VARIATION OF VERTICAL STRESS BELOW THE GROUND DUE TO

VARIOUS SIZE & SHAPE OF FOOTING.

A PROJECT REPORT
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE
OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
BY

DHRUV (2K15/CECE/12)
GAURAV KAUSHIK (2K15/CECE/13)
MD SHADAB AHMAD (2K15/CECE/23)
MOHIT KUMAR YADAV (2K15/CECE/25)
PARAKH GUPTA (2K15/CECE/28)
VIPIN SAINI (2K15/CECE/44)

Under the Supervision of

Dr. Anil Kumar Sahu

Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Delhi Technological University

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
(Formerly Delhi College of Engineering)
Bawana Road, Delhi -110042
 December 2018
DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
(Formerly Delhi College of Engineering)
Bawana Road, Delhi -110042

CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

We, (Dhruv, Gaurav Kaushik, Md Shadab Ahmad, Mohit Kumar Yadav, Parakh
Gupta, Vipin Saini) Roll No. 2K15/CECE/12 , 2K15/CECE/13, 2K15/CECE/23,
2K15/CECE/25, 2K15/CECE/28, 2K15/CECE/44 students of B.Tech ( Civil
Engineering), hereby declare that the project Dissertation title “VARIATION OF
VERTICAL STRESS BELOW THE GROUND DUE TO VARIOUS SIZE &
SHAPE OF FOOTING.” which is submitted by us to the Department of Civil
Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Delhi in partial fulfilment of the
requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology, is original and not
copied from any source without proper citation. This work has not previously formed
the basis for the award of any Degree, Diploma Associateship, Fellowship or other
similar title or recognition.

Place: Delhi
Date: 27 May, 2019

Dhruv

Gaurav Kaushik

Md Shadab Ahmad

Mohit Kumar Yadav

Parakh Gupta
 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
(Formerly Delhi College of Engineering)
Bawana Road, Delhi -110042

CERTIFICATE

I hereby certify that the Project Dissertation titled “VARIATION OF VERTICAL

STRESS BELOW THE GROUND DUE TO VARIOUS SIZE & SHAPE OF
FOOTING” which is submitted by (Dhruv, Gaurav Kaushik, Md Shadab Ahmad,
Mohit Kumar Yadav, Parakh Gupta, Vipin Saini) Roll No. 2K15/CECE/12 ,
2K15/CECE/13, 2K15/CECE/23, 2K15/CECE/25, 2K15/CECE/28, 2K15/CECE/44
of Civil Engineering Department), Delhi Technological University, Delhi in partial
fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology,
is a record of the project work carried out by the students under my supervision. To
the best of my knowledge this work has not been submitted in part or full for any
Degree or Diploma to this University or elsewhere.

Place: Delhi Dr. Anil Kumar Sahu

Date: 27 May, 2019
 ABSTRACT

BLANK

.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Dhruv (2K15/CECE/12)

Gaurav Kaushik (2K15/CECE/13)

Md Shadab Ahmad (2K15/CECE/23)

Mohit Kumar Yadav (2K15/CECE/25)

Parakh Gupta (2K15/CECE/28)

Vipin Saini (2K15/CECE/44)

 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction: -
According to the Civil Engineering, the soil means all the naturally occurring, relatively
unconsolidated organic or inorganic earth materials lie above the earth surface. The rocks are an
agglomeration of mineral particles bonded together by strong molecular force. However, many
hard soils can be termed as soft rock and vice versa. Rocks can be bed rocks or fragments of
gravels, pebbles within the soil. The soil mechanics is the branch of Civil Engineering that uses
the principles of mechanics, hydraulics and to some extent chemistry to solve the engineering
problems related to soil.

Stress in Soil Due to: -

a) Self-weight of soil
b) Structural loads, applied at or below the surface
The estimation of vertical stresses at any point in a soil mass due to external loading is essential
to the prediction of settlements of buildings, bridges and pressure.

The stresses induced in a soil due to applied loads depend upon its Stress – Strain characteristics.
The stress strain behaviour of soils is extremely complex and it depend upon a large number of
factors, such as drainage conditions, water content, void ratio, rate of loading, the load level, and
the stress path. However, simplifying assumptions are generally made in the analysis of soil
 behaviour to obtain stresses. It is generally assumed that the soil mass is homogeneous and
isotropic. The stress strain relationship is assumed to be linear. The theory of elasticity is used to
determine the stresses in the soil mass. Though it involves considerable simplification of real soil
behaviour and the stresses computed are approximate, the results are good enough for soil
problems usually encountered in the practice.

