(6

LIFE PROCESSES
Chapter at A Glance
out biological
to prevent respiration is utilised for carrying 13.
To maintain various life processes, and of
functions essential for survival and maintenance
their damageand breakdown, energy is required.
outside the body of an an organism.
This energy is taken from
inside the Energy is required to maintain a state of order in our
organism in the form of food and is taken the food we eat
called nutrition. body. This energy is obtained from
body by a process commonly 14.
Food is required to grow, develop, synthesise protein
In a living organism, the various chemical reactions
2. and other substances needed in the body.
for energy
use the carbon source and the oxygen which can obtain
are those organisms
generation. This energy generation process
creates Autotrophs
their food from inorganic sources in the form ot
for the body
by-products that are not only useless carbon dioxide and water, e.g., green plants ana
These waste by-
cells, but could even be harmful. some bacteria.
and discarded
products are removed from the body
9. Autotrophs use simple food material while
outside by a process called excretion.
heterotrophs utilise complex substances for obtaining
15
of the
3. The oxidising-reducing reactions are some

most common chemical means to breakdown energy Us

are the bio-catalysts which
organisms
molecules during the process of digestion. 10Enzymes
to break complex food substances into simpler ones
16
Respiration : It is the process of acquiring oxygen before they can be used for the upkeep and grow
from outside the body, and to use it inthe process of
of the body.
for cellular needs.
breakdown of food sources 11,Heterotrophs are those organisms which canno
s. Bfeathing: The mechanism by which organisms make their own food. The survival of heterotrop
environment and release depends directly or indirectly on autotropn
obtain oxygen from the
carbon dioxide, is termed breathing. Respiration is a
Heterotrophic organisms include animals and fung
It includes
much more complex process. Autotrophic Nutrition : Main requirements o
which involves the mechanism
of
(i) breathing, autotrophic organisms are carbon (in the form o
and carbon dioxide, and which
exchange of gases, oxygen CO) and energy (in the form of carbohydrates)
food occurring in the cells
(in oxidation of digested are fulfilled by the process of photosynthesis.
to release energy.
The energy released during
in order

142
 Photosynthesis:
take
The
process by which autotrophs
in substances from the outside (in the (e) The food is taken to the stomach through the
CO2 and H;0) and convert them into storedform of food-pipe (oesophagus).
of energy (carbohydrates) in forms
the presence of () The gastric
sunlight and chlorophyll. glands present in the wall of the
stomach release
hydrochloricacid, a protein
Note: Carbohydrates are utilised for
providing digesting enzyme called pepsin and mucus.
energy to the
plant. The carbohydrates which are g) The hydrochloric acid
creates an acidic medium
not used immediately are stored in the which facilitates the action of the
form of enzyme pepsin.
starch, which serves as the internal energy reserve (h) From the
stomach, the food enters the small
to be used as and when required
by the plant. intestine which is the longest
part of alimentary
Remember: In animals and in our body, energy canal but it is fitted into a
compact space due to
is stored in the form of glycogen. extensive coiling.
The following events take place during () The length of the small intestine differs in various
photosynthesis: animals depending on the food they eat.
() Absorption of light energy (by chlorophyl). Herbivores eating grass, need a longer small
n Splitting of water molecules into hydrogen intestine to allow the cellulose to be
digested.
and oxygen (photolysis of water). Meat is easier to digest, hence carnivores, like
(in Conversion of light energy to chemical tiger have a shorter small intestine.
energy (in the form of ATP and NADPH). ) The small intestine is the site of the complete
iv) Reduction of C02 to carbohydrates digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. It
(assimilation of carbon). receives the secretions of the liver and pancreas
for this purpose. The food coming from the
Chlorophyl
6CO + 6H;0Sunght CH12O6+ 602 stomach is acidic and has to be made alkaline
(Glucose)
for the pancreatic enzymes to act.
13. Héterotrophic Nutrition: It is of various types such
(k) The bile salts help in the breakdown of fat into
asof holozoic, saprotrophic, parasitic, etc. The form
nutrition differs depending on the type and smaller globules thus, increasing the efficiency
of enzyme action, a proces called
availability of food material as well as how it is
emulsification.
obtained by the organism.
4. The digestive system is different in various )The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice which
contains enzymes like trypsin for digesting
organisms since the food and the way it is obtained proteins and lipase for breaking down emulsified
difers in these organisms, e.g, in single celled
fats. The walls of the small intestine contain
organisms, the food may be taken in by the entire glands which secrete intestinal juice. The
Surface. But as the complexity of the organism
enzymes present in it finally convert the proteins
increases, different parts become specialised to to amino acids, complex carbohydrates into
perform different functions.
glucose and fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
Amoéba takes in food using temporary finger-like
(m) The inner walls of the intestine contain numerous
extensions of the cell surface which fuse over the
food particle forming a food-vacuole. finger-like projections called villi which increase
Nutrition in Human Beings: the surface area for absorption.
(a) The
alimentary canal is a long tube extending (n) The villi are richly supplied with blood vessels
from the mouth to the anus. which take the absorbed food to each and every
0) cell of the body, where it is utilised for obtaining
Saliva secreted by salivary glands makes the food tissues and the repair
soft since the
energy, building-up
new

