is treated only qualitatively in the Neher-McGrath approach
with references to the literature for complex computational methods. Relevant approximations are
proposed in IEC 60287.
5. The insulation resistance calculation for three-conductor cables is different between the Neher-
McGrath approach and IEC 60287 standard, which may result in significant difference in cable
thermal resistance value.
6. For IEC 60287, PVC material shall be used for jacket or overall covering whereas Polyvinyl Chloride
material shall be used for insulation.
Due to the differences between the Neher-McGrath and IEC 60287 Methods as mentioned above, it is
expected that for the same underground system, the two methods may produce different results.
Calculate 3/C Cable G1 by IEC Method

When the Neher–McGrath Method is selected in the Cable Derating Study Case for UGS calculations, the
geometric factor G1 for insulation thermal resistance can be calculated using the same method specified
in IEC 60287 by setting the Preferences option “Calculate 3/C Cable G1 by IEC Method” to 1. Note that
the Option (Preference) dialog box can only be opened from the Tools menu when an OLV presentation
is on focus.

Maximum Number of Iterations

The maximum number of iterations for the steady-state and transient temperature calculations is set to 50.
To modify, change the value for the Max. No. of Iterations for Temperature Calculations entry in Options
(Preferences).
47.11.2 Cable Ampacity Calculation

The Cable Ampacity calculation determines the maximum allowable load current that the cables in a
raceway system can carry under the specified system conditions and the cable conductor temperature
limit. ETAP provides two approaches to ampacity calculation: Uniform-Ampacity calculation and
Uniform-Temperature calculation. Both approaches employ the NEC accepted Neher-McGrath Method to
calculate cable temperature, but they differ in the criteria used to determine the maximum allowable load
current.
47.11.3 Uniform-Ampacity (UA) Ampacity Calculation

This approach is based on the equal loading criterion for ampacity calculation. It determines the
maximum allowable load currents when all the cables in the system are equally loaded to the same
percentage of their base loading. The base load is obtained from the Cable Library for the appropriate
system configuration type, such as duct bank or directly buried raceways.
The calculation involves an iterative process of cable temperature calculation and load adjusting, as listed
below.
1. Determine an initial loading level based on the base ampacity from the Cable Library and using cable
derating factors for the given configuration.
2. Calculate cable temperature as in the steady-state temperature calculation described above.
3. Check cable temperature values against the cable temperature limit.
4. If the temperature of the hottest cable is within close range of the temperature limit, the solution has
been reached. If not, adjust the cable loading uniformly at the same percentage, either increasing or
decreasing the loading in order to make the highest cable temperature come closer to the temperature
limit. Then go to back to step 2 to recalculate cable temperature.
If the Update Currents from Ampacity Calc option is checked in the Study Case, the cable allowable
current is updated by the calculated ampacity.

The maximum number of iterations for uniform-ampacity and uniform-temperature calculations is set to
200. To modify, change the value for the Max. No. of Iterations for UT and UA Calculations entry in
Options (Preferences).
Cables with Fixed Current

If the Fixed Current box in the Leading page of the Cable Editor is checked for a cable, the load current
for this cable will be held constant in the ampacity calculation. The cable current used in the calculation
depends on the Initial/Steady-State Amp selection in the Study Case.

47.11.4 Uniform-Temperature (UT) Ampacity Calculation

This approach is based on the equal temperature criterion for ampacity calculation. It determines the
maximum allowable load currents when all the cables in the system have their temperature within a small
range of the temperature limit. Since all the conductors in a cable branch are assumed to equally share the
load current, in the case where these conductors are not located in the same conduit/location, they may
not have the same temperature. When this situation occurs, the temperature of the hottest conductor in this
cable branch will be used to represent this cable branch.
The calculation involves an iterative process, which adjusts cable loading current in each iteration so that
the cable temperature approaches the temperature limit. The load adjustment in each step is determined
based on the gradient of cable temperature change and therefore offers fast convergence to the solution.
The following steps are involved in the calculation:
1. Determine an initial loading level based on the base ampacity from the Cable Library and using cable
derating factors for the given configuration.
2. Calculate cable temperature as in the steady-state temperature calculation described above.
3. Check cable temperature values against the cable temperature limit. If the temperature values of all
the cables are within close range of temperature limit, the solution has been reached. If not, determine
the load change required for the cable temperature to approach the temperature limit based on the
gradient of cable temperature change.
4. Update the cable loading and go back to step 2 to recalculate cable temperature.
If the Update Currents from the Ampacity Calculation option is checked in the Study Case, the cable
allowable current will be updated by the calculated ampacity.
If for any of the cables the Fixed Current option from the Loading page of the Cable Editor is checked
then Uniform Temperature calculations cannot be conducted. In this situation ETAP stops the
calculations and provide an error message informing the user that UGS contains a cable with fixed
ampacity.

