Logique & Analyse 137-138 (1992), 175-188

SHEAF SPACES ON FINITE CLOSED SETS

William JAMES

1. Introduction

A sheaf space on closed sets is very similar to an ordinary sheaf space and,
like ordinary sheaf spaces, they have a special relationship with sheaves.
A sheaf space is a continuous local homeomorphism between two topologi-
cal spaces. Sheaves and presheaves over topological spaces are contravariant
functors that take a topology ordered by set inclusion as a domain category.
It is known that a sheaf over an open set topology will give rise to a sheaf
space and vice versa. It is usual to note that the category of all sheaves on
an open set topology c .r for a space X is equivalent to the category of all
sheaf spaces over X with the same topology. With this paper we modify the
notion of local homeomorphism to deal with closed sets and verify that at
least a restricted class of closed set sheaves are equivalent to "closed set
sheaf spaces".
The notion of a closed set (pre)sheaf is a particular example of the notion
of a (pre)sheaf over a category and as such is uncontroversial. The notion
of a sheaf space over closed sets is itself not especially different from the
usual sheaf spaces however in the absence of a general theory allowing us
to forgo open set topologies we could be accused of misusing the "sheaf
space" name. In fact this paper is part of a dualisation project for sheaves
and toposes where the usual notion of a sheaf is "dualised" by being defined
over closed sets instead of open('). The aim of the project is to develop
paraconsistent logics for categories of sheaves and so toposes. The "topos
logic" of a category of sheaves over open sets is esssentially the Heyting
algebra of the open sets ordered by set inclusion and so Intuitionist. Closed
sets when ordered by set inclusion are a paraconsistent algebra. F or
categories of sheaves over closed sets this is expected to give us a paracon-
sistent "topos logic". In fact, it does. The principal idea of the dualisation
project, that any existing topos logic amounts by a process of dualisation

(
but it1 is intended that there be made some sort of intuitive connection.
)
T
h
i
s
i
d
e
176 W I L L I A M JAMES

to a description of another topos' paraconsistent logic, can be found in the

forthcoming Mortensen (1994). There is also a description of closed set
sheaf categories and the object of their logics, the subobject classifier O. The
proof that the logic of these categories is indeed paraconsistent is expected
to be published as a paper later in 1994. The proof consists of showing that
a characteristic closed set paraconsistent algebra operator, -L- , exists as an
arrow OXII-41 for internal poset (2. I n particular we are then able to
describe the paraconsistent negation operator 1
for
- : all
I categories of sheaves over any closed set topology.
- UThere
. isTsome h expectation
e p that
r ano adequate
o f description of a closed set
sheaf
w space
i l can be
l put to use in terms of Davey's representation construct-
ions.
h Davey
o (1973)
l describes
d a general method for converting a subdirect
product representation of an algebra to a representation of an algebra of
global sections of a sheaf space. We note that Davey's construction is given
in terms of open set sheaf spaces. The question of representation of paracon-
sistent algebras, particularly as sheaf spaces, becomes a concern for our
project of "dualisation" since, as suggested above, we know that categories
of closed set sheaves manifest the paraconsistent logic of the closed set
topology of the base spaces. Such categories display paraconsistent algebras
as part of their structure. We find for example that lattices of subobjects are
paraconsistent algebras. There is a speculation that inconsistent but non-
trivial theories can be represented as categories with such structure. It is
further speculated that mathematical and logical objects arising from
inconsistent but non-trivial mathematical and logical theory will be most
naturally collected into categories of this sort. On the hypothesis of an
equivalence between closed set sheaves and sheaf spaces, one way to
investigate these speculations is to develop representation theorems which
amount to equivalences of categories between say a category of paracon-
sistent algebras and a category of closed set sheaf spaces. Our object would
seem to be most immediately available if our sheaf spaces were defined over
closed sets. In the first instance though we must set about discovering the
viability of the notion of a closed set sheaf space. In particular we will want
to know how closely the theory of closed set sheaves and sheaf spaces
mirrors the theory of open set sheaves and sheaf spaces. To that end we
consider an equivalence of categories result for closed set sheaves and sheaf
spaces.
Our aim will be to present a somewhat restricted revision of the standard
constructions for the presheaf to sheaf space functor L and the sheaf space
to sheaf functor T that can deal with structures on closed sets rather than
 SHEAF SPACES ON FI NI TE CLOSED SETS 1 7 7