C
lining of the canal is soft.
Saliva contains an enzyme salivary amylase of old tissues.
that breaks down starch which is sent into the large
is a complex (o) The unabsorbed food
molecule villi absorb water from this
to give sugar. intestine where more
a) The removed from
lining of canal has muscles that contract material. The rest of the material is
via the anus. The exit of this
waste
hythmically to push the food forward. Such the body
movements are called peristaltic movements material is regulated by the anal sphincter.
and occur all
along the gut.
Self-Study in Science-10 143
 Mouth (Buccal cavity) Nasal passage-

Tongue Mouth cavity- Trachea

Pharynx-
Oesophagus Aveoll -Rings of
Larynx cartilage
Respiratory
bropchioles
Diaphragm
Gall bladder Lung
(stores bile) Stomach
Bronchi
Bile duct
Liver-
>Small intestine Bronchioles
Alveolar sac"
Ribs
Diaphragm
PancreasS Flg. Human respiratory system.
-Large intestine
(Colon)
Appendix- Anus 22. Rings of cartilage are present in the throat which
ensure that the air-passage does not collapse.
Fig. Human alimentary canal. 23. Within the lungs, the bronchi divides into bronchioles
and bronchioles finally terminate in balloon-like

17. The food material taken in during the process of

structures called alveoli hich provide a
surface where the exchange of gases can take place.
larger
nutrition is used in cells to provide energy tor
24. The walls of alveoli contain an extensive network of
various life processes. blood vessels which help in easier transportation of
18. Breakdown of glucose by various pathways: gases to all the cells in the body.
25. During breathing, ribs get raised which flatten the
Absence of

Ethanol Carbon doxdde + Energy

diaphragm resulting in larger chest cavity. Due to
(n yeast) this, air is sucked into the lungs andAills the expanded
alveoli (inhalation).
Ghucose Pyruvate Lactc acid+ Energy
bonmoeaies)
26. During the breathing cycle, when air is taken in and
let out (exhalation), the lungs always contain a
Energy
a r b o n doxide W a l e r + Energ
residual volume of air so that there is sufficient time
mEooonona)
for oxygen to be absorbed and for the carbon dioxide
to be released.
19. ATP is the ener8y currency for most cellular 27. In human beings, the respiratory pigment is
processes. The energy released during the process haemoglobin which has a very high affinity for oxygen.
of respiration is used to make an ATP molecule This pigment is present in the red blood corpuscles.
from ADP and inorganic phosphate. Carbon dioxide is more soluble in water than oxygen
and hence is mostly transported in the dissolved fom
ADP+ -Energ ADP - = ATP in our blood.
28. Haemoglobin helps in quicker transportation of
:Phosphate if diffusion
20. Since the amount of dissolved oxygen in water is Oxygen to the cells and tissues because,
were to move oxygen in our body, then it is estimated
fairly low as compared to the amount of oxygen
that it would take 3 years for a molecule of oxygen
in the air, the rate of breathing in aquatic organisms
to get to our toes from our lungs.
is much faster than that seen in terrestrial
organisms. 29. Blood consists of a fluid medium called plasma in
which the cells are suspended. Plasma transports
In human beings, air iS taken through the nostrils.
dioxide and nitrogenous wastes in
The entire nasal passage is lined with fine hairs food, carbon
and mucus which help in the Triltration of air. From dissolved form.
nostrils, the air passes through the throat and 30. The heart: The heart is a
muscular organ having
ultimately into the lungs. different chambers to prevent the oxygen-rich blood
from mixing with the blood containing carbon
dioxide.

