Pha Sors

Phasors
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Phasors
^
V cos (wt + θ)
^
V sin (wt + θ)
by
Prof. Dr. Osman SEVAİOĞLU
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 1
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Vector
Definition
A vector is a magnitude directed in a

certain direction (angle)
A vector is shown as 
r 
where,
r is the magnitude, known as radius,
 is the angle
The above representation is known as

“the polar representation” of a vector
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j Operator
Definition
j
“j operator” is a vector with unity 1.0
magnitude, directed in vertical
90o
direction, i.e. in 90o angle
j=1 90o
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Complex Number
Definition Graphical Representation
A complex number is a number with two Imaginary
components; component
• Real component (an ordinary number), r

b
• Imaginary component (a number
multiplied by the j operator)
a
a+jb
The above representation is known as Real component

“the rectangular representation”
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Polar Representation of Complex Number

Definition Graphical Representation
A complex number may be expressed in Radius
“polar representation” by employing the
following conversion
r = √ a2 + b2
 = Tan-1(b / a) b r
θ
r 
a
Angle
“Polar representation” of a vector
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Conversion from Rectangular Representation to Polar Representation
Rule Graphical Representation

A complex number expressed in
rectangular coordinates can be
converted into a number expressed in
polar coordinates as follows;
Let the complex number expressed in r
rectangular coordinates be b
θ
a+jb
a
Then
a+jb= r θ
where,
r = √ a2 + b2 θ = Tan-1 ( b / a )
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of Electrical
Electrical and
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Electronics Engineering,
Engineering, Prof.
Prof. Dr.
Dr. O.
O. SEVAİOĞLU,
SEVAİOĞLU, Page
Page 66
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Conversion from Polar Representation to Rectangular Representation
Rule Graphical Representation

A complex number expressed in polar
coordinates can be converted into a
number expressed in rectangular
coordinates as follows;
Let the complex number expressed in r
polar (phasor) coordinates be b
θ
r 
a
Then
r  = a+jb
where,
a = r cos  b = r sin 
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of Electrical
Electrical and
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Engineering, Prof.
Prof. Dr.
Dr. O.
O. SEVAİOĞLU,
SEVAİOĞLU, Page
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Polar and Rectangular Representations - Summary

Conversion Rules
Polar Representation Rectangular Representation
a = r cos , b = r sin 
r  a+jb
r =  a2 + b2 ,  = Tan-1(b / a)
r
b
θ
a
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SEVAİOĞLU, Page
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Addition of two Complex Numbers

Method Isn’t there an easier way of doing that ?
Suppose that two phasors are to be added
r1  1 + r2  2 = rtot  tot
• First express the phasors in rectangular coordinates,

• and then perform the addition
Polar Representation a = r cos, b =r sin  Rectangular Representation
r1  1 a1 + j b1
r2  2 a2 + j b2
+
atot + j btot r =  a2 + b2 ,  =Tan-1( b/a ) rtot tot
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of Electrical
Electrical and
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Engineering, Prof.
Prof. Dr.
Dr. O.
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SEVAİOĞLU, Page
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Subtraction of two Complex Numbers

Method I’m afraid NOT !
Suppose that two phasors are to be subtracted
r1  1 - r2  2 = rtot  tot
• First express the phasors in polar coordinates,

• and then perform the subtraction
Polar Representation a = r cos, b =r sin  Rectangular Representation
r1  1 a1 + j b1
r2  2 a2 + j b2
-
(a1-a2) + j (b1-b2) r =  a2 + b2 ,  =Tan-1(b/a) rtot tot
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10
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Multiplication of two Complex Numbers

Method
Suppose that two phasors are to be multiplied
( a1 + j b1 ) x ( a2 + jb2 ) = aresult + j bresult

• and then perform the multiplication
Rectangular Representation r =  a + b ,  =Tan (b/a)

2 2 -1
Polar Representation
a1 + j b1 r1  1
a2 + j b2 r2  2
X
r1 r2  1 +  2 a = r cos , b = r sin aresult + j bresult
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Division of two Complex Numbers

Method
Suppose that two phasors are to be divided
( a1 + j b1 ) / ( a2 + jb2 ) = aresult + j bresult

• and then perform the division
Rectangular Representation r =  a + b ,  =Tan (b/a)

