LI

Basic function performed

by living organism in

order to maintain their on the Earth

Life
nutrition respiration Circulation
Life process includeExcretion

locomotion control

Coordination

life process allow a to maintain

Living organism
dynamic Equilibrium with its sullounding

I Nutrition t The process intake and utilization

of
nutrients an of

n
by organism
Ca Substance which
Metabolism

Nutrients an
organism
from its
Obtains

total Surroundings and

all chemical uses it as a source

of
reaction bio synthesis of its of Energy for
in body Enstituents
YWo
a

occuling

in

Living organism
order to
g art at ya

capable for

synthesizing their
own food from inorganic

usingsightEnergy which acquire

or chemical Energy e.gs

Green plants
Some
algae
bacteria
mitigate

greenplants
Fg 641206 602.9

121120 6720

fromsoil air chemicalEnergy

Carbohydrates t
storedintefomy
 any of
C.gbgin
tf.gg

and serve as

matnes

How the plants obtain cabbondioxide

And I obtain coz

through tiny pores

d

jfa
Stomata

each stomata consist

of stomapparts
two surroundin
guard d

i
I
D our
É 0 wagging

placenta.ME

Humans Baby tshape OEO0a00

doggie

axis
dembryonal
dÉcotyledons

MEEE roof

pores occurs in the Epidermis of Leaves and

on

aia
 Each cha consist stomatal

and two of

are sunoundingguadalls

Guard cell contain chloroplasts

opening
and
closing fatal pore

Swell when into

water flowsthem

They stomal to

causing pore

On the loss the

of turgidity
cells become flaccid

guard
leading to closure
stomatal
of

pore

Stomata helps in gaseous leaves

exchange

Oz and coz btw

and atmosphere during

photosynthesis
in plants
photosynthesis occurs

like leaves t green stems

green
leaves have outmost MMM

epidermal layer
covered cuticle
by waxy

Internat layers
mesophyltht

of Leaf
Cells rich in
chloroplast
chloroplast

Guard cell open turgid

flaccid doses
Chloroplast


Itheranelles photosynthesis
double membrane bound cell
Sae like
organelles

structure
containing H

These are
presentin
Chloroplast either in
IIottag
astalked

matinee to
form gramin

plural grana

Ostromal the

Lamellae I connect
two

grana contain

membrane
Thylakoid I

Chlorophyll
I
that absorbs light Energy

and converts it A

chemical Energy
i

Mechanism
of photosynthesis

9 Absorption of solar Energy

by

photosynthesis pigment

chlorophyll

Lbs conversion to
of Lightenergy

chemical and splitting

energy
water
of I

Absorbed Energy splitting the

water molecules

photolysis

H2O components

o
hydrogen oxygen

I and
releasingelections

21120 4 Htt 45 to

Protons Ht thus

released to make Nappy

election e and ATP

C REDUCTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE

TO CARBOHYDRATES

H
af coz is reduced using hydrogen from
 using by g from

NADPH Adenine NADPH

NicotinamideDinucleotide I to

phosphate form
glucose
by

chemical in the

utilizing energy

form of ATP

Desert plants take up coz at

night

I forms an intermediate product

which is acted
upon by Light

Energy absorbed

by chlorophyll
the
day

during

I HETEROTROPHIC

H NUTRITION

derive the
organism
intake and Energy from

digestion
organic
substances prepared of
by

autotrophs and other

organic

Sources

Heterotrophs which depend on

organism

organic substance prepared by

autotrophs other sources
organic
 I

og
t t

Holozoic Harasitic

saprophytic
I

take derives
organism
organism their nutrients symbiotic