The maximum number of iterations for uniform-ampacity and uniform-temperature calculations is set to
200. To modify, change the value for the Max. No. of Iterations for UT and UA Calculations entry in
Options (Preferences).
Acceleration Factor
The uniform-temperature ampacity acceleration factor has a range between 0.0 and 2.0. The value can be
set higher than the default setting of 0.5 to speed up the calculation; however, the calculation may
diverge. To modify, change the value for the UT Ampacity Acceleration Factor entry in Options
(Preferences).
47.11.5 Cable Sizing

The Cable Sizing calculation determines the minimum size for each cable that will carry the specified
load current without violating the cable temperature limit. The cables considered as candidates for cable
sizing are the ones that are flagged as available cables in the Cable Library of the same cable type, that is,
they have the same voltage, insulation, conductor type, etc., as the cable to be sized.

The calculation is an iterative process involving repetitively adjusting the cable size and calculating cable
temperature. The cable temperature calculation is done in the same way as the steady-state temperature
calculation described above. If there are no available alternative sizes for a cable, the cable will be
considered not changeable.
If a solution is reached, calculation results will be reported in the Output Report and the cables involved
in the study will be changed to the new sizes if the Update Size option is checked in the Study Case.

The maximum number of iterations for cable sizing calculations is set to 1000. To modify, change the
value for the Max. No. of Iterations for UGS Cable Sizing entry in Options (Preferences).
Cables with Fixed Size

If the Fixed Size box in the Loading page of the Cable Editor is checked for a cable, the size of this cable
will not be changed in the Cable Sizing Studies.
47.11.6 Transient Temperature Calculation

The transient temperature calculation yields cable temperature variations as a function of time in
accordance to load changes. While the steady-state temperature calculation can be used to check the cable
temperature under constant loading, the transient temperature calculation provides a tool to verify
operation conditions of the raceway systems against the cable short-time or emergency temperature limits.
In most cases, the short-time maximum allowable temperature of a cable is considerably higher than its
steady-state temperature limit. For loads that have high peak values for only a short period of time, the
transient temperature calculation can be used to determine the cable peak temperature and its duration,
and to compare against its short-time maximum allowable temperature, resulting in a more economical
design of your raceway systems.

The transient temperature calculation is based on a dynamic thermal model of the raceway system,
constructed mainly from thermal resistance, thermal capacitance, and heat sources. The thermal resistance
is used to represent different thermal layers from the cable conductor to ambient soil. The thermal
capacitance is used to represent the capability of each layer to absorb the heat. When you change the
cable loading, the heat generated by the loss in the conductor will change accordingly, resulting in a
variation of the heat flow dissipated from the cable conductor to the ambient soil. As a result, the cable
conductor temperature will vary to follow the load change pattern, at a rate of temperature change that
depends on the resistance and capacitance values of the circuit.
The cable load variations are defined in the Load Profile of the Cable Editor. The initial state of the
raceway system is based on the initial load specified in the Cable Derating Study Case, either the load
profile (the first current value in the profile list) or the operating load. It is assumed that all cables initially
carry the initial load and have reached the steady-state.

The maximum number of iterations for the steady-state and transient temperature calculations is set to 50.
To modify this value, change the value for the Max. No. of Iterations for Temperature Calculations entry
in Options (Preferences).
Maximum Transient Steps

Maximum number of transient steps is set to 5000. To modify this value, change the value for the Max.
No. of Steps for Transient Temp Calculations entry in Options (Preferences).

