Devy Br Ginting

II-C

218.110.069

A. ASSIMILATION
Assimilation is the process of sound change where one sound is influenced or modified
by other sounds. There are two types of assimilation:
1. Regressive assimilation.
“A regressive (anticipatory) change is one in which the sound that undergoes the
change comes earlier in the word (nearer the beginning, more to the left) than the
sound which causes or conditions the assimilation.”

Regresif : bunyi yang mempengaruhi terletak di belakang/setelah bunyi yang

mengalami perubahan.

It happens when the following sound in a word influences the preceding sound.

Note:

The letter “N” is written in a capital letter since it is still in the form ofabstract nasal.
You can find a lot of example of regressive assimilation in Bahasa Indonesia.

2. Progressive assimilation
“Progressive changes affect sounds which come later in the word than (closer to the
end than, to the right of) the conditioning environment.”

Progresif : bunyi yang mempengaruhi terletak di depan/sebelum bunyi yang

mengalami perubahan.

It happens when the preceding sound influences the following sound since the preceding
sound is too dominant.
 In non Standard English the word ‘seven’ is usually pronounced as [sεvm] instead of
[seven] in which [en] is changed into [m] syllabic.

B. Dissimilation

Dissimilatio is a phenomenon whereby similar consonants or vowels in a word become

less similar.

C. EPENTHESIS
Epenthesis means the addition of one or more sounds to a word, especially to the interior
of a word (at the beginning prothesis and at the end paragoge are commonly used).

D. APHAERESIS
Aphaersis is a medical technology in which the blood of a person is passed through an
apparatus that separates out one particular constituent and returns the remainder to the
circulation. It is thus an extracorporealtherapy.The apheresis machine was invented by
American medical technologist Herb Cullis in 1972.

E. APOCOPE
It refers to process of the reduction of the syllable caused by the end vowel deletion in a
word. In the old English we know many terms which are modified in the number of
syllable in modern English, such as:
a. Sonu ---- Sun
b. Mona ---- Moon
c. Sticca ---- Stick
d. Nama ---- Name
All terms/words in the left, taken from old English, have two syllables in its
pronounciations.
F. SYNCOPE
Syncope is the loss of one or more sounds from the interior of a word, especially the loss
of an unstressed vowel. It is found both in synchronic analysis of languages
and diachronics. Its opposite, whereby sounds are added, is epenthesis.
G. HAPLOLOGY
Haplology is defined as the elimination of a syllable when two identical or similar
syllables occur consecutively. The phenomenon was identified by
American philologist Maurice Bloomfield in the 20th century. Linguists sometimes
jokingly refer to the phenomenon as "haplogy". As a general rule, haplology occurs in
English adverbs of adjectives ending in "le", for example gentlely > gently; ablely > ably
H. METATHESIS
Metathesis is the transposition of sounds orsyllables in a word or of words in a sentence.
Most commonly, it refers to the interchange of two or more contiguous sounds, known
as adjacent metathesis[1] or local metathesis.