Cultural Influences on Development Acros he Life Cycle ‘Consider al posible explanations for sexccated phenomena, including sovialeultural, biological and situational factors, Become avare of, consider, and devise studies of altemative and more ‘complex models of causation, Denmark, Rusio, Frieze, & Sechzer (1988) have also provided researchers © ‘with guidelines to avold sexism in prychological research For example: esearch Mathods: Problem: The selection of research patlpans is based on stereogpic ax sumptions and does not allow for generalizations to other groups, Example: On the bass of ereoypes about who should be rstersble for ontaeepton ony ems arene ain wi o contro, ection: Both sees shouldbe studied before conclusions ae about the factors that determine use of contraception. a Guidelines offered by Metfugh et al. (1986), Denmark et al. (1988), and Halper (1995) provide the beginnings for an stematve approach tothe study of han development Fin snd omer marched or eng es 4 veld ela pd sol conten eter wal See os de eek tas ofthe rer sod insodng tes ofthe razren gy Tage yout hep aor ou ed tt td pera n your da, icea elect pace Lrcommend tal salen fou aaseain n tee tng down your answers to the fllowing quesdons after each class dcusion and reading. hata he ae ofthis ite o you a whole? or would you dseribe this discusion eating to fiend? Were any of the aes raised in cas and foryou? Win? Did he reading challenge your ssumpiont and atinudes about people who are ofa diferent sex, race, ehnily and/or seclosconomic ass Rect oo? What dia you lea and relearn about yourself today in ters of hom your com str experince have shaped your peonaliy and intracon wih V/or inthis text emotionally painful Due to space imtaons in ths tet, we were unable to reprint the readin in their ene. We have provided you withthe complete clon of the ade onthe Sit page ofeach easy selection I encourage Jou to contnie yourseig on maldcultiral ines in cycle development pseholoy by athog the one des in ther entren as they appeared in journal form. Te gathors eis & ‘eth of inermation on norte research methodologies and naggcions fr furher research, Talo encourage you fo prs our om research i Hpee developmental paychology fom ames pespetne ie oman fh an ou fe hin fora dey. Teck man fiend youd him for tine. mts ‘Praise the young and they will blossom. Irish Proce Infancy Questions for Reflection Wt Do you believe parents should tke an acve role in helping the children develop gros and ine motor sls? Why or why noo Wt Do you Know infants who are smaller ot leger than average for thee age? What implications do you think thei ize will ve for ie socal and emotonal development throughout thilanood? tm By what proceses do you belive children learn to use lane reget Wt How do yu think infants influence the language that adults bse o addres them? ; tt Do you believe that there are temperamental ferences ong infants of liferenc racer? Berween boy and gs? It Do you believe iis healthier for infants to be physically sepa: fate rom thee parens while they leep? Or do you belive i healer for em oben the sme oom we the sleep? Wt Do you belive that there are cultural ferences in eilren's reais? Wt Does culture influence the ypes of payin which infants en- gage? Why or why no? Paludi, M. (2002) Human Development in Multicultural Contexts Chapter 1: Infancy. USA: Pearson Education Inc. pp. 15-24.to Copter tnaney See ee re ee cs nwo te ei os te emergence ate to indicate wheter the differences in timing of motor activities Cn car oe smi OVERVIEW: CULTURAL INFLUENCES ON DEVELOPMENT IN INFANCY ‘The readings in this chapter deal with several popular areas of research in inf infantdirected speech, infants’ sleeping arrangement, temperment, ne infant atachment, and play during infancy. We begin with an overview of te ical changes that accompany the infancy period Then we lok atthe focus or ‘esearch reported inthe excerpted articles that have been selected to give toa 8 broader grasp of the literature and the research context. Fach ofthe diners of development discussed—the physical, cognitive, emotional, the others; there is a great deal of interdependence among the Ibuman development over the entre life span. = Focus on Infant-Directed Speech sa ering queving and mireent (hoe 0, Mote eS hacia eo ne ae et kn) kal lot rene Sects pn ta a a i ee take rf ine wa a ‘Sart, Macs Don sn alleges Onc Stoo, Clin 19) fund that newborns can discriminate between their owm cry and the cry of an- fea darn Furthermore, nea senses of tne wd el espe » se tesa ales Sty tne) opal feces pee ee ee on ns er bog ae Goodin and Acredolo (1993, reported in Rice, 1997) have found that ges- ee eer es wae i pe Sug tl ing gn ease word vocabulary (Bornstein, 2000). Infants also acquire an understan 2 go gama and sta (Cunaion, Longobrdl, Venue Boras, 1986 D’Odorico, Salerni, Cassibba, & Jacob, 1999; Jusczyk, 1999). ala ee fang delophen and cope development for nas aod toddler Ifa ee ee ae ie ee eof aha cpl Soca nt oa St oe saa cee mes racket pt ie commana in so dng st ete aa Seat te rir ao nates ng iaueg wi ur meas wa oe Se aye oie ay oss cururcaanenss SESE GY Serpe ao ue bg par eucl pugee CS cs nedias der ene st a antes ech Yun feng iin Sn