I i

÷
I I
# Life living being it is necessary to perform basic functions
Process -

for a

for proper body functioning that it prevent damage and breakdown

,
so can

of body and its functions These basic functions performed by organisms to

.

maintain known as
life are life processes .

LI : what processes would you consider essential for maintaining life ?

-

and -
four basic
processes that are essential for maintaining life processes
are ÷
Ias Nutrition process of transferring source of energy Hood ) from
-

It is the
outside to the
body of an organism .

to Respiration It is the process of a quiring oxygen from outside into the

-

body & using it for breaking down of glucose to release energy for
cellular needs .

Transportation It is process of carrying food and

oxygen from one place to
-

another .

eds Excretion -

It is a
process of removing by products from body
-
which
are formed during energy generating reactions .

II : What
.
outside raw materials used by an organisms ?
are
Ens carbon based molecules ie food is used by body from outside to meet
- .

its energy need Oxygen is used to oxidise food and release energy
. .

So food & are the basic raw materials used by an organisms

oxygen .

to breakdown molecules ?
IP : which reaction occurs in the
body
reactions are the chemical reactions performed
and
-

Oxidising reducing
in the body to breakdown molecules .

LI : Transportation system transports waste products then what is the

need of excretory system ?
and -

Transportation system transports waste products

- from cells but away to
discard it from the body to outside excretory system is needed .

LI : Name the process used by

.

single
celled organisms for ingestion of food,
gaseous exchange and waste removal ? Why is this process insufficient
to meet the
oxygen requirements in multicellular organisms ?
ans -

Diffusion is the process used by single called organisms to carry out

basic life processes such as exchange etc
gas .

It is insufficient because multicellular organisms like humans have

complex body designs and large body size Thus they bear specialised .

cells and tissue for performing various tasks .

Unlike unicellular , multicellular organisms do not have the cells in direct

contact with environment Hence , diffusion cannot melt their Oz
requirements
.

.
 Nutrition
↳ It is the
process transferring
of source of
energy Hood ) from outside
to inside the
body of an organisms for maintaining living structure
Mode of Nutrition : .

1) Autotrophic mode -

It is mode
of nutrition in which organisms mainly green ,

plants manufacture their food by itself This mode of nutrition is .

performed by organisms called autotrophs .

On the basis of of energy

sources :

L .
Photosynthesis autotrophs Organisms which fulfil their carbon and energy
-

requirements by process of photosynthesis using sunlight as a source

of energy Ef: green plants
.
-
.

2 .

Chemosynthesis Autotrophs Organisms which utilise -

chemical energy to
synthesis their organic materials ( food) Foo eg Bacteria
'
-
. .

Photosynthesis
↳ It is a
complex process by which green parts of the plant synthesis
organic food in the form of glucose from carbon dioxide and water
in presence of sunlight and chloro phyl .

Reaction -

6 CO2 + L2 H2O CGH , 206 6029

-

- t 6 H2O -1

Glucose)

utilised for energy to the plant

carbohydrates ( glucose) are
providing .

Remaining glucose
serves as reserved
which is not used are stored in form of starch that
energy .

⑧ leaves are the major photosynthesis organs of a plant .

# Internal structure of a deaf :

its Epidermis -

Outermost layer .

,
Parts -

ca) Upper epidermis -

It is a single layer of
transparent cells with chloroplasts
no .

It iscovered by a waxyc.us#e which protects

internal leaf tissues by preventing excessive
loss of water
through transpiration .

(b) lower epidermis -

It contains stomata 4
 helps
gaseous exchange and allows sunlight to pass in leaves
in .

iii) stomata These are tiny pores, mostly found in the lower epidermis
-

of plants , which allows

gases to enter and exit in the leaf more
rapidly between plant and atmosphere .

Guard cells These are bean shaped cells that frame

-

the stomatal
opening Hence .
they control rate of diffusion of water and gases
,
in and out of leaf .

LI How does the

.

turgor pressure
regulate stomatal pores ?
of guard
cells
cells
ans -

The turgor pressure of guard regulates the opening and closing of

stomatal pores The stomatal pores are open when guard cells are turgid
.

due to absorption of water and get closed when guard cells are in
flaccid condition due to loss water of .

#
Chloroplasts The green coloured plastids contained in leaves are called
-

chloroplasts They are the site of photosynthesis

.
as they contain
green
called chlorophyd which traps the solar
pigment energy from sun
are just below upper epidermis It Ps present as dot like structure
.