2 2 -1
Polar Representation
a1 + j b1 r1  1
a2 + j b2 r2  2
÷
r 1 / r2  1 -  2 a = r cos , b = r sin aresult + j bresult
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Properties of j Operator
Definition 2 x 1 90o + 60o = 2 150o
Multiplication of a complex number by j

operator shifts (rotates) the angle of vector 150o
by 90o, while the magnitude is unchanged 2 60o
j=1 90o j = 1 90o

60o
Example
Multiply complex number 2 60o by j
2 60o x j = 2 60o x 1 90o

= 2 x 1 60o + 90o
= 2 150o
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Properties of j Operator
Powers of j
j = 1 90o j
90o
j2 = 1 90o x1 90o =1 180o = -1
j3 = 1 270o = 1 -90o = - j
j4 = 1 4 x 90o = 1 360o = 1
1/j = 1 / 1 90o = 1 -90o = - j
j2 = -1
j4 = 1
360o 180o
- 90o
j3 = 1 / j = -j
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Phasors
Euler’s Identity Graphical Representation
e jθ = cos θ + j sin θ
│e jθ │ = │ cos θ + j sin θ │
^
= √ │ cosθ │2 + │ sin θ │2
sin θ
=1
θ
r
b
cos θ
a2 + b2 = r 2
a
r = √ a2 + b2
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15
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Leonhard EULER
(1707-1783)
Swiss Mathematician
Leonhard Euler was born in Basel, Switzerland, but
the family moved to Riehen when he was one year old
and it was in Riehen, not far from Basel, that Leonard
was brought up. Paul Euler had, as we have
mentioned, some mathematical training and he was
able to teach his son elementary mathematics along
with other subjects.
Euler made substantial contributions to differential
geometry, investigating the theory of surfaces and
curvature of surfaces. Many unpublished results by
Euler in this area were rediscovered by Gauss. Other
geometric investigations led him to fundamental ideas
in topology such as the Euler characteristic of a
polyhedron.
In 1736 Euler published Mechanica which provided a
major advance in mechanics.
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Phasors
^ ^
V e jθ = V (cos θ + j sin θ)
^ ^
V │e jθ │ = V │ cos θ + j sin θ │
^
^
= V √ cos θ + sin θ
2 2
^
j V sin θ
^
=V
^
V cos θ
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Phasors
Definition of Basic Terms Graphical Representation
Now, Let θ be a linear function of time t,
i.e. rotate it clockwise
θ = wt
w=2f
= 2 x  x 50 = 314 Radians/sec
( f = 50 Hz )
1 Radian = 360 o / ( 2 ) = 57.29 o
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Phasors

^
V = Magnitude
e jθ = cos θ + j sin θ
^ ^
V e jwt = V ( cos wt + j sin wt )
V (t) = ^
^
V sin θ = V sin wt
V(t)
θ
^
V
^
^
V (t) = V sin θ
V (t) = ^
V cos θ
θ
wt (radians)
θ = wt
^ ^
V (t) = V cos wt
V (t) = V cos θ
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Symbolic Representation
Mathematical Notation Graphical Representation
Now let a phasor be located at an V sin θ = V sin 
^
V = Magnitude
angular position  initially, i.e.
^
V (t) = V cos (wt + ) │t = 0
In other words the phasor is at an
angular position  at t = 0 ^
^
The phasor on the RHS is then 
represented mathematically by the
following notations;
^
θ = wt │t = 0 +  =  V cos 
Initial phase angle = 

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Angular Displacement
Total Angular Displacement Graphical Representation
Total angular displacement at time t = t1 ^ ^
V sin θ = V sin (wt1 + ) Angle swept during t = t1
may then be expresssed as;
θ( t1 ) = w t1 + 
wt1

Then the horizontal component becomes;

^
V (t) = V cos (wt + ) │t = t1
^
= V cos (wt1 + )
In other words, the phasor will be at an
^ ^
angular position wt1 +  at t = t1 V cos θ = V cos (wt1 + )
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21
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Mathematical Notation
Notation Graphical Representation
The phasor on the RHS may be
represented mathematically as;
^
^
V e jθ( t1 ) = ^V e j (w t
1 + ) V sin θ = ^
V sin (wt1 + )
Angle swept during t = t1 wt1

