Basic Equation 7

Eka O. N.

Derivation 2-DH Depth Averaged

by
Eka Oktariyanto Nugroho

Derivation 2-DH Depth Averaged Page - 51

 Basic Equation 7
Eka O. N.

7.1. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

Basic assumptions to derivate the 2 Dimensional Horizontal Depth Averaged for shallow water
problem are :
 Incompressible
 Turbulent time averaged
 A key assumption for depth averaging is that the flow in the vertical direction is small
 This implies that all terms in the Z-direction Reynolds Equation are small compared to the
gravity and pressure terms. Thus the Z-direction Reynolds Equation reduces to
�p
= - r g This implies that the pressure distribution over the vertical is hydrostatic
�z
 Scetch Conditions

Figure 7. 1 Illustration for depth averaged velocity distribution.

 Consider the geoid to be defined at z = 0 , the free surface (water-air interface) at z = h , and
the bottom (water-sediment interface) at z = - h
 Depth Averaged velocities are defined as:
h h
1 1
u=U=
h+h �
udz
-h
v=V=
h+h �
vdz
-h
..................................................................(7-1)

 The total water column height is defined as:

H = h +h

 Flow rate over the vertical is defined as:

h h
qx = � % and q = %
udz = uH
-h
y �
vdz = vH
-h
..................................................................(7-2)

 The Continuity equation is:

�u �v �w
+ + = 0 ............................................................................................................................................................(6-2)
�x �y �z

 The Momentum equation is:

�
u �u �
u �
u 1 �p 1 � t yx 1 �
t xx 1 � t zx
+u +v +w =- + + + .........................(6-3) or (6-4)
�t �x �y �z r0 �
x r0 �x r0 � y r0 �z

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 Basic Equation 7
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 Boundary conditions are:

1. Free surface condition
S(x,y,z,t)= η (x,y,t)-z = 0, pada z = η
dS
=0:
dt

dS � h � h�x � h�y � z
= + + - =0
dt �
t � x �
t � y �
t � t

h
� h
� h
�
+u +v -w =0
�t �
x �y

Dh h
� h
� h
�
w = = +u +v .................................................................(7-3)
z =h Dt z =h �t z =h �x z =h �y

��h h
� � h
�
-�
u +v - w� = .....................................................................................(7-4)
��x �y �
z =h
�t

2. Bottom surface condition

S = z0 – z = 0 , at z = z0
S(x,y,z,t)= -z0 (x,y,t)-z = 0
dS
with =0:
dt

dS � z � x �
z � z �y � z
= 0 + 0 + 0 + =0
dt �t �x �t � y �
t � t

�
z0 �z �z
+ u(x, y, z 0 ) 0 + v(x, y, z 0 ) 0 + w(x, y, z 0 ) = 0 at z = z0
�t �x �y

h
The velocity in the bottom is: U(-h) = V(-h) = W(-h) = 0, then =0
t
D ( -h ) �( -h ) �( -h ) �( -h )
w = = +u +v ..........................................(7-5)
z =- h Dt z =- h
�
t z =- h �
x z =- h �
y
� �( - h ) �( - h ) �
u
� +v - w � = 0 ......................................................................................(7-6)
� � x �y �
z =- h

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 Basic Equation 7
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7.2. CONTINUITY DEPTH AVERAGED EQUATION

�u �v �w
+ + = 0 ............................................................................................................................................................(6-2)
�x �y �z

Vertically average
h
1 ��
u �v �w �
H �
� + +
��
-h
x �
y �
z�
dz = 0
�

Multiplying through by H and evaluating the last integral:

h h ( x , y ,t ) h ( x , y ,t ) h
��u � w�
v � �u �v ��w�
� � + +
-h �
�x �
y �
dz = � dz + � dz + �
�
z � - h ( x , y ,t ) �x - h ( x , y ,t )
�y
� �
-h �
�
dz = 0
z�

h ( x , y ,t ) h ( x , y ,t )
�
u �v
� dz + � dz + w ( h ) - w ( -h ) = 0
- h ( x , y ,t )
�x - h ( x , y ,t )
�y
Using Leibnitz’s Rule:
B( x, y ,t ) b
�
F � �
A �
B
�
A( x , y ,t )
�x
dz = �
�xa
Fdz + F z= A
�x
-F z=B
�x
.................................................................................................(7-7)

