University of Basrah for Gas and Oil

College of Oil and Gas Engineering

Department of
Chemical and Petroleum Refining Engineering

Process Dynamic and Control II

Second Semester (Fourth Year)

Dr. Seaar Al-Dabooni

 Syllabus
Test Book is:
“Process Systems Analysis and Control”
by Donald R Coughanour
Third Edition

Point Distribution:
30% mid-term exam
10% Lab
5% Queues
5% Attendance + Participate
50% final exam
 Agenda
• Control System (Air Control Valve)
• Proportional-Integral-Differential (PID) Controller
• Optimum PID Controller by Ziegler-Nichols method
• Stability
• Routh’s Method
• Frequency response (Bode and Nyquist Diagram)
• Measuring Devices of (Temperature, Pressure, Concentration and Fluid Flow)
 Final Control Elements and Controllers
1-1 Mechanisms (Air Control Valve)
• The control valve contains a pneumatic device (valve motor) that moves the valve stem as
the pressure on a spring-loaded diaphragm changes. The stem positions a plug in the
orifice of the valve body. In the air-to-close valve, as the air pressure increases, the plug
moves downward and restricts the flow of fluid through the valve. In the air-to-open
valve, the valve opens and allows greater flow as the valve-top air pressure increases.

• Most commercial valves move from fully

open to fully closed as the valve-top
pressure changes from 3 to 15 psig
• The choice between air-to-open and air-to-
close is usually made based on safety
considerations e.g. an exothermic reactor's feed valves
should fail closed (air to open) and its coolant system valves
fail open (air to close)).
Pneumatic control valves
 Final Control Elements and Controllers
Control System (Heat Exchanger)
• Transducer (temperature-to-current)
• Computer/ Controller (current-to-current)
• Converter (current-to-pressure)
• Control valve (pressure-to-flow rate)

Schematic diagram of control system.

Final Control Elements and Controllers
Control System (P&ID)

Piping and instrumentation diagram (P&ID) for control system