Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 9
Chapter 9
Nasipit, Talamban
Submitted by:
Bontia, Philipp Louis
Espina, Jossel Klyn
Ferrer, Mario
Jala, Eymann Nowell
Lapeceros, Kent Tayron
Submitted to:
Dr. Edwin A. Carcasona, Ph.D
1. Cyanuric acid – is a low-cost solid material that sublimes in the exhaust flow.
2. Zeolite molecular sieves – are materials that absorb selected molecular compounds and
catalyze chemical reactions.
3. Durability – is the serious limitation using zeolite molecular sieves method.
4. 95% - ____ NOx reduction has been achieved using cyanuric acid.
5. NH3 – chemical formula of ammonia.
6. Exhaust gas recycle – is done by ducting some of the exhaust flow back into the intake
system.
7. 30% - The amount of EGR flow can be as high as ____ of the total intake.
8. Flow rate of EGR – The ____ is controlled by the EMS.
9. EGR – stands for exhaust gas recycle.
10. EMS – stands for engine management system.
11. Crankcase breather tube – a major source of HC emissions that was vented out to the
atmosphere at old automobiles.
12. Blowby gas – is very high in hydrocarbon.
13. 1% - as much as ____ of fuel was vented to the atmosphere through the crankcase
breather in some automobiles.
14. 20% - This accounted for up to ____ of total emission because of the crankcase breather
tube being vented out to the atmosphere.
15. No EGR is used during WOT, when maximum power is desired.
16. The simplest way to reduce NOx emissions is to hold the combustion chamber
temperature down.
17. Ammonia – is an undesirable emission.
18. Ammonia injection systems are not practical in automobiles or on other smaller engines.
19. No EGR is used at idle and very little at low speeds.
20. Solid carbon soot – a problem unique to CI engines when using EGR.
21. Thermal Converter – are high temperature chambers through which the exhaust gas flows
22. Thermal Converter - as a means of lowering emissions
23. Valve - is usually a flat disk of metal with a long rod
24. Unlead Fuel – Harder metals and added surface treatments are used for engines designed
to use ______________.
25. TRUE – modern high compression engines could not use low octane fuel.
26. Valve Seat - is the surface against which an intake or an exhaust valve rests during the
portion of the engine operating cycle when that valve is closed.
27. Higher exhaust temperature can be caused by:
Stoichiometric Air – Fuel Combustion
High Engine Speed
Retarded Spark
Low expansion Ratio
28. Phosphorus – these come from impurities in the air and small amounts in some fuel
blends and lubricating oil.
29. 1980s – Lead was phased out in the _______.
30. 0.15gm/liter – the leaded gasoline contains about ______ of lead in the fuel
31. Increase gasoline octane number – the used of Tetraethyl lead
32. 10%-50% - of the lead exhausted out with the other combustions products.
33. TEL – is also known as Tetraethyl lead
34. Emissions - rate of a given pollutant from a given source.
35. TRUE – at high temperatures the sulfur combines with hydrogen to form Hydrogen
Sulfide and in oxygen to form Sulfur Dioxide
36. ppm – means “ parts per million”
37. Diesel Fuels – contains up to 5000 ppm sulfur by weight.
38. Unleaded gasoline – contains 150 – 600 ppm sulfur by weight.
39. Chemical Radicals - an atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired valence electron.
40. Respiratory Irritant - Any substance which can cause inflammation or other adverse
reactions in the respiratory system.
41. Hydrocarbon emissions - result from the presence of unburned fuel in the exhaust of an
engine
42. Exhaust gases leaving the combustion chamber of an SI engine contain up to 6000
ppm(parts per million) of hydrocarbon component, the equivalent of 1 - 1.5% of the fuel.
43. Engine start and warm up – where Hydrocarbon emissions are greatest
44. Photochemical smog – is form when HC emission get into the atmosphere and react with
atmospheric gases.
45. PCV(positive crankcase ventilation) system - the first effort at controlling pollution from
automobiles
46. 1940s - Air pollution was First recognized as a problem in Los Angeles, California
47. 1960s – Emission Standard were beginning to be enforced California
48. 1990s - more fuel efficient engines we developed so the average automobile consume
less than half the fuel used in 1970s
49. Lead - one of the major pollutant was phase out as a fuel additive in 1980s
50. incomplete combustion - occur when there is not enough oxygen to allow the fuel to
react completely.
51. Crevice volume - is the space between the Cylinder wall and the piston
52. 3% - percentage of fuel in the chamber can be forced into the crevice volume
53. The farther the sparkplug is from the ring gap , the greater the HC in the exhaust
54. valve overlap - both the exhaust and intake valves are open
55. Spurplug - HC emissions can be reduced if a second ________ is added to an engine
combustion chamber
56. Quenching – in terms of combustion refers to extinguishing a flame
57. Engine Misfire – means that car’s engine skip over one of the process of its combustion
cycle.