1.2 Objectives of the Study

 To construct economical buildings (cost comparison) by replacing clay bricks by AAC blocks.

 To make productive use of recycled industrial waste (fly ash).

 To cast standard ACC blocks in the laboratory and conduct various tests to check the strength

and capacity of blocks.

 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 History of Soil: -

2.2 Stress in Soil: -

Stresses at a point in a soil layer are caused by: -

1. Self-weight of the soil layers (Geostatic Stresses)

2. Added load (Such as buildings, bridges, dams, etc.)

Stresses at a point in a soil mass are divided into two main types: -

1. Geostatic Stresses (Due to the self-weight of the soil mass).

2. Excess Stress (From Structures)
Geostatic stresses: -

1. Vertical Stress
2. Horizontal Stress or Lateral Stress

Vertical Stress: - Vertical geostatic stresses increase with depth,

There are 3 types of geostatic stresses: -

1. Total Stress, σtotal

2. Effective Stress, σ'

3. Pore Water Pressure, u
Total Stress = Effective stress + Pore Water Pressure

σtotal = σ' + u

Horizontal Stress or Lateral Stress: -

σh = Ko σ'v

Ko = Lateral Earth Pressure Coefficient

For normally consolidated soils: K = 1 Sinφ

For over consolidated soils: Ko = (1‐ Sinφ’)(OCR)Sinφ

Stress Distribution in Soil Mass: -

When applying a Load on a half space medium the excess stresses in the soil will decrease with
depth.

Like in the geostatic stresses, there are vertical and lateral excess stresses.
2.2 Vertical Stress in Soil: - Two Dimensional Problem

Vertical Stress in Soil Due to Point Load: -

Boussinesq’s solution for stress and displacement due to a point load is based on the following
assumption.

1. The load acts as a vertical concentrated load.

2. The Elastic medium has properties of Young’s modulus E and Poisson’s ration 𝜇.
3. Load acts on the surface of semi-infinite body.
4. The medium is Linearly elastic, homogeneous and isotropic.
The equation for the vertical stress at a point as shown in fig- is
𝑄
𝜎𝑧 = 𝐼𝐵
𝑧2
Where
3
𝐼𝐵 = 5⁄2 , a dimensionless factor
𝑟 2
2 𝜋 [1+( ) ]
𝑧

Value of K are given in table 2.1

r/z K r/z K
0.00 0.478 0.60 0.221
0.10 0.466 0.70 0.176
0.20 0.433 0.80 0.139
0.30 0.385 0.90 0.108
0.40 0.329 1.00 0.084
0.50 0.277 2.00 0.009
Table 2.1 Value of K
Vertical Line load on the Surface: -

Figure 3.1 shows the case where a line load of q per unit length is applied at the surface of a
homogeneous, elastic, and isotropic soil mass. The stresses at a point P defined by r and Ѳ can be
determined by using the stress function

Figure 3.1 Vertical line load on the surface of a semi-infinite mass.

In the polar coordinate system, the expressions for the stresses are as follows: -

Substituting the values of in the above equations, we get

The stress function assumed in Eq. (3.1) will satisfy the compatibility equation
Vertical Line load inside a semi-infinite mass: -

Equations (3.5)– (3.7) were also developed on the basis of the assumption that the line load is applied
on the surface of a semi-infinite mass. However, in some cases, the line load may be embedded.
Melan (1932) gave the solution of stresses at a point P due to a vertical line load of q per unit length
applied inside a semi-infinite mass (at point A, Figure 3.5). The final equations are given below.

𝑞 1 (𝑧 − 𝑑)3 (𝑧 + 𝑑)[(𝑧 + 𝑑)2 + 2𝑑𝑧] 8𝑑𝑧(𝑑 + 𝑧)𝑥 2

𝜎𝑧 = ( { + − }
𝜋 2(1 − 𝑣) 𝑟14 𝑟24 𝑟26
1 − 2𝑣 𝑧 − 𝑑 3𝑥 + 𝑑 4𝑧𝑥 2
+ ( + − 4 ))
4(1 − 𝑣) 𝑟12 𝑟24 𝑟2

𝑞 1 (𝑧 − 𝑑)𝑥 2 (𝑧 + 𝑑)(𝑥 2 + 2𝑑 2 ) − 2𝑑𝑥 2 8𝑑𝑧(𝑑 + 𝑧)𝑥 2

𝜎𝑥 = ( { + + }
𝜋 2(1 − 𝑣) 𝑟14 𝑟24 𝑟26
1 − 2𝑣 𝑧 − 𝑑 3𝑥 + 𝑑 4𝑧𝑥 2
+ ( + − 4 ))
4(1 − 𝑣) 𝑟12 𝑟22 𝑟2