4 CBSE Self.Study in Science-10

 Aorta
Vena cava from Pulmonary arteries that do not
upper body
use
energy for this purpose, the body
Pulmonary veins temperature depends on the temperature ot the
environment. Such animals, like amphibians or
Right many
atrium Left atrium reptiles have three-chambered hearts, and tolerate
some mixing of the
Vena cava oxygenated and deoxygenated
from lower body bloodstreams. Fishes, on the other hand, have only
Right ventricle- two chambers in their hearts.
Left ventricle 39KArteries are the vessels which carry blood away from
Septum-
the heart to various
(dividing wall) organs of the body Since the
blood emerges from the heart under
Flg. Cross-section of the human heart. high pressure,
the arteries have thick, elastic walls.
31. Auricles receive the blood through veins while the 40eins collect the blood from different organs and
ventricles pump the blood through arteries. bring it back to the heart.1They do not need thick
32. Aorta is the main artery while vena cava is the main walls because the blood isno longer under
pressure,
vein. instead they have valves that ensure that the blood
Right auricle receives the impure flows only in one direction.
33. (deoxygenated)
blood and pumps into right ventricle which further 41. Arteries divide into very fine vessels called capillaries
pumps to lungs for oxYgenation.
which bring the blood in contact with the individual
34. The oxygenated blood from lungs is brought by cells. These capillaries have one-cell thick walls
pulmonary veins into left auricle which pumps it
which help in the exchange of material between the
into left ventricle and which further pumps it into
blood and surrounding cells. The capillaries then join
the entire body through main artery (Aorta). together to form veins that convey the blood away
35. The pulmonary vein is the only vein which brings
from the organ or tissue.
oxygenated blood from lungs into the left auricle.
42. The platelet cells in the blood helps in the clotting of
36. The pulmonary artery is the only artery which carries
deoxygenated blood into the lungs for oxygenation. blood at the points of injury.
37. 43. Lymph or tissue fluid helps in the transportation of
The separation of oxygenated blood from
deoxygenated blood allows a highly efficient supply digested and absorbed fat from intestine. It also drains
of oxygen to the body. excess fluid from extracellular space back into the blood.
38. This is useful in animals that have high energy needs, 44. Lymph is similar to the plasma of blood but colourless
such as birds and mammals, which constantly use and contains less protein. It is formed when some
energy to maintain their body temperature. In animals amount of plasma, proteins and blood cells escape
into the intercellular spaces in the tissues through
the pores present in the walls of capillaries. As it is
Pulmonary
artery to lungs Pulmonary vein formed in the tissues and hence called tissue fluid.
from lungs have
Lung
45. The plants have slow transport systems as they
capia low energy needs. However, the distances over

which transport systems have to operate can be very

large in lge trees.

Vena cava stored energy from
from booy Aortato
body
46.
Plant transport system transport These two
l e a v e s and raw materials from roots.

organised
Capillariesin body pathways are constructed as independently
which transport
organsthe apart from conducting tubes. One, the xylenm
lungs
from the soil. The other,
water and minerals obtained
phloem which transport products photosynthesis
of

from the leaves where they are synthesised to other

ig. Schematic representation of transport and parts of the plant.
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

CBSE
Self-Study in Science-10 145
4Evaporation
Creates
of water
molecules from the cells of leaf Left renal artery
a
suction which pulls water from the
cells of roots. The
loss of water in the form of
xylem Left kidney