complex organic

food material into

dead
from
and

1 N decaying
organic
matter

Tighten

Such organism

d into the
Bodyof f breakdown

food material

II
ASSIMILATION outside their

undigested and
body

unabsorbed part then absorb

the digested
of food I removed

tod material

egestions eye fungi like

bread moulds

ANIMAL LIKE

Nutrition yeasts
mushrooms

egg Amoeba t

human etc
beings

parasite symbiotic


ta Synge

mode nutrition two

of organism

obtain food are

organism
other
mutually
Living benefitted

from the host in by

organism Living

on on close association

by inside Living
their with each

body without killing other

their

y auscuta amarbel AT The

ticks wie leeches

and tapeworms symbiotic

association

of photosynthetic
or
algae

cyanobacteria

fangs

HOW DO ORGANISMS OBTAIN

THEIR NUTRITION

I Insuiglecelledaganismet
food may be taken in the

by
entire
body surface


Ca Amoeba 4 unicellular
no
organism

specific organ

does not a
possess definite

shape

Nutrition in Amoeba nucleus

Qfood
ingestion
iy
y

H
Intake food

in amoeba of
occurs
a

by
temporary fingers like Ig PEE

extension

io
I

armpit p

pseudopodia

Once the

fuses
food particle
a

forming food vacuole

C
footage

ÉÉÉEfood

g substance

complex
are broken down
into particle
Jg

simpler one

intra cellular digestion

within the

digestion

ID Cds
ME ed

d

digested food then

diffuses into the cytoplasm

I Assimilation The

absorbed food is utilised

to meet the

Energy

requirement of Amoeba

Egestion remaining
material

undigested to

is moved the
and

thrown
surface
out cell

of

Paramecium

definite shape

Ingested by
mouth Cytosome
moved to this
is

food
movement cilia
spot
which by
of

cover the entire



the Ingested food's

in

digested good

Vacuole the

undigested food
is egested
from

and

cytopyge
or
spot

NUTRITION IN HUMAN BEINGS

Heterotrophic holozoic mode

of

nutrition

well developed digestive system

for
D

responsible

Lyle ingestion

dj

d s humans 6 9m

of long
tube like canal ftp.j

alimentary
or

digestive tract
 I I

gestive
starting from moth

the

passing through
the

stomach the small

EE

any organswithfor

access

associated
digestion

canal alimentary
teeth

tongue
salianglands

Liver

pancreas

maxilla

BEAM

d
tg

and j

glands


we
EM

Ba

tomar
ie

Pancreas
Be

or

8 a
Ascending

co loft

colon

caecuma

Rectum

veenhifofpadx.name

Gastro intestinal tract is a

portal

which

gatenutritive
through substances

vitamins

minerals

enters
fluids
the
body
 en the
and and body and
proteins fate

broken
carbohydrates

I down
into

absorbadternet

In the small Intestine these

cross the mucosa

enter the or blood

Lymph
I that can be used

by body
bounded

upper portion mouth by sips

I followed
oral
maxilla upperntwer cavity

buccal
cavity

Ijames tied

mandible arranged tongue

ductidsof three pairs

teeth
of salivary glands

next

Itggyngtastends

imgur.gg Separates the air channel

channel
geom food


or If geom
consisting

Mouth oesophagus stomach small intestine

duodenum

of jejunum and ileum

i1 11 Is
1
gg

intestine
Large consisting
of

Coenen colon rectum

Alimentary canal 4 begin with mouth

muscular coiled tubular structure

baby dips and iowed

Edition

tongue
t.mu
I
ji

function

yIl

increase.IM
chew and masticate
1LYj
the
food to

area
the surface of gates canines 3 4

food

sothat various Enzymes can act on it