open. While we propose to proceed along the usual line of development we

shall at times be required to alter the usual proofs to accomodate the new
nature of the stalk and base space topologies.
It will be advantageous to restrict the usage of the constructed functors
to presheaves and sheaf spaces over spaces X with topologies cY
member
.- w h e of rQ9'
e is aafinite
n subset
y of X. That is to say the usual construction
will not in general work for closed sets without some restriction of this sort.
We make significant use of this restriction.
We will also have occasion to restrict our constructions to presheaves F
where for any closed U, the set F(U) is finite. This is in response to what
seems to be a deep feature of the construction of sheaf space morphisms
from presheaf morphisms: given a presheaf morphism F F ' it is
possible to describe a function Lf from constructed sheaf space (LF,N) to
( Lf
.
required to accept arbitrary unions in the topology on LF. Notice too that
the
' construction of sheaf FE from sheaf space (E,p) may not guarantee finite
sets
' r g o . The particular implication for us is that while we can describe
Pa functor r from the category of all sheaf spaces over X to the category of
psheaves over X it will not in general compose with the functor L restricted
to
) sheaves. So the domain of our r will be restricted to sheaf spaces (E,p)
where E is finite. These restrictions are somewhat ad hoc but only from the
b
point of view of creating a more general "sheafification" theory.
u
Note well that the above restrictions apply only for the particular construc-
ttion of functors L and F included here. There should be no conclusion that
tthis indicates which presheaves and sheaf spaces can exist on closed sets.
o We will adopt the following conventions: e r is always a closed set
ptopology of finite subsets of X; presh(X,c7) is the name for the category
rof closed set presheaves over topological space X where for any closed
oU g X and any presheaf F the set F(U) is finite; s h(X,a) is the category
vof sheaves in presh(X, QT); sheafsp(X, .25
e(E,p)
7 over X where E is finite. Any category name given without an
t) i s t should
underbar h e bectaken a ttoerefer
g to
o the
r yunrestricted categories in question.
hL
o w ill bef a functor presh(X, PY)--.sheafsp(X,Q7); j w i l l be a functor
sheafsp(X,
as h 29")—I•sh(X,27).
e a f
ts We shall
p end
a by discovering
c e sthat sh(X, (9) is equivalent to sheafsp(X, e9").
Note that since part o f the motivation in describing an equivalence o f
f
categories has to do with the "topos logics" of a category of closed set
usheaves and since we have placed an unusual restriction on the sheaves we
nfinally deal with, there is some sideline interest in providing sh(X, e.7) with
c
t
i
o
n
c
o
178 W I L L I A M JAMES

a subobject classifier. The category sh(X, Q ) always has a classifier O. The

usual construction (Goldblau (1984), p.369) for that U given o7 as descri-
bed above yields for any U E e r , finite fl(U). This construction requires
an aside showing how to avoid arbitrary unions in the construction of
character arrows - see the forthcoming Mortensen (1994). We expect the
sheaf fl to be the subobject classifier for sh(X, Q7).
Our presentation follows closely that of Tennison (1975). And for the rest
of this paper all topologies, sheaves, and sheaf spaces are understood to be
given in terms of closed sets unless otherwise stated.

1.1 Definition. Any collectiolit 16 of sets will be called a basis for a closed
set topology T on a space X=1...)0 when we have that b E T i f b is a finite
union of members o f 13. Any collection a is a subbasis for closed set
topology T if the collection of all intersections of members of a is a basis
o T . Plainly, any collection a can be used as a subbasis for a topology on

