Odd10 PDF

C H A P T E R 1 0
Vectors and the Geometry of Space
Section 10.1 Vectors in the Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Section 10.2 Space Coordinates and Vectors in Space . . . . . . . . . . 232
Section 10.3 The Dot Product of Two Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Section 10.4 The Cross Product of Two Vectors in Space . . . . . . . . 241
Section 10.5 Lines and Planes in Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Section 10.6 Surfaces in Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Section 10.7 Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

C H A P T E R 1 0
Vectors and the Geometry of Space
Section 10.1 Vectors in the Plane
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
1. (a) v 5 1, 3 1 4, 2 3. (a) v 4 3, 2 2 7, 0

(b) y (b) y
5 4
4
2
3 (− 7, 0) v
(4, 2) x
2 −8 −6 −4 −2
−2
1 v
x −4
1 2 3 4 5
5. u 5 3, 6 2 2, 4 7. u 6 0, 2 3 6, 5

v 1 1, 8 4 2, 4 v 9 3, 5 10 6, 5
uv uv
9. (b) v 5 1, 5 2 4, 3 11. (b) v 6 10, 1 2 4, 3

y y
(a) and (c). (a) and (c).
(5, 5) 6
4
4 (10, 2)
2
(4, 3) x
−4 2 10
v (6, −1)
2
(1, 2)
v (− 4, − 3)
x
2 4
13. (b) v 6 6, 6 2 0, 4 15. (b) v 12 32 , 3 43 1, 53

(a) and (c). y
(a) and (c). y
(6, 6)
( 12 , 3(
3
6
(−1, 53 ( 2
4 (0, 4)
2
v
v ( 32 , 43(
x
(6, 2) −2 −1 1 2
x
2 4 6
17. (a) 2v 4, 6 (b) 3v 6, 9

y y
4 (2, 3)
6 (4, 6)
v
x
2v −8 −4 4
4
(2, 3) − 3v −4
2
v
−8
x (− 6, − 9)
2 4 6
—CONTINUED—
227
228 Chapter 10 Vectors and the Geometry of Space
17. —CONTINUED—
7, 21
2 43 , 2
7 2
(c) 2v (d) 3 v
y y
12 (7, 212 (
3 (2, 3)
8 v
7 2
4
2
v ( 43 , 2(
(2, 3) 1 2
v
3
v
x x
4 8 12 1 2 3
19. y
21. y
u
−u
u−v
−v
x
x
23. (a)
2
3u 23 4, 9 83, 6 25. v 2 2i j 3i 2 j
3 3
(b) v u 2, 5 4, 9 2, 14 3, 32
(c) 2u 5v 24, 9 52, 5 18, 7 y
3
1 v = 2u
x
2 3
u
−1
3
u
2
−2
−3
27. v 2i j 2i 2j y 29. u1 4 1

v = u + 2w
4i 3j 4, 3 u2 2 3
4
2w v u1 3
2
u2 5
4 6
x
Q 3, 5
u
−2
31. v 16 9 5 33. v 36 25 61 35. v 0 16 4
32 52 34
2 2
37. u 32 122 153 39. u
2
v
u
u

3, 12
153

3
,
12
153 153
v
u

3
2, 5
2

3
,
5

u 34
2 34 34
1717, 41717 unit vector

33434, 53434 unit vector
Section 10.1 Vectors in the Plane 229
41. u 1, 1, v 1, 2 43. u 1, 21 , v 2, 3

(a) u 1 1 2
(b) v 1 4 5
(a) u 1 41 5
2
(c) u v 0, 1 (b) v 4 9 13
u v 0 1 1
u 1
(c) u v 3, 27
(d) 1, 1
u 2
u v 9 494 85
uu 1
2
(e)
v

1
1, 2
(d)
u

2
u 5
1,
1
2
v 5
uu 1
1
v
v
v 1
uv (e) 2, 3
(f) 0, 1 v 13
u v
vv 1
uv
u v 1
(f)
uv

2
u v 85
3,
7
2
uu vv 1
u 1
45. u 2, 1 47. 1, 1
u 2
u 5 2.236
v 5, 4
4 uu 22 1, 1
v 41 6.403 v 22, 22
u v 7, 5
u v 74 8.602
u v ≤ u v
u 1
49.
u 23
3, 3 51. v 3cos 0 i sin 0 j 3i 3, 0
2 uu 13 3, 3

v 1, 3
53. v 2cos 150i sin 150j 55. ui

3i j 3, 1 32 32
v i j
2 2
uv 2 23 2 i 3 2 2 j

57. u 2cos 4i 2sin 4j 59. A scalar is a real number. A vector is represented by a
directed line segment. A vector has both length and
v cos 2i sin 2j
direction.
u v 2 cos 4 cos 2 i 2 sin 4 sin 2j
61. To normalize v, you find a unit vector u in the direction of v:

v
u .
v
For Exercises 63–67, au bw ai 2j bi j a bi 2a bj.
63. v 2i j. Therefore, a b 2, 2a b 1. Solving 65. v 3i. Therefore, a b 3, 2a b 0. Solving

simultaneously, we have a 1, b 1. simultaneously, we have a 1, b 2.
67. v i j. Therefore, a b 1, 2a b 1. Solving

simultaneously, we have a 23 , b 13 .
69. y x 3, y 3x 2 3 at x 1. 71. f x 25 x2

(a) m 3. Let w 1, 3, then x 3
fx at x 3.
25 x2 4
w 1
± 1, 3.
w 10 3
(a) m 4 . Let w 4, 3, then
(b) m 13 . Let w 3, 1, then
w 1
± 4, 3.
w 1 w 5
± 3, 1.
w 10
4
(b) m 3. Let w 3, 4, then
w 1
± 3, 4
w 5
2 2
73. u i j 75. Programs will vary.
2 2
u v 2 j
2 2
v u v u i j
2 2
77. F1 2, F1 33

F2 3, F2 125
F3 2.5, F3 110
R F1 F2 F3 1.33
R F1 F2 F3 132.5
79. (a) 180cos 30i sin 30j 275i 430.88i 90j (b) M 275 180 cos 2 180 sin 2
sin
Direction: arctan 430.88
90
0.206 11.8 arctan 275180
180 cos
Magnitude: 430.882 902 440.18 newtons
—CONTINUED—
Section 10.1 Vectors in the Plane 231
79. —CONTINUED—
(c)
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
M 455 440.2 396.9 328.7 241.9 149.3 95
0 11.8 23.1 33.2 40.1 37.1 0
(d) 500 50 (e) M decreases because the forces change from acting in
the same direction to acting in the opposite direction
M
α as increases from 0 to 180.
0 180 0 180
0 0
81. F1 F2 F3 75 cos 30 i 75 sin 30j 100 cos 45i 100 sin 45 j 125 cos 120 i 125 sin 120 j
7523 502 125

2
i 502
75
2
125
2
3 j
R F1 F2 F3 228.5 lb

R F1 F2 F3 71.3
83. (a) The forces act along the same direction. 0. (b) The forces cancel out each other. 180.
(c) No, the magnitude of the resultant can not be greater
than the sum.
85. 4, 1, 6, 5, 10, 3

y y y
8 8 8
6 6 (6, 5) 6
(8, 4) (8, 4) (8, 4)
4 4 (1, 2) 4 (1, 2)
(1, 2)
2 2 2 (10, 3)
(3, 1) (3, 1)
x x x
2 4 6 8 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 −2 4 6 8 10
(− 4, −1) −2 −2 (3, 1)
−4 −4 −4
→
87. u CB ucos 30 i sin 30 j y
→
v CA vcos 130 i sin 130 j 50° 130° 30° B
A
v u
Vertical components: u sin 30 v sin 130 2000 x
C
30°
Horizontal components: u cos 30 v cos 130 0
Solving this system, you obtain
u 1305.5 and v 1758.8.
89. Horizontal component v cos 1200 cos 6 1193.43 ft

sec
Vertical component v sin 1200 sin 6 125.43 ft
sec
91. u 900
cos 148 i sin 148 j
v 100
cos 45 i sin 45 j
u v
900 cos 148 100 cos 45i
900 sin 148 100 sin 45 j
692.53 i 547.64 j
arctan 692.53
547.64
38.34. 38.34 North of West.
u v 692.532 547.642 882.9 kmhr.
93. F1 F2 F3 0
3600j T2cos 35i sin 35 j T3cos 92i sin 92j 0
T2 cos 35 T3 cos 92 0
T2 cos 35 T3 sin 92 3600
T3 cos 92 T cos 92
T2 ⇒ 3 sin 35 T3 sin 92 3600 and T30.97495 3600 ⇒ T3 3692.48
cos 35 cos 35
Finally, T2 157.32
95. Let the triangle have vertices at 0, 0, a, 0, and b, c. y
Let u be the vector joining 0, 0 and b, c, as indicated

in the figure. Then v, the vector joining the midpoints, is (b, c)
v a 2 b a2 i 2c j u
v
( a +2 b , 2c (
b c 1 1 x
i j bi cj u (0, 0)
2 2 2 2 ( 2a , 0( (a, 0)
97. w uv vu

u
v cos v i v sin v j v
u cos ui u sin u j u v
cos u cos vi sin u sin v j
u v u v u v u v
2u v cos 2
cos
2 i sin 2
cos
2
j
sin
u v
cos
u v
u v