Hence eq. (6.2) become

h h
�u � �
h h
�
�
-h
�x
dz =
� �
x -h
udz + u z =- h
�
x
- u z =h
�x

h
�
v �
h
�( - h ) h
�
�
-h
�
y
dz =
� �
y -h
vdz + v
z =- h �y
-v
z =h �y

h
�
w
��z dz = w
-h
z =h
- w z =- h

� � �( - h ) �( -h )
h h
� � ��h h
� �
� �
x -h
udz +
� �
y -h
vdz - �
u
��x
+v
�y
- w� + �
�
u
� �
x
+v
�y
- w�
�
=0 (7-8)
z =h z =( - h )

With bottom and free surface condition, eq (7-4) and (7-6)

h h
h �
� �
�
+
t � �
x -h
udz +
y -�
� h
vdz = 0 (7-9)

h h

Terms 
-h
udz and  vdz
-h
in eq. (7-9) are called depth averaged velocity, U and V , substitute by

equation (7.2) hence

h
��u �v �w� � h �qx �qy
��x �y �z � �t �x �y = 0 .............................................................................................................(7-10)
�
-h �
+ + dz
� = + +

Derivation 2-DH Depth Averaged Page - 54

 Basic Equation 7
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h
where H = h + η. Because h is contant, then =0.
t
Depth Averaged Continuity Equation :

H �uH
�
+
%
+
%
d vH ( ) ( )
= 0 ................................................................................................................................................(7-11)
�t �
x dy

Or

h �uH
�
+
%
+
%
d vH ( ) ( )
= 0 .................................................................................................................................................(7-12)
�t �
x dy

7.3. MOMENTUM DEPTH AVERAGED EQUATION

Consider the X-direction Reynolds equation:

�
u �u �u �u 1 �p 1 � t yx 1 �
t xx 1 � t zx
+u +v +w =- + + + ..................................(6-3) or (6-4)
�t �x �y �z r0 �
x r0 �x r0 � y r0 � z

t 'ij �u
= u i - u ' j u 'i
r �xj
�ui
t 'ij = m - r0 u ' j u 'i
�
xj
�u �u �u
t xx = m - r0 u ' u ' , t yx = m - r0 u ' v ' , t zx = m - r0 u ' w '
�x �y �z
�p
And = - r g , integrating this equation between the free surface at z = h and some level z
�z
p( x, y , z ) z

��p = - � r g�
z where ps = pressure at the free surface
ps ( x , y ) h
z=

And assuming that density is constant:

(
p - ps = - r gz - r gh )
p = ps + r gh - r gz
1 �p 1�ps h
� �
z
- =- -g +g
r �x r �
x �x �
x
The surface pressure does not vary spatially:
1 �p h
� 1 �p h
� �z h
�
- = -g or - = -g - g 0 = -g + gs0
r �x �x r �x �x �x �x
Where s0= channel bottom slope
Depth averaged equation form for the above equation is:
�
u �
u �
u �
u h 1�
� t yx 1 �
t xx 1 � t zx
+u +v +w = -g + + +
�t �x �y �z �x r �x r � y r �z

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 Basic Equation 7
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By adding u times the continuity equation to the above equation:

�
u �u �u �u �
u �v �w h 1�
� t yx 1 �
t xx 1 � t zx
+u +v + w +u +u +u = -g + + +
�t �x �y �z �x �y �z �x r �x r � y r �z
Re-arranging

�
u �
+
2
u �uv �uw
+ + = -g
h 1 ��
� t( )
+ � xx +
t yx �
� t �( )
+ zx �
�t �x �
y �
z �x r ��x �y � z
h
du
h
�
uu
h
�
uv
h
�uw
h
h
�
h
1 ��s xx �t yx �t �
� dt
dz + � �x
dz + � �y
dz + � � z
dz = - � g
�x
dz + � �
r �� x
+
�y
+ zx �
�
dz
z � .........(7-13)
14 2 43 14 2 43 14 2 43 14 2 43
-h -h -h -h
14 2 43 1 4 4 4 44 2 4 4 4 4 43
-h -h
term 1 term 2 term 3 term 4 term 5 term 6

Using Leibnitz’s Rule:

�( h ) �( -h )
h ( x , y ,t ) h
�
f �
�
- h ( x , y ,t )
�t
dz = �
�t -h
f dz + f z =h
�
t
-f z =- h
�
t
.................................................................................(7-7)