1.2 Definition. For a topological space (X, (2Y) set inclusion is a partial
order on er . We will use 9 to denote both a closed set topology and the
poset category that has the sets of the topology as objects and all inclusions
as arrows. A presheaf over X with topology PY
F:er'r-0
- SET. This will also be called a presheaf on QT. For any arrow
is U g aVni ny e r cweowill n tuse
r F;','
a vtoadenote
r i aF(Un t V ) . A sheaf on eT is any
p
f u n c t o rr e s
1U= U , : U , E E I) :
haf
(1)
F if s, s' E F(U) such that n( s ) = ( s ' ) , all i E I, then s = si.
t h
(2)
a tif we have ts, E F ( U
is E I, then there is some s E F(U) such that n
)a: t i t E / )
Given
si s u( that s c) QT=h sis a topology of closed sets the sheaf F is called a closed set
sheafi
tf i h a t
A morphism
, a of
n presheaves
y is ai natural transformation of functors.
P
e /
Js : E n u , I .
1.3 Construction. For any presheaf F over X with topology e r and any
x(t E X swe define i the stalk F, of F at x as usual to be the direct limit of the
)direct
w system of sets and arrows {F(U): x E U E QT} and P
xn o
v E V gnU a nod V E 0 3 - .
(lc S ) ,
a
o
, w h e r e n
yn
id
,i
t
i
 SHEAF SPACES O N FI NI TE CLOSED SETS 1 7 9

Fix x E X. Let Z = J J F(U), the disjoint union o f all F(U) where

x E U E c5r. We d e f i n e
u E F(U) g Z and v E F(1/) g Z then u x v i f there is a IV E e5r such
athat l l e xq E u iW v agl eUnnc eV, and n ( u ) = F v ) . Then F
r e together
x = l i with
a nt maps
r ( i Ro U n) ) u i sa x
oZ I n
Z F(U) F
w h ex =r
Each s F
e
x The i s following (claims are straightforwardly true: e E F
ss E F(U) u p
where pU o
a xn i f e ) =x sE U . As a corollary for fixed x E X we have
sF i n g
eiq f o Zr s o m e
xtu Ei F(V), we have (
s
=suchxv a= thatt F(s) = F :
Z
t1 xl Suppose
e i f a morphism I
f F -0 P of presheaves. Recall that f is a natural
transformation
„st , (h/ ) . e r e given by components f
n c x
e
xie g X. s For each x E X we have stalk morphismsf
::Obviously ) - 0 presheaf morphism F F ' F " w e have
sc xF o( U for m) composite
F (gfix g
: ' F ( U :)
x
se l
fE -W x o F 'r s s
a Definition. A
1.4
e
fcontinuous x a c F map h p:E -• X between topological spaces E and X is
R sx •
g
if for any closed subset U of X, the set p
cV U 1 -l 0 o ( - ts e ( e s ) d )
s1
-(Kelly, (1970), p.86). 0 A map p:E -• X is a local homeomorphism if for any
)(n x
e [U E ) E there i s is some
sc l o sN eE E
open d and some
i open n U g X such that e E N,
,p(e) V .
E s E U, and the , map pI N:N -0 U is a homeomorphism. The map p IN is
xw
a ] homeomorphism i
.
if it is a bijection and both it and its inverse are continu-
ous
E tu with respect h to open sets. In essence, a map is a local home,omorphism
if
U x
n it is a homeomorphism when restricted or "localised" to an open subset
of
E d its domain. Plainly, we can describe a similar property of maps in terms
of
eW closed sets. Replace all occurences o f "open" with "closed" in the
definition
nE of a local homeomorphism and a homeomorphism and we have
r
the
.e definition of a closed set local homeomolphism. A closed set sheaf space
on — X is a continuous closed set local homeomorphismp:E -0 X between the
A rx
topological spaces E and X. When X is understood we shall use (E,p) to
n
denote . the sheaf space.
d For continuous local homeomorphism p:E X and closed U g X a
f
section of p over U is a continuous map s: U E such that p-s = id
eo collection of all sections over U is denoted rE(U).
.r ATmorphism h e o f sheaf spaces g:(E,p) ( E
s1
x, p ' ) i s a
, c o n t i n u o u s
t m a p
x
E
F
180 W I L L I A M JAMES