58. Oil – is a high molecular weight hydrocarbon compound that does not burn as readily as
gasoline
59. A very rich mixture there is not enough oxygen to react with all the carbon, resulting in
high levels of HC in the exhaust products.
60. Two stroke oil – is a special type of motor oil intended for use in crankcase compression
two stroke engines.
1. A diesel truck uses 100 grams of light diesel fuel (assume C12H22) per mile of travel. 0.5% of the
carbon in the fuel ends up as exhaust smoke. If the truck travels 15,000 miles per year, how much carbon
is put into the atmosphere each year as smoke? [Kg/year]
ṁcarbon =
[ (
( 0.8675 ) 100
gm
mile )](15000 miles
yr )( 6500
gm
yr )=6.50
kg
yr
2. (a) Why isn't a normal three-way catalytic converter, as used with SI engines, as useful when used with
a CI engine? (b) What main method is used to limit NOx emissions on a modern diesel truck or
automobile? (c) Give at least three disadvantages to using this method.
c. Less efficient combustion hen EGR is used, more chance of slow combustion or misfire.
Lower combustion temperature gives lower cycle thermal efficiency.
Solid carbon in exhaust is abrasive on cylinder components and harmful to lubricating oil.
3. (A) List five reasons why there are HC emissions in the exhaust of an automobile. (b) To reduce
emissions from an SI engine, should AF be set at rich, lean, or stoichiometric? Explain the advantages and
disadvantages of each. (c) Why is it good to place a catalytic converter as close to the engine as possible?
Why is this bad?
4. A four-cylinder, 2.8-liter, four-stroke cycle SI engine operates at 2300 RPM with a volumetric
efficiency of 88.5%. The fuel used is methyl alcohol at an equivalence ratio of ¢ = 1.25.
During combustion all hydrogen is converted to water, and all carbon is converted to CO2
and CO. Calculate: (a) Mole fraction of CO in the exhaust. [%] (b) Energy lost in the exhaust
due to CO. [kW]
Solution:
ρ n V N
ḿ= a v d =
kg
( )
1.181 3 ( 0.885 ) 0.0028
m
m3
cycle ( )( 60 rev
sec ) =0.0561
kg
n rev sec
2
cycle
kg
(0.0109
)
kg kg s moles
(
ḿf =( FA )a ḿa=( 0.194 ) 0.0561
s )
=0.0109 =
s
32
kg
=0.00034 kg
s
mole
CO in exhaust
kgmoles kgmoles
(
ḿCO =( 0.6 ) 0.00034
s )
=0.0000204
s
kgmoles kg kJ
(
Q́lost =ḿCO Q́HV = 0.0000204
s
28 )(
kgmole )(
10100
kg
=57.7 kW )
5. The combustion chambers of a V8 Otto cycle engine with a 7.8:1 compression ratio, bore of
3.98 inches, and 41O-cubic-inch displacement can be approximated as right circular
cylinders. The engine operates at 3000 RPM using gasoline at an AF = 15.2 and a volumetric
efficiency of 95%. When combustion occurs, the flame is dampened out near the walls and a
boundary layer of air-fuel does not get burned. Combustion is at constant volume at TDC,
and the unburned boundary layer can be considered to be 0.004-inch-thick over the entire
combustion chamber surface. Fuel is originally distributed equally throughout the chamber.
Calculate: (a) Percent of fuel that does not get burned due to being trapped in the surface
boundary layer. [%] (b) Amount of fuel lost in the exhaust due to this boundary layer.
[lbm/hr] (c) Chemical power of the fuel lost in the exhaust. [hp]
a. Displacement volume of 1 cylinder
3
410 in
V d= =51.25 in 3
8
V d +V c 51.25+V c 3
r c =7.8= = → V c =7.537 i n
Vc Vc
at TDC when combustion occurs Vc = combustion chamber volume
0.13
% of total volume = =0.0172=1.72
7.537
( 60 rev )
ρa nv V d N s lbm
ḿ= = =0.3945
n 2 s
lbm
0.3945
ḿ sec lbm lbm
ḿf = a = =0.02595 =93.43
AF 15.2 s hr
ḿ
lbm 1.61 lbm
(
(¿¿ f )lost = 93.43
hr )
( 0.0172 ) =
hr
¿
c.
kJ
43000
kg
¿
hr /hp
2545 BTU / ¿=11.7 hp
1.61 lbm [ ¿ 2.326 kJ / BTU ] BTU BTU
(
Q́lost =ḿf QHV =
hr ) ¿
kg lbm
=29764
hr
=(29764
hr
)/¿
6. An older automobile using leaded gasoline gets 16 mpg fuel economy at 55 mph. The lead in
the gasoline amounts to 0.15 gm/L. Forty-five percent of the lead in the fuel gets exhausted to
the environment. Calculate the amount of lead exhausted to the environment in Ibm/mile and
Ibm/day if the automobile is driven continuously.
