Table of English Tenses

Tense Affirmative/Negative/ Use Signal Words

Question
Simple Present A: He speaks. always, every …,
 action in the present taking
N: He does not speak. never, normally, often,
place once, never or several seldom, sometimes,
Q: Does he speak?
times usually;
 facts if sentences type I (If
I talk, …)
 actions taking place one after
another
 action set by a timetable or
schedule

Present Progressive A: He is speaking. at the moment, just,

 action taking place in the
N: He is not speaking. just now, Listen!, Look!,
moment of speaking now, right now
Q: Is he speaking?
 action taking place only for a
limited period of time
 action arranged for the future

Simple Past A: He spoke. yesterday, 2 minutes

 action in the past taking
N: He did not speak. ago, in 1990, the other
place once, never or several day, last Friday
Q: Did he speak?
times if sentence type II (If
 actions taking place one after Italked, …)
another
 action taking place in the middle of
another action

Past Progressive A: He was speaking. when, while, as long as

 action going on at a certain time
N: He was not
in the past
speaking.
Q: Was he speaking?  actions taking place at the same
time
 action in the past that is
interrupted by another action

Present Perfect A: He has spoken.  putting emphasis on the result already, ever, just,
Simple N: He has not spoken. never, not yet, so far,
Q: Has he spoken?  action that is still going on till now, up to now
 action that stopped recently
 finished action that has an
influence on the present
 action that has taken place once,
never or several times before the
moment of speaking

Present Perfect A: He has been  putting emphasis on the course all day, for 4 years,
Progressive speaking. since 1993, how long?,
or duration(not the result) the whole week
N: He has not been
speaking.  action that recently stopped or is
Q: Has he been still going on
speaking?  finished action that influenced the

Past Perfect Simple A: He had spoken.
 action taking place before a
N: He had not spoken.
Q: Had he spoken?
 sometimes interchangeable with
 putting emphasis only on
Past Perfect A: He had been speaking.
Progressive N: He had not been speaking.
Q: Had he been speaking?
Future I Simple A: He will speak.
N: He will not speak.
Q: Will he speak?
Future I Simple A: He is going to speak.
(going to) N: He is not going to speak.
Q: Is he going to speak?
Future I Progressive A: He will be speaking.
N: He will not be speaking.
Q: Will he be speaking?
Future II Simple A: He will have spoken.
N: He will not have spoken.
Q: Will he have spoken?
Future II Progressive A: He will have been speaking.  action taking place
N: He will not have been
speaking.
Q: Will he have been speaking?
 putting emphasis on
Conditional I Simple A: He would speak.
N: He would not speak.
Q: Would he speak?
Conditional I A: He would be speaking.
Progressive N: He would not be speaking.
present
already, just, never, not
yet, once, until that day
certain time in the past if sentence type III (If
I had talked, …)
past perfect progressive
the fact (not the duration)
for, since, the whole
 action taking place
day, all day
before a certain time in
the past
 sometimes
interchangeable with past
perfect simple
 putting emphasis on
the duration or courseof
an action
in a year, next …,
 action in the future that
tomorrow
cannot be influenced If-Satz Typ I (If you ask
 spontaneous decision her, shewill help you.)
assumption: I think,
 assumption with regard
probably, perhaps
to the future
in one year, next week,
 decision made for the
tomorrow
future
 conclusion with regard to
the future
 action that is going on at in one year, next week,
tomorrow
a certain time in the
future
 action that is sure to
happen in the near future
action that will by Monday, in a week
be finished at a certain
time in the future
for …, the last couple
of hours, all day long
before a certain time in
the future
the course of an action
action that might take if sentences type II
place (If I were you, I would
gohome.)
 action that might take
 Q: Would he be speaking? place
 putting emphasis on
the course / duration of
the action

Conditional II A: He would have spoken. action that might have if sentences type III
Simple N: He would not have spoken. taken place in the past (If I had seen that,
Q: Would he have spoken? I would have helped.)
Conditional II A: He would have been  action that might have
Progressive speaking. taken place in the past
N: He would not have been
speaking.  puts emphasis on
Q: Would he have been the course / duration of
speaking? the action

Simple present is also called present simple.