𝑞𝑥 1 (𝑧 − 𝑑)2 𝑧 2 − 2𝑑𝑧 − 𝑑 2 8𝑑𝑧(𝑑 + 𝑧)2

𝜏𝑥𝑧 = ( { + + }
𝜋 2(1 − 𝑣) 𝑟14 𝑟24 𝑟26
1 − 2𝑣 1 1 4𝑧(𝑑 + 𝑥)
+ ( 2− 2+ ))
4(1 − 𝑣) 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑟24

Fig- Vertical Line Load inside a semi-infinite mass.

 Fig- Plot of 𝜎𝑧/(𝑞) versus x/d for various value of z/d
𝑑

Strip Loading: -

The state of stress encountered in this case also is that of a plane strain condition. Such conditions
are found for structures extended very much in one direction, such as strip and wall foundations,
foundations of retaining walls, embankments, dams and the like. For such structures the distribution
of stresses in any section (except for the end portions of 2 to 3 times the widths of the structures from
its end) will be the same as in the neighbouring sections, provided that the load does not change in
directions perpendicular to the plane considered.
Fig. A, shows a load q per unit area acting on a strip of infinite length and of constant width B. The
vertical stress at any arbitrary point P due to a line load of q𝑑𝑥 acting at x = 𝑥 can be written from
Equation as
Applying the principle of superposition, the total stress 𝜎z at point P due to a strip load distributed
over a width B(= 2b) may be written as

The non-dimensional values of cjjq are given graphically in Fig A. & Eq. can be expressed in a more
convenient form as

Fig- Strip Loading

where β and δ are the angles as shown in above Fig. Equation is very convenient for computing 𝜎Z,
since the angles β and δ can be obtained graphically for any point P. The principal stresses 𝜎1 and
𝜎3 at any point P may be obtained from the equations.
𝜎1 = 𝑞/𝜋(β+sin β)
𝜎3 = 𝑞/𝜋(β-sin β)
2.3 Vertical Stress in Soil: - Three Dimensional Problem

Stresses due to a vertical point load on the surface: -

Boussinesq (1883) solved the problem for stresses inside a semi-infinite mass due to a point load
acting on the surface. In rectangular coordinates, the stresses may be expressed as follows (Figure
3.18): -

3𝑄𝑧 2
𝜎𝑧 =
2𝜋𝑅5

Fig- Concentrated point load on the surface (rectangular coordinates).

Where
Q= Point Load

𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑅 = √𝑧 2 + 𝑟 2
𝜗 = Poission Ration

Horizontal point load on the surface: -

Figure 3.20 shows a horizontal point load Q acting on the surface of a semi-infinite mass. This is
generally referred to as Cerutti’s problem. The stresses at a point P(x,y,z) are as follows: -

3𝑄𝑥𝑧 2
𝜎𝑧 =
2𝜋𝑅5

𝑄𝑥 3𝑥 2 (1 − 2𝑣)𝑅2 𝑥 2 (3𝑅 + 𝑧)
𝜎𝑥 = { − (1 − 2𝑣) + [3 − 2 ]}
2𝜋𝑅 3 𝑅2 (𝑅 + 𝑧)2 𝑅 (𝑅 + 𝑧)

𝑄𝑥 3𝑦 2 (1 − 2𝑣)𝑅2 𝑦 2 (3𝑅 + 𝑧)
𝜎𝑦 = { − (1 − 2𝑣) + [3 − 2 ]}
2𝜋𝑅 3 𝑅2 (𝑅 + 𝑧)2 𝑅 (𝑅 + 𝑧)

𝑄𝑦 3𝑥 2 (1 − 2𝑣)𝑅2 𝑥 2 (3𝑅 + 𝑧)
𝜏𝑥𝑦 = { + [1 − 2 ]}
2𝜋𝑅3 𝑅2 (𝑅 + 𝑧)2 𝑅 (𝑅 + 𝑧)

3𝑄𝑥 2 𝑧
𝜏𝑥𝑧 =
2𝜋𝑅5

3𝑄𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝜏𝑦𝑧 =
2𝜋𝑅5

Fig- Horizontal Point load on the surface

CHAPTER 3 Excel Calculation
 Vertical Stress in Soil
Vertical Stress caused by a Point load
Vertical stress at point A can be determined by equation:

P
𝑄
𝜎𝑧 = 𝐼𝐵 2
𝑧

3 R
𝐼𝐵 = 5 Τ2 𝑍
𝑟 2
2 𝜋 1+
𝑧 r A
B
Stress Diagram below a load at any point

Stress variation vertical below a load

r= 0

Then 3
𝐼𝐵 =
2𝜋
Stress Variation below load at various depth
P (KN) Depth Z (m) r (m) 𝐼𝐵 𝜎𝑧 𝜎𝑧
50 -0.10 0 0.477 2387.324 0.00
50 -0.20 0 0.477 596.831 0.0 1000.0 2000.0 3000.0
50 -0.30 0 0.477 265.258
50 -0.40 0 0.477 149.208
-0.50
50 -0.50 0 0.477 95.493
50 -0.60 0 0.477 66.315
50 -0.70 0 0.477 48.721
50 -0.80 0 0.477 37.302 -1.00
Depth (m)

50 -0.90 0 0.477 29.473

50 -1.00 0 0.477 23.873
50 -1.10 0 0.477 19.730
-1.50
50 -1.20 0 0.477 16.579
50 -1.30 0 0.477 14.126
50 -1.40 0 0.477 12.180
50 -1.50 0 0.477 10.610 -2.00
50 -1.60 0 0.477 9.325
50 -1.70 0 0.477 8.261
50 -1.80 0 0.477 7.368 -2.50
50 -1.90 0 0.477 6.613
50 -2.00 0 0.477 5.968
Stress Variation
 Vertical Stress in Soil
Vertical Stress caused by a Point load

Vertical stress at point A can be determined by equation:

𝑄
𝜎𝑧 = 𝐼𝐵
𝑧2

3
𝐼𝐵 = 5 Τ2 P
𝑟 2
2 𝜋 1+
𝑧

R
𝑍
r A
B
Stress Diagram below a load at any point

Stress variation bellow Point load at a horizantal distance r

Stress Variation below load at various depth

P (KN) Depth Z (m) r (m) r/Z 𝐼𝐵 𝜎𝑧 −𝜎𝑧
50 -0.10 1 10.0 4.66E-06 0.0232867 -0.0232867
50 -0.20 1 5.0 0.000139 0.173148219 -0.173148219
50 -0.30 1 3.3 0.000935 0.519647581 -0.519647581
50 -0.40 1 2.5 0.003374 1.054256753 -1.054256753
50 -0.50 1 2.0 0.008541 1.708230104 -1.708230104
50 -0.60 1 1.7 0.017213 2.390660307 -2.390660307
50 -0.70 1 1.4 0.029612 3.021619953 -3.021619953
50 -0.80 1 1.3 0.045424 3.548719979 -3.548719979
50 -0.90 1 1.1 0.063967 3.948594005 -3.948594005
50 -1.00 1 1.0 0.084405 4.220232732 -4.220232732
50 -1.10 1 0.9 0.105907 4.376316891 -4.376316891
50 -1.20 1 0.8 0.127754 4.435887905 -4.435887905
50 -1.30 1 0.8 0.149375 4.419373911 -4.419373911
50 -1.40 1 0.7 0.170354 4.345764822 -4.345764822
50 -1.50 1 0.7 0.19041 4.231328717 -4.231328717
50 -1.60 1 0.6 0.209371 4.089275248 -4.089275248
50 -1.70 1 0.6 0.22715 3.929923998 -3.929923998
50 -1.80 1 0.6 0.243719 3.761094665 -3.761094665
P (KN) Depth Z (m) r (m) r/Z 𝐼𝐵 𝜎𝑧 −𝜎𝑧
50 -1.90 1 0.5 0.259094 3.588557258 -3.588557258
50 -2.00 1 0.5 0.273317 3.416460208 -3.416460208
50 -2.10 1 0.5 0.286447 3.247701547 -3.247701547
50 -2.20 1 0.5 0.298554 3.084233964 -3.084233964
50 -2.30 1 0.4 0.309709 2.927307094 -2.927307094
50 -2.40 1 0.4 0.319986 2.777655467 -2.777655467
50 -2.50 1 0.4 0.329455 2.635641883 -2.635641883
50 -2.60 1 0.4 0.338185 2.501365361 -2.501365361
50 -2.70 1 0.4 0.346237 2.374741582 -2.374741582
50 -2.80 1 0.4 0.353672 2.255562275 -2.255562275
50 -2.90 1 0.3 0.360543 2.143538685 -2.143538685
50 -3.00 1 0.3 0.3669 2.03833309 -2.03833309
50 -3.10 1 0.3 0.372788 1.939581408 -1.939581408
50 -3.20 1 0.3 0.378247 1.846909212 -1.846909212
50 -3.30 1 0.3 0.383316 1.759942884 -1.759942884
50 -3.40 1 0.3 0.388027 1.678317192 -1.678317192