Underground Raceway Systems Required Data
47.12 Required Data

47.12.1 Underground Raceway System Data
The data for the underground raceway system can be entered from the Underground System Editor. The
minimum requirement for underground system data includes soil type, soil thermal resistivity, and
ambient temperature.
47.12.2 Raceway Data

Two types of raceways are supported in the current version of ETAP: Duct Bank Raceway and Direct
Buried Raceway. Raceway data can be entered from the Raceway page of the Raceway Editor. The
minimum requirement for raceway data includes raceway dimension, raceway fill type, and its thermal
resistivity.
You can run studies with raceways that contain no cables. However, you cannot run studies if the raceway
contains unassigned cables (cables that are assigned to a raceway but are not located in a specific conduit
or location).
Conduit/Location Data
The data for conduit/location can be entered into the Location page of the Raceway Editor. A
conduit/location can be empty (contain no cables).
Conduit
A conduit can only be placed in a duct bank raceway. The minimum requirements for conduit data
include location, type, outside diameter, and thickness.
Location
A location is a specified space in a direct buried raceway in which cables are placed. Location can only be
assigned to a direct buried raceway. The only requirement for location data is its location.
Cable Data
Cable data is entered into several pages of the Cable Editor.
Data from the Info Page

The cable type data must be available before performing any cable derating calculation. You can select
cable type from the Cable Library by clicking on the Library button.
Other data that are needed for cable derating calculations and that can be entered into the Info page
include the cable size and the number of conductors per phase.
Special attention should be given to the Link to Library box. When this box is checked, the cable derating
calculation will extract the cable physical data directly from the Cable Library; otherwise it will use the
data from the Physical page of the Cable Editor.

Underground Raceway Systems Required Data
Physical Page
This page is designed especially for entering parameters employed in cable derating calculations. These
parameters describing the physical aspect of a cable are required to calculate cable electrical resistance,
thermal resistance of different layers, dielectric losses, etc.
Loading Page
The data entered in this page describe the loading condition of a cable. The Transient Load Profile data is
used for transient temperature calculation. The Operating Load or the first current value in the Transient
Load Profile list are used, depending on the selection in the Cable Derating Study Case, as the initial or
steady-state load current in the transient temperature calculation, steady-state temperature calculation, and
cable sizing.
The Load Factor is used in all types of cable derating calculations to represent cyclic load conditions.
The Projection Multiplication Factor is used to modify cable loading in the transient temperature
calculation, steady-state temperature calculation, and cable sizing, if the corresponding option is checked
in the Cable Derating Study Case.
The Sheath/Armor Current is specified as a percentage of the load current. It represents the situation
where the sheath/armor is intentionally utilized to carry part of the load current. In all other situations,
sheath/armor current should be set to zero. The Sheath/Armor Current is considered by the Neher-
McGrath Method only.
Ampacity Page
The Application Multiplication Factor is used to modify cable loading in the transient temperature
calculation, steady-state temperature calculation, and cable sizing, if the corresponding option is checked
in the Cable Derating Study Case.
External Heat Source Data

The external heat source data required for cable derating calculations include the location of the external
heat source, its outside diameter, and its temperature.
Study Case
Prior to performing any type of cable derating calculations, a Cable Derating Study Case must be
selected. The Study Case contains information necessary to carry out the calculation.

Underground Raceway Systems Output Reports
47.13 Output Reports

The UGS calculation results are reported both on the one-line diagram and in the Crystal Reports format.
You can use the UGS Report Manager (from the Study toolbar) or View Output Report button (from the
Study Case toolbar) to view the Output Reports.
You can view the report in the Crystal Reports viewer, or save the report in PDF, MS Word, Rich Text
Format, or Excel formats. If you wish this selection to be the default for reports, click the Set As Default
checkbox.
47.13.1 Cable Derating Systems Report Manager

After running the Cable Derating Systems Study, click on the Report Manager button located on the
Study Case toolbar, or select the Crystal Report format from the Cable Derating Systems toolbar, to open
and view the Crystal Report output. The Cable Derating Systems Study Crystal Report contains the
following major sections:
Complete Page
Selects a report format that provides the Complete Output Report.
Input Page
Provides the format for different input data.
Result Page
Provides the format for different calculation results.
Summary Page
Provides the summary from the calculation results.