^ ^

V e j( w t1 +  )
^ ^
V 
Amplitude
^
Phase angle V cos (wt1 + )
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22
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Waveform Representation of Resistive Circuits

Waveform Representation of ^
I(t) = I cos wt
Resistive Circuits
+
+
V(t) = ^
V cos wt R
Consider the resistive circuit shown on the RHS _
^
V(t) = V cos wt
^
2,0
I(t) = Vs(t) / R Ohm’s Law
V^ 1,5
^
= V cos wt / R 1,0
^
^ I 0,5
= I cos wt Angle (Radians)
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
where, -0,5
^ ^ -1,0
I =V/R
-1,5
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Phasor Representation of Resistive Circuits

Phasor Representation of Resistive Circuits
Consider the resistive circuit shown on the RHS Ohm’s Law
Waveform Representation Phasor Representation
^ ^ ^
V(t) = V cos ( wt + 0o ) V=V 0o V 0o
Z = = Z 0o = R
^ ^ ^
I(t) = I cos ( wt + 0o ) I=I 0o I 0o
2,0
^
V 1,5 Z  = √ R2 = R
1,0
^ Z = Tan-1 ( 0 / R ) = 0
I 0,5
Angle (Radians)
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
-0,5
-1,0
-1,5 ^ ^
I V
^ Phasors
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Waveform Representation of Inductive Circuits

I(t) =Î sin wt
Waveform Representation of
Inductive Circuits
+
+
^
V(t) = V cos wt L
Consider the inductive circuit shown on the RHS
_
Let now,
^
I(t) = I sin wt 2,0
^ ^
^ V 1,5
V(t) = L dI(t) / dt = L w I cos wt = V cos wt
1,0
where, ^
I 0,5
^ ^ ^
Angle (Radians)
V = Lw I V 0 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-0,5
cos ( wt - 90o) = coswt cos 90o + sin wt sin 90o
-1,0
^ ^
I(t) = I sin wt = I cos (wt -90o) -1,5
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Phasor Representation of Inductive Circuits

Phasor Representation of Inductive Circuits
Waveform Representation Phasor Representation Ohm’s Law
^ ^
V(t) = V cos wt V=V 0o
^
^ ^ V 0o
I(t) = I cos (wt - 90o) I= I -90o Z= = Z 90 o = Lw 90 o
^
2,0
I -90o
^
V 1,5
1,0 Z = Lw 90 o = j wL
^ ^ -90o
I 0,5 I
Angle (Radians)
Z  = √ R2 + (wL)2 = wL
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-0,5 Z = Tan-1 ( wL / 0 ) = 90 o
^
V
-1,0
^ ^
-1,5
V=LwI
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Waveform Representation of Capacitive Circuits

^
I(t) = I cos( wt+90o)
Waveform Representation of
Capacitive Circuits
+
+
C
Consider the capacitive circuit shown on the RHS ^
V(t) = V cos wt
_
^ ^
V(t) = V cos wt I
^
I(t) = C dVs(t) / dt = - C w V sin wt ^
V 1,5
0 1 1,0
0,5
cos (wt + 90o) = coswt cos 90o - sin wt sin 90o
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
^ Angle (Radians)
= I cos ( wt + 90o) -0,5
^
I
where, -1,0
^ ^
I =CwV
-1,5
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Phasor Representation of Capacitive Circuits

Phasor Representation of Capacitive Circuits
Waveform Representation Phasor Representation Ohm’s Law
^ ^
V(t) = V cos wt V=V 0o
^
^ ^ V 0o
I(t) = I cos ( wt + 90o) I= I 90o
Z= = Z -90 o = 1 / Cw -90 o
^
^ I 90o
V 1,5
^
1,0 I 90o Z = 1 / jwC = 1 - 90 o / Cw = - j / Cw
0,5
0
Z  = √ R2 + (1/Cw)2 = 1 / Cw
1 2 3 4 5 6
Angle (Radians)
^
-0,5 Z = Tan-1 ( -Cw / 0 ) = -90 o
I ^
-1,0 V
^ ^
-1,5 I=CwV
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Phasor Representation of AC Circuits

