Blood / Vector-borne Diseases

Prevention: (CLEAN)
 C-hemically treated mosquito net
 L-arvae eating fish
 E-nvironmental sanitation
 A-nti-mosquito
 N-eem tree (oregano, eucalyptus)

Disease Agent/s Incubation Diagnostics Management / Drugs Other notes

Period
Dengue Flaviviridae (4 types) 2-7 days (+) Tourniquet Test (Rumpel- Symptomatic & Symtomatic  Usual complication:
Hemorrhagic Fever Leede Capillary-Fragility Hemorrhage
Vectors Test)  Avoid aspirins and IM
 Aedes Aegypti injections
 Aedes Albopictus Clinical:
 Culex Fatigans  Saddleback fever
 Bleeding tendencies
Filiariasis Wuchereria Bancrofti & 8-16 Blood smear (presence of DOC: Dietylcarbamazine Two biological types
Bulgaria Malayi months microfiliaria) Citrate (DEC) • Nocturnal - microfilaria
circulate in peripheral
Vector: Mosquito blood at night (10pm –
2am)
• Diurnal - microfilaria
circulate in greater
concentration at daytime
Leptospirosis Leptospires 4-14 days  Leptospira Agglutination Non-specific: Supportive A.K.A. Weil’s Disease
Test and symptomatic
Vector: Infected animal 2 types:
urine Other Specific  Icteric
 Blood: 1st week  First Choice:  Anicteric
 CSF: 5th to the 12th day Doxycycline (within 48
 Urine: after the 1st week hours)
 until convalescent period  Alternative: Tetracycline
20-40mg/kg/day
 Severely ill: Penicillin
50000 units/kg/day
 Critically ill:
Chloramphenicol (DOC)
Malaria Plasmodium (protozoa) 7 days or  Malarial smear  Supportive and A.K.A. “King of Tropical
Types: more  Quantitative Buffy Coat symptomatic Diseases”
 Vivax (QBC) – fast result  Mainstay drug:
 Falcifarum  Travel in endemic areas Chloroquine Infectious but not
 Ovale contagious
 Malariae
Clinical: Complications
Vector: Female anopheles  Headache  Anemia
mosquito  High-grade fever  Encephalopathy
 Fatigue
 Muscle pains
 Chills
 Dry cough
 Splenomegaly
 Nausea and vomiting
 Night sweats

CNS Disorders
Disease Agent / s Incubation Diagnostics Management / Drugs Other notes
Period
Bacterial Meningitis  N. Meningitides 2 – 10 days Clinical: Supportive and symptomatic Watch for signs of
 H. Influenzae  Fever increased ICP
 S. Pneumoniae  Altered LOC 0-2 months
 M. Tuberculosis  Neck stiffness  E. Coli, GABHS BP & Temp = increased
 Pathologic reflexes:  Ampicillin + Gentamycin RR & HR = decreased
Primary Kernig’s, Babinski, Altered LOC
 Blood to the meninges Brudzinski 3 months – 5 years old Irritability
 Increased ICP  H. Influenzae, S., N/V
Secondary Pneumonia, N. Seizures
  From other sources Laboratories: Meningitidis
 Lumbar puncture  Ampicillin or
 Blood C/S Chloramphenicol