47.13.2 Cable Derating Systems Crystal Report

After running the Cable Derating Systems Study, click on the Report Manager button located on the
Study Case toolbar, or select the Crystal Report format from the Cable Derating Systems toolbar, to open
and view the Crystal Output Report. The Cable Derating Systems Study Crystal Report contains the
following major sections:
Input Page
This section reports the input data related to the System, Cable, External Heat Source, Conduit and
Raceway.
Cover Data
The Cover Data includes the general information about the project, the Study Cases, the version of ETAP,
and the underground raceway system, such as the numbers of raceways and external heat sources, etc. It
also reports the Type, RHO and ambient temperature of Soil, and temperature limits.

External Heat Source Data

This section reports the External Heat Source information. It shows the Locations, OD’s, and
temperatures of external heat sources.
Duct Bank Raceway Data

This section reports the Duct Bank Raceway information. It shows the physical information of the Duct
Bank Raceways, such as their Locations, Dimensions, Fill Materials, and Numbers of Conduits and
Cables.
Conduit Data
This section reports the Conduit information. It shows the physical information of conduits, such as their
Locations, Type, Size, Thickness, OD, RHO, Thermal Resistance, and Fill%.

Cable Data
This section reports the Cable information. It mainly shows the physical information of cables, such as
Size, Rated kV, Current, and parameters of Conductor, Insulation, Sheath, and Jacket.
For the Steady-State Temperature calculation, the Size and Current columns are cable existing size and
load current respectively. For the Cable Sizing calculation, the Size column is the calculated cable size.
For the Ampacity calculation, the Current column is the calculated cable ampacity.
In ETAP 12, new fields have been added for cable physical parameters. It allows for a cable to have both
sheath and armor layers. The end grounding connection of shield layer can be set separately from that of
sheath/armor layer. The order of layers of a cable can also be specified in Cable Library. For a three-
conductor cable, its sheath and armor layers are assumed to encompass all three conductors.
Result Page
This section reports the results related to Cables. The Output Reports of calculation results are formatted
according to the types of calculation being performed.
Steady-State Temperature Calculation

This section of the Output Report starts with cable ID, followed by conduit/location ID. It then presents
the main result information for cables, including cable dielectric losses and conductor temperatures from
the steady-state temperature calculation
The calculation results are listed for each individual cable. For example, in the sample report given below,
Cable8 is a three-phase, one-conductor AC cable with one conductor per phase, which results in three

individual one-conductor cables. In the report, individual cables are identified with a specific suffix, such
as 1A, 1B, and 1C, to identify its phase and location. The suffix attached is the same as the one displayed
in the Underground Raceway View.
Ampacity Calculation
The ampacity calculation results are reported in the same format as the steady-state temperature
calculation, the only difference being that the cable current value reported is the cable maximum
allowable load instead of the actual cable load current.
Cable Sizing Calculation

The cable sizing calculation results are reported in the same format as the steady-state temperature
calculation, the only difference being that the cable size reported is the smallest cable size that can carry
the specified load current without violating the cable temperature limit.
Transient Temperature Calculation

The results of the transient temperature calculation are represented in both Crystal Report and plot
formats. The Crystal Report has the same format as the report generated by the steady-state temperature
calculation. The current printed is the final current value at end of the simulation. As the cable
temperature varies with time, the temperature values reported is the highest temperature value during the
simulation period.

The temperature plots can be viewed by clicking on the View Cable Temperature Plots button on the
Cable Derating toolbar. The Printing and Plotting Chapter describes features that will be helpful in
viewing the plot.

Summary Page
This page summarizes calculation results for each individual cable, including cable location, size, current,
and temperature. For the Transient Temperature calculation, the current printed is the final current value
and the temperature is the highest temperature value during the simulation period.