2
Where f = u, u , uv,h ,t xx ,t xy and

h h
�
g
�
-h
�z
dz = �
-h
g = g z =h - g
� z =- h

Where g = uw,t zx

Term 1
h
�u �
h
d (h ) d ( -h )
�
-h
�t
dz =
� �
t -h
udz - u
z =h dt
+u
z =- h dt

Term 2
h
�uu � 2
h
2 d (h ) 2 d ( -h )
��x
-h
dz =
x -�
� h
u �
z - u
z =h dx
+u
z =- h dx

Term 3
h
�uv �
h
d (h ) d ( -h )
�
-h
�x
dz =
� �
x -h
z - uv
uv�
z =h dx
+ uv
z =- h dx

Term 4
h
�uw h
�
-h
� z
dz = uw
-h

=w -w
z =h z =- h

Term 5

Derivation 2-DH Depth Averaged Page - 56

 Basic Equation 7
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h
h
� �
h
h
� �( -h )
-� g dz = - g � h dz - gh z =h + gh z =- h
-h
�x �
x -h �x �
x

Term 6
h
s xx �
1 �� t yx �t zx � 1 �
h
1 �
h

�r � s xx dz + t yx dz
x -� y -�
+ + �dz =
-h ��x �y �z � r� h
r� h

1 � � h h
� � 1 � �( -h ) �( - h ) �
- s
� �
xx + t yx - t zx � + s
� xx + t yx - t zx �
r � x �y �
z =h
r� �
x �y �
z =- h
Rewrite Equation 7.13 becomes:
h h h
du �
uu �
uv ���
h h
� h
� �
�
�
-h
dt
dz + � dz + � dz - �
-h
�x -h
�y
u� +u
���t �x
+v
�y
- w�
�
�
�z =h

�( -h )
� �( - h ) �( -h ) �
+� +u +v - w�
�� t �x �y �
z =- h
.................................................(7-14)
�
h
h
� �( - h ) 1 � 1 �
h h

� h dz +gh - gh � s xx dz + t yx dz
y -�
= -g +
�
x -h �x �x r�
x -h r� h

1 � � h h
� � 1 � �( - h ) �( -h ) �
- s xx
� + t yx - t zx � + � s xx + t yx - t zx �
r � � x �y �
z =h
r� �
x �y �
z =- h

The boundary condition is done with equation 7-4 and 7-6.

By performing a stress balance at the surface, it can be shown that t xs = applied surface stress in
the x direction and parallel to the surface.
1 � � h h
� �
t xs = - s xx
� + t yx - t zx �
r � � x �y �
z =h

Similarly at the bottom:

1 � �( - h ) �( -h ) �
t xb = - s xx
� + t yx - t zx �
r � �
x �y �
z =- h

Substituting reduces the X-momentum equation to:

h h h
du �
uu �uv
�
-h
dt
dz + � dz + � dz =
-h
�x -h
�y
....................(7-15)
�
h
h
� �( - h ) 1 � h
1 �
h
t xs t xb
h h h s t
x -� x -� y -�
-g dz + g - g + xx dz + yx dz + -
� h
�x �x r� h
r� h
r r

We define the depth averaged variable as:

h
1
a� � a dz
�
H -h

The Reynolds averaged quantity is then defined as the sum of the depth averaged variable and the
deviation from the depth averaged variable
a �a� + aˆ
Thus we define velocities in terms of the depth averaged quantity and the deviation from the depth
averaged quantity

Derivation 2-DH Depth Averaged Page - 57

 Basic Equation 7
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The spatial averaging is applied as:

h

�
udz �H u%
-h

h
vdz �H v%
�
-h

Furthermore we let:
u ( x, y, z , t ) = u%( x, y , z , t ) + uˆ ( x, y , z , t )

v ( x, y, z, t ) = v%( x, y, z, t ) + vˆ ( x, y, z, t )
This implies that:
h h

�ˆ =0 and
udz
-h -h
�ˆ =0
vdz

Hence

( u% + 2uu%$ + u$ ) �z
h h
2 2
�
uudz =
-h
�
-h
h h h h
%2 � % u$� $2 �
�
uudz
-h
= u � � �z
z + 2u z + u
-h -h -h
h h
2
u$ �
uudz = H u% + �
2
�
-h
z
-h

