CELL BIOLOGY
Difference between Eukaryote and Prokaryote
EUKARYOTES
Nucleus distinct, with well formed nuclear
membrane
Double-membraned cell organelles
(Chloroplasts, mitochondria, nucleus) and
single membraned (Golgi apparatus,
lysosomes, vacuole, endoplasm reticulum)
microbodies like lysosomes, and are present
Distinct compartments in the cell i.e. the
cytoplasm and the nucleus
Each chromosome is linear with its two
ends free.
Difference Between Plant Cell and Animal Cell
PROKARYOTES
Nucleus not distinct, it is in the form of a
nuclear zone ‘nucleoid’. Nuclear membrane
absent.
Single-membraned cell bodies like
mesosomes present. Endoplasmic reticulum,
plastids, mitochondria, microbodies like
lysosomes, and Golgi body absent.
No compartments.
The chromosome is circular and remains
attached to cell membrane at one point.
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VITAMINS & MINERALS

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VITAMINS CHART

Name Main Effectiveness Lack Overdosing Characteristics Daily need

occurrence
Vitamin A(Retinol) Cod-liver oil, Normal growth, Growth stop, Impaired Fat-soluble, light and approx. 1 -
liver, kidney, function and night visions, oxygen-sensitively 5mg
milk products, protection of blindness headache,
butter, yolk, as skin, eyes and nausea,
 provitamine A mucous vomitus,
in carrots membrane tiredness,
skin change
Vitamin Wheat germs, Important for Heavy none Water-soluble, approx.
B1(Thiamin) wholemeal the nerve muscle- and Thiamin gets 2mg (At
cereals, peas, system, liver nerve destroyed by heat carbohydrat
heart, pork, damage, disturbances, and long storage, but es-packed
barm, oatmeal, inefficiency, tiredness, not by freezing. Daily nutrition
liver, brown pregnancy, dyspepsias, intake of vitamin B1 some
rice mosquito dropsy, is important, more)
protection cardiac because the body
(high-dosed), insufficiency, can´t store B1, which
production of cramps, comes over the food
energy, affects paralyses,
the prickle in
carbohydrates arms and
metabolism, legs
important for
the thyroid
function
Vitamin Milk products, Important for (rarely) skin not known Water-soluble, food approx. 2
B2(Riboflavin) Meat, body growth, inflammation, with Vitamin B2 mg
wholemeal untilization of brittle nails, should be stored
cereal, cheese, fats, protein anaemia, cool and dark.
eggs, liver, and callus attrition
sea-fish, green carbohydrates,
leafy well for skin,

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vegetables, eyes and nails,

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whey powder important

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energy bringer,

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oxygen
transport
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Vitamin Barm, peanuts, Building and Skin and (with over
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Water-soluble, effect 13 - 16 mg
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B3(Niacin, peas, liver, degradation of mucosa 100mg a day) is outweighed by
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Nicotine acid) poultry, fish, fat, protein and inflammation, pruritus, sugar and alcohol
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lean meat carbohydrates, headache, nausea,

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good sleep trembling, allergies

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vertigo, sleep
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disturbance,
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depressions,
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feeling of
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prickle and
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deafness in
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the limbs
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Vitamin Liver, Against turning Nerve Over urine Water-soluble, heat- approx. 10
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B5(Pantothen vegetable, grey, hair loss, malfunctions, excreted sensitive mg

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acid) wheat germs, hair and bad healing

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asparagus, mucous of wounds,

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crabs, meat, membrane early turning

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sunflower illnesses, grey,

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cores, necessarily for weakened

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Pumpernickel the dismantling immune