2 2
tan w tan
u v u v
cos 2
cos
2 2
Thus, w u v2 and w bisects the angle between u and v.
99. True 101. True 103. False

a i bj 2 a
Section 10.2 Space Coordinates and Vectors in Space
z
1. z 3.
6 3
5 2
1
(5, − 2, 2) −2
4
3 1
(2, 1, 3) (−1, 2, 1) 2 1 2
y
3 3
4 −2
1 −3
2 x
2 3
3 y
4 4 (5, − 2, − 2)
x
Section 10.2 Space Coordinates and Vectors in Space 233
5. A2, 3, 4 7. x 3, y 4, z 5: 3, 4, 5 9. y z 0, x 10: 10, 0, 0

B1, 2, 2
11. The z-coordinate is 0. 13. The point is 6 units above the xy-plane.
15. The point is on the plane parallel to the yz-plane that 17. The point is to the left of the xz-plane.
passes through x 4.
19. The point is on or between the planes y 3 and y 3. 21. The point x, y, z is 3 units below the xy-plane, and below
either quadrant I or III.
23. The point could be above the xy-plane and thus above quadrants II or IV,
or below the xy-plane, and thus below quadrants I or III.
25. d 5 02 2 02 6 02 27. d 6 12 2 22 2 42
25 4 36 65 25 0 36 61
29. A0, 0, 0, B2, 2, 1, C2, 4, 4 31. A1, 3, 2, B5, 1, 2, C1, 1, 2
AB 4 4 1 3 AB 16 4 16 6

AC 4 16 16 6 AC 4 16 16 6
BC 0 36 9 35 BC 36 4 0 210
BC2 AB2 AC2 Since AB AC, the triangle is isosceles.
Right triangle
33. The z-coordinate is changed by 5 units: 35. 5 22, 92 3, 7 2 3 32, 3, 5
0, 0, 5, 2, 2, 6, 2, 4, 9
2, 0, 0 0, 6, 0
37. Center: 0, 2, 5 39. Center: 1, 3, 0
2
Radius: 2
Radius: 10
x 02 y 22 z 52 4
x 12 y 32 z 02 10
x
2 y2 z2 4y 10z 25 0
x2 y 2 z2 2x 6y 0
41. x2 y2 z2 2x 6y 8z 1 0
x2 2x 1 y2 6y 9 z2 8z 16 1 1 9 16
x 12 y 32 z 42 25
Center: 1, 3, 4
Radius: 5
43. 9x2 9y2 9z2 6x 18y 1 0 45. x2 y2 z2 ≤ 36

2 1 Solid ball of radius 6 centered at origin.
x 2 y2 z2 x 2y 0
3 9
x2
2
3
x
1
9 1 1
y2 2y 1 z2 1
9 9
x 31
2
y 12 z 02 1
Center: 13, 1, 0

Radius: 1
47. (a) v 2 4 i 4 2 j 3 1k 49. (a) v 0 3 i 3 3 j 3 0k

2i 2j 2k 2, 2, 2 3i 3k 3, 0, 3
(b) z (b) z
− 3, 0, 3
5 5
4 4
3
−2, 2, 2 3
−3 −3
2 2
1 1
−2 −2
1 1
2 1 2 1
2 2
3 3 y 3 3 y
4 4
x x
51. 4 3, 1 2, 6 0 1, 1, 6 53. 5 4, 3 3, 0 1 1, 0, 1

1, 1, 6 1 1 36 38 1, 0, 1 1 1 2
Unit vector:
1, 1, 6
38

1
,
1
,
6
38 38 38
Unit vector: 12, 0, 12
55. (b) v 3 1i 3 2j 4 3k 57. q1, q2, q3 0, 6, 2 3, 5, 6
4i j k 4, 1, 1 Q 3, 1, 8
(a) and (c).
z
5 (3, 3, 4)
4 (−1, 2, 3)
3
(0, 0, 0) 2
−2
v
(4, 1, 1) 2 2
4 y
4
x
59. (a) 2v 2, 4, 4 (b) v 1, 2, 2

z z
5 3
4 −3
2
3 −2
2 2, 4, 4 −3
−2
−2
− 1, −2, − 2
1
1 2 2
1 3
2 2 3
3 y −2
4 x
−3
x
—CONTINUED—
59. —CONTINUED—
(c) 3
2 v 32 , 3, 3 (d) 0v 0, 0, 0
z z
3 3
−3 −3
2
2
−2 −2
−3 1
−3 3
, 3, 3 −2
−2 2 0, 0, 0
1
1 1
2 2 −1 2
3 y
y 3
3
−2 −2
x x
−3 −3
61. z u v 1, 2, 3 2, 2, 1 1, 0, 4
63. z 2u 4v w 2, 4, 6 8, 8, 4 4, 0, 4 6, 12, 6
65. 2z 3u 2z1, z2, z3 31, 2, 3 4, 0, 4 67. (a) and (b) are parallel since 6, 4, 10 23, 2, 5
2z1 3 4 ⇒ z1 7 and 2, 43 , 10
3 3 3, 2, 5.
2
2
2z2 6 0 ⇒ z2 3
2z3 9 4 ⇒ z3 52
z 72 , 3, 52
69. z 3i 4j 2k 71. P0, 2, 5, Q3, 4, 4, R2, 2, 1

\
(a) is parallel since 6i 8j 4k 2z. PQ 3, 6, 9

\
PR 2, 4, 6
3, 6, 9 32 2, 4, 6
\ \
Therefore, PQ and PR are parallel. The points are

collinear.
73. P1, 2, 4, Q2, 5, 0, R0, 1, 5 75. A2, 9, 1, B3, 11, 4, C0, 10, 2, D1, 12, 5
\ \
PQ 1, 3, 4 AB 1, 2, 3

\ \
PR 1, 1, 1 CD 1, 2, 3

\ \ \
Since PQ and PR are not parallel, the points are not AC 2, 1, 1
collinear. \
BD 2, 1, 1
\ \ \ \
Since AB CD and AC BD , the given points form the

vertices of a parallelogram.
77. v 0 79. v 1, 2, 3 81. v 0, 3, 5

v 1 4 9 14 v 0 9 25 34
83. u 2, 1, 2 85. u 3, 2, 5 87. Programs will vary.
u 4 1 4 3 u 9 4 25 38
u 1 u 1
(a) 2, 1, 2 (a) 3, 2, 5
u 3 u 38
u 1 u 1
(b) 2, 1, 2 (b) 3, 2, 5
u 3 u 38
89. c v 2c, 2c, c 91. v 10

u
u
10 0,
1
,
1
2 2
c v 4c 2 4c 2 c 2 5
9c2 25 0, 10
2 2
,
10

5
c±
3
93. v
3 u

3 2 2 1
,
2 u 2 3 3 3
, 1, 1,
1
2
95. v 2
cos± 30j sin± 30k 97. v 3, 6, 3
3 j ± k 0, 3, ± 1
2
3v 2, 4, 2
z 4, 3, 0 2, 4, 2 2, 1, 2
2
−2
1 0, 3, 1
−2
−1
1
2 −1 y
x
−2 0, 3, −1
99. (a) z
(b) w au bv ai a bj bk 0
a 0, a b 0, b 0
1
Thus, a and b are both zero.
v
1 u 1
x y
(c) ai a bj bk i 2j k (d) a i a bj bk i 2j 3k

a 1, b 1 a 1, a b 2, b 3
wuv Not possible
101. d x2 x12 y2 y12 z2 z12 103. Two nonzero vectors u and v are parallel if u cv
for some scalar c.
105. (a) The height of the right triangle is h L2 182.

\
Q (0, 0, h)
The vector PQ is given by
\
PQ 0, 18, h.

