Mushroom on future

industry
 Mushroom
ENZyMe
Dr. Ratna Stia Dewi, S.Si., M.Sc.
 Background - Enzymes

What are Enzyme Class Example

enzymes? Oxidoreductase Firefly Luciferase – oxidizes
(transfer of electrons) luciferin to produce oxyluciferin
and light
Molecules, usually Transferase Hexokinase – transfers a
proteins, that speed up (group-transfer phosphate group to glucose to
reactions)
make glucose-6-phosphate
the rate of a reaction by
decreasing the Hydrolase Cellobiase – breaks down
activation energy (hydrolysis reactions) cellobiose
required without
Lyase Histidine decarboxylase –
themselves being (double bond generates histimine from histidine
altered or used up reactions)
Isomerase Glucose-6-Phosphate isomerase –
(transfers to create a converts G-6-P to
new isomers) fructose-6-phosphate
Ligase DNA Ligase – covalently bonds two
(forms covalent bonds) pieces of DNA
 Protein Enzim protein
sederhana

Enzim Konjugasi
Enzim

Protein +
Bukan Protein

Bukan protein =
Protein = apoenzim Gugus prostetik

Organik = Anorganik = kofaktor

Koenzim
 Background - Enzymes

Substrate free in
solution
How do
Substrate binds to a
enzymes work? specific cleft or groove
in the enzyme

Activation energy barrier

is overcome and
reaction occurs

Product is released and

enzyme is free to catalyze
another reaction
ENZYME OF MUSHROOM
 Fuels that are produced from a
What are biological source
biofuels?
● Oil – biofuel, but very long
production cycle (millions of
years)

Short cycle Biofuels

● Biodiesel
● Ethanol from starches/sugars
● Cellulosic ethanol
●Butanol
 Background - Biofuels

Cellulosic A

ethanol
B
production
C

D
Background – Biofuels production

Cellulose breakdown Glucose

1. Heat, acid, Endocellulases
ammonia or
other treatment Exocellulases

2. Enzyme Cellobiase
mixture added
 Background - cellobiose

Cellobiose
breakdown- a
closer look

4
1 +

6
4 5 2 1
3 Cellobiose + H2O 2 Glucose
 Biofuel Enzyme kit Activities
Where can we find things
1. Bio-prospecting
that break down cellulose?
for Celliobiase
 Mushrooms – Ecological niche for food
●Mycorrhizal –associated with plant roots
1. Bio-prospecting
for Celliobiase ●Porcini
●Chanterelle
●Saprotrophic – decomposers
●Shiitake
●Morel
●Button
●Parasitic – attacks plants
●Honey Mushroom
 DETECTION
OF PROTEIN

Lion’s Mane
King Oyster

Chanterelle

Kaleidoscope
Aspergillus
Chicken of
the Woods

marker
niger
shiitake

Beech

Oyster
SDS PAGE
Gel of
mushroom
extracts
FUNGI has 3 cellobiases at 88,
80, 71KD in the literature.
Chanterelle is mycorrhizal, has
no activity when assayed and
no bands in cellobiase range
Mushroom samples above were
dried cubes
After several days of incubation, molding, and drying, this mushroom root is
ready to use ... as a packaging material! Developed by a team of about 20
people straight from college, this biodegradable material is also fire
resistant and is a good insulator. Then you can throw it in the compost pile.
Take a peek at the packaging of the 21st century in the episode Nation of
Innovation
IKEA Starts Using
Compostable
Mushroom-Based
Packaging For Its
Products
Think about all the retail products you’ve ever bought, most of them came in a box
with protective packaging, right? Well, that’s because almost any item on the market
today uses packaging to improve a product’s shelf life and handling convenience.
That’s all great for the consumer and seller but terrible for the environment because
nearly 50% of all packaging materials are plastic due to it’s lightweight and durable
properties. Fortunately, as the plastic pollution crisis escalates, new non-plastic
materials have been emerging.
The growing awareness about plastic’s drawbacks, in combination with increasing
legislative restrictions on fossil-fuel based packaging materials, has made it crucial to
find (and create) “green” packaging material alternatives to plastic. One of the latest
creations is a material called MycoComposite a mushroom-based packaging material,
developed by Ecovative Design in 2010 by mycelium technology. It is
entirely natural and compostable, so much so it can be grown in a controlled
environment in a week and takes just 30 days to decompose, but can be re-used if
kept dry. In comparison, traditional Styrofoam (polystyrene) packaging can take
centuries to decompose isn’t currently be recycled.
The manufacturing process is quite simple:
•Agricultural
byproducts such as hemp, husk, oat hulls, and cotton burrs, are
pressed into the desired shape that can fit around items as packaging.
•Then, it is seeded with mushroom spores that sprout mycelium (a root structure)
after a few days.
•Themycelium threads rapidly through the structure and binds it together to form
a shock-resistant and durable packaging material.
•Thelast step is to heat-treat the material to kill spores in order to arrest further
growth of the fungus.
Not only does it fit into the planet’s natural recycling system efficiently, but it is
also cost-effective to produce and almost as durable as plastic. MycoComposite
has also proved to be as insulating and flame-resistant as polystyrene. However,
nobody even knew about this brilliant material until furniture giant, IKEA made
the mushroom-based packaging mainstream by announcing that it will replace
Styrofoam packaging with MycoComposite for all of its products. IKEA’s Head of
Sustainability, Joanna Yarrow, said this was the retailer’s “small yet significant
step towards reducing waste and conserving ecological balance.”
Hopefully, IKEA’s ingenious initiative will prove to be a motivating factor
for other commercial outfits that aim to give back to the society and
environment where they exist. The reality is, most people are unaware of
the hazards of using Styrofoam. Styrofoam cause pollution during its
production from petroleum (a fast-disappearing resource and an emitter
of greenhouse gases), and it also wreaks havoc on the organisms that
ingest it. For example, in developing countries, cows consume plastic,
which eventually causes their death. Furthermore, it is estimated that by
2050, 99% of birds will have plastic in their guts. The scariest part is,
according to the Ashland Food Cooperative, packaging forms about
one-third of the municipal waste in the United States.

Mushroom-based packaging, on the other hand, uses only 12% of the

energy used in plastic production and it produces 90% fewer carbon
emissions than produced during plastic manufacture. Therefore,
non-petroleum based packaging can help reduce human reliance on fossil
fuels, decrease carbon emissions into the atmosphere, counter the
hazardous impact of plastic wastes, and protect the biodiversity of our
earth.