Similarly
h h h

�
uvdz =
-h
�uv
-h
(
%$+ uv
%%+ uv $ %+ uv
$ $ dz = uvH $$
%% + uvdz
� ) -h
h h
h dz = h �
� dz = h H
-h -h

Substituting and re-arranging:

( ) + �( H u% ) + �( H uv
%%)
2
� H u%
=
�
t �
x �
y ......(7-16)
�( h H ) h
� h � �s xx $ �
�
h
� � t yx $$� t xs t xb
2
h
+ gh + gh
x -� y -�
-g + � - u �dz + � - uv �
dz + -
�
x �x �
x � h�
r � � h�
r � r r

Expanding the terms involving gravity

�( h H ) h
� �
h � �H h
� �( h + h ) �
-g + gh + gh -h
=g� -H +h �................................................................(7-17)
�
x �x �
x � �x �x � x �

Derivation 2-DH Depth Averaged Page - 58

 Basic Equation 7
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�( h H ) h
� �
h h
�
-g + gh + gh = - gH
�
x �x �
x �x
We also note that the acceleration terms can be expanded as:

( ) = u%�H + H �u%
� H u%
� t �
t �
t
( ) = u%�( h + h ) + H �u%
� H u%
� t �
t �
t
( ) = u%�h + H �u%
� H u%
�
t �
t �
t

( ) = u%�( H u%) + H u%�u%

� H u%
2

�x �
x �
x
(
%%
� H uv ) = u%�( H v%) + H v%�u%
�
y �
y �
y
Substituting in the gravity and acceleration term re-arrangements:

H
�u%
+ Hu%�u%
+ Hv%�u% %�
+u ��
+
%
h �H u �H v �
+
%
�=
( ) ( )
� t �
x �x ��t �x �
y �
� � .................................................(7-18)

�
h
h � �s xx $2 � � �
h
t yx $ $� t xs t xb
x -� y -�
- gH + � - u �dz + � - uv �dz + -
�
x � h�
r � � h�
r � r r

It is clear that the depth averaged continuity equation is embedded in the previous equation and
therefore drops out. Dividing through by H will result in the depth averaged conservation of
momentum equation in non-conservative form.

u% %� u% %�u% t yx $ $�
h h
� h 1 � �s xx $2 �
� 1 � � 1 t xs 1 t xb
x -� y -�
+u + v + = -g + � - u dz
� + � - uv dz
� + -
� t �
x �x �x H� h�
r � H � h�
r � H r H r

or

u% %� u% %�u% t yx $ $�
h h
� h
� 1 � �s xx $2 � 1 � � 1 t xs 1 t xb
x -� y -�
+u + v + = -g + gs0 + � - u dz
� + � - uv dz
� + -
�t �
x �x �x H � h�
r � H � h�
r � H r H r
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................(7.19)

�v% %�v% %�v% t xy $ $� 1 � �s yy $2 � 1 ty 1 ty

h h s b
h 1 � �
�
x -� y -�
+ u + v + = -g + � - uv dz
� + � - v dz
� + -
� t �x �x �y H � h�
r � H � h�
r � H r H r
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................(7.20)

Derivation 2-DH Depth Averaged Page - 59

 Basic Equation 7
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Otherwise
For X direction, eq. (6-3 or 6-4):
du � uu � uv �uw s
1 �p 1 �� �t �t �
+ + + =- + � xx + yx + zx �
dt �x �
y �z r �x r ��x � y � z �
Depth averaged equation form for the above equation is:
h h h h
du �
uu �
uv �
uw
�
-h
dt
dz + � dz + � dz + � dz
-h
�x -h
�y -h
�z
......................................................(7-21)
h
1�
p 1�s 1�t h
1�t
h h
= - � dz + � xx dz + � yx dz + � zx dz
-h
r�x -h
r �x -h
r �y -h
r �z

with p = rg ( h - z )

dp h
� r
�
= rg + g (h - z) ...........................................................................................................................................(7-22)
dx �x �x
Substitute eq. (7.22) to eq. (7.21), obtain:
h
du
h
�
uu
h
�
uv
h
�
uw
h
1� � h�
h
s
1 �� �t �t �
� dz + � dz + � dz + � dz = - � �r g dz + � � xx + yx + zx �
� dz
-h
dt -h
�x -h
�y -h
�z -h
r� � x � - h r �� x � y � z �

h
du
h
�
uu
h
�
uv
h
�
uw
h
h
�
h
s
1 �� t
� �t �
�
-h
dt
dz + � dz + � dz + � dz = - �
-h
�x -h
�y -h
�z -h
g
�x
dz + � � xx + yx + zx �
-h
r ��x �y �
dz
z �

h h h h
du �
uu �
uv �
uw
� dt
dz + � dz + � dz + � dz
�x �y �z
14 2 43 -14
-h h
2 43 -14
h
2 43 -14
h
2 43
term1 term 2 term 3 term 4
...............................................(7-23)
h
h
� g r
�
h h
s
1 �� t
� �t �
=-� g dz - � ( h - z ) dz + � � xx + yx + zx �dz
�x r �x r ��x �y � z �
14 2 43 1 4 44 2 4 4 43 1 4 4 4 44 2 4 4 4 4 43
-h -h -h
term 5 term 6 term 7

Using Leibniz Rule’s:

Term 1
h
du d
h
d ( -h ) d (h )
� dz = � udz + u ( -h ) - u (h )
-h
dt dt - h 1 44 2 4dt43 dt
=0

d (h )
=
d h
dt
( )
u -h - u ( h )
dt
d d (h )
= ( u (h + h) ) - u (h )
dt dt

Derivation 2-DH Depth Averaged Page - 60

 Basic Equation 7
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Term 2
h
�
uu d
h
d ( -h ) d (h )
� dz = � u 2 dz + u 2 ( -h ) - u2 (h )
-h
�x dx - h 1 44 2 4dx 43 dx
=0

d
h
d (h ) 1
h

( h ) instance b xx =
dx -� �
= u 2
dz -u 2
u dz 2

h
dx (h + h) u2 -h

d d (h )
= b xx ( h + h ) u 2 �
�
� �- u2 (h )
dx dx

Term 3
h
�
uv d
h
d ( -h ) d (h )
� dz = � uvdz + uv ( - h ) - uv ( h )
�y dy - h dy dy
-h 1 44 2 4 43
=0

d
h
d (h ) 1
h

� uvdz - uv ( h ) instance b yx =
( h + h ) uv -�
= uvdz
dy - h dy h

d d (h )
= b yx ( h + h ) uv �
�
� �- uv ( h )
dy dy

Term 4
h
�
uw h
�
-h
�z
dz = uw - h

= uw ( h ) - uw ( - h )
=0

Term 5
h h
h
� h
�
-� g dz = - g
-h
�x �x -h
h
�
= -g (h + h)
�x

Term 6
h h
g r
� g�r
- �(h - z) ( h - z ) dz
x -�
dz = -
-h
r �x r � h
h
g�r� 1 2 �
=- h z - z �=
�
r �x�� 2 -h �
�
g1 r
2 �
=- (h + h)
r2 �x

Derivation 2-DH Depth Averaged Page - 61

 Basic Equation 7
Eka O. N.

Term 7
h h h
h
1 ��s xx �t �t � 1�s xx 1�t yx 1
� � + yx + zx �
dz = + + t zx
-h
r �� x � y � z � r �x -h
r �y -h
r -h

1�s xx 1� t yx
= ( h + h) + ( h + h)
r � x r � y
1 1
+ t zx ( h ) - t zx ( - h )
r r
Re-arranging equation (7.23)

�d d (h ) d d (h ) �
� ( u ( h + h) ) - u ( h ) + � b ( h + ) �- ( h )
2 2 2
h u u �
dx � �
xx
�dt dt dx �
� d d (h ) �
� + � b ( h + h ) uv � - uv ( h ) �
dy � �
yx
� dy �
� � h g1 2 � r 1� s xx 1� t yx 1 1 �
=� -g (h + h) - (h + h) + (h + h) + ( h + h ) + t zx ( h ) - t zx ( -h ) �
� � x r2 � x r � x r � y r r �
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................(7-24)