L
The tension vector T in each wire is
24
T c0, 18, h where ch 8.
3 (0, 18, 0)
18 P
8 (0, 0, 0)
Hence, T 0, 18, h and
h
8 8 8L
T T 182 h2 182 L2 182
h L2 182 L2 182
(b)
L 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
T 18.4 11.5 10 9.3 9.0 8.7 8.6
—CONTINUED—
105. —CONTINUED— 107. Let be the angle between v and the coordinate axes.
v cos i cos j cos k

(c) 30 L = 18
v 3 cos 1
1 3
cos
T=8 3 3
0 100
0
3 3
v i j k 1, 1, 1
x 18 is a vertical asymptote and y 8 is a 3 3
z
horizontal asymptote.
0.6
8L
(d) lim 0.4
( 3
, 3
, 3
(
L→18 L2 182 3 3 3
0.2
y
8L 8 0.2 0.4
lim lim 8
L→ L2 182 L → 1 18L2 0.4
0.6
(e) From the table, T 10 implies L 30 inches. x
109. AB 0, 70, 115, F1 C10, 70, 115

\
AC 60, 0, 115, F2 C2 60, 0, 115

\
AD 45, 65, 115, F3 C3 45, 65, 115

F F1 F2 F3 0, 0, 500
Thus:
60C2 45C3 0
70C1 65C3 0
115C1 C2 C3 500
104 28 112
Solving this system yields C1 69 , C2 23, and C3 69 . Thus:
F1 202.919N
F2 157.909N
F3 226.521N
111. dAP 2dBP

x2 y 12 z 12 2x 12 y 22 z 2
x2 y2 z2 2y 2z 2 4x2 y2 z2 2x 4y 5
0 3x2 3y2 3z2 8x 18y 2z 18
6
16
9
1 8
9 x2 x
9 3 16
9 2
y2 6y 9 z2 z
3
1
9

2 2
44 4 1
x y 32 z
9 3 3
43, 3, 31 , radius: 2 311

Sphere; center:
Section 10.3 The Dot Product of Two Vectors
1. u 3, 4, v 2, 3 3. u 2, 3, 4, v 0, 6, 5

(a) u v 32 43 6 (a) u v 20 36 45 2
(b) u u 33 44 25 (b) u u 22 33 44 29
(c) u2 25 (c) u2 29
(d) u vv 62, 3 12, 18 (d) u v v 20, 6, 5 0, 12, 10
(e) u 2v 2u v 26 12 (e) u 2v 2u v 22 4
5. u 2i j k, v i k 7. u 3240, 1450, 2235
(a) u v 21 10 11 1 v 2.22, 1.85, 3.25
(b) u u 22 11 11 6 u v $17,139.05
(c) u2 6 This gives the total amount that the person earned on his
products.
(d) u v v v i k
(e) u 2v 2u v 2
uv
9. cos 11. u 1, 1, v 2, 2
u v
uv 0
cos 0
u v 85 cos 20 u v 28
3

2
13. u 3i j, v 2i 4j 15. u 1, 1, 1, v 2, 1, 1

uv 2 1 uv 2 2
cos cos
u v 1020 52 u v 36 3

1 2
arccos
98.1 arcos
61.9
52 3
17. u 3i 4j, v 2j 3k 19. u 4, 0, v 1, 1

uv 8 813 u cv ⇒ not parallel
cos
u v 513 65 u v 4 0 ⇒ not orthogonal
Neither
arccos 813
65

116.3
21. u 4, 3, v 12, 32 23. u j 6k, v i 2j k

u c v ⇒ not parallel
u cv ⇒ not parallel
u v 8 0 ⇒ not orthogonal
u v 0 ⇒ orthogonal
Neither
25. u 2, 3, 1, v 1, 1, 1

u cv ⇒ not parallel
u v 0 ⇒ orthogonal
Section 10.3 The Dot Product of Two Vectors 239
27. u i 2j 2k, u 3 29. u 0, 6, 4, u 52 213

1 cos
0
cos

3
3
cos
2 13
cos
3
2
cos
2 13
cos
3
9 4
cos2
cos2 cos2 0 1
1 4 4 13 13
cos2
cos2 cos2 1
9 9 9
31. u 3, 2, 2 u 17 33. u 1, 5, 2 u 30
3 1
cos
⇒

0.7560 or 43.3 cos
⇒

1.7544 or 100.5
17 30
2 5
cos ⇒
1.0644 or 61.0 cos ⇒
0.4205 or 24.1
17 30
2 cos
2
⇒
1.1970 or 68.6
cos ⇒
2.0772 or 119.0 30
17
50
35. F1: C1
4.3193 37. Let s length of a side.
F1
v s, s, s
80
F2: C2
5.4183
F2 v s3
F F1 F2 s 1
cos
cos cos

4.319310, 5, 3 5.418312, 7, 5 s3 3
108.2126, 59.5246, 14.1336

arccos 13
54.7

F
124.310 lb z
108.2126
cos

⇒

29.48
F
s
59.5246 v
cos
⇒
61.39 y
F s
14.1336 s
cos
⇒
96.53
F x
39. OA 0, 10, 10 41. w2 u w1 6, 7 2, 8 4, 1

0
cos
0 ⇒
90
02 102 102
10
cos cos
02 102 102
1
⇒ 45
2
43. w2 u w1 0, 3, 3 2, 2, 2 2, 1, 1 45. u 2, 3, v 5, 1
(a) w1 uv v v 26
2
13
5, 1 ,
5 1
2 2
1 5
(b) w2 u w1 ,
2 2
47. u 2, 1, 2, v 0, 3, 4 49. u v u1, u2, u3 v1, v2, v3 u1v1 u2v2 u3v3
(a) w1 uv v v
2

11
25
33 44
0, 3, 4 0, ,
25 25
(b) w2 u w1 2, 8 6
,
25 25

51. (a) Orthogonal, (b) Acute, 0 < < (c) Obtuse, < <
2 2 2
53. See page 738. Direction cosines of v v1, v2, v3 are 55. (a) uv v v u ⇒ u cv ⇒ u and v are parallel.
2
v1 v v
uv v v 0 ⇒ u v 0 ⇒ u and v
cos
, cos 2 , cos 3 .
v v v (b) 2

, , and are the direction angles. See Figure 10.26. are orthogonal.
57. Programs will vary. 59. Programs will vary.
61. Because u appears to be perpendicular to v, the projection of u onto v is 0. Analytically,

uv 2, 3 6, 4
projv u v 6, 4 06, 4 0.
v2 6, 42
1 2
63. u i j. Want u v 0. 65. u 3, 1, 2. Want u v 0.
2 3
v 0, 2, 1 and v 0, 2, 1 are orthogonal to u.
v 8i 6j and v 8i 6j are orthogonal to u.
67. (a) Gravitational Force F 48,000 j (b) w2 F w1 48,000 j 8335.1cos 10 i sin 10 j
v cos 10 i sin 10 j 8208.5 i 46,552.6 j
Fv w2
47,270.8 lb
w1 v F vv 48,000sin 10v
v2

8335.1cos 10 i sin 10 j
w1
8335.1 lb
12 i 3

\
69. F 85 j 71. PQ 4, 7, 5

2
v 10i v 1, 4, 8
v 72
\
W F v 425 ft lb W PQ
73. False. Let u 2, 4, v 1, 7 and w 5, 5. Then u v 2 28 30 and u w 10 20 30.
75. In a rhombus, u v. The diagonals are u v and u v. u−v
u v u v u v u u v v u
uuvuuvvv
u+v
v
u2 v2 0
Therefore, the diagonals are orthogonal.
Section 10.4 The Cross Product of Two Vectors in Space 241
77. u cos , sin , 0, v cos , sin , 0

The angle between u and v is . Assuming that > . Also,
uv cos cos sin sin
cos cos cos sin sin .
u v 11
79. u v2 u v u v 81. u v2 u v u v

u v u u v v u v u u v v
uuvuuvvv uuvuuvvv
u2 u v u v v2 u2 2u v v2
u2 v2 2u v ≤ u 2 2u v v 2 from Exercise 66
≤ u v2
Therefore, u v ≤ u v.
Section 10.4 The Cross Product of Two Vectors in Space

i j k
1. j i 0 1 0 k
1 0 0
z

i j k
3. j k 0 1 0 i
0 0 1
z
i j k

5. i k 1 0 0 j
0 0 1
z
1 1 1
k −j k
−1
j j
1 1 i 1 i
i 1 1 1
x
−k y x y x y
−1 −1 −1

i j k
7. (a) u v 2 3 4 22, 16, 23
3 7 2
(b) v u u v 22, 16, 23
i
9. (a) u v 7

j
3
1 1
k
2 17, 33, 10
5
(b) v u u v 17, 33, 10

i j k
(c) v v 3 7 2 0
3 7 2
(c) v v 0
11. u 2, 3, 1, v 1, 2, 1

i j
u v 2 3
1 2 k
1 i j k 1, 1, 1
1
u u v 21 31 11 0 ⇒ u u v
v u v 11 21 11 0 ⇒ v u v
13. u 12, 3, 0, v 2, 5, 0 15. u i j k, v 2i j k
uv

i j
12 3
2 5
u u v 120 30 054
k
0 54k 0, 0, 54
0
i
uv 1
2
u u v 12 13 11
j k
1 1 2i 3j k 2, 3, 1
1 1
0 ⇒ uuv 0 ⇒ uuv
v u v 20 50 054 v u v 22 13 11
0 ⇒ vuv 0 ⇒ vuv
17. z 19. z
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3 v
v
2 2
1 1
1 1
2 u 2 u
3 4 3 4
4 y 4 6 y
6
x x
21. u 4, 3.5, 7 23. u 3i 2j 5k

v 1, 8, 4 1 3 1
v i j k
2 4 10
u v 70, 23, 57

2
uv 71 11 5
20
, ,
5 4
uv

140
,
46
,
57

u v 24,965 24,965 24,965 uv

20
u v 7602
71 11 5
, ,
20 5 4
71
7602
,
44
,
25
7602 7602
25. Programs will vary.
27. u j 29. u 3, 2, 1

vjk v 1, 2, 3
i j k
uv 0 1 0 i
0 1 1
A u v i 1
i
uv 3
1 j k
2 1 8, 10, 4
2
A u v 8, 10, 4 180 6 5
3
31. A1, 1, 1,, B2, 3, 4, C6, 5, 2, D7, 7, 5 33. A0, 0, 0, B1, 2, 3, C3, 0, 0
\ \ \ \ \
AB 1, 2, 3, AC 5, 4, 1, CD 1, 2, 3, AB 1, 2, 3, AC 3, 0, 0