0.00
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

-0.50

-1.00

-1.50

-2.00

-2.50

-3.00

-3.50

-4.00
Stress Variation
 Vertical Stress in Soil
Vertical Stress caused by a strip load

Vertical stress at point A can be determined by equation:

𝑞𝑜
𝜎𝑧 = [α + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 cos(𝛼 + 2𝛽)
𝜋
B
q
x

𝑍 𝛽
α
𝜑
A

P B (m) X Z 𝜑 α 𝜎𝑧 −𝜎𝑧
50 5.0 5.0 -0.1 0.013 0.027 1.531 0.001 -0.001
50 5.0 5.0 -0.5 0.067 0.131 1.373 0.078 -0.078
50 5.0 5.0 -1.0 0.133 0.248 1.190 0.543 -0.543
50 5.0 5.0 -1.5 0.197 0.343 1.030 1.499 -1.499
50 5.0 5.0 -2.0 0.261 0.414 0.896 2.790 -2.790
50 5.0 5.0 -2.5 0.322 0.464 0.785 4.196 -4.196
50 5.0 5.0 -3.0 0.381 0.496 0.695 5.548 -5.548
50 5.0 5.0 -3.5 0.437 0.514 0.620 6.751 -6.751
50 5.0 5.0 -4.0 0.490 0.522 0.559 7.767 -7.767
50 5.0 5.0 -4.5 0.540 0.523 0.507 8.593 -8.593
50 5.0 5.0 -5.0 0.588 0.519 0.464 9.242 -9.242
50 5.0 5.0 -5.5 0.633 0.511 0.427 9.734 -9.734
50 5.0 5.0 -6.0 0.675 0.501 0.395 10.091 -10.091
50 5.0 5.0 -6.5 0.714 0.490 0.367 10.336 -10.336
50 5.0 5.0 -7.0 0.751 0.477 0.343 10.487 -10.487
50 5.0 5.0 -7.5 0.785 0.464 0.322 10.562 -10.562
50 5.0 5.0 -8.0 0.818 0.450 0.303 10.576 -10.576
50 5.0 5.0 -8.5 0.848 0.437 0.286 10.541 -10.541
50 5.0 5.0 -9.0 0.876 0.424 0.271 10.468 -10.468
50 5.0 5.0 -9.5 0.903 0.411 0.257 10.364 -10.364
50 5.0 5.0 -10.0 0.927 0.399 0.245 10.237 -10.237
50 5.0 5.0 -10.5 0.951 0.387 0.234 10.093 -10.093
50 5.0 5.0 -11.0 0.972 0.375 0.223 9.936 -9.936
50 5.0 5.0 -11.5 0.993 0.364 0.214 9.769 -9.769
50 5.0 5.0 -12.0 1.012 0.353 0.205 9.597 -9.597
50 5.0 5.0 -12.5 1.030 0.343 0.197 9.420 -9.420
P B (m) X Z 𝜑 α 𝜎𝑧 −𝜎𝑧
50 5.0 5.0 -13.0 1.048 0.333 0.190 9.242 -9.242
50 5.0 5.0 -13.5 1.064 0.324 0.183 9.063 -9.063
50 5.0 5.0 -14.0 1.079 0.315 0.177 8.886 -8.886
50 5.0 5.0 -14.5 1.093 0.307 0.171 8.710 -8.710
50 5.0 5.0 -15.0 1.107 0.298 0.165 8.536 -8.536
50 5.0 5.0 -15.5 1.120 0.291 0.160 8.366 -8.366
50 5.0 5.0 -16.0 1.132 0.283 0.155 8.198 -8.198
50 5.0 5.0 -16.5 1.144 0.276 0.150 8.035 -8.035
50 5.0 5.0 -17.0 1.155 0.269 0.146 7.875 -7.875
50 5.0 5.0 -17.5 1.166 0.263 0.142 7.720 -7.720
50 5.0 5.0 -18.0 1.176 0.257 0.138 7.569 -7.569
50 5.0 5.0 -18.5 1.186 0.251 0.134 7.421 -7.421
50 5.0 5.0 -19.0 1.195 0.245 0.131 7.278 -7.278
50 5.0 5.0 -19.5 1.204 0.240 0.128 7.139 -7.139
50 5.0 5.0 -20.0 1.212 0.234 0.124 7.005 -7.005
50 5.0 5.0 -20.5 1.220 0.229 0.121 6.874 -6.874
50 5.0 5.0 -21.0 1.228 0.225 0.118 6.746 -6.746
50 5.0 5.0 -21.5 1.235 0.220 0.116 6.623 -6.623
50 5.0 5.0 -22.0 1.242 0.215 0.113 6.504 -6.504
50 5.0 5.0 -22.5 1.249 0.211 0.111 6.387 -6.387

