BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE Cell Membrane – protect cells TYPES OF SOLUTION B – beriberi

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE (OARRA) PLANT CELL (3C)  HYPOTONIC – low concentration C – scurvy
o SWELL
Organized Chloroplasts  photosynthesis Fat Soluble (ADEK)
 HYPERTONIC – high concentration
Acquire materials and energy Cell Wall  cellulose o SHRINK A – night blindness
 ISOTONIC – NO CHANGES
Respond – (taxis - animals) Central Large Vacuole D

(tropism - plants) E
BIOCHEMISTRY
Reproduce PROKARYOTE – nucleoid K – bleeding (clotting)
(bacteria) 6 Elements of Life 4 Important EOL
Adapt Chemical Bonds
PARTS Carbon Carbon
TYPES OF CELLS (Eu-Pro) Covalent - sharing
Flagella – move Hydrogen Hydrogen
EUKARYOTE – true nucleus Ionic - transfer
Pili – communication Nitrogen Oxygen
(animal, fungi, plants) BIOTECH & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Cell Membrane – protection Oxygen Nitrogen
PARTS INTERPHASE
Cell Wall – protection Phosphorus
Nucleus – control center MITOSIS/MEIOSIS
 Peptidoglycan (bacteria) Sulfur
(nucleoluschromosome) CYTOKINESIS
 Chitin (fungi)
Compounds
Endoplasmic Reticulum – passageway INTERPHASE (duplication)
Capsule – protection
Organic - Cellulose
 Rough  Ribosome G1 – Cellular Contents
 Glycocalyx (bacteria)
(pRotein synthesis) Inorganic – Water
 Capsid (virus) Synthesis – chromosome
 Smooth (lipid synthesis)
Macromolecules
MOVEMENT IN/OUT OF THE CELL G2 – double check
Golgi Body – processing & packaging
Carbohydrates - monosaccharides
PASSIVE MITOSIS/MEIOSIS
Vesicles – transport materials (Vehicle)
Proteins – amino acids
 Diffusion – substance/particle Prophase - condense
Vacuole – storage of food & water
High  Low Lipids – fatty acids
Metaphase – middle/align
Lysosome – digestion & waste removal  Osmosis – water (H2O)
Nucleic Acid – nucleotides
Low  High Anaphase – away/poles
Mitochondria – powerhouse
Vitamins
ACTIVE Telophase - two
(cellular respiration)
Water Soluble (BC)
Endocytosis & Exocytosis CYTOKINESIS
Cytoplasm – fluid inside the cell
MITOSIS MEIOSIS GENETICS Speciation – creation of new TAXONOMY
species
Growth & Repair Reproduction Gregor Mendel (pea plant) Carl Linae/Carolus Linaeus – father of
Allopatric - location
taxonomy
Somatic Cells Gametes -chromosome -DNA Sympatric - not location
Taxon / Taxa – taxonomic group
Exact Copy Variation -gene  HOMOLOGOUS
STRUCTURE DOMAIN DREAM
Diploid Haploid ALLELES
 Same structure; Diff. function KINGDOM KO
DNA AND RNA Homozygous Allele CC  ANALOGOUS STRUCTURE
 Diff. structure; Same function PHYLUM PUMASA
Johann Friedrich Miescher Heterozygous Allele Aa
 VESTIGIAL STRUCTURE CLASS CAUSE
Structure of DNA (double helix) Mendellian Genetics  pwede mawala
 ADDENDUM STRUCTURE ORDER OUR
James Watson & Francis Crick 1. Law of Segregation
 Punnet Square  Wala sa tatlo FAMILY FAMILY
2. Law of Independent Assortment
MICROBIOLOGY GENUS GETS
DNA RNA  Genotype
 Phenotype Joseph Lister – sterilization/ SPECIES SWELDO
Cytosine Cytosine 3. Law of Complete Dominance antiseptic surgery
Alexander Fleming –
Guanine Guanine Non-Mendellian Genetics penicillin
Binomial Nomenclature
Adenine Adenine 1. Law of Codominance
2. Law of Incomplete Dominance Basic Shape Microbes Scientific Name
Thymine Uracil
Bacillus – rod shaped
 Blending Latin – dead language
CENTRAL DOGMA OF MOLECULAR BIO Coccus – spherical
 Intermediate trait
Vibrio – comma shaped DOMAIN
DNA - replication KARYOTYPE – set of chromosome Spirillum – spiral
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
RNA - transcription EVOLUTION Reproduction
(Extremophiles)
Ribosome - translation Jean Baptiste de Lamarck Parthenogenesis – no need to
fertilize KINGDOM
Protein Theory of Use and Disuse
Principle of Inheritance of Sexual  MONERA
CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS
Acquired Characteristics  most population
-Deletion -Inversion Asexual  bacteria
Charles Darwin  archaea
-Translocation -Polyploidy  Binary fission (bacteria)
Natural selection/survival of  Budding (outgrowth)  blue-green algae
-Non-disjunction the fittest  Fragmentation
  PROTISTA o Gastropoda – snail 
Warm-blooded covered w/ PLANT VASCULAR SYSTEM
 Protozoa (animal-like) o Pelecypoda – clams feathers
 Xylem – water
 Slime molds (fungi-like) o Cephalopoda –  MAMMALIA
 Phloem – food
 Algae (plant-like) octopus  Warm-blooded w/ skin/hair
 Transpiration
 FUNGI  ARTHROPODA o Monotremes/
 Capillary Action – responsible on
 Saprophytes  Jointed foot Monotremata – egg-
the upward movement of water
 PLANTAE o Insects – 3 pairs laying
o Cohesion – same mol.