Solution:
lbm
Lead exhausted =
( 161 mile
gal
)(0.00125 lbm
gal ) ( 0.45 )=0.0000352
lbm
mile
=(0.0000352
lbm
mile )( 55
miles
hr )( 24
hr
day ) =0.046
lbm
day
7. A small truck has a four-cylinder, 2.2-liter CI engine that operates on an air-standard Dual cycle using
light diesel fuel at an average AF = 21:1. At a speed of 2500 RPM, the engine has a volumetric efficiency
'TJv = 92%. At this operating condition, 0.4% of the carbon in the fuel ends up as soot in the exhaust. In
addition, there is 20% additional carbon soot from the lubricating oil. The amount of soot is then
increased by 25% due to other components condensing on the carbon. Carbon density pc = 1400 kglm3.
Calculate: (a) Rate of soot put into the environment. [kg/hr]
(b) Chemical power lost in the soot (consider the entire mass of soot as carbon). [kW]
(c) Number of soot clusters exhausted per hour. Assume that an average cluster contains 2000 spherical
carbon particles, and each particle has a diameter of 20 nm.
Solution:
a.
ρa V d μ v N
ma =
n
2500
(1.181)( 0.0022)(0.92)( )
= 60
2
ma = 0.0498 kg/sec
mf= ma / AF
= (0.0498 kg/sec)/ 21
mf= 0.00237 kg/sec
for 1kgmole of C12.3H22.2 fuel
mass of carbon = (12.3)(12) = 147.6 kg
mass of hydrogen = (22.2)(1) = 22.2 kg
% carbon by mass = (147.6 / 169.8)(100) = 86.93%
msoot = (0.00237kg/sec)(0.8693)(0.004)(1.2)(1.25)(3600sec/hr) =0.0445kg/hr
m
c. Vsoot= = (0.0445 kg / hr ) / (1400kg/m3) = 0.0000318m3/hr
ρ
Vpart = (∏/6)d3 = (∏/6) ( 20x10-9)3= 4.19 x10-24 m3/part
Vcluster = (200)(4. 19 x10-24 m3/part) = 8.38 x 10-22 m3 /cluster
Number of cluster
(0.0000318 m3/hr) (8.38x10-21 m3 /cluster) = 3.79 x 1015cluster / hr
8. The engine in Problem 6 operating at 2500 RPM has an indicated thermal efficiency of 61%,
combustion efficiency of 98%, and a mechanical efficiency of 71%.
Solutions:
a. WI= QinNt = mfQHVNcNt = (0.00237 kg/sec)(42,500kJ/kg)(0.98)(0.61) = 60.2kW
Wb = WINm = (60.2kW)(0.71) = 42.8 kW
bsfc = mf/Wb = [(0.00237kg/sec)(3600sec/hr)(1000gm/kg)]/(42.8kW) =199gm/kW-hr
Solution:
10. The engine in Problem 9-9 has a volumetric efficiency of 89% and uses isooctane as fuel at an air-fuel
ratio AF = 14.2. Sixty percent of the fuel that is trapped in the crevice volume at the start of combustion is
later burned due to additional cylinder motion.
Calculate: (a) HC emissions in the exhaust due to the 40% of crevice volume fuel '- that does not get
burned. [kg/hr] (b) Chemical power lost in these HC emissions of the exhaust. [kW]
rc=10.4=(Vd+Vc)/Vc=(0.0008+Vc)/Vc Vc=0.0000851m3
b) T2=T1(rc)k-1=(338K)(10.4)0.35=767K
P2=P1(rc)k=(120kPa)(10.4)1.35=2833kPa
Mass in crevice
mcrev=PV/RT=(2833kPa)(0.0000191m3)/(0.281kJ/kgK)(458K)=0.000412kg
Mclear=(2833kPa)(0.000681m3)/(0.287kJ/kgK(767K)=0.008764kg
% of mass in crevice volume=[(0.000412)/(0.008764+0.000412)](100)=4.5%
11. A large supercharged, two-stroke cycle, diesel ship engine with a displacement of 196 liters operates
at 220 RPM. The engine has a delivery ratio of Adr = 0.95 and uses fuel oil that can be approximated as
C12HZZ,at an air-fuel ratio of AF = 22.The ship is equipped with an ammonia injection system to remove
NOx from the exhaust.