Underground Raceway Systems Plots
47.14 Plots
Click on the Plot icon to open the Cable Selection dialog box, which contains all the cables in the raceway
system. Clicking on a cable will select the cable for plotting its temperature. If a cable is already selected,
clicking on it again will deselect that cable. Clicking the OK button will open the Plot View, which will
display the transient temperature for the selected cables.
The Cable Selection dialog box displays the cable ID along with the conduit/location ID in which the
cables are located and the raceway ID.
Note: You can have more than one raceway in a U/G system, and the same cable can be placed in more
than one raceway.
Temperatures for up to sixteen cables can be displayed in one plot. If more than sixteen cables are
selected, the temperature for the first sixteen cables will be displayed in the plot. The Cable Transient
Temperature plot indicates temperatures of selected cables as functions of time. You can change the size
and font of the text (labels) by double-clicking on the labels. You can also change the type and color of
plots (curves) by double-clicking on them. For more details, refer to Printing and Plotting.

Underground Raceway Systems Plots
Plots, which are generated as a result of transient temperature calculations, can be printed by any printer
supported by your Windows platform. To print a plot, display the plot view, make formatting
modifications, if required, and select the Print command from the File menu. You may have several plot
views displayed on your screen; however, only one plot can be active at any time. The printed plot size is
currently set to the size of the paper on which it is being printed.
Modifying Plot Parameters

Plot parameters such as plot line type, axis, legend, and text can be modified directly from the plot view.
For example, to modify plot line type, double-click on the plot line and change the line type from the Plot
Parameter Editor. For more details see the chapter on Printing and Plotting.

Underground Raceway Systems Tutorial
47.15 Tutorial
This tutorial provides a brief overview of the operation of the Underground Raceway System (UGS).
Once you finish this tutorial, you will be familiar with some the key features and capabilities of the
program and the various options available for performing cable derating analysis.
Cable derating analysis is an important part of power system design and analysis. For designing a new
system, it determines the proper size of cables to carry the specified loads. For analysis of an existing
system, it examines cable temperatures and determines their ampacities.
Launching ETAP and Opening the Example Project

Start the ETAP program by double-clicking on the icon.
ETAP organizes your work on a project basis. Each project provides all the necessary tools and support
for modeling and analyzing an electrical power system. A project consists of an electrical system that
requires a unique set of electrical components and interconnections. In ETAP, each project provides a set
of users, user access controls, and a separate database in which its elements and connectivity data are
stored.
Follow these simple steps to open the EXAMPLE project file.
Enter your User Name in the Logon Editor and select the Project Editor option in the Select Access
Level Editor.

The Example project includes a one-line diagram of an electrical system. Notice the UGS1 view located
behind the Study View. Click on the UGS1 view to bring it to the foreground or click on the UGS button
on the System toolbar.

47.15.1 Cross-Section Diagrams and Editors

ETAP provides a fully graphical Underground (U/G) Raceway System. Each ETAP project supports a
unique U/G raceway system with multiple views of the U/G system. Each view is conceptually a cross-
section of the desired raceways and heat sources that are in the same vicinity.
Notice the toolbars on the top and the right-hand side of the U/G raceway cross-section view.

Editors
 Double-click on the raceway RW1 and view the Raceway Editor. This editor includes
Raceway, Location, and Cable information. Flip through the pages and familiarize yourself
with the Raceway Editor.
 Note: The Help button is available on each page of all editors.
 Click on OK and close the editor.

 Double-click on the underground system (soil) and view Underground System Editor. This editor
provides details regarding the overall layout of underground raceways, which includes global
properties such as soil type and temperature.
 Click on OK and close the editor.

 Double-click on the External Heat Source. External heat sources can be placed in underground
raceway systems to simulate steam pipes or other sources of heat in the vicinity of raceways.

47.15.2 Menu Bars and Toolbars

ETAP Menu Bar
The ETAP Menu Bar contains a comprehensive collection of menu options.
This menu bar is displayed when a UGS view is active. The ETAP menu bar contains a list of menu
options which, when an option is selected, activates a drop-down list of commands. Some of the menu
options also activate an additional list of menus (an arrow pointing to the right denotes an additional
menu). For example, select Project, Settings, and Data Type.
Project Toolbar
The Project toolbar contains icons that allow you to perform shortcuts of many commonly used functions
in ETAP.
Mode Toolbar
Underground raceway system has two modes of operation: Edit and U/G Cable Raceway.
Edit Mode
Edit Mode allows you to create a cross-section view of your underground raceway system.
 Click on the Edit Mode of the UGS Mode toolbar.