0.0
-15.0 -10.0 -5.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0

-5.0

-10.0

-15.0

-20.0

-25.0
 Vertical Stress due to two line load
Vertical Stress due to two line load

For the point A shown in fig below, Calculate the increase of vertical stress
due to two line load

4m
𝑞2=30KN/m 𝑞1=20KN/m

2𝑚

A
2𝑚

𝑞 𝑞
Value of 𝜎𝑧 /( ), 𝜎𝑥 /( ), 𝜏𝑥𝑧 /(𝑞 ) are taken from Equation
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧

Table 3.1
𝑞 𝑞 𝑞
Sl no X/Z 𝜎𝑧 /( ) 𝜎𝑥 /( ) 𝜏𝑥𝑧 /( )
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
1 0.000 0.637 0.000 0.000
2 0.100 0.624 0.006 0.062
3 0.200 0.598 0.024 0.118
4 0.300 0.536 0.048 0.161
5 0.400 0.473 0.076 0.189
6 0.500 0.407 0.102 0.204
7 0.600 0.344 0.124 0.207
8 0.700 0.287 0.141 0.201
9 0.800 0.237 0.151 0.189
10 0.900 0.194 0.157 0.175
11 1.000 0.159 0.159 0.159
12 1.500 0.060 0.136 0.090
13 2.000 0.025 0.102 0.051
14 3.000 0.006 0.057 0.019

Solution :-
The increase of vertical stress at A due to line load q1 = 20kN/m is
 2.0 m
X/Z = = 1.0
2.0 m

From Table 3.1 for x/z =1 &

𝑞
𝜎𝑧 /( ) = 0.159
𝑧
So,
2𝑞𝑧 3
𝜎𝑧1 = = 1.592 kN/m2
𝜋(𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 )2

The increase of vertical stress at A due to line load q1 = 30kN/m is

6.0 m
X/Z = = 3.0
2.0 m

From Table 3.1 for x/z =3 &

𝑞
𝜎𝑧 /( ) = 0.006
𝑧
So,
2𝑞𝑧 3
𝜎𝑧2 = = 0.096 kN/m2
𝜋(𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 )2

So, the total increase of vertical stress is

𝜎𝑧 = 𝜎𝑧1 + 𝜎𝑧2
= 1.592 + 0.096
= 1.688
 Horizontal Point Load on the Surface

3𝑄𝑥𝑧 2
𝜎𝑧 =
2𝜋𝑅5

𝑄𝑥 3𝑥 2 1 − 2𝑣 𝑅2 𝑥 2 3𝑅 + 𝑧
𝜎𝑥 = − 1 − 2𝑣 + 3− 2
2𝜋𝑅3 𝑅2 𝑅+𝑧 2 𝑅 𝑅+𝑧

𝑄𝑥 3𝑦 2 1 − 2𝑣 𝑅2 𝑦 2 3𝑅 + 𝑧
𝜎𝑦 = − 1 − 2𝑣 + 3− 2
2𝜋𝑅 3 𝑅2 𝑅+𝑧 2 𝑅 𝑅+𝑧

𝑄𝑦 3𝑥 2 1 − 2𝑣 𝑅2 𝑥 2 3𝑅 + 𝑧
𝜏𝑥𝑦 = + 1− 2
2𝜋𝑅3 𝑅2 𝑅+𝑧 2 𝑅 𝑅+𝑧

3𝑄𝑥 2 𝑧
𝜏𝑥𝑧 =
2𝜋𝑅5
3𝑄𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝜏𝑦𝑧 =
2𝜋𝑅5

Q x

𝑦
𝑥
𝑅
Y
P (x,y,z)