\
BD 5, 4, 1
\ \ \ \
i j k
Since AB CD and AC BD , the figure is a parallelo-
\ \
\ \
AB AC 1 2 3 9j 6k
3

gram. AB and AC are adjacent sides and 0 0
i j k 1 1 3 \ \
\ \
AB AC 1 2 3 10i 14j 6k. A AB AC 117 13

2 2 2
5 4 1
\ \
A AB AC 332 2 83
Section 10.4 The Cross Product of Two Vectors in Space 243
35. A2, 7, 3, B1, 5, 8, C4, 6, 1 37. F 20k
\ \
AB 3, 12, 5, AC 2, 13, 4

\
1
PQ cos 40 j sin 40 k

2
i j k
\ \
i j k
AB AC 3 12 5 113, 2, 63 \
PQ F 0 cos 40 2 sin 40 2 10 cos 40 i

2 13 4
0 0 20
1 1\ \
Area AB AC 16,742 PQ F 10 cos 40 7.66 ft lb

\
2 2
z
PQ
1
2
ft
40°
y
F
\
3
39. (a) OA k z 100
2
F 60sin
j cos
k
OA

F
θ
1.5 ft
i j k
\
OA F 0 0 32 90 sin
i y 0
0
180
0 60 sin
60 cos
OA F 90 sin
x
22 45

\
(b) When
45 : OA F 90 2 63.64.
(c) Let T 90 sin

.
dT
90 cos
0 when
90 .
d
This is what we expected. When

90 the pipe wrench is horizontal.
1
41. u v w 0
0 0
1
0
0
0 1
1
2
43. u v w 0
0 0
3
0
1
0 6
1

1
45. u v w 0
1
V u v w 2

1
1
0
0
1 2
1
47. u 3, 0, 0
v 0, 5, 1
w 2, 0, 5

3
u v w 0
2
V u v w 75

0
5
0
0
1 75
5
49. u v u1, u2, u3 v1, v2, v3 u 2v3 u 3v2 i u 1v3 u 3v1j u 1v2 u 2v1k
51. The magnitude of the cross product will increase by a 53. If the vectors are ordered pairs, then the cross product
factor of 4. does not exist. False.
55. True
57. u u1, u2, u3 , v v1, v2, v3 , w w1, w2, w3
u v w
i
u1
v1 w1
j
u2
v2 w2
k
u3

v3 w3
u2v3 w3 u3v2 w2 i u1v3 w3 u3v1 w1 j u1v2 w2 u2v1 w1k
u2v3 u3v2i u1v3 u3v1j u1v2 u2v1k u2w3 u3w2i
u1w3 u3w1j u1w2 u2w1k
u v u w
59. u u1, u2, u3

i j

u u u1 u 2
u1 u2
k
u3 u2u3 u3u2 i u1u3 u3u1j u1u2 u2u1k 0
u3
61. u v u2v3 u3v2i u1v3 u3v1j u1v2 u2v1k

u v u u2v3 u3v2u1 u3v1 u1v3u2 u1v2 u2v1u3 0
u v v u2v3 u3v2v1 u3v1 u1v3v2 u1v2 u2v1v3 0
Thus, u v u and u v v.
63. u v u v sin
If u and v are orthogonal,
2 and sin 1. Therefore, u v u v .
Section 10.5 Lines and Planes in Space
1. x 1 3t, y 2 t, z 2 5t (b) When t 0 we have P 1, 2, 2. When t 3 we have

Q 10, 1, 17.
(a) z
\
PQ 9, 3, 15

The components of the vector and the coefficients of t are
\
proportional since the line is parallel to PQ .

x (c) y 0 when t 2. Thus, x 7 and z 12.
y
Point: 7, 0, 12
1
x 0 when t . Point:
3 0, 73, 13
z 0 when t . Point: , , 0
2 1 12
5 5 5
3. Point: (0, 0, 0 5. Point: 2, 0, 3

Direction vector: v 1, 2, 3 Direction vector: v 2, 4, 2
Direction numbers: 1, 2, 3 Direction numbers: 2, 4, 2
(a) Parametric: x t, y 2t, z 3t (a) Parametric: x 2 2t, y 4t, z 3 2t
y z x2 y z3
(b) Symmetric: x (b) Symmetric:
2 3 2 4 2
Section 10.5 Lines and Planes in Space 245
7. Point: 1, 0, 1 9. Points: 5, 3, 2, 23, 23, 1

Direction vector: v 3i 2j k
17 11
Direction numbers: 3, 2, 1 Direction vector: v i j 3k
3 3
(a) Parametric: x 1 3t, y 2t, z 1 t Direction numbers: 17, 11, 9
x1 y z1 (a) Parametric: x 5 17t, y 3 11t, z 2 9t
(b) Symmetric:
3 2 1 x5 y3 z2
(b) Symmetric:
17 11 9
11. Points: 2, 3, 0, 10, 8, 12 13. Point: 2, 3, 4

Direction vector: 8, 5, 12 Direction vector: v k
Direction numbers: 8, 5, 12 Direction numbers: 0, 0, 1
(a) Parametric: x 2 8t, y 3 5t, z 12t Parametric: x 2, y 3, z 4 t
x2 y3 z
(b) Symmetric:
8 5 12
15. Point: (2, 3, 1 17. Li: v 3, 2, 4 6, 2, 5 on line

Direction vector: v 4i k L 2: v 6, 4, 8 6, 2, 5 on line
Direction numbers: 4, 0, 1
L 3: v 6, 4, 8 6, 2, 5 not on line
Parametric: x 2 4t, y 3, z 1 t
L 4: v 6, 4, 6 not parallel to L1, L 2, nor L 3
x2 z1
Symmetric: ,y3
4 1 Hence, L1 and L 2 are identical.
(a) On line
L1 L 2 and L 3 are parallel.
(b) On line
(c) Not on line y 3
(d) Not on line 6 4 2 21 1

19. At the point of intersection, the coordinates for one line equal the corresponding coordinates for the other line. Thus,
(i) 4t 2 2s 2, (ii) 3 2s 3, and (iii) t 1 s 1.
From (ii), we find that s 0 and consequently, from (iii), t 0. Letting s t 0, we see that equation (i) is satisfied
and therefore the two lines intersect. Substituting zero for s or for t, we obtain the point (2, 3, 1.
u 4i k (First line)
v 2i 2j k (Second line)
cos u v 81

7

7 17
u v 17 9 3 17 51
21. Writing the equations of the lines in parametric form we have

x 3t y2t z 1 t
x 1 4s y 2 s z 3 3s.
17 11
For the coordinates to be equal, 3t 1 4s and 2 t 2 s. Solving this system yields t 7 and s 7 .
When using these values for s and t, the z coordinates are not equal. The lines do not intersect.
23. x 2t 3 x 2s 7 z
4
y 5t 2 ys8
2
z t 1 z 2s 1
4
8
6 −2 4
10 6
8
Point of intersection: 7, 8, 1 x 10 y
−8 (7, 8, − 1)

25. 4x 3y 6z 6 i j k
\ \
(a) P 0, 0, 1, Q 0, 2, 0, R 3, 4, 1 (b) PQ PR 0 2 1 4, 3, 6
\ \
PQ 0, 2, 1, PR 3, 4, 0 3 4 0

The components of the cross product are proportional
to the coefficients of the variables in the equation. The
cross product is parallel to the normal vector.
27. Point: 2, 1, 2 29. Point: 3, 2, 2

n i 1, 0, 0 Normal vector: n 2i 3j k
1x 2 0y 1 0z 2 0 2x 3 3y 2 1z 2 0
x20 2x 3y z 10
31. Point: 0, 0, 6 33. Let u be the vector from 0, 0, 0 to 1, 2, 3:
Normal vector: n i j 2k u i 2j 3k
Let v be the vector from 0, 0, 0 to 2, 3, 3:
1x 0 1y 0 2z 6 0
v 2i 3j 3k

x y 2z 12 0
i j k
x y 2z 12 Normal vector: u v 1 2 3
2 3 3
3i 9j 7k
3x 0 9 y 0 7z 0 0
3x 9y 7z 0
35. Let u be the vector from 1, 2, 3 to 3, 2, 1: u 2i 2k