Phasor Representation of R-L Circuits
Consider the following R-L circuit Z

jwL
^ θ
V=V 0o
R
Z = R + j wL
V(t), I(t)
R2 + (wL)2 = Z 2
Z  = √ R2 + (wL)2
Z = √ R2 + (wL)2 
Z = Tan-1 ( wL / R) = 
I(t) =Î cos (wt - )
^
I = V 0o / (√ R2 + (wL)2  )
^ +
wt (Radians)
+
^ I^ -
= V(t) = ^
V cos wt L
^ ^
_
I = V / √ R2 + (wL)2
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Phasor Representation of AC Circuits

Phasor Representation of R-C Circuits
Consider the R-C circuit shown below

^ θ R
V=V 0o
Z
-j(1/wC)
Z = R + (1 / jwC) = R – j (1 / wC)
V(t), I(t)
R2 + (1/wC)2 = Z 2
Z  = √ R2 + (1 / wC)2
Z = Tan-1 (1 / (wCR)) =  < 0 Z = √ R2 + (1/wC)2 
^ ^
I = V 0o / (√ R2 + (1 / wC)2 - ) I(t) = I cos (wt - )
^ + C
wt (Radians)
+
^ = I^  V(t) = ^
V cos wt
^ ^ _
I = V / √ R2 + (1 / wC)2
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Phasor Representation of AC Circuit Elements

Resistance R-L Element R-C Element
R R j wL R -j /(wC)
Z  = √ R2 = R Z  = √ R2 + (wL)2 Z  = √ R2 + (1/wC)2
Z = Tan-1 (0 / R) = 0 Z = Tan-1 ( wL / R ) Z = Tan-1 ( (1/wC) / R )
Z =R 0o Z = √ R2 + (wL)2 Tan-1 ( wL / R ) Z =√ R2 + (1/wC)2 -Tan-1((1/wC)/R )
X =0 X >0 X <0
^ ^ Î ^
V V V
53.13o
0o - 53.13o
Î Î
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Phasor Representation of R-L-C Circuits

Consider the R-L-C circuit shown on the RHS 1/j = -j
^ R L
V=V 0o ^
I(t) = I cos (wt - )
Z = R + jwL - j / wC = R + j (wL- 1/wC)
Z  = √ R2 + (wL- 1/wC)2 +
+
C
^
Z = Tan-1 ((wL - 1/(wC))/R) =  V(t) = V cos wt
_
^
I = V 0o / (√ R2 + (wL - 1/wC)2  )
^
= I -
^ ^
^ ^ ^ ^
I = V / √ R2 + (wL - 1/wC)2 Ohm’s Law: I = V / Z
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R=2
R-L-C Circuits ^
I(t) = I cos (wt - )
L = 0.01 H
Solve the R-L-C circuit shown on the RHS

for current phasor
+
+
C = 2 mF
^
V =V 0o = 220 √ 2 0o V(t) = 220 √ 2 cos (wt + 0o)
Z = R + jwL - j / wC = 2 + j(3.14 - 1.59) 

_
 = 0o
= 2 + j 1.55 
Z  = √ R2 + (wL- 1/wC)2 = √ 22 + 1.552 w = 2  f =2 x 3.14 x 50 = 314 radians /sec

= 2.098  XL = j wL = j 0.01 x 314 = j 3.14 
XC = 1 / (jwC) = - j / wC = - j / (314 x 2 x 10-3)
Z = Tan-1
((wL - 1/(wC))/R) = Tan-1 (1.55 / 2) = 
= 17.58 o = - j 1.59 
^
Z = 2.098 17.58o   > 0 (Inductive)
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R=2 L = 0.01 H
Example ^
I(t) = I cos (wt - )
Solve the R-L-C circuit shown on the RHS

for current phasor + C = 2 mF
+
^ V(t) = 220 √ 2 cos (wt + 0o)
I = V 0o / ( √ R2 + (wL - 1/wC)2  )
_
= 220 √2 0o / 2.098 17.58 o  = 0o
^ ^^
= I -
= 148.30 -17.58 o Amp
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^
Example (Continued) V = 220 √2 Volts
Draw the voltage and current phasors and