The simple present expresses an action in the present taking place once, never or several times. It is also
used for actions that take place one after another and for actions that are set by a timetable or schedule.
The simple present also expresses facts in the present.

The present progressive puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action.

The present progressive is used for actions going on in the moment of speaking and for actions taking
place only for a short period of time. It is also used to express development and actions that are arranged
for the near future.

Present progressive is also known as present continuous.

The simple past expresses an action in the past taking place once, never, several times. It can also be
used for actions taking place one after another or in the middle of another action.

Form of Simple Past

 Positive Negative Question

no differences I spoke. I did not speak. Did I speak?

For irregular verbs, use the past form (see list of irregular verbs, 2nd column). For regular verbs, just
add “ed”.

Exceptions in Spelling when Adding ‘ed’

Exceptions in spelling when adding ed Example

after a final e only add d love – loved

final consonant after a short, stressed vowel admit – admitted

or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled travel – travelled

final y after a consonant becomes i hurry – hurried

Use of Simple Past

 action in the past taking place once, never or several times

Example: He visited his parents every weekend.

 actions in the past taking place one after the other

Example: He came in, took off his coat and sat down.

 action in the past taking place in the middle of another action

Example: When I was having breakfast, the phone suddenly rang.

 if sentences type II (If I talked, …)

Example: If I had a lot of money, I would share it with you.

The past progressive puts emphasis on the course of an action in the past.

Form

Positive Negative Question

I / he / she / it I was speaking. I was not speaking. Was I speaking?

you / we / they You were speaking. You were not speaking. Were you speaking?

Exceptions in Spelling

Exceptions in spelling when adding ing Example

final e is dropped (but: ee is not changed) come – coming

(but: agree – agreeing)
after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled sit – sitting

l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled (in British English) travel – travelling

final ie becomes y lie – lying

Use of Past Progressive

 puts emphasis on the course of an action in the past

Example: He was playing football.

 two actions happening at the same time (in the past)

Example: While she was preparing dinner, he was washing the dishes.

 action going on at a certain time in the past

Example: When I was having breakfast, the phone suddenly rang.

The present perfect simple expresses an action that is still going on or that stopped recently, but has an
influence on the present. It puts emphasis on the result.

Form of Present Perfect

Positive Negative Question

I / you / we / they I have spoken. I have not spoken. Have I spoken?

he / she / it He has spoken. He has not spoken. Has he spoken?

For irregular verbs, use the participle form (see list of irregular verbs, 3rd column). For regular verbs, just
add “ed”.

Exceptions in Spelling when Adding ‘ed’

Exceptions in spelling when adding ed Example

after a final e only add d love – loved

final consonant after a short, stressed vowel admit – admitted

or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled travel – travelled

final y after a consonant becomes i hurry – hurried

Use of Present Perfect

 puts emphasis on the result

Example: She has written five letters.

 action that is still going on

Example: School has not started yet.

  action that stopped recently

Example: She has cooked dinner.

 finished action that has an influence on the present

Example: I have lost my key.

 action that has taken place once, never or several times before the moment of speaking

Example: I have never been to Australia.

The present perfect progressive expresses an action that recently stopped or is still going on. It puts
emphasis on the duration or course of the action.

Form of Present Perfect Progressive

Positive Negative Question

I / you / we / they I have been speaking. I have not been speaking. Have I been speaking?

he / she / it He has been speaking. He has not been speaking. Has he been speaking?

Exceptions in Spelling

Exceptions in spelling when adding ing Example

final e is dropped come – coming

(but: ee is not changed) (but: agree – agreeing)

after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled sit – sitting

l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled (in British English) travel – travelling

final ie becomes y lie – lying

Use of Present Perfect Progressive

 puts emphasis on the duration or course of an action (not the result)

Example: She has been writing for two hours.

 action that recently stopped or is still going on

Example: I have been living here since 2001.

 finished action that influenced the present

Example: I have been working all afternoon.