Let v be the vector from 1, 2, 3 to 1, 2, 2: v 2i 4j k
Normal vector: 12 u v
4x 1 3y 2 4z 3 0

i
1
2
j k
0 1 4i 3j 4k
4 1
4x 3y 4z 10
37. 1, 2, 3, Normal vector: v k, 1z 3 0, z 3 39. The direction vectors for the lines are u 2i j k,

v 3i 4j k.
i j k
Normal vector: u v 2 1 1 5i j k
3 4 1
Point of intersection of the lines: 1, 5, 1
x 1 y 5 z 1 0
xyz5
41. Let v be the vector from 1, 1, 1 to 2, 2, 1: v 3i j 2k

Let n be a vector normal to the plane 2x 3y z 3: n 2i 3j k

Since v and n both lie in the plane p, the normal vector to p is
i j k
vn 3 1 2 7i j 11k
2 3 1
7x 2 1y 2 11z 1 0
7x y 11z 5
Section 10.5 Lines and Planes in Space 247
43. Let u i and let v be the vector from 1, 2, 1 to 45. The normal vectors to the planes are
2, 5, 6: v i 7j 7k
n1 5, 3, 1, n2 1, 4, 7, cos
n1 n2 0.
Since u and v both lie in the plane P, the normal vector to n1 n2

P is:
Thus,
2 and the planes are orthogonal.
i j k
u v 1 0 0 7j 7k 7j k
1 7 7
y 2 z 1 0
y z 1
47. The normal vectors to the planes are 49. The normal vectors to the planes are n1 1, 5, 1
and n2 5, 25, 5. Since n2 5n1, the planes are
n1 i 3j 6k, n2 5i j k,
parallel, but not equal.
cos
n1 n2 5 3 6 4 138 .
n1 n2 46 27 414
Therefore, arccos 4 414138 83.5

.

51. 4x 2y 6z 12 53. 2x y 3z 4 55. y z 5

z z z
6 3 6
4 2
−4
4 −1 y
6 6
x x 6 y
6 y 3
x
57. x 5 59. 2x y z 6 61. 5x 4y 6z 8 0

z z z
3 2 2 −2
4 4
6 6
x y
5 −6 −1
1
2 y
x 5 y
Generated by Maple
x Generated by Maple
63. P1: n 3, 2, 5 1, 1, 1 on plane 65. Each plane passes through the points
P2: n 6, 4, 10 1, 1, 1 not on plane c, 0, 0, 0, c, 0, and 0, 0, c.
P3: n 3, 2, 5
P4: n 75, 50, 125 1, 1, 1 on plane
P1 and P4 are identical.
P1 P4 is parallel to P2.
67. The normals to the planes are n1 3i 2j k and 69. Writing the equation of the line in parametric form and
n2 i 4j 2k. The direction vector for the line is

substituting into the equation of the plane we have:
i j k 1 3
x t, y t, z 1 2t
n2 n1 1 4 2 7 j 2k. 2 2
3 2 1
Now find a point of intersection of the planes. 2 12 t 232 t 1 2t 12, t 23
6x 4y 2y 14
Substituting t 3
2 into the parametric equations for the
x 4y 2z 0 line we have the point of intersection 2, 3, 2. The line
7x 14 does not lie in the plane.
x 2
Substituting 2 for x in the second equation, we have
4y 2z 2 or z 2y 1. Letting y 1, a point
of intersection is 2, 1, 1.
x 2, y 1 t, z 1 2t
71. Writing the equation of the line in parametric form and 73. Point: Q0, 0, 0
substituting into the equation of the plane we have: Plane: 2x 3y z 12 0
x 1 3t, y 1 2t, z 3 t Normal to plane: n 2, 3, 1
21 3t 31 2t 10, 1 10, contradiction Point in plane: P6, 0, 0
\
Therefore, the line does not intersect the plane. Vector PQ 6, 0 0
D
PQ n 12 6 14
\

n 14 7
75. Point: Q2, 8, 4 77. The normal vectors to the planes are n1 1, 3, 4 and
n2 1, 3, 4. Since n1 n2, the planes are parallel.
Plane: 2x y z 5
Choose a point in each plane.
Normal to plane: n 2, 1, 1
P 10, 0, 0 is a point in x 3y 4z 10.
Point in plane: P0, 0, 5 Q 6, 0, 0 is a point in x 3y 4z 6.
PQ n1
\ \
Vector: PQ 2, 8, 1 \ 4 2 26

PQ 4, 0, 0, D
n1
PQ n 26 13
\
11 11 6
D
n 6 6
79. The normal vectors to the planes are n1 3, 6, 7 and 81. u 4, 0, 1 is the direction vector for the line.
n2 6, 12, 14. Since n2 2n1, the planes are Q1, 5, 2 is the given point, and P2, 3, 1 is on the
\
line. Hence, PQ 3, 2, 3 and

parallel. Choose a point in each plane.
P 0, 1, 1 is a point in 3x 6y 7z 1. i j k
\
PQ u 3 2 3 2, 9, 8

Q 256, 0, 0 is a point in 6x 12y 14z 25. 4
\
0 1
PQ u 149 2533
256, 1, 1 D
\
PQ u 17 17
D
PQ n1 27
2
\
27 27 94

n1 94 2 94 188
83. The parametric equations of a line L parallel to v a, b, c, 85. Solve the two linear equations representing the planes
and passing through the point Px1, y1, z1 are to find two points of intersection. Then find the line
determined by the two points.
x x1 at, y y1 bt, z z1 ct.
The symmetric equations are
x x1 y y1 z z1
.
a b c
Section 10.6 Surfaces in Space 249
87. (a) Sphere (b) Parallel planes

x 3 y 2 z 5 16
2 2 2 4x 3y z 10 ± 4n 10 ± 426
x2 y2 z2 6x 4y 10z 22 0
89. (a) z 28.7 1.83x 1.09y
Year 1980 1985 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997

z (approx.) 16.16 14.23 9.81 8.60 8.42 8.27 8.23
(b) An increase in x or y will cause a decrease in z. In fact,
any increase in two variables will cause a decrease in the third.
z
(c)
30 (0, 0, 28.7)
(15.7, 0, 0)
30
(0, 26.3, 0)
x 30 y
91. True
Section 10.6 Surfaces in Space
1. Ellipsoid 3. Hyperboloid of one sheet 5. Elliptic paraboloid

Matches graph (c) Matches graph (f) Matches graph (d)
7. z 3 z
9. y2 z2 9
Plane parallel to the The x-coordinate is missing so we have a cylindrical
xy-coordinate plane 2
surface with rulings parallel to the x-axis. The generating
curve is a circle.
z
2
3 2
4
y
x
4
x 7 6 y
11. y x2 13. 4x2 y2 4

The z-coordinate is missing so we have a cylindrical sur- x2 y 2
face with rulings parallel to the z-axis. The generating 1
1 4
curve is a parabola.
z
The z-coordinate is missing so we have a cylindrical
surface with rulings parallel to the z-axis. The generating
4
curve is an ellipse.
z
3
2
3 3
x 4
4
y
−3
2
3 2
3 y
x
15. z sin y
z
2
The x-coordinate is missing so we have a cylindrical 1
surface with rulings parallel to the x-axis. The generating
curve is the sine curve. 3 y
3
4
x
17. x x2 y2
(a) You are viewing the paraboloid from the x-axis: 20, 0, 0
(b) You are viewing the paraboloid from above, but not on the z-axis: 10, 10, 20
(c) You are viewing the paraboloid from the z-axis: 0, 0, 20
(d) You are viewing the paraboloid from the y-axis: 0, 20, 0
x2 y 2 z2
19. 1 z
21. 16x 2 y 2 16z 2 4 z
1 4 1
2 y2 3
Ellipsoid 4x 2 4z 2 1 2 −3
4 −2
2
x y2
xy-trace: 1 ellipse Hyperboloid on one sheet
1 4 2 2
2 y y2 3
xz-trace: x 2 z 2 1 circle x xy-trace: 4x 2 1 hyperbola x −2
3 y
4
y2 z2 −2 −3
yz-trace: 1 ellipse xz-trace: 4x 2 z 2 1 circle
4 1
y 2
yz-trace: 4z 2 1 hyperbola
4
y2
23. x2 y z 2 0 25. x2 y 2 z 0 27. z 2 x2
4
Elliptic paraboloid Hyperbolic paraboloid
Elliptic Cone
xy-trace: y x2 xy-trace: y ± x
xy-trace: point 0, 0, 0
xz-trace: x2 z 2 0, xz-trace: z x2
xz-trace: z ± x
point 0, 0, 0 yz-trace: z y 2
±1
yz-trace: y z 2 y ± 1: z 1 x 2 yz-trace: z y
2
y 1: x2 z2 1 z
y2
z 3 z ± 1: x2 1
4
3 z
2 2 3 y
−3
x 3 2 2
1
1 1
2
3 3
4 y −2
x
−2
2 2 y
x
−3
−2
29. 16x2 9y2 16z2 32x 36y 36 0 z
16x2 2x 1 9y2 4y 4 16z2 36 16 36 2
1
16x 12 9y 22 16z2 16 1
2
x 12 y 22 z2 2
1 x
−2 4 y
1 169 1
Ellipsoid with center 1, 2, 0.
Section 10.6 Surfaces in Space 251
2z
2
31. z 2 sin x 33. z 2 x 2 4y 2 35. x2 y2
z ± x2 4y2
z4 x
z
z y± 2
2
3
5 z
4
π −2
−1
x 3 y 1
2
x y
4
x 4 y
37. z 4 xy 39. 4x 2 y 2 4z 2 16 41. z 2x2 y 2
y4 x z2
z 2
5
z± 2 4
2x2 y 2 2
z
x2 y2 1
8
3
4 6 z
5 3 −8
4
5 4 −6
x y −4
−2 3
4 2
6 −2 2
8
−4
x y
−6
−2
−8
−2
2 1
2 y
x
43. x2 y2 1 z
45. x2 z 2
ry2 and z r y ± 2y; therefore,
xz2 4 x2 z 2 4y.
z0 3
3 2 y
3
x
z 2
47. x2 y 2
rz2 and y rz ; therefore, 49. y 2 z 2
rx2 and y r x ; therefore,
2 x
z2
x2 y 2 , 4x2 4y 2 z 2.
4
y z
2 2 2 2 2
x
, y z 2.
2
x
4
51. x 2 y 2 2z 0 53. Let C be a curve in a plane and let L be a line not in a