�d � d (h ) � d � d (h ) � d � d (h ) �
�
� ( u (h + h) ) - u � (h ) �+ � b ( h + ) �- ( h ) + �b ( h + ) �- ( h )
2
h u u �u � h uv u �v �
�
dt � dx � � dx � dy � �
xx yx
�dt � � � dy � �
� � h g1 2 � r 1� s xx 1� t yx 1 1 �
=� -g ( h + h) - (h + h) + (h + h) + ( h + h ) + t zx ( h ) - t zx ( -h ) �
� � x r2 � x r � x r � y r r �
�d d d � d (h ) d (h ) d (h ) � �
� ( u ( h + h) ) + � �b xx ( h + h ) u 2 �
�+ � �b yx ( h + h ) uv �
� -u� (h ) + u (h ) + v (h ) � �
�dt dx dy � dt dx dy �
� � h g1 2 � r 1� s xx 1� t yx 1 1 �
=� -g (h + h) - (h + h) + (h + h) + ( h + h ) + t zx ( h ) - t zx ( -h ) �
� � x r2 � x r � x r � y r r �
 d ( h) d ( h) d ( h) 
With ( h) + u ( h) + v ( h)  =0
 dt dx dy 

�d d d �
�dt
( u ( h + h) ) + �
dx
b xx ( h + h ) u 2 �
� �+ �
dy
b yx ( h + h ) uv �
� �
�
� �
� �h g1 r 1�
2 � s xx 1�t yx 1 1 �
=�
-g ( h + h) - (h + h) + ( h + h) + ( h + h ) + t zx ( h ) - t zx ( -h ) �
� �x r2 �x r �x r �y r r �

h h  ( h + h ) H
( h + h ) =H, h constant, = 0 hence = = .
x x x x
h H
Boussinesq coefisien β =1 and = hence:
x x

Derivation 2-DH Depth Averaged Page - 62

 Basic Equation 7
Eka O. N.

�d d 2 d �
� [ uH ] + � u H�
� �+ [ uvH ] �
�dt dx dy �
............................(7-25)
� �
H g 2�r 1 � s xx 1 �t 1 1 �
=�
- gH - H + H + H yx + t zx ( h ) - t zx ( - h ) �
� �x 2r x r
� �x r �y r r �

1
tzx ( h) is define to surface shear stress, this stress is caused by wind:
r

tzx ( h ) ra C * Wx W tsx
= =
r r r

where:
ρa = water density
C* = Ekman coefficient = 0.026
Wx = wind velocity in X direction
Wy = wind velocity in Y direction
W = Wx + Wy

1
tzx ( -h ) is define to bottom shear stress, this stress is caused by roughness effect of bottom
r
channel, with Chezy Equation:
tzx ( - h ) gUU tbx
= =
r C 2 r

Eq. (7.24) rewrite to:

�d d 2 d �
� [ uH ] + � u H�
� �+ [ uvH ] �
�dt dx dy �
.............................(7-26)
� �
H g 2�r 1 � s xx 1 �t r C *WxW g U U �
=�
- gH - H + H + H yx + a - �
� �x 2r x r
� �x r �y r C2 �

Similarly for Y direction.

�d d d 2 �
� [ vH ] + [ vuH ] + � v H�
�
�dt dx dy � ��
.............................(7-27)
� �
H g 2�r 1 � t 1 �s yy r aC *WyW g V V �
=�
- gH - H + H xy + H + - �
� �y 2r y r
� �x r �y r C2 �

  ( Ui )  ( U j )  2 i = j, = 1
With - uiuj = ˆ t 
 xj
+
xi  3
 - k̂h ij where ij  .................................................................(7-28)

i  j, = 0

Derivation 2-DH Depth Averaged Page - 63

 Basic Equation 7
Eka O. N.

�u 2 2
s xx = 2 r - kh = -u �
u�= -u �
�x 3
�v 2 2
s yy = 2 r - kh = -v�v�= -v �
�y 3
�
w 2 2
s zz = 2 r - kh = - w��
w = - w�
�z 3

��
u �v�
t xy = t yx = r � + �= -u �
v�= - v�
u�
��y �
x�
��
u �w�
t xz = t zx = r � + �= -u ��
w = - w�
u�
��z �
x�
�� w�
v �
t yz = t zy = r � + �= -v��
w = - w�
v�
��z �y �

�d d d �
� [ uH ] + [ uuH ] + [ uvH ] �
�dt dx dy �
� �
H g 2�r �� �
u 2 � �� �� u � � r a C *WxW g U U �
v�
=�
- gH - H + � 2 H - kH �+ � H� + ��+ - �
� �x 2r �
x � x� �x 3 �� y � ��
y �x�
� r C2 �
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................(7-29)