The past perfect simple expresses an action taking place before a certain time in the past.

Form of Past Perfect Simple

 Positive Negative Question

no differences I had spoken. I had not spoken. Had I spoken?

For irregular verbs, use the past participle form (see list of irregular verbs, 3rd column). For regular verbs,
just add ed.

Exceptions in Spelling when Adding ed

Exceptions in Spelling when Adding ed Example

after final e, only add d love – loved

final consonant after a short, stressed vowel admit – admitted

or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled travel – travelled

final y after a consonant becomes i hurry – hurried

Use of Past Perfect

 action taking place before a certain time in the past

(putting emphasis only on the fact, not the duration)

Example: Before I came here, I had spoken to Jack.

 Conditional Sentences Type III (condition that was not given in the past)

Example: If I had seen him, I would have talked to him.

The past perfect progressive puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action taking place before a
certain time in the past.

Form

 A: He had been talking.

 N: He had not been talking.

 Q: Had he been talking?

Use

 action taking place before a certain time in the past

 sometimes interchangeable with past perfect simple

 puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action

Will future expresses a spontaneous decision, an assumption with regard to the future or an action in the
future that cannot be influenced.

Form of will Future

 positive negative question

no differences I will speak. I will not speak. Will I speak?

Use of will Future

 a spontaneous decision

example: Wait, I will help you.

 an opinion, hope, uncertainty or assumption regarding the future

example: He will probably come back tomorrow.

 a promise

example: I will not watch TV tonight.

 an action in the future that cannot be influenced

example: It will rain tomorrow.

 conditional clauses type I

example: If I arrive late, I will call you.

Going to future expresses a conclusion regarding the immediate future or an action in the near future
that has already been planned or prepared.

Form of going to Future

positive negative question

I I am going to speak. I am not going to speak. Am I going to speak?

you / we / they You are going to speak. You are not going to speak. Are you going to speak?

he / she / it He is going to speak. He is not going to speak. Is he going to speak?

Use of going to Future

 an action in the near future that has already been planned or prepared

example: I am going to study harder next year.

 a conclusion regarding the immediate future

example: The sky is absolutely dark. It is going to rain.

Future I progressive puts emphasis on the course of an action taking place in the future.

Form

 A: He will be talking.
  N: He will not be talking.

 Q: Will he be talking?

Use

 action that is going on at a certain time in the future

 action that is sure to happen in the near future

Future II Simple expresses an action that will be finished at a certain time in the future.

Form

 A: He will have talked.

 N: He will not have talked.

 Q: Will he have talked?

Use

 action that will be finished at a certain time in the future

Future II progressive puts emphasis on the course / duration of an action taking place before a certain
time in the future. It can also be used to express an assumption regarding a future action.

Future II progressive is not used very often as it can usually be replaced by future II simple.

Form

A: He will have been talking.

N: He will not have been talking.

Q: Will he have been talking?

Use

action taking place before a certain time in the future

puts emphasis on the course of an action

The conditional I simple expresses an action that might take place.

Form

 A: He would talk.

 N: He would not talk.

 Q: Would he talk?
Use

 action that might take place

 if clause type II (If I were you, I would go home.)

The conditional I progressive puts emphasis on the course of an action that might take place.

Form

 A: He would be talking.

 N: He would not be talking.

 Q: Would he be talking?

Use

 action that might take place

 puts emphasis on the course of an action

The conditional II simple expresses an action that could have taken place in the past.

Form

 A: He would have talked.

 N: He would not have talked.

 Q: Would he have talked?

Use

 action that could have taken place in the past

 if causes type III (If I had seen that, I would have helped.)

Conditional II Progressive puts emphasis on the duration of an action that could have taken place in the
past.

Form

 A: He would have been talking.

 N: He would not have been talking.

 Q: Would he have been talking?

Use

 action that could have taken place in the past

 puts emphasis on the course / duration of an action