g:E -• E
1
s1.5uProposition:c any homeomorphismp I N:N-• U guaranteed byp as local
homeomorphism
h gives rise to a section (p I /V)
-1
Proof:
t h (p I N)
:a ti s
-1
b1.6yProposition: any section s:U-* E is a closed map.
p
Proof:
d by hypothesis U is finite so s(U) is finite. For any e E s(U) there
p e f i n
i t i o n neighbourhoods M of e in E and V of p(e) in X such that
1
are closed
pIM:
c- o Mn-• V
ibijectively
ts i a n
to (pI M)(M) n u since s is a section. Since (pIM)
g
hu oom ue closed
-1
ous and
i s Mc o n tini E,
n u we- have (pIM)(M) and therefore (pIM)(M) n u
.
closed in X. And since p I M is continuous we have M n s(U) closed in E
os m o r p
haChoose i s mexactly. one p M for each e E s(U) and the set s(U) is the finite
union of the associated sets M n s(U). •
H n o m
ed o m
1.7 Proposition: any section s: U E is a homeomorphism s: U--• s(U).
op r l p
Proof: since p•s =id
h au ti hi seThe section s is continuous and a closed map so givenp as continu-
pis(U).
m ous
nm the a l map
p pls(U) is continuous. •
py
s :
Ip1.8 Theorem: For a sheaf space (E,p) with finite E the collection of sets
U - •
M -s(U), for all s E r E( u) and all U E 27, is a basis for the topology on E.
s
m (Proof: By hypothesis all U E c .9
U ) :
apsubsets
- a r eof E. f i Let M be any closed subset of E. For any e E M there is
x
pIsome
n i t closed e , neighbourhood
s o N E such that a homeomorphismp IN exists.
sThe set M n N is closed in E and since PIN is a homeomorphism we have
s=a l l s
(a section x
M (i U s=(pI(M ) n ,N))
)-1 leto W=p(M
ndce m v ue r sn0 N). Plainly,
t e E s(W) g M. Recall that by hypothesis the
h
space E Iisafinite so the subset M must be finite. Choose one s for each
3
s,b e
sN E M
e X as M
described above and the set M is the finite union of sets s(W).
(.f i n i t
a
Since
n E is itselfN a) member of the topology it follows that E is some finite
U e
•union
b 1 iof sets j s(U). Since also any s(U) g E the space E is the union of all
)= s(U). •
e
3 c t
i( v e
i1 4 n
vn e
rN s )
e
.
F o
r
c o n v
e n i e
n -
 SHEAF SPACES ON FI NI TE CLOSED SETS 1 8 1

2. Construction of functor L:presh(X, 29) sheafsp(X,o3).

2.1 Construction: Given a presheaf F on X we can construct a sheaf space

(LF,p„). Let LF= 11F
r, that
so t h (10 e „)
d
-1 Suppose
i s j oU i nis closed
t in X and s E F(U). Define a map S: U-s LF:
We
(ux )topologize n= P i o LF n by accepting the collection of sets S(U), all s R V ) ,
all
o
x U E (25
f
s7-
xa E F(U), l any
l U E e.F) This holds since where x is fixed F
sx,F Ea F(U), s x E U E e.T}. We will presently establish that the sets S(U) are
=
a
x l l in fact
I sa closed
x set basis for a topology.
:c,x l o s The map p,: LP' -• X is continuous with respect to this topology since for
e any closed U g X we have ( p „ )
x d
E
se -1 e
collection for all x E U of points s
X
(tsuppose
x v A gU r1g.eFV andxs E ERV). We always have , b
U ) = 1
.X
s.-V x u E b o 9 "
.b(- s )a=AFs ; , n ( N d)
D e f a/ i s n n I d U ) .
ti s ho. a , - t
S
s
e
By p
hypothesis
iA E m p ' l( UUi is finite e sso there are a finite number of V g U and
F (( p M
l:uponR L FV -) w) .
(lB the restricted
F
u = U e.T. Plainly some sort of restriction on Q.Tor some extra
t
X hypothesis about
)U ) t S the topology on LF will always be needed to prove that
p„ w -i 1is continuous with respect to closed sets.
(s V )
e( The map p: LF X is a local homeomorphism. Any e E L E will have
:
ntsomeU closedh neighbourhood S(U). The maps p,IS(U) and S are inverses and
e s
esince) p
E S is continuous by noting that NI g(U) will be a closed map
eWe F
w is
prove that
F
d(takeci o closed sets of LF to closed sets of X).
(
sn l2.2t Theorem: i
VThe collection of all sets S(U) where S: U L F : x s
hn ldefined u
)
oxb u i s i f x E U E Q.9
.- Proof:
a n d any ,collection
s 0 of sets identified as a closed set subbasis for a
w se
topology is
F Va closed set basis for the same topology if any arbitrary intersec-
iE a
a
tionUof members g of 0 is a finite union of members of 0. Since by hypothesis
s(n fi U sis finite,
any
)
U we have any S(U) as finite and any arbitrary intersection of
td sets
ia S(U) amounts to a finite intersection. That is, suppose a is a non-finite
,
hS collection
ab
n
(is a of sV finite
i sets. If any members of a are disjoint, then n u = 0 and
is therefore finite. E Otherwise if no members of a are disjoint arbitrarily
tU t e r
Lf)e o
a r
F iu
=tsn o p) o
l1a o g. y
i
-o co
Jn ln
L
182 W I L L I A M JAMES