parallel plane. The set of all lines parallel to L and
2z
2
x2 y2
intersecting C is called a cylinder.
Equation of generating curve: y 2z or x 2z

z
4
55. See pages 765 and 766. 57. V 2 x4x x2 dx 4
0
3
128

4
4x3 x4
2 2
3 4 0 3
1 h ( x)
x
1 2 3 4
p ( x)
x2 y2
59. z
2 4
x2 y2 x2 y2 x2 y 2 x2 y2
(a) When z 2 we have 2 , or 1 (b) When z 8 we have 8 , or 1 .
2 4 4 8 2 4 16 32
Major axis: 28 42 Major axis: 232 82
Minor axis: 24 4 Minor axis: 216 8

c2 a2 b2, c2 4, c 2 c 2 32 16 16, c 4
Foci: 0, ± 2, 2 Foci: 0, ± 4, 8
x2 y2 z2
61. If x, y, z is on the surface, then 63. 2
2
1
3963 3963 39422
y 22 x2 y 2)2 z2 z
y2 4y 4 x y 4y 4 z
2 2 2
4000
x2 z2 8y
Elliptic paraboloid
4000
Traces parallel to xz-plane are circles. 4000 y
y2 x2
65. z 2 2 , z bx ay 67. The Klein bottle does not have both an “inside” and an
b a
“outside.” It is formed by inserting the small open end
y2 x2 through the side of the bottle and making it contiguous
bx ay 2
2 with the top of the bottle.
b a
a2
1 2
x a2 bx
a4b2
4 b
1
2 y2 ab2y a2b4
4
x a2b y ab2
2 2 2 2

a2 b2
y±
b
ax
a2b
2

ab2
2
Letting x at, you obtain the two intersecting lines
x at, y bt, z 0 and x at, y bt ab2
z 2abt a2b2.
Section 10.7 Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates
1. 5, 0, 2, cylindrical 3. 2, 3 , 2, cylindrical 5. 4, 76, 3, cylindrical
x 5 cos 0 5
7
y 5 sin 0 0 x 2 cos 1 x 4 cos 23
3 6
z2 7
5, 0, 2, rectangular y 2 sin 3 y 4 sin 2
3 6
z2 z3
1, 3, 2, rectangular 23, 2, 3, rectangular
Section 10.7 Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates 253
7. 0, 5, 1, rectangular 9. 1, 3, 4, rectangular 11. 2, 2, 4, rectangular
r 02 52 5 r 1 3 2
2 2 r 22 22 22
5
arctan arctan3 arctan1
0 2 3 4
z1 z4 z 4
5, 2 , 1, cylindrical 2, 3 , 4, cylindrical 22, 4, 4, cylindrical
13. x2 y2 z2 10 rectangular equation 15. y x2 rectangular equation

r2 z 10 cylindrical equation
2
r sin r cos 2
sin r cos2
r sec tan cylindrical equation

17. r 2 19. z
21. r 2 sin
6
x2 y2 2 2 r 2 2r sin
y
x2 y 2 4 tan 1 x2 y2 2y
6 x
z
1 y x 1
−2
x2 y2 2y 0
2
2
x2 y 12 1
3 3 x y
−2
2
x 3 y z
−3
x 3 y 0 2
2 2
x 3 3 1
y
−2
−3 −2
1 y
2 2
x −1
−2
23. r 2 z 2 4 z
25. 4, 0, 0, rectangular
x 2
y2 z2 4 2 42 02 02 4
1 arctan 0 0
−2 −2
x 1 arccos 0
2
−1
2 y 2
4, 0, 2 , spherical
27. 2, 23, 4, rectangular 29. 3, 1, 23 , rectangular
22 23 2 42 42 3 1 12 4
2 1
arctan 3 arctan
3 3 6
1 3
arccos arccos
2 6
2 4
2
42, , , spherical
3 4 4, 6 , 6 , spherical
31. 4, 6 , 4 , spherical 33. 12, 4, 0, spherical 35. 5, 4 , 34, spherical
3 5
x 12 sin 0 cos
4
x 4 sin cos 6 0 x 5 sin cos
4 6 4 4 2
3 5
y 12 sin 0 sin
4
y 4 sin sin 2 0 y 5 sin sin
4 6 4 4 2
z 12 cos 0 12 3 52
z 4 cos 22 z 5 cos
4 0, 0, 12, rectangular 4 2
6, 2, 22 , rectangular
52, 52, 5 2 2 , rectangular

37. (a) Programs will vary. 39. x2 y2 z2 36 rectangular equation

(b) x, y, z 3, 4, 2 2 36 spherical equation
, , 5.385, 0.927, 1.190
41. x2 y2 9 rectangular equation 43. 2 z
2 sin2 cos2 2 sin2 sin2 9 x

2
y2 z2 4 2
2 sin2 9
1
−2 −2
sin 3 x 2
1
2 y
−1
3 csc spherical equation

45. z
47. 4 cos z
6
2 4z 5
z x2 y2 z2
cos x2 y2 z2
4
x2 y2 z2 −2
3
−1
−1
−2 x2 y2 z2 4z 0
3 z 2
x 2
1 1
x2 y2 z 22 4
2 x2 y2 z2 −1 2 −2
−3
y 1
3 z2 x 3
2 2
2 3 y
4 x y2 z2
3x 2 3y 2 z 2 0
49. csc 51. 4, 4 , 0, cylindrical 53. 4, 2 , 4, cylindrical
sin 1
42 02 4 42 42 42
x2 y2 1

x2 y2 1
z
4 2

2
arccos 0

2 arccos 4 4 2 4

1

4, , , spherical
x
−2
2
1 1
2
−2
y
4 2
42, 2 , 4 , spherical
−1
−2
Section 10.7 Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates 255
55. 4, 6, 6, cylindrical 57. 12, , 5, cylindrical

122 52 13
59. 10, 6 , 2 , spherical
42 62 213
r 10 sin 10
5
2
arccos
6 13

3 6
arccos
13 13, , arccos 135 , spherical z 10 cos

0
2
213,

6
, arccos
3
13
, 10, 6 , 0, cylindrical
spherical
61. 36, , 2 , spherical 63. 6, 6 , 3 , spherical 65. 8, 76, 6 , spherical

r sin 36 sin 36 r 6 sin 33 r 8 sin 4
2 3 6
7

6 6
83
z cos 36 cos 0 z 6 cos 3 z 8 cos
2 3 6 2
36, , 0, cylindrical
33, 6 , 3, cylindrical 4, 76, 43, cylindrical
Rectangular Cylindrical Spherical
67. 4, 6, 3 7.211, 0.983, 3 7.810, 0.983, 1.177

69. 4.698, 1.710, 8 5, , 8
9 9.434, 0.349, 0.559
71. 7.071, 12.247, 14.142 14.142, 2.094, 14.142 20, 23, 4

73. 3, 2, 2 3.606, 0.588, 2 4.123, 0.588, 1.064
75. 52, 43, 32 2.833, 0.490, 1.5 3.206, 0.490, 2.058
77. 3.536, 3.536, 5 5, 34, 5 7.071, 2.356, 2.356
79. 2.804, 2.095, 6 3.5, 2.5, 6 6.946, 5.642, 0.528

[Note: Use the cylindrical coordinates 3.5, 5.642, 6
81. r 5 83. 5 85. r 2 z, x 2 y 2 z