waveforms
I = 148.30 -17.58 o Amp

V = 220 √2 0o Volts (peak) - 17.58o
I = 148.30 -17.58 o Amp - 17.58 o
R=2 L = 0.01 H
220 √2
148.30
+ I(t) = 148.30 cos (wt – 17.58o) Angle (Radians)
C = 2 mF
+
V(t) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
V(t) = 220 √ 2 cos (wt + 0 o)
_
I(t)
= 0o
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Example
R=3
Problem I(t)
Solve the circuit on the RHS for current waveform by

using the phasor method
+
+
^
Solution V(t) = V cos wt j wL = jX
= 220 x √ 2 cos wt =4
Waveform Representation Phasor Representation _
^ ^
V(t) = V cos wt V = V 0o = 220 x √2 0o Volts
= 220 x √2 cos wt
Z  = √ R2 + X2
=√ 32 + 42 = 5  Z = 5 53.13o 
Z = Tan-1 ( 4 / 3 ) I = 220 x √2 0o 5 53.13o Amp

= 53.13 o
= 62.22 - 53.13o Amp
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Example
^
Problem I = 62.22 - 53.13o Amp
Vs = V 0o
= 220 x √2 0o
Draw the waveforms and phasors for the previous
problem
Waveform Representation Phasor Representation

- 53.13o
^ ^
V(t) = V cos wt V = V 0o = 220 x √2 0o Volts
= 220 x √2 cos wt
- 53.13o
2,0
I(t) = 62.22 cos ( wt - 53.13o) I = 62.22 - 53.13o Amp 1,5
1,0
^ 0,5
Angle (Radians)
I
V(t) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-0,5
I(t) -1,0
-1,5
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Example
A
Calculate the equivalent impedance seen
between the terminals A and B of the
AC circuit given on the RHS (w = 314 rad / sec)
First, let us calculate impedances

C=1 mF
ZC = 1 / ( jwC ) = 1 / ( j314 x 1x 10-3 ) R1 = 1 
R2 = 2 
= - j 3.1847 
ZL = jwL = j 314 x 0.01 = j 3.14 
ZC // R1 = 1 / ( 1/Zc + 1/R1 ) = 1 / (1/-j3.1847 + 1/1) L=0.01 H

= 1 /( 1 + j0.314 ) = 1 / (1.04814 17.43o )
= 0.9540 -17.43o = 0.91019 – j 0.285761 
( ZC // R1 ) + ZL = 0.91019 – j 0.285761 + j 3.14 B

= 0.91019 + j 2.854239 
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Example (Continued)
(Continued)
A
Now, let us calculate: ( Req + j ZLeq ) // R2 A
( Req + j ZLeq ) // R2 = (0.91019 + j 2.854239) // 2

Req= 0.91019 
= 2.9958 72.31o // 2 0o
R2 = 2 
2.9958 x 2 72.31o XLeq = 2.8542 
=
(0.91019 +2) + j 2.854239
B
5.99160 72.31o
= B
4.07685 44.44o
= 1.46966 27.87  a = r cos , b = r sin 1.299 + j 0.6870 
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Maximum Power Transfer Condition in AC Circuits
Question Given Circuit

Calculate the value of the impedance Load Impedance: ZL = RL + j XL
ZL of the load in the AC circuit shown
on the RHS, in order to transfer R1
maximum power from source to load A
+
Vs
X3 X2
R4 B
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Solution
First simplify the AC circuit to its
Thevenin Equivalent Form as shown on
the RHS
Given Circuit Thevenin Equivalent Circuit
R1 Zeq = Req + jXeq A
A
Load Impedance Load Impedance

+ ZL = RL + jXL + ZL = RL + jXL
Vs X2 Veq
X3
R4 B B
Phasors
METU
Solution (Continued) Load Impedance: ZL = RL + jXL
Then the problem reduces to the Zeq = Req + jXeq

determination of the load impedance in A
the simplified circuit shown on the RHS
P = RL I 2 +
I2 = ( Veq. / Ztotal )2 = ( Veq. / ( Zeq.+ ZL ))2
Veq
Hence,
P = RL Veq.2 / ( Zeq.+ ZL )2
= Veq.2 RL / (( Req.+ RL )2 + ( Xeq.+ XL )2 ) Load Impedance
ZL = RL + jXL
B
Phasors
METU
Let us now first maximize P wrt XL by Zeq = Req + jXeq A

differentiating P with respect to XL
dP / dXL = 0
d/dXL Veq.2 RL / (( Req.+ RL )2 + ( Xeq.+ XL )2 ) = 0 +
or Veq
Veq.2 RL ( -2 (Xeq. + XL) / [( Req.+ RL )2 + ( Xeq.+ XL )2 ]2 = 0
or
B
Veq.2 RL ( -2 (Xeq. + XL ) = 0
The above expression becomes zero when;
Xeq. = - XL
Phasors
METU
Hence, power becomes the same as that for the Zeq = Req + jXeq A
DC case;
P = Veq.2 RL / (( Req.+ RL )2 + ( Xeq.+ XL )2 ) +