 Autotrophs (most # of species) o Marsupial – has
o Adhesion – diff. mol.
 ANIIMALIA o Arachnid – 4 pairs abdominal pouch
 Photosynthesis
 Heterotrophs o Crustacean – 5 pairs o Placental
o Glucose
 Locomotion  ECHINODERMATA
PLANT KINGDOM o Oxygen
 Spiny & spiky skin
Characteristics of Animal Kingdom  Cellular Respiration
 Ex. Sea star, urchins  Bryophytes - has no vascular o CO2
 Invertebrates & vertebrates system (ex. Hornworts, o ATP
VERTEBRATE
 Radial & bilateral liverworts, mosses) o H2O
 CHORDATA  Tracheophytes – has vascular
PHYLUM OF ANIMAL KINGDOM system PLANT HORMONES
CLASS OF CHORDATA
INVERTEBRATES o Seedless - ferns
o Auxin – apical dominance & plant
 AGNATHA o Has Seeds
growth
 PORIFERA  Jawless fish  Gymnosperm
o Gibberellin – stem elongation
 Pores  Ex. Lampreys - Cone-
o Cytokinin – cell division
 Ex. Sponges  CHONDRICHTYES bearing
o Ethylene – ripening
 CNIDARIA  Cartilaginous fish  Angiosperm
o Abscisic Acid – dormancy (stomata
 Nematocyst (stinging cells)  Ex. Sharks, rays, skates - Flower-
closure)
 Ex. Jellyfish, corrals, sea  OSTEICHTHYES bearing
anemone, hydra  - bony fish Ecology
MONOCOT vs. DICOT
 PLATHELMINTHES  AMPHIBIAN  Species – group of animals/plants
 Ex. Flat worms  Early – water Cotyledon 1 2
having common attributes
 NEMATODA  Old – land Petal 3 4-5  Population – one group of
 not segmented  Mate – water species inhabiting a particular
 Ex. Round worms  Ex. Frogs, salamanders, Leaf parallel netted place
 ANNELIDA newts, toads Root fibrous taproot  Community – diff. populations
 - segmented  REPTILE/REPTILIA living in the same place
 - Ex. Earthworms, leeches  Dry & scaly skin  Habitat – the place where
 MOLLUSCA  Creeping animals/ plants live
 Has a soft body & shell  AVES
 Ecosystem – interaction bet.
community and its environment
 Niche – the ecological role of
plants/animals in their
environment
 Biome – a major ecological
community type (tropical rain
forest, grassland, desert)
RELATIONSHIPS
Symbiosis/Mutualism – both are
benefited
Amensalism – 1 hurt; 1 wala lang
Commensalism – 1 benefit; 1 w.l.
Predation – predator & prey
Parasitism – 1 hurt (host); 1
benefit
Competition – same species ang
naglalaban for their needs
Neutralism – both wala lang
World Biome
Desert – low precipitation, hot/cold
dry region
 Antarctica – largest desert (cold)
 Sahara – largest hot desert
Tundra – frozen soil; permafrost
Taiga – cold boreal forest; conifers
Grassland – grasses only
Savanna – grasses + some trees
Tropical forest – 2 seasons
Temperate forest – 4 seasons
Chaparral – shrub land
Aquatic – marine/freshwater
Body Systems
Central N.S. – spinal cord & brain
Peripheral N.S. – nerves
 Cerebrum – voluntary act.
 Cerebellum – coordination &
balance
 Medulla Oblongata – involuntary
Endocrine – glands & hormones
 Pituitary gland – master gland
Cardio-vascular – heart, blood, b.vessels
 RBC – replenish after 120 days
Immune/Lymphatic – WBC, thymus,
nodes
Respiratory – lungs, diaphragm
 Alveoli – exchange of gasses takes
place
Skeletal
 217 – child
 206 – adults
Excretory
 600 ml – capacity of the bladder
 150 ml – you already want to
urinate
Reproductive
 Male – testosterone
 Female – estrogen &
progesterone
Muscular
 Gluteus maximus (buttocks) –
largest muscle
 Masseter (jaw muscle) – most
pressure is applied
Integumentary
 Melanin – pigmentation (skin
color)
 Keratin – strength (hair & nail)
 Collagen – connective (skin)
 Elastin – flexibility
Digestive
 2-3 days before the food is fully
digested
 Bolus – food in the mouth
 Chyme – food in the stomach
 Mouth – where mechanical &
chemical digestion occur
o Peristalsis –involuntary
contraction that pushes
bolus & chime into the
stomach
 Small Intestine – longest (20 ft)
o Major absorption
o Complete digestion occur
 Length of the passageway from
mouth to anus – 30 ft