Cylinder Sphere Paraboloid
Matches graph (d) Matches graph (c) Matches graph (f)
87. Rectangular to cylindrical: r 2 x2 y2 89. Rectangular to spherical: 2 x2 y2 z2

y y
tan tan
x x
zz
Cylindrical to rectangular: x r cos
arccos z
x2 y2 z2
y r sin Spherical to rectangular: x sin cos
zz y sin sin
z cos
91. x2 y2 z2 16 93. x2 y2 z2 2z 0
(a) r 2 z 2 16 (a) r 2 z 2 2z 0, r 2 z 12 1
(b) 2 16, 4 (b) 2 2 cos 0, 2 cos 0,
2 cos
95. x2 y 2 4y 97. x2 y2 9
(a) r 2 4r sin , r 4 sin (a) r 2 cos2 r 2 sin2 9,
(b) 2 sin2 4 sin sin , 9
r2
cos2 sin2
sin sin 4 sin 0,
4 sin (b) 2 sin2 cos2 2 sin2 sin2 9,
, 4 sin csc
sin 9
2 sin2 ,
cos2 sin2
9 csc2
2
cos2 sin2

99. 0 ≤ ≤ 101. 0 ≤ ≤ 2 103. 0 ≤ ≤ 2
2
0 ≤ r ≤ a
0 ≤ r ≤ 2 0 ≤ ≤
r ≤ z ≤ a 6
0 ≤ z ≤ 4
z 0 ≤ ≤ a sec
z
z
a
5
a
3 −a −a 30°
2
1
x a a
y x
2 2 y
3 3
y
x
105. Rectangular z 107. Spherical z
0 ≤ x ≤ 10 4 ≤ ≤ 6
10 8
0 ≤ y ≤ 10
0 ≤ z ≤ 10 −8
8 y
10
10 y x
x
−8
109. z sin , r 1
y y
z y
r 1
The curve of intersection is the ellipse formed by the intersection of the plane z y and the cylinder r 1.
Review Exercises for Chapter 10
1. P 1, 2, Q 4, 1, R 5, 4 3. v v cos i v sin j 8 cos 120 i 8 sin 120 j
\
(a) u PQ 3, 1 3i j, 4i 43j

\
v PR 4, 2 4i 2j
(b) v 42 22 25
(c) 2u v 6, 2 4, 2 10, 0 10i
Review Exercises for Chapter 10 257
5. 120 cos 100 2 ft
arccos 56
y
2 2
tan ⇒ y 120 lb
y tan 100 lb
θ
2 2 10
y 3.015 ft
tan
arccos5 6 11 5 11
7. z 0, y 4, x 5: 5, 4, 0 9. Looking down from the positive x-axis towards the yz-plane,
the point is either in the first quadrant y > 0, z > 0 or in
the third quadrant y < 0, z < 0. The x-coordinate can be
any number.
152
2
11. x 32 y 22 z 62
13. x2 4x 4 y 2 6y 9 z 2 4 4 9 15. v 4 2, 4 1, 7 3 2, 5, 10

x 22 y 32 z 2 9 z
Center: 2, 3, 0 (2, − 1, 3) 3

2
Radius: 3 1
z 1 2
3 3
4 −2 5 y
4 5
3 x
2
3
4 4 5 y
5 6
6
x
(4, 4, − 7)
17. v 1 3, 6 4, 9 1 4, 2, 10 19. Unit vector:

u
u

2, 3, 5
38

2
,
3
,
5
38 38 38

w 5 3, 3 4, 6 1 2, 1, 5
Since 2w v, the points lie in a straight line.
21. P 5, 0, 0, Q 4, 4, 0, R 2, 0, 6 23. u 7, 2, 3, v 1, 4, 5

v 0, the vectors are orthogonal.
\
(a) u PQ 1, 4, 0 i 4j, Since u

\
v PR 3, 0, 6 3i 6k
(b) u
v 13 40 06 3
(c) v
v 9 36 45
3 3
25. u 5 cos 4
i sin
4
j
2
52

i j 27. u 10, 5, 15, v 2, 1, 3
u 5v ⇒ u is parallel to v and in the opposite
2 2
v 2 cos 3
i sin
3
j i 3 j direction.

52
u
v
2
1 3
u 5
v 2
cos u
v 52 2 1 3 2 6
u v 52 4
2 6
arccos 15
4
29. There are many correct answers. For example: v ± 6, 5, 0.
< > < >

In Exercises 31–39, u 3, 2, 1 , v 2, 4, 3 , w 1, 2, 2 . < >
31. u
u 33 22 11 33. projuw uu
w u
2
14 14 u
2 2
5
3, 2, 1
14
15 10
, ,
5
14 14 14
15 5
, ,
14 7 14
5

35. n v w
n 5
i
2
1
j
4
2
k

3 2i j
2

v w
37. V u
3, 2, 1
2, 1, 0 4 4
n 1
2i j
n 5
39. Area parallelogram u v 102 112 82 (See Exercises 36, 38)
285
41. F ccos 20 j sin 20 k z
PQ 2k

PQ
F
70°
i j k 2 ft
\
PQ F 0 0 2 2c cos 20 i
y
0 c cos 20 c sin 20
\
200 PQ F 2c cos 20 x
100
c
cos 20
100
F cos 20 j sin 20 k 100 j tan 20 k
cos 20
F 1001 tan2 20 100 sec 20 106.4 lb
43. v j 45. 3x 3y 7z 4, x y 2z 3

(a) x 1, y 2 t, z 3 Solving simultaneously, we have z 1. Substituting z 1
into the second equation we have y x 1. Substituting
(b) None
for x in this equation we obtain two points on the line of
intersection, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1. The direction vector of
the line of intersection is v i j.
(a) x t, y 1 t, z 1
(b) x y 1, z 1
Review Exercises for Chapter 10 259
47. The two lines are parallel as they have the same direction 49. Q 1, 0, 2
numbers, 2, 1, 1. Therefore, a vector parallel to the
2x 3y 6z 6
plane is v 2i j k. A point on the first line is
1, 0, 1 and a point on the second line is 1, 1, 2. A point P on the plane is 3, 0, 0.
The vector u 2i j 3k connecting these two points \
is also parallel to the plane. Therefore, a normal to the PQ 2, 0, 2

n 2, 3, 6

plane is
D
PQ
n 8
\
i j k
v u 2
1 1 n 7
2 1 3
2i 4j 2i 2j.
Equation of the plane: x 1 2y 0
x 2y 1
51. Q3, 2, 4 point 53. x 2y 3z 6

P5, 0, 0 point on plane Plane
Intercepts: 6, 0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 2
n 2, 5, 1 normal to plane
\ z
PQ 2, 2, 4
3
PQ
n
\ (0, 0, 2)
10 30
D
n 30 3 3
y
6 (0, 3, 0)
x (6, 0, 0)
1 x2 y2
55. y z 57. z2 1 z
2 16 9
2
Ellipsoid
Plane with rulings parallel to the x-axis −4
x2 y2
1
y
z xy-trace: 4
16 9 x 5
−2
2
x2
xz-trace: z2 1
16
y
2
y2
6 yz-trace: z2 1
x 9
x2 y2
59. z 2 1 z
16 9 2
Hyperboloid of two sheets −2

y
y2 x2 5 5
xy-trace: 1 x
4 16
xz-trace: None
y2
yz-trace: z2 1
9
z
61. (a) x2 y 2
rz2

2z 1
2 4
x 2 y 2 2z 2 0
−2
2 1 2 3 y
x
(b) V 2
0
2
x 3 12 x 2
1 dx y

3
2
2
0
1
2x x 3 dx
2 2

2
x4 1
2 x 2
8 0
x
1 2 3
4 12.6 cm3
(c) V 2
1 2
2
x 3 12 x 2
1 dx
y

3
2
2
1 2
1
2x x 3 dx
2 2

2
x4
2 x 2
8 1 2 x
1 2 3
31 225
4 11.04 cm 3
64 64
63. 22, 22, 2, rectangular

3
(a) r 22 22 4, arctan1
2 2
4
, z 2, 4, 34, 2 , cylindrical
3
25, 34, arccos 55 , spherical
2 1
(b) 22 22 22 25,
2 2
, arccos arccos ,
4 25 5
65. 100, 6 , 50 , cylindrical 67. 25, 4 , 34 , spherical

1002 502 505
34
2 2
r 2 25 sin ⇒ r 25
2

6

4
arccos 5050 5 arccos 15 63.4

z cos 25 cos
3
25
2
4 2
505, 6 , 63.4 , spherical
25 2
2
252
, ,
4 2
, cylindrical
69. x2 y 2 2z
(a) Cylindrical: r 2 cos2 r 2 sin2 2z, r 2 cos 2 2z
(b) Spherical: 2 sin2 cos2 2 sin2 sin2 2 cos , sin2 cos 2 2 cos 0, 2 sec 2 cos csc2

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C H A P T E R 1 0

Vectors and the Geometry of Space

Section 10.1 Vectors in the Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

Section 10.2 Space Coordinates and Vectors in Space . . . . . . . . . . 232

Section 10.3 The Dot Product of Two Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

Section 10.4 The Cross Product of Two Vectors in Space . . . . . . . . 241

Section 10.5 Lines and Planes in Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

Section 10.6 Surfaces in Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

Section 10.7 Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . 252

Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

1. (a) v 5 1, 3 1 4, 2 3. (a) v 4 3, 2 2 7, 0

5. u 5 3, 6 2 2, 4 7. u 6 0, 2 3 6, 5

9. (b) v 5 1, 5 2 4, 3 11. (b) v 6 10, 1 2 4, 3

13. (b) v 6 6, 6 2 0, 4 15. (b) v 12 32 , 3 43 1, 53

17. (a) 2v 4, 6 (b) 3v 6, 9

(b) v u 2, 5 4, 9 2, 14 3, 32

(c) 2u 5v 24, 9 52, 5 18, 7 y

27. v 2i j 2i 2j y 29. u1 4 1

31. v 16 9 5 33. v 36 25 61 35. v 0 16 4

1717, 41717 unit vector

41. u 1, 1, v 1, 2 43. u 1,  21 , v 2, 3

2 uu 13 3, 3

53. v 2cos 150i sin 150j 55. ui

61. To normalize v, you find a unit vector u in the direction of v:

For Exercises 63–67, au bw ai 2j bi j a bi 2a bj.