�d d d �
� [ uH ] + [ uuH ] + [ uvH ] �
�dt dx dy �
................................(7-30)
� �
H �� �
u 2 � �� �� u � � t xs t xb �
v�
=�
- gH + � 2 H - kH �+ � H � + ��+ - �
� �x �x� �x 3 �� y � ��y � � r r�
x�

�d d d �
� [ uH ] + [ uuH ] + [ uvH ] �
�dt dx dy �
...................................................................................(7-31)
� H 1 �
� s xx 1 �t ts tb �
=�
- gH + H + H yx + x - x �
� �x r �x r �y r r�

or

�d d d �
� [ uH ] + [ uuH ] + [ uvH ] �
�dt dx dy �
...............(7-32)
� �
H �� �
u 2 � �� �� u � � t xs t xb �
v�
=�
- gH + Hgs0 + � 2 H - kH �+ � H � + ��+ - �
� �x �x� �x 3 �� y � ��y � � r r�
x�

�d d d �
� [ uH ] + [ uuH ] + [ uvH ] �
�dt dx dy �
.................................................................(7-33)
� �
H 1 �s xx 1 �t ts tb �
=�
- gH + Hgs0 + H + H yx + x - x �
� �x r �x r �y r r�

Derivation 2-DH Depth Averaged Page - 64

 Basic Equation 7
Eka O. N.

or

�d d d �
� u + uu + uv �
�dt dx dy �
. (7-34)
� �H 1 �� �
u 2 � 1 �� �� u � � 1 t xs 1 t xb �
v�
=�
-g + gs0 + �2 H - kH �+  H
� � + �+
� - �
� �x H �
x� �x 3 �H �y � ��y � �H r H r�
x�

�d d d � � � H 1�s xx 1 �t yx 1 t xs 1 t xb �
� u + uu + uv �= �
-g + gs0 + + + - �..........................(7-35)
�dt dx dy � � � x r �x r �y H r H r�

Similarly for Y-direction:

�d d d �� � H 1�t xy 1 �
s yy 1 t ys 1 t yb �
� v + uv + vv �= �
-g + + + - �........................................(7-36)
�dt dx dy � � � y r �x r � y H r H r�

Derivation 2-DH Depth Averaged Page - 65

 Basic Equation 7
Eka O. N.

7.4. RESUME OF SHALLOW WATER EQUATION

Resume of the governing equation for Shallow Water Equation are:

h �uH
�
+
%
+
( ) %
d vH
=0
( )
�t �
x dy

u% %� u% %� u% t yx $ $�
h h
� �h 1 � �s xx $2 � 1 � � 1 t xs 1 t xb
x -� y -�
+u + v + = -g + gs0 + � - u dz
� + � - uv �dz + -
� t �x �x �x H � h�
r � H � h�
r � H r H r
�v% %�v% %�v% t xy $ $� 1 � �s yy $2 � 1 ty 1 ty
h h s b
�h 1 � �
x -� y -�
+ u + v + = -g + � - uv �dz + � - v � dz + -
� t �x �
x �
y H � h�
r � H � h�
r � H r H r
The Shallow Water Equations were established in 1775 by Laplace.
The momentum conservation statements are quite similar to the Reynolds equations with the
following exceptions:
 Variables are now in depth averaged quantities.
 The Z-dimension has been eliminated.
 There are convective inertia forces caused by the flow deviation from the depth averaged
velocities u%, v%.
These equations have built into then 3 levels of averaging:
 Averaging over the molecular time/space scale.
 Averaging over the turbulent time/space scale.
 Averaging over the depth space scale.
 The latter two produce momentum transport terms that are intimately related to the convective
terms.
There are now three mechanisms of momentum transfer built into these equations:
h
�u
- u dz type
� terms are the Viscous Stresses and represent the averaged effect of
-h
�x
molecular motions. These terms are necessary since we are not directly simulating
momentum transfer via molecular level collisions.
h

- �
u ' u 'dz type terms are the Turbulent Reynolds
-h
Stresses and represent the averaged

effect of momentum transfer due to turbulent fluctuations. These terms are necessary
when using turbulent time averaged variables since we are not directly simulating
momentum transfer via turbulent fluctuations.
h
$$ type terms represent the spreading of momentum over the water column. This
- �
uudz
-h
process is known as momentum dispersion. These terms are necessary since we are no
longer directly simulating this process via the actual depth varying velocity profiles. They
spread momentum laterally.
The shallow water equations greatly simplify flow computation in free surface water bodies.