 To add elements to the UGS view you click on the elements on the Edit toolbar and add it to the
UGS view.
 Lets start by adding a New Duct Bank Raceway to the UGS view. Then add two New Conduits to
the raceway.
 Resize a conduit as follows:
• Click once on one of the conduits so it is selected.

• Then move your cursor to one corner of the selection box. A double-end arrow appears.
• Left-click, hold, and drag the cursor.
• Release the cursor when the desired conduit size is reached.
Note: You can also resize a conduit from its editor.

 Next click on the New Cable icon on the Edit toolbar and add a cable to the conduit. Then
double-click on the cable cross-section and select a cable from the library.
• Select different cable sizes and notice how the cross-section size of the cable changes
accordingly.
• Click on one conductor and notice the cable phase annotation.
• Select a conductor and drag it to the second conduit.

Study Mode
Cable Derating Study Mode enables you to create and modify Study Cases, perform system analysis, and
view Output Reports and plots.
 Click on the U/G Cable Raceway icon on the Mode toolbar to go to the Cable Derating Study
Mode. Cable Derating Study toolbar and Cable Derating Study Case toolbar are available in the
Study Mode of operation.
Cable Derating Study Toolbar

When a Study Mode is active (selected), the Study toolbar for the selected study is displayed on the right
side of the screen.
You can run studies, view Output Reports, view plots, and change display options by clicking on the
buttons on the Study toolbar.
Cable Derating Study Case Toolbar and Editor

When ETAP is in Study Mode, the Study Case toolbar appears on the top toolbar. This toolbar contains
Cable Derating Study Case, Output Report name, and viewer.
Click on the Edit Study Case icon on the Study Case toolbar.

The Cable Derating Study Case Editor contains solution control variables, cable loading parameters,
and options for Output Reports. ETAP allows you to create and save unlimited numbers of Study Cases.
Cable derating calculations are conducted and reported in accordance with the settings you have specified
in the Study Case Editor.
Note: You can have an unlimited number of Study Cases and can easily switch between the Study Cases
without the trouble of resetting the Study Case options each time. This feature is designed to organize
your study efforts and save you time.
Click on OK and close the editor.

47.15.3 Exercise
Let’s do an exercise to get the feel of how UGS works. You learned how to add elements to the UGS
view earlier in this tutorial. In this exercise you can run a study and study the calculation results.
Steps
1. Go to the System Manager and open UGS2 view. This is a working example and you can perform all
Cable Derating Analyses for learning purposes.
This example consists of one Raceway (RW2), six conduits, and six routed cables. There is a steam pipe
in the close vicinity of this raceway.
2. Activate UGS2 view by clicking once on the view. The Study toolbar appears on the right-hand side.
3. Run Steady-State Temperature Analysis by clicking on its icon.

4. View the Output Report for the calculated results.
5. Perform other calculation methods and view the Output Report.

Cable Temperature
Conduit Cable Calculated
Cable Location Temp Results
No. ID ID (°C)
___ ____________________ ____________ ______
1 Cable10 Loc1 54.84

2 Cable2 Loc2 70.41
3 Cable4-1A Loc3 66.08

Chapter 48
Cable Pulling Systems

The accurate prediction of cable pulling force is essential for the design of cable conduit systems.
Application of this knowledge makes it possible to avoid over-conservative design practices and achieve
substantial capital savings during construction.
The Cable Pulling (CP) Presentation of ETAP is used to determine the tensions and the sidewall pressures
a cable is subjected to when pulled into a conduit. The Cable Pulling Module is a fully integrated part of
ETAP, enabling it to use existing cables within the one-line diagram or the underground cable raceway
systems. It can account for cables of different sizes with complex pulling path geometry. A point-by-point
calculation method is performed at every conduit bend and pull point. Both the forward and reverse
pulling tensions are calculated to determine the preferred direction of pull.
Some of the main features of the Cable Pulling Module of ETAP are listed below:
• Pull existing one-line diagram cables and/or equipment cables