Veq
=0
P = RL Veq.2 / ( Req.+ RL )2
B
Phasors
METU

Solution (Continued) Thevenin Equivalent Circuit
Zeq = Req + jXeq
Now, we must maximize P wrt RL by A
differentiating P with respect to RL Load Impedance
+ Z L = Zeq*
dP / dRL = 0 Veq
d/dRL Veq.2 RL / ( Req.+ RL )2 = 0
Veq.2 [( Req.+ RL )2 – 2 ( Req.+ RL ) Veq.2 RL ] / d2 = 0 B
where, d = ( Req.+ RL )2
or Conclusions:
Veq.2 [( Req.+ RL )2 – 2 ( Req.+ RL ) RL ] = 0 For maximum power transfer;
(a) XL = - Xeq
( Req.+ RL )2 – 2 ( Req.+ RL ) RL = 0
(b) Load resistance must be equal to the
( Req.+ RL ) – 2 RL = 0 Thevenin Equivalent Resistance of
Req. = RL the simplified circuit; Req. = RL
or
(c) ZL = Zeq
*
Phasors
METU
The Principle of Superposition in AC Circuits

I1
Question
Solve the AC circuit shown on the RHS by IS
using The Principle of Superposition I5 I2
Vs
Solution +
I4 I3
a) Kill all sources, except one, I6
b) Solve the resulting circuit,
c) Restore back the killed source and kill
all sources, except another one,
d) Repeat the solution procedure (a) - (c)
for all sources,
e) Then, sum up algebraically all the
solutions found
Phasors
METU
The Principle of Superposition in AC Circuits
Procedure
I1 SC + Vs
SC I1
IS OC
I5 SC I5
I2 I2
Vs +
I4 I3 I2
I6 I4 I3 I2
I6 I7
SC
I1
I5 OC
I2
Vs +
I4 I3 I2
I6 I7
Phasors
METU
Example 1 - The Principle of Superposition in AC Circuits
Question Solution
Find the current IZ2 flowing in impedance Kill all sources except one and solve the
Z2 in the following circuit by using the resulting circuit
Principle of Superposition
Z1 IZ2-1
I Z2 +
Z1
+ Vs OC Z2
Vs Z2
Is
IZ2-1 = Vs / ( Z1 + Z2 )
This method is particularly useful when there are
sources with different frequencies
Phasors
METU
Example 1 - The Principle of Superposition in AC Circuits
Solution Sum up the resulting currents

Kill all sources except one, sequentially and
solve the resulting circuits I Z2 = IZ2-1 + IZ2-2
Z1 IZ2-2
Is Z2
SC
IZ2-2 = ( IS / Z2 ) / [ ( 1 / Z1 ) + ( 1 / Z2 ) ]
= IS g2 / (g1 + g2 )
Phasors
METU
Example 2 - Sources with Mixed Frequencies
Question Kill all sources except one, sequentially and

solve the resulting circuits
Now, find the steady-state current
waveform flowing in impedance Z2 in the
following circuit by using the Principle of Z1 = 1 – j1 
Superposition IZ2-1
+
OC
Z2 = 2 + j5 
Z1 = 1 – j1  I Z2 Vs= 310 coswt
+
Z2 = 2 + j5 
Vs= 310 coswt Is= 100 A (DC) IZ2-1 = Vs 0o / ( Z1 + Z2 )