ae oe at a a SESE 95 Sat by ba us sens Tah ea tae gece ts ef ene nf wnt een = nn pc eed tee al snd social ref basic dimensions g PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT IN INFANCY ‘The term infancy covers the le stage that extends from childbirth through a dlerhood, or the second year of Ife. Infaney is accompanied by tome changes in development (Bornstein, 1999; Rice, 1997) For example atte ext this period, the average infant inthe United Sates has grown from 20 t 96 ‘in height and from 7 to approximately 27 pounds, Devlopment for infsae fo the eephalocaudal principle and the proximodial principle: Growth prog from the head region tothe feet (cephalocataal principle) and fromthe ees the body outward to the extremities (proximodisal principle). Sex comparson hve been noted in infancy. Infant gis are more mature at bcth than ae boys Girls have more advanced skeletal and neurological sjtemt (Rathos a8 Gis continue to mature between 2 and 2. years faster than boys, as we wil daca jn more dealin the flloving sections. Tnfans fine and gross motor sil become more developed during thi tie stage (Williams & Abernathy, 2000). Infants learn to control the muscles of che hhead and neck, then ther arms and abdomen, and finally theis legs, Ths inf lear to hold thes heads up before they ean sit and they eam to at before Jamaican, English, and Indian mother that Jansan mothers espesed bere fans tosicandw walk sigan ear than did Inelan snd Engle ches emergence ofthe aces in Juss ifs wan ne wih ter note Pectatons. Jamaican mother made their infan practice nepoey extn ene Furthemore, ian raised in Cite dole Onry Cou), Aven doef motor sis at an ear age than Infants reared Gn Prance (Decen istet Lavale,& Reuchithl 1978. Like Jamaican mother, mothers froy Onto plasize motor sls more healy than moths in Westem aocenes Thos loge suggest that the tine ae which motor ails appear iebgy ep determine by clara factors: Parents each aes haa an ra pon18 Chapter Infancy When the child is 2 years old, Pa and vary vocal piteh to enhance the wy ale aps bon and wae Sis letra) For cramp by SE eon ae ‘rice as many diminutives as lear (e.g., dogey, by inna ‘of dog, dll and cai). Furthermore, spend Ge, Hy omens tet fig ee Sc lng ttn requ ptt se moreno re aml hese dupes resco oe roan ee alle Thus, instead of saying “No—don't touch," parents are ii reg LA: ra ‘tyou play with this toy instead?” " soe Bir wes . Emotional Development 19 leagues discuss this finding by pointing to the traditional child-rearing orientation and pedagogical techniques in Argentina as fundamentally authoritative (Dizz Rossello, 1988). Thus, in this culture, infants are viewed as neding instruction, Im addition, Bornstein etal. found that American mothers questioned their infants more than did mothers from the other four cultures, suggesting that chil- dren participate in their own language development. French mothers placed less emphasis on achievement stimulation and more emphasis on emotional support dnd the ute of language to establish warmth and closeness. Bornstein etal, note the reciprocity of the impact of maternal speech on in- fants and the impact in tum of infants’ behavior on maternal speech. They con- clude: One ofthe was infants become soilzed nto culture i through integrating frutcnal Behavior and spech into ther development and on of the wa} they do ths via mother-infant communication... Univeral pect oft fandy, such ae the dramatic growth of competence over the Ist ear, peat also to exert control over the contents of rateral speech, (p. 601; this text p29) Focus on Infants’ Sleeping Arrangements Infants are able to express and experience emotions, even minutes after birth (Rice, 1997), Infants from different cultures use very similar facial expressions tO reflect basic emotions such as being happy and sad. Initially, infants are noc aware that they exist separately from the rest of their environment. This selFawareness usually develops after their firs birthday (Rice, 1997). Also, by age 2 years, infants have developed a realization ofa distinction between humans and inanimate ob- jects and have begun to understand empathy and the ability to pretend. For many theorists, one hallmark of “healthy” development is independence traininglearning to separate from one’s family of origin (Munroe, Munroe, & Whiting, 1981). In fact, among many child development experts in the United States, thit independence waining begins in Infancy, with separate sleeping arrangements for infants and their caregivers (Brazelton, 1979; Ferber, 1986; Lo- off, Wolf, & Davis, 1964). Research has suggested that in the United States tie rel- atively rare for infants to sleep with their parents for part ofall ofa night om a regular basi (Crowell, Kenner, Ginsburg, & Anders, 1987; Lozoff et al, 1984: YValsiner & Hall, 1988). American theorists have cautioned parents about having their infants sleep with them at night, especially because of the difculy in break: ing this habit. ‘The value placed on this form of independence right from infancy appears to be unique tothe United States. Whiting (1964) reported that in many cultures, itis considered customary for infants to sleep in the same room as their mothers or in