Derivation 2-DH Depth Averaged Page - 66

 Basic Equation 7
Eka O. N.

 Reduce the number of p.d.e.’s from 4 to 3.

 Reduce the complexity of the variables
u%( x, y, t ) , v%( x, y, t ) ,h ( x, y, t ) instead of u ( x, y, z, t ) , v ( x, y, z, t ) , w ( x, y, z , t ) , p ( x, y, z, t )
 Built-in positioning of the free surface boundary which is typically unknown when applying the
Reynolds equations.
The shallow water equations include 10 additional unknowns as compared to the Navier-Stokes
eqautions.

 (�u ' u ') , (�u ' v ') , (�v ' v ')  Lateral turbulent momentum diffusion
 � �
$$ �  Lateral momentum dispersion related to vertical velocity profile
$ $, vv
$$
uu , uv
 t xs ,t ys  Applied free surface stress
 t xb ,t yb  Applied bottom stress. It is related to the vertical velocity profile, momentum transport
through the water column, bottom roughness.
These 10 additional unknown require that 10 constitutive relationships are provided in order to
close the system. Avery simple model for the combined lateral momentum diffusion (due to
turbulence) and dispersion (due to averaging out vertical velocity profile) is:

� �
h
s xx $2 � � H u% ( )
x -�
� - u �dz = E
r
xx
� h� � �x

� �s yy $2 �
h � H v% ( )
x -�
� -v �dz == E yy
� h�
r � �y

� �
h
t xy $ $� � H u% � H v%�
�
� �
( ) ( )
x -�
� - uv � dz == Exy +
� h�
r � � �
y �x �
� �
Exx , E yy , E xy are called the eddy dispersion coefficients. This model assumes that the dispersion
process dominates the turbulent momentum diffusion process which dominates the molecular
diffusion process. In a typical gravity-driven open channel flow, the lateral momentum dispersion
terms do not play a major role in the momentum balance equations, they can be neglected.
Bottom stress is closed by the empirical relationships:
t xb
r ( ) 2 12
= c f u% + v% u%
2

= c ( u% + v%)
t b
2 12
v%
y 2
f
r
Where:
cf = friction factor

1
cf = f DW Darcy Weisbach
8
g
cf = 2 Chezy
c
n2 g
cf = 1 3 Manning
h

Derivation 2-DH Depth Averaged Page - 67

 Basic Equation 7
Eka O. N.

SDS-2DH LES

From
1. Turbulent Shear Flows in Shallow Open Channels with training Structures,
Dissertation Chen, Fei-Yong
2. Organized Horizontal Vortices and Lateral Sediment Transport in Compound
Channel Flows, Ikeda S., Sano T., Fukumoto M., and Kawamura K.

�
h � uh � vh
+ + =0
�t � x �y
�
u �
u �
u �
h c 1 �� � u 2 � 1 �� �� u�
v � �
+u +v = -g + gs0 - f x - f u u 2 + v 2 + �2ut h - kh �+ ut h � + �
� �
�t �x �y �
x h h�x� � x 3 �h� y � �� x �y�
�
�
v �v �
v �
h cf 1 �� � v 2 � 1 �� �� v � �
u�
+ u + v = -g - f y - v u 2 + v2 + �2ut h - kh �+ ut h � + �
� �
�t �x �
y �
y h h�y� � y 3 �h� x � �� x �y�
�

acd
fx = u u2 + v2
h
acd
fy = v u2 + v2
h
�k � k � k 1 �� ut � k � 1 �� ut �k�
+ + = �h �+ �h �+ pkh + pkv - e
� t � x � y h� x �sk �
x� h� y � sk �
y�
k2
ut = cm
e
k3 2
e = cm 3 4
l
l = ah
��� 2
u � ��
2
v � ��
u �v ��
2

pkh = ut � 2 � �+ 2 � �+ � + ��
�x �y �y �
x ��
�� � � � �
� �
�c ac � 2 2 3 2
pkv = � f + d � (u +v )
�h 2 �

1. What LES
2. Scheme for Numerical
3. Explicit or Implicit
4. Boundary Condition
5. Fortran or other
6. Convergent criteria

Derivation 2-DH Depth Averaged Page - 68

 Basic Equation 7
Eka O. N.

Derivation 2-DH Depth Averaged Page - 69