from the aerial vapour

parts of the plant is known as Left renal vein

transpiration.
48. In
Aorta
xylem tissue, vessels and tracheids of the roots,
Vena cava Left ureter
stems and leaves are interconnected to form a Urinary bladder
continuous system of water-conducting channels
reaching al parts of the plant. Urethra
49.
Transpiration helpsin the: (a) Absorption and
upward movement of water and minerals dissolved
in it from roots to the leaves. (b) Temperature A
regulation. Fig. Excretory system in human beings.
50. The transport of soluble products of photosynthesis
is called translocation and it occurs in the part of the (iv) A urethra: It is a duct which takes urine from
vascular tissue known as phloem. Besides the bladder to the exterior
transporting the products of photosynthesis, the 55.
phloem also transports amino acids and other
Structure of a nephron: It has a tubular structure
whose one end is cup-shaped (called Bowman's
substances.
capsule) containing cluster of capillaries. This cup
51. Phloem delivers the food in dissolved form to the
shaped structure collects the filtered urine. The
storage organs of roots, fruits and seeds and growing
structure formed by the cluster of capillaries is called
organs of plants.
Glomerulus. In the glomerulus, ultrafiltration takes
52. The translocation of food and other substances take place. This glomerulus is followed by tubular part
place in the sieve tubes with the help of adjacent and collecting duct where selective reabsorption
companion cells both in upward and downward of glucose, amino acids, salts and a major amount
directions. Unlike transport in xylem which can be of water takes place. The remaining liquid part left
largely explained by simple physical forces, the in the collecting duct constitutes the urine.
translocation in phloem is achieved by utilising
energy. Bowman's
53Ahe biological process involved in the removal of Afferent
capsule omerulus Tubular part of
nephron
harmful metabolic wastes from the body is called
branch of
excretion. These metabolic wastes include gaseous renal artery
wastes generated during photosynthesis or respiration
in plants and nitrogenous wastes generated during
the breakdown of proteins in animals. Eferent
renal artery
54. The excretory system of human beings includes the Branch of
Collecting
following: renal vein duct
A pair of kidneys: Theycontain nephrons which
are the filtering units.

Gn A pair of ureters: They connect kidneys with

bladder and urine from
transport
the urinary
kidneys.
bladder : Urine is stored in the urinary
(iin A urinary
bladder. Fig. Structure of a nephron.

jsradinaa
 Questins: Page 113

Q.1. The kidneys in human beings are a part of the syste

for
(a) nutrition (b) respiration
(c) excretion (d) transportation.
Ans. (c) Excretion.
Q.2 The xylem in plants are responsible for:
(a) transport of water
(b) transport of food
(c) transport of amino acids
(d) transport of oxygen.
Ans. (a) Transport of water.
Q.3. /The autotrophic mode of nutrition requires
(a) carbon dioxide and water
(b) chlorophyll
(c) sunlight
(d) all of the above.
Ans-4) All of the above.
Q.4. The breakdown of pyruvate to give carbon dioxide,
water and energy takes place in
(a) cytoplasm (b) mitochondria
(c) chloroplast (d) nucleus.
Ans (b) Mitochondria.
 Exercise