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of fat, proteins system

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carbohydrates
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Vitamin Bananas, nuts, Travel (rather rarely) With intake of Water-soluble, approx. 2
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B6(Pyridoxin) wholemeal sickness, intestine this for a neither heat nor light- mg
products, neuralgia, liver problems, longer time in resisting
yeast, liver, damage, bad skin, form of
potatos, green premenstrual tiredness, tablets it can
beans, syndrome, rough deposit in the
cauliflower, digestion of corners of the body tissue
carrots protein, most mouth and lead to
important nerve
hormone in damages.
pregnancy
together with
folic acid,
 detoxication
Vitamin Liver, Skin deseases, States of not known Water-soluble approx. 0,5
B7(Biotin, Vitamin cauliflower, loss in growth exhausting, mg
H) champignons, of hairs, liver skin
wholemeal damage, inflammation
products, eggs, assists s, muscular
avocado, metabolism, pains, hair
spinach, milk carbohydrate loss, nausea
and fatty acid
activity,
together with
vitamin K it is
needed for
building up the
clotting factors
Vitamin B9(Folic Liver, wheat Liver damage, Anaemia, Allgergies, Water-soluble, do approx. 160
acid, Vitamin M) germs, cell division, digesting sleep not tolerate with µg
cucurbit, healing and disturbances, disturbances heat, light or oxygen
champignons, growth of disturbances and bad
spinach, muscles and of hair -, moods (with
avocado cells, protein bone and more than 15
metabolism cartilage mg a day)
growth
Vitamin Liver, milk, Building Aenaemia, Not possible, Not water-soluble, approx. 5
B12(Cobalamin) yolk, fish, meat, substance of nerve because heatproof µg
oysters, quark, cytoblast and disturbances, surplus B12
barm erythrocyte, nervous will be

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nerve pains, disturbances, excreted by

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skin and changes in the body

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mucosa the lung and

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inflammation, the spinal

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liver damage marrows
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Vitamin Dogroses, sea Inflammation Gum-bleed, In the case of Water-soluble, approx. 75
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C(ascorbic acid) buckthorn, and bleeding- tiredness, overdosing in oxygen and dryness- mg - 200
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citric fruits, restraining, joint pain and form of sensitively, not for a mg
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black currants, assists the headache, powder and long time store
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potatoes, body's bad healing pills nausea,

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paprika, defences, of wounds, vomiting and

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tomatoes, protects cells lack of urine stones

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collard, against appetite, can be the

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spinach, chemical scurvy, result.

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vegetables, destruction, inefficiency

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radish activates
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enzymes,
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structure of
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connective
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tissue, bones
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and dental
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enamel, faster
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healing of
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wounds,
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stabilisation of
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Vitamin Cod-liver oil, Regulation of Bone (only with Fat-soluble, light approx. 5
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D(Calciferol) liver, milk, yolk, calcium- und curvature and man-made sensitively, heatproof µg
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butter, sea fish, phosphat softening, Vitamin D)

Th

herring, household, increased Calcium

champignons, structure of infection deposists in
avocado bone, assits sensitivity, bones, heart
admission of amyasthenia muscle,
calcium blood
vessels,
stomach,
headache,
vomiting,
swindle,
gastro-
intestinal
 diseases
Vitamin Sunflowers -, Stabilization of (rarely) (particularly Fat-soluble, it is 10 - 30 mg
E(Tocopherole) corn -, Soja the immune amblyopia, by destroyed by open (with fat-
and wheat system, anti- tiredness, synthetically storage, deep- enrich
germ oil, nuts, inflammatory, amyotrohia, manufactured freezing or cooking nutrition
flaxseed, cell dislike, caps) bad with much fat more)
salsify, replacement, reproduction healing of
peperoni, protection from problems wounds,
collard, radicals, deficiency
avocado modulates symptoms,
cholesterol swindle,
level and nausea
hormone
household,
important for
blood vessels,
muscles and
reproduction
organs
Vitamin Eggs, liver, Necessary for High doses of With intake Fat-soluble, food approx. 2
K(Phyllochinone) green collard, formation of the vitamin A and for a longer with Vitamin K mg
green blood clotting E work time, it can schould be stored
vegetable, factors against become darkly
bulbs, oatmeal, vitamin K. toxid,
kiwi, tomatoes, bleedings,
cress hot flashes,
renal

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diseases

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MINERALS CHART

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Type Benefits Sources
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Calcium Calcium is vital for building strong Milk and other dairy products —
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bones and teeth. The time to build such as yogurt, cheese, and
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strong bones is during childhood and cottage cheese — are good

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the teen years, so it's very important sources of calcium. You'll also
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to get enough calcium now to fight find this mineral in broccoli and
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against bone loss later in life. Weak dark green, leafy vegetables.
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bones are susceptible to a condition Soy foods and foods fortified with
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called osteoporosis, which causes calcium, including some kinds of

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bones to break easily. orange juice and soy milk, are

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also good sources.