Z
Q x y z v R 𝜎𝑧 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥
5 0 0 0 0 0 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
5 1 1 0.1 0.25 1.4177 0.0042 0.4688 0.4688
10 2 2 0.2 0.25 2.8355 0.0021 0.2344 0.2344
15 3 3 0.3 0.25 4.2532 0.0014 0.1563 0.1563
20 4 4 0.4 0.25 5.6710 0.0010 0.1172 0.1172
25 5 5 0.5 0.25 7.0887 0.0008 0.0938 0.0938
30 6 6 0.6 0.25 8.5065 0.0007 0.0781 0.0781
35 7 7 0.7 0.25 9.9242 0.0006 0.0670 0.0670
40 8 8 0.8 0.25 11.3420 0.0005 0.0586 0.0586
45 9 9 0.9 0.25 12.7597 0.0005 0.0521 0.0521
50 10 10 1 0.25 14.1774 0.0004 0.0469 0.0469
 VERTICAL LINE LOAD INSIDE A SEMI-INFINITE MASS

𝑞 1 (𝑧 − 𝑑)3 𝑧+𝑑 𝑧+𝑑 2

+ 2𝑑𝑧 8𝑑𝑧(𝑑 + 𝑧)𝑥 2 1 − 2𝑣 𝑧 − 𝑑 3𝑥 + 𝑑 4𝑧𝑥 2
𝜎𝑧 = 4 + − + + − 4
𝜋 2(1 − 𝑣) 𝑟1 𝑟24 𝑟26 4(1 − 𝑣) 𝑟12 𝑟24 𝑟2

𝑞 1 𝑧 − 𝑑 𝑥2 𝑧 + 𝑑 𝑥 2 + 2𝑑2 − 2𝑑𝑥 2 8𝑑𝑧(𝑑 + 𝑧)𝑥 2 1 − 2𝑣 𝑧 − 𝑑 3𝑥 + 𝑑 4𝑧𝑥 2

𝜎𝑥 = + + + + − 4
𝜋 2(1 − 𝑣) 𝑟14 𝑟24 𝑟26 4(1 − 𝑣) 𝑟12 𝑟22 𝑟2

2
𝑞𝑥 1 𝑧−𝑑 𝑧 2 − 2𝑑𝑧 − 𝑑2 8𝑑𝑧 𝑑 + 𝑧 2
1 − 2𝑣 1 1 4𝑧(𝑑 + 𝑥)
𝜏𝑥𝑧 = + + + − 2+
𝜋 2(1 − 𝑣) 𝑟14 𝑟24 𝑟26 2
4(1 − 𝑣) 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑟24

d
x
𝒓𝟐
d q/ unit 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉
𝐴

𝒓𝟏

P (x,z)

Q x z d r1 r2 𝑣 𝜎𝑧 𝜎𝑥 𝜏𝑥𝑧
10 0.00 2.00 1.333 0.667 3.334 0.350 5.324 -0.117 0.000
10 0.25 2.50 1.667 0.871 4.175 0.350 3.735 0.168 -1.121
10 0.50 3.00 2.000 1.119 5.025 0.350 2.561 0.393 0.188
10 0.75 3.50 2.333 1.387 5.882 0.350 1.863 0.469 1.424
10 1.00 4.00 2.667 1.667 6.742 0.350 1.432 0.475 2.401
10 1.25 4.50 3.000 1.953 7.604 0.350 1.152 0.455 3.213
10 1.50 5.00 3.333 2.243 8.468 0.350 0.959 0.428 3.933
10 1.75 5.50 3.667 2.535 9.333 0.350 0.819 0.399 4.602
10 2.00 6.00 4.000 2.829 10.199 0.350 0.713 0.372 5.243
10 3.25 6.85 4.567 3.972 11.871 0.350 0.411 0.331 8.327
10 4.50 7.70 5.133 5.181 13.600 0.350 0.278 0.278 11.354
10 5.75 8.55 5.700 6.418 15.367 0.350 0.205 0.237 14.377
10 7.00 9.40 6.267 7.670 17.160 0.350 0.160 0.206 17.405
10 8.25 10.25 6.833 8.930 18.972 0.350 0.129 0.182 20.438