choose some bE a. Note that nag. b all bE a. Also, for any xE b such that
x n a there is some b ' Ea for which x ( I )
1contains b and exactly one such bl for any x Eb where x n a . Then a' is
.a finite L e collection
t a 'and n ab e
a, Let = nS(U) o ,c.beo defined l l e f ocr st EF( i oU) nand i( V) f o r t EF ( 1
w eES((J)ni(V), 1 h i then c e = sh
x ) . WE
some S ue pr such p othat s exE W and some r E F(W) such that r =F ( s ) =F ( t) .
But
=t this is true for all x E W and furthermore r = n( r ) =F ( s ) =F :( t) . In
other
x f o r words for all x E W we have r
this
xs ois true m for e any e E (
on
u
= )
s is then finite
i (unionV )of sets i
x E
-a
xu n d S
(=W So)U
t far
. we ) • have not needed it but when for any closed U g X we have
n
presheaf
n
xV F withi finite F(U), we will use the underbar notation ( LF ,p
denote the. constructed sheaf space.
F
-.I S fo i
)(- t Vo )
s2.3 Construction: Suppose a morphismf. F F ' of presheaves. Suppose
i(x W ) s g
too that for any closed U g X the set F(U) is finite. Define sheaf space map
fA
= ti u n ) i
tn
x e , i Lf. (LF,PF) P p )
t(, Vh ) .
a
S
tso that for i ht anyns c
pp•LJ ie
ex En = npt e
F rtL Fs , h e ce
s E F(U) such that f
•twe ru( 1find i , le-)
that for any closed set S
F si1 ( so ,r )
( sE) F(U), f
abe (sA
u )nn g d
=Ufinite, ( 1j)L F '
yset -(w f1 of LF. The function L f is continuous.
s s ) i e =n c
e(shSIt (should Us) ) be e apparent that if we do not restrict the size of F(U) it is
e a v
E possible
i1
(w ) 1 s 4 ) that there be a non-finite number of s E F(U) for which f(s ) =
e
Ls' )-h= in
a 1 which case we need some extra hypothesis about the topology on LF,
an a
alternative vtopology, or another construction for Lf.
F fS
(e( iPfi n(n iU t ) )
w e
c= u Thise h
discussion yields L as a functor presh(X, s h e a f s p ( X , e9T) since
U
tif we
eu ({ snsuppose
w St) i ) a composite presheaf morphism F h Fi 4 F " , then for any
a
hs o
e
(g x nU ) :
Lx(fx(sx)) A = (gx1f,)(sx).
S
ax o
h . a
( U )
vE fvT e
)
eciL h l
= m
Lo ip s
te
F o
M
sO s ed
(,sda s
W
ew t)s u
)te rh e
,
=se
h
sau
 SHEAF SPACES O N FI NI TE CLOSED SETS 1 8 3

3. Construction of functor I' and r : sheafsp(X, e.7) s l i ( X , c7)

3.1 Construction. Given any sheaf space (E,p) on X we can construct a sheaf
FE. For closed U g X let

FE(U) = [continuous maps U E such that p•s = i d } .