more

effectively

teeth embedded in the janes

teeth in the DENTITION
Arrangement of jaw
 A

gemen of leet in the

jaw 1111

Two

sets childhood

temporary
I ae

Later replaced

embedded in Milk teeth

by

jaw bone
kids advt Permanent

premolar 4Cta F 1 Incisor 8

wigman

canine Y U Oh
I

Premolar
Molar
0 8 bacteria 4 É

8 12 Streptococcus
mutans

g y

on
acting sugar

DENYLPLAQDE

masses bacterial cells in gradate

of results
softening
together with food particles enamel t dentine

stick to teeth of

prevents the salvia from

teeth
reaching surface of

due to which acid produced

bacteria is not neutralised

by

Food is wetted

I nnn


c belt
fed

i
me

mixedwitnsalviapassint

food

wall

of movement

detects II in same
WEAGold

foodthyme

Stomach

Structure

in the
helping mixing

food with

fin

digestive
The exit

of food

from stomach

from stomach food passes tacky

Smallintestine

SMALL INTESTINE I
 ALL I IES IIE
longest part of alimentary canal

DJ Ali Duodenum 25cm C

long

E ileum
jejunum 2.5
3.5 m
m

LARGE INTESTINE

to m wide
long
Tart

ITEM CYEummigens
opening is guarded
Lentingdecending by

caecatane
citeo

1sa

FUNCTION OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

inqI td
Iaq d

chew teeth Stench

d
moist soften saliva

61 PH
by

Swallowing Deglutition

4 starts buccal oral

Digestion from cavity cavity

complex food Simple form

Enzym amyl
 Enzyme as
sativanganytas s

touch maltose

broken down
proteins byproteases

are

dipeptide
and then

amino acids

fats 40
sterases
I

salivary amylase Peptides

monoglycerides t acids

6 g as
118 Proteins
fatty
and functions
Digestive gland

of Digestive
Enzymes
as 1 1.52 saliva

salivary gland of day

I 994 H2O
contain

Parotid ptyalin or salivary amylase

present
aland Largestsize
belt sub mandibular sand
salivary Maltose
amylase 6.8

and gland pit

infront
submaxillaryc located at angles of Lower jaw
Sub Lingual gland

got Located below the tongue

smallest in size

function
1 moistens Lubricates food t

help in swallowing

4 contain Enzyme salivary amylase ptyalin

3 medwin is alkaline neutral

4 masticated food bolus

I pharynx

2

oesophagus

V e
O

Gastric Glands amucosa

about 35 million Gastric

gland
Id in inner
dining of
stomach wall

Gastric Glands

Mucuscells
Goblet
cells
peptic or

chiefcells
Parietal
p
i

zymogenic
cells oyntic
cells
sectete A
mucus goggles

deforms grey seeing kills most

thicklayeron
stomach
proenzyme Castle's funny bacteria

andprotects Pepsinogen
protein intrinsic of
Fom action
ne
digestiveenzyme factor I along

I for Enterfood
essential

gastric Lipase in.PTjiayabsorptiongvitk

extrinsic
d makes
factor

acidic
medulin

pepsinogen Is pepsin

protein peptides acidic

p H p medwin
 O

facilitates
activation

of
pew enzyme

pepsinogen
action

Peptic ulcer Helicobacter of

pylon Enzymepepsin
Robin Warren 1937

Peeth Austria around

lower part stomach Necessary foractivate

of of inactive
pro enzyme

pepsinogen
d
O

Pepsinogen pepsin
sus
softenthe food

pre 1.8 facilitates

the action
pepsin
of
Enzyme

ma Protein Peth peptides

pie no

LIVER

has two lobes with

a
covering sheath I

iii

Oarsmen
ÉÉÉj

day

mixture Bilepigments
BiteSaltsof
tearingbite
regiment
blocked
yannis

bilirubin yep in stmatissman

sodiqurocholate t digestion Jaundice

biliveldin
cholate
A
sodium
glyco waste
C sodium bicarbonate are
Pended Mall
 productresulting