Calculate: (a) Amount of NO entering the exhaust system if 0.1% of the nitrogen in the air is converted to
NO (assume no other forms of NOx are produced). [kglhr] (b) Amount of ammonia to be injected to
remove all NO in the exhaust by the reaction given in Eq. (9-29). [kg/hr]
Solution: a) ma=PVdŋN/n=(1.181)(0.0064)(0.89)(5500/60)/2=0.3083kg/sec
mf=ma/(AF)=(0.3083kg/sec)/14.2=0.0217kg/sec
(mf)ex=[(0.0217)(3600kg/hr)](0.045trapped)(0.40not burned)=1.406kg/hr
b) Qlost=mfQHV=(1.406kg/hr)(44300kJ/kg)(3600sec/hr)=17.3kW
12. It is desired to reduce NOx generation in an engine that burns stoichiometric ethanol by using exhaust
gas recycling (EGR) to lower the peak combustion temperature. The temperature of the air and fuel at the
start of combustion is 700 K, and the exhaust gas can be approximated as Nz at 1000 K. The enthalpy of
ethanol at 700 K is -199,000 kJ/kgmole.
Calculate: (a) Theoretical maximum temperature with stoichiometric ethanol and no EGR. [K] (b)
Percent EGR needed to reduce maximum temperature to 2400 K. [%]
ma=(0.806kg/sec)(22/23)=0.7710kg/sec=2776kg/hr=95.72kgmoles/hr ; AF=22
with air having 3.76moles of N2 for every 1 mole O2 moles of N2 in per hour
(95.72kgmoles/hr)(3.76/4.76)=75.61kgmoles/hr
NO generated (75.61kgmoles/hr)(2)(0.001converted)=0.1512kgmoles/hr
mNO=(0.1512kgmoles/hr)(30kg/kgmoles)=4.54kg/hr
mNH3=(0.1512kgmoles/hr)(17kg/kgmoles)=2.57kg/hr
13. It is desired to use electricity to preheat the catalytic converter on a four-cylinder SI engine of 2.8-liter
displacement. The preheat zone of the converter consists of 20% of the total alumina volume. The
specified heat of the ceramic is 765 J/kg-K, and the density p = 3970 kg/m3. Energy is obtained from a
24-volt battery supplying 600 amps.
Calculate:
a) Electricity energy needed to heat the preheat zone from 25°C to a light-off temperature of
150°C. [KJ]
b) Time needed to supply this amount of energy. [sec]
Solution:
From Sec. 9-8 volume of catalytic converter
Vcc = ½ (Vd) = 1.4 L = 0.0014 m3
a) Heat needed
Q = mCp∆T = pVccCp∆T
14. A 0.02-liter, two-stroke cycle SI lawn mower engine runs at 900 RPM, using gasoline at an
equivalence ratio Φ = 1.08 and a fuel-to-air ratio of 60:1 by mass. The engine is crankcase
compressed, and has a delivery ratio of dr = 0.88 and a charging efficiency Ace = 0.72.
Combustion efficiency (17c)gasoline = 0.94 for the gasoline trapped in the cylinder, but (17c)oil
is only 0.72 for the oil trapped in the cylinder. There is no catalytic converter.
Calculate:
a) HC from the fuel and oil exhausted to the environment due to valve overlap during
scavenging. [kg/hr]
b) HC in the exhaust from unburned fuel and oil due to combustion inefficiency. [kg/hr]
c) Total HC in exhaust. [kg/hr]
Solution:
a) Use a time rate form of Eq. (5-22) to get rate of air-fuel mixture ingested
ming = AdrVdpaN/n = (0.88)(0.0002m3/cycle)(1.181 kg/m3)(900/60rev/sec)/(1rev/cycle)
= 0.000312 kg/sec = 1.122 kg/hr
Use a time rate form of Eq.(5-23) to get rate of air-fuel mixture trapped
mtrap = AceVdpaN/n = (0.72)(0.00002m3/cycle)( 1.181 kg/m3)(900/60rev/sec)/(1rev/cycle)
15. A modern six-cylinder automobile CI engine is adjusted to operate properly using diesel fuel with
a cetane number of 52. The vehicle is accidently fuelled with a diesel fuel having a cetane number
of 42. Would more or less exhaust smoke be expected? Explain.
Answer:
More exhaust smoke would be expected. Fuel with lower cetane number will not self-ignite as
readily and there will be a longer ignition delay between start of injection and start of
combustion. More fuel will be injected before ignition occurs and the overall air-fuel ratio will be
more fuel-rich when combustion starts. Solid carbon (smoke) is generated in the fuel-rich part of
the combustion chamber where there is not enough oxygen to form CO 2. This fuel-rich zone
would be larger under this conditions.