When V g U we will set (FEY,

a
I functor and thus a presheaf FE : r E ( U ) .
, to b e t h e
3.2 Theorem: r E is a sheaf.
m a p
s Proof: Suppose 2F
s'
s .E 3( r EXU) i U such that (PEX
s'
I = I U, all i EU I. Since s and s' are functions U —• E and the collection of
V
sets
,, U, covers U we must have s = s' as required.
a [ ( s U) n , = d
Now, suppose we have Is, E (rE)(U,): i E I) such that
t( :T Eh ) V e n
4
w ( ( s /
e ) ,
a J l a l ( F EY
h v
iDefine , 1/
e a map s :1U E by s(x) = s
E
i
have E p-s, = i d :,
Ia
we
( xc)have i f . 7 xuf E
T
,U a l „l , h a
tix i (as l l
E s E
iIU E , s. i ,
-
sw
Since ) closed map, the sets N n s,(U
S I each ei s,nisi 1a = c e
iU each
) s (
w a
h e
closed
)1
vclosed
i .ias r sets
e of
eset. c XlN(areo sfinite,
e ds i n
-E
= c 1 o So, s s is continuous as required. •
pS -. u n S i n c e
(nNpt i n p s s)
s3.3 Construction:, Suppose a sheaf space morphism g : (E,p) ( E ' , p'). We
(n ou U ) )s (
iconstruct d
io eu s the natural U
a transformation Fg : r E F E ' by specifying maps
e( r g) l
as s,
.sv W W I ) , ) l
ft , i n i )t e
A l
u:h n i =i o
sr (rg)
ne ,
oE , U u
a s
Since both ns andt jg are d continuous t s is continuous and since we know that
f( (s)
te h e sE r e
p'•,g oU =p, we have id =
f o r J
urt) -e g
a .
=asr p • s , -
=nsE 1 s
(y;1 p i • g ) ( . s .
.c1 ((
N
S lU o ,n
tN s s
184 WI LLI A M JAMES

V c U in X the diagram
(Tg)
U T E ( U ) uP E ' (U)

I
O T E ( V )
V P E ' (V)
r (Tg)
E
commutes since for any s ne r g o we have ( F E
1(rig) v I
)alThese constructions yield I r as a functor sheafsp(X, 9 ) -
if
uE .we n ssuppose
h ( X ,a composite
6 ( sheaf space morphism E L
closed
(, ( 7s( l ) U g X and any s TE ( 1
L
(1
.1=P) g ) s i n c e E
u
'g )It) (remains
E 4U ) , E(true
F " gthat
f )int producing a sheaf TE from sheaf space (E,p) we
' h e n
(u
have
fu• ( I ' jo accepted
r and used a a restricted
n ytopology on the base space X but note
that
)( s we have required no) restriction on E. Later we shall have need of a
s ) ))
(restricted = =F. Plainly
domain ( g if we• restrict
s ) the domain to sheaf spaces (E,p)
u
g f
s V E is finite,
Iwhere a we can n define d a functor
(sI s ) )
=
aV n d I' : sheafsp(X, e9
g
() . I ' 7
(g. f • P I )
) -
s4.
u Equivalence of categories
* , s 1for1sheafsp(X, Q7) and sh(X, (2.9').
)( . s )
( X , Q .
= Lemma: For finite9E the
4.1 ) sheaf spaces (E,p) and (LrE,PrE) are isomorp-
.
hic.
Proof: We construct two morphisms k: E -
are, shown L I Tto be ainversen dclosed maps (and so both continuous).
Consider
l c ' any : e E E. L LetI s: UE E be some section with e E s(U). Let
N -= s(U), . then E s has inverse pIN. Let sr: U
1w
e E• -s•i(U').
h E Let i Nbc' =e sh
s1
a E nTE)(U) o t andh sr e Er T E) ( U
(s U e c t i(pIN')(N
1 = p(N n N') = o n n N') we have s I W = s' I W. Now both s and
s'
)1
w. L ei t are closed maps
t W h N n N ' is closed in E. And s is continuous so
so
s=
) , t h pe n( N
-n
since
s p(e)
r E W we have s—
1
p
h w a'
N )s .
s(S
i n i v n e cr s
N
1
e
.n
(p T hI e rp Ne f o r e
N
w
'1 Ne
c1
). (a n
)N
d e of i n
=
e
n
t e
 SHEAF SPACES ON FI NI TE CLOSED SETS 1 8 5

k: E L P E : e s p( e)

where s is any section of p for which e E cod(s).