fromdestructionof
pm old RBCs in Luce

ggy
1 Make food alkaline 2 Emulsijitationgine

I stomach fats

foodkaudic
Fat'Itstine

donate in largegobules

for pancreatic
enzymesto act
on it Bile salts
j
makesthese

sodium bi carbonated
fats globules

makes alkaline into small

globule

exposedfor
I surface area

Loftier I emulsification
enzyme action

of fats

Tene
Sipthamndantinpantandt
red
orange pigment

B vitamin A D E K Vit Biz

c
storage of
Production blood anticoagulant fibrinogen

of heparin

d red blood corpuscles in Embryo

synthesis of
dings toxins other

e Excess
Detoxification

fibs tance

GALLBLADDER 3am broad I with

capacity 30 50mL

stores con bile

releases bile into the dendenum

juice

faceted

The common Bile duct and Pancreted

Y
dung into the

E I

paateftciehiih.is
kpao

sphincterof dde

carbohydrate Metabolism cuas

a

Glycogenesis

Egging.mg

b Glycogenolysis

Glycogen break lysis into

glued

as

aggiggy omnon
agatt

protein

Pancreas mixedgland
both and
fudged

having gene

endocrinegland

exocrine
partof pancreas secretes alkaline

Tmy gvF

PEamgias Iaihfe.t
steapsin
É

Soft tabulated
greyishpink

wind
gland weighs anagrams
Itis about 2 5am wide t 12 15am
long
 an wide on
long

pastries to stomach
pancreatic with
juice pie

fy is

PaneneatiiamyiaseIa

PHI
pi trypsin peptones

partially
hydrolysed proteins
Iii
D.jancieakoipt IE

tfattya.ids

Pancreas
Pancreatic carried to duodenum

juice by
hepatopancreatiod teyperiproduced
in the inactive

form

getconvertedintoate
fisingen

form Enzyme kinase

byan enter

b
FA

not

ceastrio Intestinal gland

I
Secretes a intestinal succus entericus

juice

y chase w peptidases

maltha

azympfin.it comeitopeoteig
ads
 amino acids

D Complex carbohydrates
glucose

Fats fattyacid glycerol

The digested
food is absorbed up by the

walls intestine
of Maltase

I Maltose Glucose
His and Di peptidase

Ides panes

z.gg

dapase

liiil

thiigtitassorption

absorption
thieves

utter electrolytes transported intestinal

from gastro
tract

small
mainlyfromIntestine

into

dBlgdea

FInneetinigofs.I
rich supple
vessels
Is
finger site projection

surface
area
forabsorption
blood

IM with
my.ro

I party
toss

to every

food
I memb liningville
fo

plasma membrane y lining villi forms
extensions
Cytoplasmic
called microvilli

C networkof

capillaries large
vessels

Lymph
called

Im I absorbedfood Lacted

d is utilised

for obtaining energy

building up new tissue

repairof old tissues

The unabsorbed food is sent

Egestion s to intestine where water

large

is re absorbed in body
The rest coaste material

of
is removed
wasterm

opombody via anus

of egestion of faeces outside

The process the

through anal opening

body
defecation

the exit waste is

of regulated by

analsphder

plants
I

Respiration

Animal
Animal


Annet

fish gills respiration

dissolved 02 in water

diffuse into
the blood

capillaries of gills

reach

different body

parts through

circulation

Human

Air Respiratory system

d

Nage Nostril

I'Yasaffassage

d taio
teas É
pharynx food FE 8

Taya

trachea ÉT

Hoick
yo

Ing AtmP

Nostril air comes in

filth at minorganien trap

F.TT

me iii

I flap

Cha

Qsound

producing organ

Sizes
During puberty I

little difference in
the size

y larynx inate ÉÉÉ

Aandfe .EE

grotfanger

angdbecomenting
males Adam'sapple

During Expiration air is forced out

of

rungs

I vibrates

I produce sound

C result in speech

In women children VC Shorter thinner

voice is high pitch

A mammon the vocal cords

usually longer t

Taffeta

In female 4 length vocal cords

of Ifat

3 on

glottis Vocal condspentitide the

Larynx
 g P

pon_sible

imaging's

for Sound production

the

ongoing covered
glottiscaube
which is a
by Epiglottis
made
leaf shapedTginnstaucture