5 years or above
 S., Pneumonia, N.
Meningitidis
 Penicillin or
Chloramphenicol

TB meningitis

Intensive Phase
 Maintenance Phase

Fungal meningitis /
Cryptococcal meningitis
 fluconazole or
amphotericin B
Meningococcemia Neisseria meningitides 1 – 3 days Laboratories: Supportive and symptomatic Highly contagious
(gram (-)  Blood Culture
 Gram stain (peripheral
MOT: Droplet or airborne smear, CSF & skin
lesions) Antimicrobial
Reservoir: human pharynx  CBC  Benzyl Penicillin 250-
400000 u/kg/day
Clinical  Chloramphenicol
Meningococcemia 100mg/kg/day
 Spiking fever
 Chills Chemoprophylaxis
 Arthralgia  Rifampicin 300-600mg q
 Rashes (hemorrhagic) 12hrs x 4 doses
 Ofloxacin 400mg single
Fulminant Meningococcemia dose
 (Waterhouse Friderichsen)  Ceftriaxone 125-250mg
 Septic shock IM single dose
 Enlarging petecchial rash
Rabies Rhabdovirus 4 days to Laboratory: Supportive and symptomatic A form of acute viral
19 years Fluorescent Antibody Test encephalomyelitis
Bite or scratch of an (FAT) NO TREATMENT
infected animal
Clinical Prophylaxis
Risk of developing rabies  Pain or numbness at the
 Face bite: 60% site of bite
 Upper extremities: 15-  Hydrophobia
40%  Aerophobia
 Lower extremities: 10%

Poliomyelitis Legio debilitans 7 – 12 days Diagnostic: Pandy’s Test Active – OPV (Sabin) and
 Brunhilde (permanent) IPV (Salk)
 Lansing and Leon Clinical
(temporary) Mild febrile illness Immunity is acquired for 3
 Fever strains
Fecal oral route/droplets  Malaise  Legio Brunhilde (fatal)
 Sore throat  Legio Lansing
 Legio Leon
Pre-paralytic stage
 Flaccid asymetrical
ascending paralysis
(Landry’s sign)
 Hayne’s sign (head drop)
 Poker’s sign
(opisthotonus)

Paralytic stage

Tetanus Clostridium Tetani 4 – 21 days Clinical Anti-toxin Toxins produced:

(anaerobic bacteria)  Trismus or lockjaw  Tetanus Anti-Toxin
 Risus sardonicus  Tetanus Ig Tetanospasmin
 Introduced through skin  Abdominal rigidity
abrasion  Muscle spasms
(generalized / localized)
 Neurotoxin
Antimicrobial: Penicillin  Decreases GABA
causing spasms
 Affects cranial nerves
5, 7 & 11

Tetanolysin
 Hemotoxin
 Causes anemia

HEPATO-ENTERIC DISEASES

Disease Agent/s Incubation Diagnostics Management / Drugs Other notes

Period
Schistosomiasis Schistosoma (fluke) 14 - 84 Laboratories: Supportive and symptomatic Organs affected: liver and
3 species days  Fecalysis: Schistosoma spleen
 S. Haematobium eggs in stool DOC: Praziquantel
 S. Mansoni  Rectal biopsy
 S. Japonicum (endemic
in (Leyte, Samar, Clinical: Signs of renal and
Sorsogon, Mindoro, liver problems
Bohol)

Intermediate host:
Oncomelania Quadrasi
(snail)
Typhoid Fever Salmonella Typhosa 1 – 3 weeks Clinical: (Weekly A.K.A. Enteric Fever
progression)  Chloramphenicol (DOC)
Carried by humans only  Amoxicillin
(harbors in gallbladder) 1st: Step-ladder fever  Sulfonamides
(Blood)  Ciprofloxacin
Fecal – oral route  Ceftriaxone
2nd:
  Rose spot
(pathognomonic)
 Typhoid psychosis
(URINE & STOOL)
3rd
 (complications) intestinal
bleeding, perforation,
peritonitis, encephalitis,

4th: (lysis) decreasing S/SX

5th: (convalescent)
Hepatitis A Hepatitis A virus (RNA) 3 – 5 weeks Laboratories: Supportive and symptomatic A.K.A. infectious hepatitis