Suppose s is a section over U. For any e E s(U) we have k(e) = s
k (s(U)) po) = s {os
p(e)
pew E = AU). So, k is a closed map.
: e Any element of ISE is s
sE E x TE)(U)
f os r is a section of /9. Suppose s E TE)(U) and s' E TE)(U').
We have s xe s' iff x E U, UI and there is some W such that x E W and
( U o) m s )
( JsE) s ) = E ' ) , E
.
s(x)
t l T = si(x). So we may define an arrow
S i En )
i ( U )
c e E: s
, ;w ( s i)
p ( hs e
x
wr h i ec h
( sets
The U S(U) ) are a basis for the topology s on L r E and since k
mx e a
)1{s(x): x E U} = s(U)=we have k' as( a closed map.
n E( sS ( U ) )
= The map k' is the inverse of k since x for a section s with e E cod(s),
sU
U
s(p(e)) = e. So, k' = id,. Alternatively, ) the map k is the inverse of k
Isince . s
w
1 .
W
xea section AE p(s(x))n = x. So, k•kt is the identity arrow for LEE. •
=
h Note
L y r that technically the maps k and k ' are maps k: E - • L r E and
sE
k': E since if E is finite as assumed, then for any closed U g X the
a
'o rE(U) must also be finite.
sets
v
In
e
4.2
W Lemma: Presheaf Foyer X and IILF are isomorphic i f F is also a sheaf
lk
where
a for any closed U g X we have finite F(U).
y(
n Proof: we produce a natural isomorphism h: F I ' L F where for any
is
d closed U g X, we have a bijection h
f(we have a map S E r u m . We set h
,x u
U consider
: F ( Uthe) diagram
u - 0 ( r u
iE
))( s () U =) S .
n
d
)F . oa Fr r o r h
p
o
=ca l on s ey d u
tm i c
tV s g
u
(sU l a F 1(rLf-),/,
rsE , F
I
pi( Un ) V F ( V ) ( 1
)oX - 1 ( h,
s) 1 , F ) ( V ) U
o
: )
p -
l -
a -
i -
n 0
l (
186 W I L L I A M JAMES

For any s E F(U) we have h

e
P4s) = s l
(y s ) = S .
T ( .0h e n ,
aas n d
(h7 required y T L and F map ) h is a natural transformation. Note we require the
restriction upon F in order that we may define arrows r u .
(() , s S1 1)
= s The function h
1iff o u) i s
for all x U we have s
S
ssuch xi n lj et Fc(Ist )i = F
=that
V s
yso x vifeF
u
x Now. if eo E TLF(U),
i isf af sheaf
. and that last condition holds, then s = t.
N
S f so i rn
w w then e is some section U -D• LF of N. As such e is
=
a
,i(a1 ) .ln Tl h e closed map and e(U) is closed in LT'. Given what we know about the basis
(forc the e lopology o n L F w e have a f i
csxs S e t
n
e(U) i t e= Uu t Sn i o n o f
eU E=
1 l s
is
icU l i ol sl e d an index and s
nw xE) : eby
i(s7
Implied
ti ,U h se this e t twer have s U = UtU
(b )i :j E We can characterise h e as e map where for 11-ax E U„
F R O
En i t
sfe then
x Iq E x i
e(x) = s ,
:sF l u y Fs Ii / )
)e iforE which
id
,a
( Un , d) P
=cs(IaxU)(.s o o v m
in
,surjective.
e o
P „S
tn
(U (l sii) nsr c= •ei e ,
(d 1
d = )h, e
st)b Note that 4 technically
/ h: F T L F is more accurately the transformation
1
1
b
h: F T L F since LF is finite by construction.
sisa I t e t
e
E
=
yU
V _
su t hi
Im s Given our ( restrictions
s
)4.3 tS ; a
U
Theorem:
o
on the topology e9r on space X, the
ta
iE
functor
h a L krestricted to sheaves and the functor j are an equivalence of
w f,rcategories t
Ie x on,
)e sh(X, Q7) and sheafsp(X, Q 5
erce E i o
f7
) Proof: forl this proof
a l read L I sh(X, 29
hsa vequivalence = s n
e
(s -
o). of categories if there are natural isomorphims LT::4• i d ,
ae yIrru Tt (ifdo r
Nf
a ) L .
vtsheaf U
l P u n c t o
e s space E and 14.:rF s-*IMF for sheaf F, so we need only show that the
,so
es,isomorphisms ,to i
t L a hn d
p are natural. Suppose f F F t is a morphism of sheaves.
s1 a
Consider
e
Sa
„m ) r
4 following diagram in sh(X):
the
e
/n x n d
— e
Iw r
W
e
„1 ds= a =
ie r e
sxl a s
a h n
n
e
a x x
lI
E
yva
V
L . c
:
xte S l
tS
E
E
y)o
a o
h l
t e
U
o
r.e
,e
n
h i
s
w
e
a s
u
sb i
ed
ysi d
h
E
a e
 SHEAF SPACES ON FI NI TE CLOSED SETS 1 8 7