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Iron Iron helps red blood cells carry oxygen Iron-rich foods include red meat,
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to all parts of the body. Symptoms of pork, fish and shellfish, poultry,
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iron-deficiency anemia include lentils, beans and soy foods,

weakness and fatigue, green leafy vegetables, and
lightheadedness, and shortness of raisins. Some flours, cereals, and
breath. grain products are also fortified
with iron.

Magnesium Magnesium helps muscles and nerves You get magnesium from whole
 function, steadies the heart rhythm,
and keeps bones strong. It also helps
the body create energy and make
proteins.
grains and whole-grain breads,
nuts and seeds, green leafy
vegetables, potatoes, beans,
avocados, bananas, milk, and
chocolate (yes, chocolate!).

Phosphorus Phosphorus helps form healthy bones Phosphorus is found in most

and teeth. It also helps the body make foods, but the best sources are
energy. It is part of every cell dairy foods, meat, and fish.
membrane, and every cell in the body
needs phosphorus to function
normally.

Potassium Potassium helps with heart, muscle, Potassium is found in broccoli,

and nervous system function. It also potatoes (with skins), green
helps the body maintain the balance of leafy vegetables, citrus fruits,

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water in the blood and body tissues. bananas, dried fruits, and

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legumes such as peas and lima

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beans.
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Zinc Zinc is important for normal growth, You'll find zinc in red meat,
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strong immunity, and wound healing. poultry, oysters and other

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seafood, nuts, dried beans, milk

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and other dairy products, whole

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grains, and fortified breakfast

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cereals.
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LIST OF HUMAN DISEASES

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Disease Causing Agent Infection / Transmission

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AIDS Human T -cell Leukemia Virus blood and sperms , through sexual contact
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HTLV-III homo or heterosexual)

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Ascariasis Ascaris lumbricoides raw vegetables infected with eggs

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Athletes’ Foot Trichophyton bad foot hygiene

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Bacillary Dysentery Shigella Dysenterie flies, food, faeces

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Botulism Clostridium botulinum food poisoning

Chickenpox Varicella Virus contact
Cholera Varibrio Cholerae flies, food , faeces, carriers
Common Cold Rhino Virus contact
Dengue Dengue Virus (arbovirus) Aedes Mosquito
Diarrhea Giardia intestinalis contaminated stools
Diphtheria Corynebacterium diptheriae ( contact
Bacteria)
Filariasis Wuchereria bancrofti mosquito, infection in lymph nodes and
lymphatic vessels
 Disease Causing Agent Infection / Transmission
Gonorrhoea Diplococcus ( Neisseria sexual intercourse
gonorrhoeae)
Herpes Herps Virus contact
Hook worm disease Ancylostoma Duedenale faiseces and walking barefoot.
Influenza Flu Orthomixovirus contact
kala azar Leishmania Donovani infected sand fly
Leprosy Mycobacterium Leprae Long and close contact
Measles Measles virus (ParaMyxoVirus) contact
Mumps Mumps Virus (Paramyxovirus) contact, virus in saliva spreads
Plague Yersinia Pestis Rat Flea
Pneumonia Diplococcus pneumoniae bacteria transmission by contact.
Poliomyelitis Polio Virus or Enterovirus houseflies, food and water
Rabies rhabdovirus mad dog bites
Ringworm Microsporum Trichophyton cats and dogs
Sleeping Sickness Tryponosoma Brucei reaches lymph nodes via transmission thru fly
bites
Smallpox Variola Virus contact
Syphilis Treponema Palladium direct contact mainly sex
TB Mycobacterium tuberculosis Bacteria transmission by cough
Tetanus Clostidium tetani bacteria in soil thru wounds
Typhoid Salmonella Typhi Flies, food etc.
Viral Encephelitis arbovirus mosquito Bite

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Whooping cough Hameophilius Pertussis coughing and sneezing

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