= Vs 0o / (1 –j1 +2 + j5)
= Vs 0o / ( 3 + j4 ) = Vs 0o / 5 53.13o
This method is particularly useful when there are
sources with different frequencies = 310 / 5 -53.13o = 62 -53.13o Amp
Phasors
METU
Solution I 2= 0
Kill all the sources except one, sequentially and OC I Z2-2

solve the resulting circuits Z2 = 2 
Z1 = 1 – j1  Is= 100 A (DC)
SC
I Z2-2
Z2 = 2 + j5  I 2 = 100 Amp (DC)
Is= 100 A (DC)
Sum up the resulting currents
I Z2 = IZ2-1 + IZ2-2
Please note that the capacitor and inductor in the
above circuit respond to DC current source as
OC and SC, respectively IZ2 = 62 -53.13o + 100 Amp (DC)
Phasors
METU
Waveforms IZ2 = 62 -53.13o + 100 Amp (DC)
Let us now draw the resulting current and ^

I = 62 Amp Vs1(t) = 310 cos wt
voltage waveforms
Z1 = 1 – j1  I DC = 100 Amp
I Z2
+
Z2 = 2 + j5 
Vs= 310 coswt Is= 100 A (DC)

0 /2  3/2 2
Angle (Radians)
Phasors
METU
Any questions please ...

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Phasors

A vector is a magnitude directed in a

The above representation is known as

• Real component (an ordinary number), r

The above representation is known as Real component

Polar Representation of Complex Number

“Polar representation” of a vector

Conversion from Rectangular Representation to Polar Representation

Rule Graphical Representation

Conversion from Polar Representation to Rectangular Representation

Rule Graphical Representation

Polar and Rectangular Representations - Summary

Addition of two Complex Numbers

Suppose that two phasors are to be added

• First express the phasors in rectangular coordinates,

atot + j btot r =  a2 + b2 ,  =Tan-1( b/a ) rtot tot

Subtraction of two Complex Numbers

Suppose that two phasors are to be subtracted

• First express the phasors in polar coordinates,

Multiplication of two Complex Numbers

( a1 + j b1 ) x ( a2 + jb2 ) = aresult + j bresult

• First express the phasors in polar coordinates,

Rectangular Representation r =  a + b ,  =Tan (b/a)

r1 r2  1 +  2 a = r cos , b = r sin aresult + j bresult

Division of two Complex Numbers

( a1 + j b1 ) / ( a2 + jb2 ) = aresult + j bresult

• First express the phasors in polar coordinates,

Rectangular Representation r =  a + b ,  =Tan (b/a)

Definition 2 x 1 90o + 60o = 2 150o

Multiplication of a complex number by j

j=1 90o j = 1 90o

2 60o x j = 2 60o x 1 90o

1 Radian = 360 o / ( 2 ) = 57.29 o

Euler’s Identity Graphical Representation

Initial phase angle = 

Then the horizontal component becomes;

Angle swept during t = t1 wt1

Waveform Representation of Resistive Circuits

Phasor Representation of Resistive Circuits

Waveform Representation of Inductive Circuits

Phasor Representation of Inductive Circuits

Waveform Representation of Capacitive Circuits

Phasor Representation of Capacitive Circuits

Phasor Representation of AC Circuits

Consider the following R-L circuit Z

Phasor Representation of AC Circuits

Consider the R-C circuit shown below

Z = Tan-1 (1 / (wCR)) =  < 0 Z = √ R2 + (1/wC)2 

Phasor Representation of AC Circuit Elements

Z = Tan-1 (0 / R) = 0 Z = Tan-1 ( wL / R ) Z = Tan-1 ( (1/wC) / R )

Z =R 0o Z = √ R2 + (wL)2 Tan-1 ( wL / R ) Z =√ R2 + (1/wC)2 -Tan-1((1/wC)/R )

Phasor Representation of R-L-C Circuits

Phasor Representation of R-L-C Circuits

Phasor Representation of R-L-C Circuits

Solve the R-L-C circuit shown on the RHS

Z = R + jwL - j / wC = 2 + j(3.14 - 1.59) 

Z  = √ R2 + (wL- 1/wC)2 = √ 22 + 1.552 w = 2  f =2 x 3.14 x 50 = 314 radians /sec

Phasor Representation of R-L-C Circuits

Solve the R-L-C circuit shown on the RHS

Phasor Representation of R-L-C Circuits

Draw the voltage and current phasors and

I = 148.30 -17.58 o Amp

I = 148.30 -17.58 o Amp - 17.58 o

Solve the circuit on the RHS for current waveform by