1. Multiple Choice Questions Q.7. A few drops of iodine solution were added to nce
water. The solution turned blue-black in colour. This
Q.1. The opening and closing of the stomatal pore depends indicates that rice water contains:
upon
(o) complex proteins (b) simple proteins
() oxygen fats AT starch
(6) temperature
Q.8. In which part of the alimentary canal food is finally
cwatèr in guard cells
digested?
() concentration of CO2 in stomata (6) Mouth cavity
(o) Stomach
Q.2. Choose the forms in which most plants absorb
nitrogen
(c)Large intestine Smallintestine
Q.9. Choose the function of the pancreatic juice from the
) Proteins
following:
(i) Nitrates and Nitrites
(o) trypsin digests protein and lipase carbohydrates
(i) Urea
(6) trypsin digests emulsified fats and lipase proteins
(iv) Atmospheric nitrogen () trypsin and lipase digest fats
(0) () and (i 4 ) and ()
) () and (iv) () ) and (iv
atnypsin digests proteins and lipase emulsified fats
Q.10. When air is blown from mouth into a test tube
Q.3. Which is the first enzyme to mix with food in the containing lime water, the lime water turned mily
digestivetract? due to the presence of :
(o) Pepsin (6) Cellulose
(o) oxygen 4 Carbon dioxide
Ler Amylase (o) Trypsin (c) nitrogen (d) water vapour
n.4. If salivary amylase is lacking in the saliva, which of
Q.11. Which of the following statements is (are) true about
the following events in the mouth cavity will be heart ?
affected?
) Left atrium receives oxygenated blood from
(o) Proteins breaking down into amino acids
different parts of body while right atrium receives
JYstarch breaking down into sugars deoxygenated blood from lungs.
()Fats breaking down into fatty acids and glycerol i) Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to diferent
() Absorption of vitamins body parts while right ventricle pumps
5. The inner lining of stomach is protected by one of deoxygenated blood to lungs.
the following from hydrochloric acid. Choose the ) Left atrium transfers oxygenated blood to rigt
correct one ventricle which sends it to different body parts.
(o) Pepsin L Mucus (iv) Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from
() Salivary amylase (d) Bile different parts of the body while left ventride
Which part of alimentary canal receives bile from the pumps oxygenated blood to different parts of the
liver ? body.
(o) Stomach Small intestine (o) 0) (6) ()
(c) Large intestine. () Oesophagus 4iy and (i) () ) and (ii)
 Q.12. what prevents backilow of blood inside
contraction? the heart
during .19. Choose the correct path
(oWalves in heart of urine in our body:
(a) kidney
(6) Thick muscular walls of ureter urethra >
urinary bladder
(c) Thin walls of atria
ventricles () kidney urinary bladder > urethra> ureter
JKidney> ureter urinary bladder > urethra
(d)All of the above (d)urinary bladder > kidney - ureter > urethra
Single circulation, i.e., blood flows Q.20. Which
of the following is an incorrect statement
only once durnng one cycle of through the heart (a) Organisms grow with time
body, is exhibited by: passage through the () Organisms must repair and maintain their structure
( o) Labeo, Chameleon, Salamander Movement of molecules does not take place among
cells
(Hippocampus, Exocoetus, Anabas (d) Energy is essential for life processes
(c) Hyla, Rana, Draco
()Whale, Dolphin, Turtle ANSWERS
Q.14. In which of the following vertebrate 1. () 2. (6) 3. (c)
group/groups, 4. 16) 5. (6)
heart does not pump oxygenated blood 5. 7. d) 9. ()10. (b)
parts of the body ?
to different
11. c)
) 8. (d)
12. ( 13. (6) 14. (d) 15. (d)
(o) Pisces and amphibians 16. (b) 17. (c) 18. 19. ()_ 20.

(b) Amphibians and reptiles 2. True/False Questions

( Amphibians only Write true or false for the following statements:
Pisces only 1. The chemical process involved in the removal of harmful
0.15. Which is the correct sequence of air passage duing metabolic wastes from the body is called excretion.
inhalation?
(a) Nostrils larynx pharynx trachea lungs 2. Just as CO, is removed from the blood in the lungs,
nitrogenous wastes such as urea or uric acid are
(6) Nasal passage trachea pharynx
removed from blood in the liver.
larynx- alveoli
3. Urine is stored in the urinary bladder until the pressure
()laryxnostrils > pharynx lungs of the expanded bladder leads to the urge to pass it
Nostr pharynx> larynx> trachea> alveoli out through the urethra.
.16. During respiration, exchange of gases takes place in: 4. in the thoracic cavity, one on either
Kidneys are located
o)trachea and larynx batvèoli of lungs side of the backbone.
(c) alveoli and throat () throat and larynx 5. The walls of auricles are comparatively thicker than
017. Which of the following statements is (are) correct ? ventricles.

0 Pyruvate can be converted into ethanol and 6. The largest artery is aorta and vein is vena cava.
carbon dioxide by yeast
Fermentation takes place in aerobic bacterna 7. Reptiles have three chambered heart, mammals have
m) Fermentation takes place in mitochondna two chambered and fishes have only two chambered
heart.
Fermentation is a form of anaerobic respiration 8. In xylem, minerals in solution fom move in
o) ) and (i) directions (upward and downward).
both
and (i 9. Bile is a alkaline fluid produced by liver and stored in
) and (iv) the gall bladder.

) (i) and (i) 10. Liver is the largest organ as well as the largest gland
18. often leads tO cramps of the body
Ck of oxygen in muscles
ng cricketers. This results due to: ANSWERS
4)Conversion of pyruvate to etnan0
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False
ocgnversion of pyruvate to glucose
to pyruvate
5. False 6. True 7. True
nog-conversion of glucose 8. False 9. True 10. True
T Conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid

CBSE 171
Self-Study in Science-10