is
agiotage
covering
orbids
of
Eggett

Laynxdusingswallowing

Trachea
stone

larynx

windpipe

t air passage
tube finally divides into oughtany

during

left primary bronchi at inspiration

the Level 5th thoracic

of vertebra

Bronchi and Bronchioles

 Ie che loon he Is

trachea

bifurcates

i bronchi

the 20 bronchi

I smaller

wargpportwYogy
Bronchioles
Y

brordfttmrgfgtd.gg dig for

ring

affiant aggisestswd
Miriggogesings

Ribs inter costal muscles

diaphragm

12
pair of ribs

Bony angina
su
ninths

4 one end v C
other end 4 Sternum

one MMMM
p

specialised
MTgneecoastal

At
outwardand
muscles

inward

h
 a dome shaped

diaphragm Normally

inspiration flat

hugs

Soft spongy elastic

organs
a
pinkish colour
membranes

conning of Lungs pleural

longer t narrow

LeftLungs

4 receive bronchi which divide into

Lung numerous bronchioles

I subdivide

respiratory bronchioles

YFaries
alveolar

ducts

Exchange of g4dated
thin wall
3Fullion

diffusion coy
consisting
of

permeable area squamous Epithelium

their t surface

Vascular

Mechanism
of Breathing
ation halation Expiration Exhalation
 reathing

inspiration inhalation Expiration Exhalation

intake

of oxygen outs coz

I Diapharghtnormal dome
shaped

role
of diaphragm flat I in volume
d of
FC

T in volume
ofthoracic cavity d vol of P C

Jdead to d

M in vol pulmonary cavity M in pressureof PC

of d

I movement
of air
I in within pulmonary

pressure fromhigher pressure

cavity Kings to

v8

lower pressure
atmasp
causes

die enters to Internal Intercostal

geom atmosphere
as it moves
from

Lungs
higher pressure
low
to me
pressure

d in vol
of
thoraidity

External intercostal muscles

muscles
lift ribs and sternum I
I vol

up and outward
causing of pulmonary
cavity
an M in vol thoracic J

in of VEN TAL t in pulmonary

cavity Dorso
cavity
Axis i e
d
É

air

9 in vol FC from higher

of pressure Rungs

Ja ads to
 Lungs

I Leads to to lower
pressure atmos

A in vol Pe
of
d

d in pressure within

pulmonary cavity
Lessthan Atmospheric

pressure

an

Atmospheric
certes into

dungs

inhalation

During breathing cycle lungs always

contain

The Vol
resided
atair which
remains in the of even the

Lungs after

forceful expirationcombines

One molecules Haemoglobin

of
win foul mot of
Hb oxygen

it coz Hb coz
RBC Carbamino

haemoglobin
 I

haemoglobin

oxy

Respiratyrovides

Energy required for each every activity

of organism

oxidation of food in order to release

Energy

The oxidation food is complex

process of of very

6111206 t 602 6627 6420tenergy

ÉÉÉgy

yadenosineti pmespnate.cat
cellular

Energy currency forprocesses

most
of

Such as Protein synthesis

Conduction heme

of Impulse

Oxidation can occur in the nee

of food go

on absence
or
a

Anerobic
oxidation of food Loz
 of fo

d coatee

coz

ATP M Creleased
used as

fuel

ATP breakdown to
rise to

give fixed
a
amount

which ofenergy
can drive

the endothermic characterictic

em

taking
cell placein genkalfoothly

Pyruvate 36 or

ii 36 or 38 mot ATP are produced on

complete
of oxidation not

of one
ofglucas

Anaerobic Respiration oxidised

completely

organic good

TIF

f F ATP are released

alcohol

any inyeo

examptcerin Bacteria
yeast

Glycolysis
h cytoplasm

Glucose Energy
freementation
In absence
pyurvaty
pyu f fr absence
of Oz
pret infix

M Ccytoplasm

2 2450H 264pAT
Ethan

Muscle

fatigue
absence Oz due to muscular

of vigorous
activity

anerobic take place in muscles

respirath cells

During this process as Lactic acid formed

I get accumulated
muscles cells

toleading

Clamps

Glucose 9ms a
pyruvate

cytoplasm
energy Eiffel

fermentation
Cytoplasm

20317603

Lactic acid
in musclescen

2 ATP
when there is

Sufficient supply
Oz the lactic acid is
of
 of
completely oxidised

into 62 water

is common in both aerobic

Glycolysis
and anerobic respirator
which occurs in cytoplasm
cell

Soft of
need in
ethanol t
In
yeast coat
Glucose Energy
left hactica
PFEIL nodes
cytoplasm
molecule cell Teigy
Energy
thug Oz Ut
water
Itochondria Energy
Breakdown
various of glucose
by pathways

in plants
Respiration
minute
Exchange of gaseous through pores
stomata
Buefaceofleaves
During time
day coz generated
during respiration
is
g day genes during rest
utilized
byplants for process
of photosynthesis
Oziereleased
no coz
During night photosynthesis
generated during respiration
is eliminated
coz is major event at night

sugar groats
I
Exchange in plants
of gases
stems
via root and lenticel
haie

Root hairs a M surface Lenticals

area
for gaseous
Cold roots stem
exchangesabsorpt
and cellular Extension ofwater In't have hairs
arising flom Epidermalcells I covered protectivelayer
bydeadcells
soil root haig of
Oz
diffusion openingocaned

out thy entices

Similarly coz goes which help in gaseous

exchangebtwtissue underlying
back Surroundings
o
o
o o

ÉE
LEINE ET