• Create and pull new cables (cables not contained in the one-line diagram)
• Calculate the pulling tension at every conduit bend and pull point
• Calculate the forward and reverse pulling tensions
• Calculate the maximum tension limited by the sidewall pressure at every conduit bend
• Compare the maximum tension limitations against the calculated pulling tensions
• Calculate the maximum total allowable pulling tension
• Calculate the total length of run (pull)
• Calculate the conduit percent fill
• Check the conduit jamming situation
• Account for the equivalent tension for the cables pulled from the reel
• Allow the segments to have both nonzero slopes and horizontal bends (at the ends of segments)
• Pull Path Geometric View configuration showing segment and bend plots
• Conduit Cross-Section View configuration showing conduit and cable plots
• Display and print 3-D diagram of pulling path geometry

Cable Pulling Presentation
48.1 Presentation
The CP Presentation is composed of three views. They are:
1) Pull Path Geometric View

2) Conduit Cross-Section View
3) 3-D View
The Pull Path Geometric View allows you to edit the pulling segments/bends of a cable pull. The Conduit
Cross-Section View is provided primarily to edit the properties of the cables and the conduit (which the
cables will be pulled into). The 3-D View is a specialized application for the three-dimensional display of
pulling path geometry. The CP Presentation allows you to graphically arrange cables, segments, and
bends, for the purpose of providing a physical layout of the conduit system for Cable Pulling Design
Studies.
Each CP Presentation depicts a different conduit and cable arrangement. You can create an unlimited
number of CP Presentations, where each presentation acts independently. As with the other elements in
ETAP, the CP Presentation supports all of the Base/Data Revisions with checker capability. The active
revision is controlled from the main ETAP window.

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Underground Raceway Systems Graphical User Interface (GUI)

Right-Click on UGS1, to View, Save, Rename, or Purge UGS1

ETAP 47-6 ETAP 16.0 User Guide

47.1.2 Edit Toolbar

New Duct Bank Raceway Wizard

Add Existing Cables Add New Cables

Add Existing Heat Sources Add New Heat Sources

UGS Edit Toolbar

ETAP 47-7 ETAP 16.0 User Guide

New Raceway Wizard

ETAP 47-8 ETAP 16.0 User Guide

Existing External Heat Source

New External Heat Source

ETAP 47-9 ETAP 16.0 User Guide

Existing Duct Bank Raceway

New Duct Bank Raceway

Existing Direct Buried Raceway

New Direct Buried Raceway

ETAP 47-10 ETAP 16.0 User Guide

ETAP 47-11 ETAP 16.0 User Guide

47.2 Study Toolbar

Steady-State Cable Temperature Calculation

Cable Ampacity Calculation, Uniform Ampacity

Cable Ampacity Calculation, Uniform Temperature

Transient Cable Temperature Calculation

View Output Report

Cable Temperature Plots

Halt Current Calculation

Get Online Data

Get Archived Data

Uniform-Ampacity Cable Ampacity Calculation

Uniform-Temperature Cable Ampacity Calculation

ETAP 47-12 ETAP 16.0 User Guide

Transient Cable Temperature Calculation

ETAP 47-13 ETAP 16.0 User Guide

Study Case Toolbar

Cable Transient Temperature Plot

Get Online Data

Get Archived Data

ETAP 47-14 ETAP 16.0 User Guide

47.3 Study Case Editor

ETAP 47-15 ETAP 16.0 User Guide

ETAP 47-16 ETAP 16.0 User Guide

ETAP 47-17 ETAP 16.0 User Guide

Transient Temperature Study

Output Step Size

Currents from Ampacity Calculation

Size from Cable Sizing Calculation

ETAP 47-18 ETAP 16.0 User Guide

47.4 Display Options

ETAP 47-19 ETAP 16.0 User Guide

47.4.2 U/G Raceway Display Options

ETAP 47-20 ETAP 16.0 User Guide

47.4.3 Default Display Options - UGS

Underground Raceway System Annotations

ETAP 47-21 ETAP 16.0 User Guide

ETAP 47-22 ETAP 16.0 User Guide

47.5 Editing a UGS

ETAP 47-23 ETAP 16.0 User Guide

ETAP 47-24 ETAP 16.0 User Guide

Add Raceways and External Heat Sources

Add One-Line Cables

Selecting & Deselecting Multiple Elements