Q x z d r1 r2 𝑣 𝜎𝑧 𝜎𝑥 𝜏𝑥𝑧
10 0.00 2.00 1.000 1.000 3.000 0.350 4.026 0.018 0.000
10 1.00 3.00 1.500 1.803 4.610 0.350 1.622 0.477 2.307
10 2.00 5.00 2.500 3.202 7.763 0.350 0.824 0.331 5.234
10 3.00 6.00 3.000 4.243 9.487 0.350 0.535 0.310 7.734
10 4.00 7.00 3.500 5.316 11.237 0.350 0.384 0.276 10.169
10 5.00 8.00 4.000 6.404 13.000 0.350 0.294 0.244 12.587
10 6.00 9.00 4.500 7.500 14.774 0.350 0.236 0.217 15.005
10 7.00 10.00 5.000 8.603 16.553 0.350 0.195 0.195 17.425
10 8.00 11.00 5.500 9.709 18.338 0.350 0.166 0.177 19.848
10 9.00 12.00 6.000 10.817 20.125 0.350 0.144 0.162 22.275
10 10.00 13.00 6.500 11.927 21.915 0.350 0.126 0.149 24.705
Q x z d r1 r2 𝑣 𝜎𝑧 𝜎𝑥 𝜏𝑥𝑧
10 4.00 2.00 2.000 4.000 5.657 0.350 0.033 0.367 10.179
10 3.75 4.75 4.750 3.750 10.214 0.350 0.229 0.224 9.498
10 3.50 7.50 7.500 3.500 15.403 0.350 0.203 0.137 8.850
10 3.25 10.25 10.250 3.250 20.757 0.350 0.164 0.098 8.251
10 3.00 13.00 13.000 3.000 26.173 0.350 0.135 0.077 7.668
10 2.75 15.75 15.750 2.750 31.620 0.350 0.114 0.063 7.093
10 2.50 18.50 18.500 2.500 37.085 0.350 0.098 0.053 6.526
10 2.25 21.25 21.250 2.250 42.560 0.350 0.086 0.046 5.967
10 2.00 24.00 24.000 2.000 48.042 0.350 0.076 0.041 5.421
10 1.75 26.75 26.750 1.750 53.529 0.350 0.068 0.037 4.892
10 1.50 29.50 29.500 1.500 59.020 0.350 0.062 0.033 4.390
10 1.25 32.25 32.250 1.250 64.513 0.350 0.057 0.030 3.930

Q x z d r1 r2 𝑣 𝜎𝑧 𝜎𝑥 𝜏𝑥𝑧
10 0.00 2.00 0.500 1.500 2.500 0.350 3.231 0.039 0.000
10 1.00 3.00 0.750 2.463 3.882 0.350 1.593 0.279 2.383
10 2.00 5.00 1.250 4.250 6.563 0.350 0.846 0.211 5.196
10 3.00 6.00 1.500 5.409 8.078 0.350 0.578 0.223 7.711
10 4.00 7.00 1.750 6.601 9.621 0.350 0.423 0.214 10.162
10 5.00 8.00 2.000 7.811 11.181 0.350 0.327 0.199 12.591
10 6.00 9.00 2.250 9.032 12.750 0.350 0.263 0.183 15.013
10 7.00 10.00 2.500 10.260 14.327 0.350 0.218 0.169 17.436
10 8.00 11.00 2.750 11.492 15.908 0.350 0.185 0.156 19.861
10 9.00 12.00 3.000 12.728 17.493 0.350 0.160 0.144 22.289
10 10.00 13.00 3.250 13.967 19.081 0.350 0.140 0.134 24.719

Q x z d r1 r2 𝑣 𝜎𝑧 𝜎𝑥 𝜏𝑥𝑧
10 0.00 2.00 4.000 2.000 6.000 0.350 -0.816 0.689 0.000
10 0.50 2.25 4.500 2.305 6.769 0.350 -0.627 0.555 1.813
10 2.50 2.50 5.000 3.536 7.906 0.350 0.012 0.210 6.782
10 4.50 2.75 5.500 5.274 9.398 0.350 0.071 0.162 11.404
10 6.50 3.00 6.000 7.159 11.102 0.350 0.040 0.134 16.165
10 8.50 3.25 6.500 9.101 12.935 0.350 0.016 0.107 20.983
10 10.50 3.50 7.000 11.068 14.850 0.350 0.003 0.084 25.830
10 12.50 3.75 7.500 13.051 16.818 0.350 -0.003 0.067 30.696
10 14.50 4.00 8.000 15.042 18.822 0.350 -0.006 0.054 35.571
10 16.50 4.25 8.500 17.039 20.853 0.350 -0.008 0.045 40.454

0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
𝜎𝑧/(b/d)

0.2
0.1
0
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
x/d
z/d=1.5 z/d=2 z/d=1 z/d=4 z/d=0.5

Plot of 𝜎𝑧/(b/d) versus x/d for various values of z/d

CHAPTER 4 CONCLUSION
 REFRENCES

Books:

Journals & Research Paper:

IS Codes:
Reference Sites:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoclaved_aerated_concrete
http://www.aac-india.com/