63. v 2i j. Therefore, a b 2, 2a b 1. Solving 65. v 3i. Therefore, a b 3, 2a b 0. Solving

67. v i j. Therefore, a b 1, 2a b 1. Solving

69. y x 3, y 3x 2 3 at x 1. 71. f x 25 x2

77. F1 2, F1 33

7523 502 125

R F1 F2 F3 228.5 lb

85. 4, 1, 6, 5, 10, 3

89. Horizontal component v cos  1200 cos 6 1193.43 ft

u v 692.532 547.642  882.9 kmhr.

Let u be the vector joining 0, 0 and b, c, as indicated

97. w uv vu

99. True 101. True 103. False

Section 10.2 Space Coordinates and Vectors in Space

5. A2, 3, 4 7. x 3, y 4, z 5: 3, 4, 5 9. y z 0, x 10: 10, 0, 0

AB 4 4 1 3 AB 16 4 16 6

43. 9x2 9y2 9z2 6x 18y 1 0 45. x2 y2 z2 ≤ 36

Center: 13, 1, 0

47. (a) v 2 4 i 4 2 j 3 1k 49. (a) v 0 3 i 3 3 j 3 0k

51. 4 3, 1 2, 6 0 1, 1, 6 53. 5 4, 3 3, 0 1 1, 0, 1

59. (a) 2v 2, 4, 4 (b) v 1, 2, 2

61. z u v 1, 2, 3 2, 2, 1 1, 0, 4

63. z 2u 4v w 2, 4, 6 8, 8, 4 4, 0, 4 6, 12, 6

69. z 3i 4j 2k 71. P0, 2, 5, Q3, 4, 4, R2, 2, 1

(a) is parallel since 6i 8j 4k 2z. PQ 3, 6, 9

Therefore, PQ and PR are parallel. The points are

PQ 1, 3, 4 AB 1, 2, 3

PR 1, 1, 1 CD 1, 2, 3

Since AB CD and AC BD , the given points form the

77. v 0 79. v 1, 2, 3 81. v 0, 3, 5

89. c v 2c, 2c, c 91. v 10

(c) ai a bj bk i 2j k (d) a i a bj bk i 2j 3k

105. (a) The height of the right triangle is h L2 182.

PQ 0, 18, h.

v cos i cos j cos k

(e) From the table, T 10 implies L 30 inches. x

109. AB 0, 70, 115, F1 C10, 70, 115

AC 60, 0, 115, F2 C2 60, 0, 115

1. (a) v 5 1, 3 1 4, 2 3. (a) v 4 3, 2 2 7, 0

27. v 2i j 2i 2j y 29. u1 4 1

31. v 16 9 5 33. v 36 25 61 35. v 0 16 4

1717, 41717 unit vector

41. u 1, 1, v 1, 2 43. u 1, 21 , v 2, 3

2 uu 13 3, 3

53. v 2cos 150i sin 150j 55. ui

For Exercises 63–67, au bw ai 2j bi j a bi 2a bj.

69. y x 3, y 3x 2 3 at x 1. 71. f x 25 x2

77. F1 2, F1 33

7523 502 125

R F1 F2 F3 228.5 lb

85. 4, 1, 6, 5, 10, 3

89. Horizontal component v cos 1200 cos 6 1193.43 ft

u v 692.532 547.642 882.9 kmhr.

Let u be the vector joining 0, 0 and b, c, as indicated

5. A2, 3, 4 7. x 3, y 4, z 5: 3, 4, 5 9. y z 0, x 10: 10, 0, 0

AB 4 4 1 3 AB 16 4 16 6

Center: 13, 1, 0

47. (a) v 2 4 i 4 2 j 3 1k 49. (a) v 0 3 i 3 3 j 3 0k

51. 4 3, 1 2, 6 0 1, 1, 6 53. 5 4, 3 3, 0 1 1, 0, 1

59. (a) 2v 2, 4, 4 (b) v 1, 2, 2

61. z u v 1, 2, 3 2, 2, 1 1, 0, 4

63. z 2u 4v w 2, 4, 6 8, 8, 4 4, 0, 4 6, 12, 6

69. z 3i 4j 2k 71. P0, 2, 5, Q3, 4, 4, R2, 2, 1

(a) is parallel since 6i 8j 4k 2z. PQ 3, 6, 9

PQ 1, 3, 4 AB 1, 2, 3

PR 1, 1, 1 CD 1, 2, 3

77. v 0 79. v 1, 2, 3 81. v 0, 3, 5

89. c v 2c, 2c, c 91. v 10

(c) ai a bj bk i 2j k (d) a i a bj bk i 2j 3k

PQ 0, 18, h.

v cos i cos j cos k

109. AB 0, 70, 115, F1 C10, 70, 115

AC 60, 0, 115, F2 C2 60, 0, 115

AD 45, 65, 115, F3 C3 45, 65, 115

111. dAP 2dBP

43, 3, 31 , radius: 2 311

1. u 3, 4, v 2, 3 3. u 2, 3, 4, v 0, 6, 5

13. u 3i j, v 2i 4j 15. u 1, 1, 1, v 2, 1, 1

17. u 3i 4j, v 2j 3k 19. u 4, 0, v 1, 1

21. u 4, 3, v 12, 32 23. u j 6k, v i 2j k

25. u 2, 3, 1, v 1, 1, 1

27. u i 2j 2k, u 3 29. u 0, 6, 4, u 52 213

31. u 3, 2, 2 u 17 33. u 1, 5, 2 u 30

108.2126, 59.5246, 14.1336

39. OA 0, 10, 10 41. w2 u w1 6, 7 2, 8 4, 1

43. w2 u w1 0, 3, 3 2, 2, 2 2, 1, 1 45. u 2, 3, v 5, 1

69. F 85 j 71. PQ 4, 7, 5

75. In a rhombus, u v. The diagonals are u v and u v. u−v

77. u cos , sin , 0, v cos , sin , 0

79. u v2 u v u v 81. u v2 u v u v

11. u 2, 3, 1, v 1, 2, 1

13. u 12, 3, 0, v 2, 5, 0 15. u i j k, v 2i j k

21. u 4, 3.5, 7 23. u 3i 2j 5k

u v 24,965 24,965 24,965 uv

27. u j 29. u 3, 2, 1

AB 1, 2, 3, AC 5, 4, 1, CD 1, 2, 3, AB 1, 2, 3, AC 3, 0, 0

AB AC 1 2 3 10i 14j 6k. A AB AC 117 13

AB 3, 12, 5, AC 2, 13, 4

PQ F 0 cos 40 2 sin 40 2 10 cos 40 i

Area AB AC 16,742 PQ F 10 cos 40 7.66 ft lb

(c) Let T 90 sin

57. u u1, u2, u3 , v v1, v2, v3 , w w1, w2, w3

59. u u1, u2, u3

61. u v u2v3 u3v2i u1v3 u3v1j u1v2 u2v1k

1. x 1 3t, y 2 t, z 2 5t (b) When t 0 we have P 1, 2, 2. When t 3 we have

PQ 9, 3, 15

3. Point: (0, 0, 0 5. Point: 2, 0, 3

7. Point: 1, 0, 1 9. Points: 5, 3, 2, 23, 23, 1

15. Point: (2, 3, 1 17. Li: v 3, 2, 4 6, 2, 5 on line

(d) Not on line 6 4 2 21 1

PQ 0, 2, 1, PR 3, 4, 0 3 4 0

35. Let u be the vector from 1, 2, 3 to 3, 2, 1: u 2i 2k

Normal vector: 12 u v

4x 1 3y 2 4z 3 0

41. Let v be the vector from 1, 1, 1 to 2, 2, 1: v 3i j 2k

Therefore, arccos 4 414138 83.5

51. 4x 2y 6z 12 53. 2x y 3z 4 55. y z 5

57. x 5 59. 2x y z 6 61. 5x 4y 6z 8 0