h„
F F _ _ _ , T L F

f 1 f I I ITV) ( 1 )
F' F ' _ _ _ , I ' L P
hp

The diagram commutes i f the component diagrams for each U E & -

commute. This holds since for any s E F(U) we have ( h , )
uW O = U S which is a map U --• LT' where for any x E U we have
(Vg)
s ) ( x )= = ( f g a n d
(hp)afu(s))•
u
( sSuppose )) g: (E,p) -0 (E' , p') is a sheaf space morphism where both E and
E
x
1
. I n
a
o t h e k,
E E - i • 1r LE
rr
e
w o (2)
fr g I g I i 11,( g)
d - 0
is E' Et TLEt
n k„.
I
iI
tS For any e E E , we have k,(e) = s
e (E cod(s). Assume s is a section over U. Now,
p
e
=
.f,
C ) f o r s o m e ug( = k l Y S p(e)
u k )
o s e c t i o n g
( s )

n s E = ( a l
1 g) u( S ) ) p( e)
) = ( g-2s)
sA o f (e) (
p( e)e
p
inAnd, k(g(e)) = s ' ) )
.
d w i t h (
dThe 1 map g•s is exactly one such section. Note that both 5 g and s are continu-
.
e
t, 1 ous so g-s is continuous, and p = p'-g so p A
rhig es) ) f =
4E( (g•s)(U) o r ei ed s
when O
)
tasince
s( L o pi m
u (g(e))e = p(e) we have L Eg ( k
tE
h .sl ) . e SAc o t ,n i d
i(p
e owe ) n)l e a= i k n„ , l ( gy ( e ) ) g
sfa s(c s' n )
ae
eroa e s q sf u ei rr e d . •
o
lxpt k ( g
lai( e ) )
o
cf= o
w
tr ( g - s )
ilw p v he ) )
188 W I L L I A M JAMES

4.4 In summary:
Given the usual methods, a restricted class of sheaves over closed sets is
provably equivalent to a restricted class of sheaf spaces over closed sets.

The University of Adelaide

References

1. Allwein, G., "The duality of algebraic and Kripke models for linear
logic", PhD thesis, Dept. of Comp.Sci, Indiana University, Aug.,1992.
2. Allwein, G. and Hartonas, C., "Duality for bounded lattices", 1994,
(unpubl.).
3. Davey, B. A. , "Sheaf spaces and sheaves o f universal algebra",
Mathl., 134, 275-290, 1973.
4. Goldblatt, R., Topoi, Studies in logic, 98, 1984 (rev.ed), North-
Holland.
5. Kelly , LI—, General Topology, 1970 (reprint), Van Nostrand Reinhold.
6. Mortensen, C., Inconsistent mathematics, (forthcoming).
7. Tennison, B.R., Sheaf Theory, LMS lecture notes, 20, 1975, Cambridge
University Press.