Fecal – oral  Anti HAV IgM – active  Prevention of spread – Pandemic

infection Immunization and Health
 Anti HAV IgG – old Education
infection; no active  Enteric and Universal
disease precautions
 Assess LOC
 Bed rest
Hepatitis B Hepatitis B virus (DNA) 2–5 Laboratory: Serology (best is  ADEK deficiency A.K.A. Serum hepatitis
months duplication of HBV) intervention
MOT:  High CHO, Moderate Main cause of
 Blood and other body CHON, Low fat postnecrotic cirrhosis and
fluids route  FVE prevention liver cancer
 Percutaneous
 Perinatal
Hepatitis C Non-A, Non-B virus 2 – 6 weeks STAGES: ALL TYPES A.K.A. Post transfusion
hepatitis
MOT: Stage I
Blood  Pre-icteric for 1-21 days Health workers are at
Percutaneous  Anorexia, nausea and greater risk
Hepatitis D Dormant HBV After vomiting, LBM, weight
hepatitis B loss RUQ pain, fatty food
infection
Hepatitis E Hepatitis A diagnosed intolerance, fever, chills A.K.A. Enteric hepatitis
between 20 to 30 and headache
Often leads to liver
Fecal – oral Stage II cancer
 Icteric for 2-6 weeks
 Jaundice, pruritus,
acholic stool,
hepatomegaly

Stage III
 Pre-coma
 Ammonia level increases
– encephalopathy
 Jaundice, pruritus, weight
gain, ascites, dark-tea
colored urine
(urobilirubin), S/sx of
ADEK deficiency

Stage IV
 Recovery (lifetime
carrier) or death

Eruptive Fever
Disease Agent / s Incubation Diagnostics Management / Drugs Other notes
Period
Measles Rubeola (paramyxoviridae, 7 – 14 days Clinical: Supportive and A.K.A. 7 Day Fever,
RNA)  Malaise symptomatic Hard Red Measles
 Cough
MOT: droplets, airborne  Conjunctivitis Extremely contagious
*Contagious 4 days before  Fever
rash and 4 days after rash  Koplik’s spots (1-2 mm blue Breastfed babies have 3
white spots on red months immunity for
background along 2nd molars) measles
 Photophobia
Complications:
 Most common: otitis
media
Most serious:
bronchopneumonia and
encephalitis

German Measles Rubella virus, Toga virus 10 – 21 Clinical: Supportive and A.K.A. Rotheln Disease,
(RNA) days  Forschheimer’s (petecchial symptomatic 3-Day Measles
lesion on buccal cavity or soft
MOT: droplets, palate) Active - rubella vaccine
transplacental  Cervical lymphadenopathy, and MMR
•Contagious 5 days before low grade fever
and 5 days after rash and  Oval, rose red papules about Lifetime Immunity
probably during catarrhal the size of pinhead
stage Complications to
pregnant women:
•1st trimester:
Congenital anomalies
•2nd trimester: Abortion
3rd Trimester: Premature
delivery
Roseola Infantum Human herpes virus 6 Clinical: Supportive and A.K.A. Exanthem
 Spiking fever which subsides symptomatic Subitum, Sixth disease
MOT: probably respiratory 2 - 3 days
secretions  Face and trunk rashes appear
after fever subsides
3 months - 4 years old  Mild pharyngitis and lymph
(peak 6 - 24 months) node enlargement

Chicken Pox  Herpes zoster virus 14-21 days Clinical: Supportive and A.K.A. Varicella
(shingles) symptomatic
 Varicella zoster virus  Fever Active : Varicella vaccine
(chicken pox)  Malaise  Oral acyclovir
 Headache  Tepid water and wet Passive: VZIG, ZIG –
MOT: Respiratory route  Rashes compresses for pruritus given 72 -96 hours
* Contagious 1 day before o Maculopapulovesicular  Aluminum acetate soak within exposure
 rash and 6 days after first
crop of vesicles
Small Pox Pox virus (DNA)
Man to man transmission
only
(covered areas), for VZV
o Centrifugal  Potassium Lifetime Immunity
o Starts on face and trunk Permanganate
and spreads to entire body
•Leaves a pitted scar (pockmark)
1–3 Clinical: Rashes Supportive and Last case was 1977
weeks  Maculopapulovesiculopustular symptomatic
 Centripetal
 contagious until all crusts
disappeared

Laboratory:
Paul’s Test