ARFGicaraya Biochemistry

DDM 2021-2022

BIOCHEMISTRY THE ORGANIZATION OF CELLS

CHAPTER 1
BIOCHEMISTRY

- “the chemistry of life”

- Both life science and chemical science
- Is applied in various areas, including, medicine, dentistry, industry and agriculture and food
and science.
CHEMICAL FOUNDATION OF BIOCHEMISTRY

 Organic Chemistry
 It is the study of compounds of carbon and hydrogen and their derivatives.
AMINO ACIDS

- Simplest compound
- Contained amino group and carboxyl group
- Basic structure where a central carbon atom is bonded to carboxyl group, amino group, a
hydrogen and a variable group called R group.
CARBOHYDRATES

- Compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

- Simplest form is monosaccharide [ Glucose/Sugar (C6H12O6)

NUCLEOTIDES

- Basic unit of the hereditary materials DNA and RNA

LIPIDS

- Common trait is poorly soluble in water

- Long chain of hydrocarbons

Palmitic Acid- simple lipid with 16 carbons.

Cholesterol- also insoluble in water but it has only
1 single oxygen in it.
ARFGicaraya Biochemistry
DDM 2021-2022

FUNCTIONAL GROUP

BIOMOLECULES

- Also known as biological molecule, any of numerous substances that are produced by living cells
and living organism.
- Living cells today are assemblages that include very large molecules, such as proteins, nucleic
acids and polysaccharide.
Monomers- small molecules that may bond to many others to form a polymer.
Polymer- macromolecules formed by the bonding of smaller units.
Proteins- macromolecules formed by the polymerization of amino acids.
Nucleic Acids- macromolecules formed by the polymerization of nucleotides.
Catalytic Activity - ability to increase the rate of chemical reaction.
Catalysis- the process of increasing the rate of a chemical reaction.

MACROMOLECULES TO CELLS

- What comes first “chicken or egg”

- What comes first the catalysis or the hereditary molecules?
- A discovery with profound implication for discussion of the origin of life is that RNA, another
nucleic acid, is capable of its own processing.
DOUBLE-ORIGIN THEORY

- Suggest that both RNA and proteins existed around the same tie independently.
- A theory that life began on a clay particle
- The patterns of ions on the clay surface
though to have served as the code, and the
process of crystal growth is though to
have been responsible for replication.
ARFGicaraya Biochemistry
DDM 2021-2022

BIOLOGICAL DISTINCTION

- Genome
- Genes

PROKARYOTES

- Resembles most the earliest cells.

- Include bacteria and cyanobacteria.
- Single-celled organisms.

Characteristics:

- No define nucleus
- Contains ribosomes
- Has cell membrane or plasma membrane
- Has cell wall

EUKARYOTES

- Means “true nucleus”

- More complex organism
- Can be multicellular or single cell
- Cells are much larger thank prokaryotic cells
- Existence of organelles

Organelle:

- Has a nucleus with a nuclear membrane.

- Nucleolus
- Chromatin
- Matrix
- Mitochondria
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- Cytoplasm
- Chloroplast
- Golgi apparatus
- Lysosomes
- Peroxisomes
- Vacuoles

5 KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

- Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

 Archaebacteria
 Early bacteria
 Extremophiles (extreme environment)
 Eubacteria
 True bacteria
EKARYOTIC ORIGIN

- Symbiosis plays a large role in current theories of the rise of eukaryotes.

2 Types
ARFGicaraya Biochemistry
DDM 2021-2022

- Mutualism
- Parasitism

 Hereditary Symbiosis
- A large host cell contains a genetically determine number of smaller organism.
- Example: The Protist Cyanophora paradoxa

BIOCHEMICAL EBERGETICS

- Photosynthetic organism trap light energy and use it to drive the energy requiring reaction that
converts carbon dioxide and water to carbohydrates and oxygen.
- Nonphotosynthetic organism, such as animals that consume these carbohydrates, use them as
energy source.
THEMODYNAMIC PRINCIPLE

- The branch of science deals with the transfer of energy from one place to another and from one
for to another.
- The key concept is that heat is a form of mechanical work.

SPONTANEITY IN BIOCHEMICAL REACTION

 Spontaneous- process that will actually take place with no outside intervention.
[ Sometimes takes a long time to occur]
 Free energy- useful criterion to predict the spontaneity of a process.
[Indicate by the symbol G]
[ Value of change in free energy is G.
 Exergonic- the process in which energy is released
 Endergonic- energy is absorbed (nonspontaneous process)
 Equilibrium- no net change in either direction. [ G = 0]

G < 0 = Spontaneous Exergonic

G = 0 = Equilibrium
G > 0 = Nonspontaneous endergonic

LIFE AND THERMODYNAMICS

 First Law - Law of Conservation of Energy “You can’t win”

 Second Law – “ You can’t break even”
 Equation of 2 Laws
G= H- T S

G- free energy
H- enthalpy (the amount of internal energy contained in a compound)
S- entropy (entropy is the amount of intrinsic disorder within the compound