They
on leaves .
.
-

# Events of photosynthesis -

1) Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll .

④ Conversion of light energy into chemical energy and splitting of water

molecules into
hydrogen and oxygen .

iiis Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates .

# Conditions necessary for photosynthesis -

cis sunlight -

It affects the rate of photosynthesis by varying its

intensity,
quality
Rate
etc .

eg
a) of photosynthesis is min when .

light is
green .

red 08 blue
b) Rate of u n "
Max . When " "
.

Is Chlorophyll Green colour photosynthetic pigment found in chloroplast

-

that is responsible for trapping the solar

energy from sun .

# materials required by Photosynthesis

Raw :

④ CO2 It is taken up through stomata from the atmosphere in

-

case
of land plants while in aquatic plants take up coz dissolved in
water .
 Water -

by It is taken
the roots through the process of osmosis
up
and its transported to the leaves by
Kyle m vessels .

iii, other materials Nitrogen iron and Mg are also required for photosynthesis
-

taken soil up from .

SignificancePhotosynthesis of -

It not only sustains plants but indirectly provide nutrition of oxygen

to other organisms as well as it provides →

( as food Green -

raw materials for themselves

plants synthesis food from
and other and
organisms sustain thus life on earth .

is releases in air
(b) Oxygenwhich
In -

process of
is used
photosynthesis , oxygen
by other organisms .

for an organisms ? Discuss

nutrition
" '

LI : Is
necessity a .

and All the living organisms need energy to perform various life
-

processes They got energy from nutrition Fe food Thus it is

. .
.
,

the basic requirement of all organisms .

It is needed because -

% It provides
energy
to
perform various metabolic processes in body .

It is essential new cells and for growth of

worn out repair of
iii Iet sis
"
, needed to develop resistance
against various diseases .

Therefore nutrition is
,
a
necessity for an organisms .

List two functions of

II : Draw well labelled
diagram of stomata
-

a .

stomata .

and : Two major functions of stomata :

-
-

Is Allow the loss of water from surface epidermal

of leaves (transpiration) . cells T
IB Allow the exchange of ie intake of
gases
.

CO2 and release of Oz during photosynthesis .

2) Heterotrophic Nutrition -

In this mode of nutrition , can't

organisms
prepare their own food on their own They instead obtain from other
.

organism .

I, THEO Nutrition Nutrition : complex food molecules are taken it and then
ok
broken down into simpler and soluble molecules in this type of nutrition .

Herbivores carnivores and omnivores posses this

eg : Amoeba , human being ,
.

,
 mode of nutrition .

IB Saprotrophic Nutrition In this feed upon dead and decay

organisms material
usually
-

organic matter, breaking down complex outside and absorb it

body .

of fungi yeast etc ,

.

ciii, Parasitic Nutrition In this organism live either on or inside

-

the body of
organism ( host) to obtain nutrition without killing them eg -

ca scuta.

# Nutrition in Amoeba
Amoeba is an unicellular that does not possess specialised organ for
organism
the process of nutrition Mode of nutrition is holozoic & takes place with
.

the help of pseudopodia .

Process :
CB
Ingestion Pseudopodia engulfs the
:
food comes in contact with its cell surface
and form food vacuole This process is called ingestion . .

④ Digestion It is intracellular (takes place inside cell ) in Amoeba Inside

:
.

the food vacuole , complex food is broken down into small soluble molecules .

iiis Absorption : small soluble molecules are then readily absorbed by cytoplasm .

This process is called absorption .

Assimilation The absorbed food is further assimilated by amoeba to use energy for
:

growth .

Cb
Egestion :
food material is removed by cell membrane which
The undigested
ruptures sudden fly at any place and eliminated out the undigested food
which is known as egestion .

/
saliva
grand

- Rectum

# Nutrition in Human Beings :

Digestion is catabolic process , in which complex and large components of

a

food are broken down into simpler and smaller forms with help of
enzymes These simpler parts are taken
.

by different parts of body and

absorbed Entire system is known as digestive system
.
.
 LI : why
-

herbivores have long small intestine while carnivores hare shooter

. one ?
and
-

Herbivores have small intestine to facilitate cellulose

there
digestion . Cellulose
is not digested by human elementary canal as
Carnivores have
digestive
is no
enzyme that can act cellulose
upon .
shorter length of
small intestine as meat is
easily digestible .

Mechanism of digestion
of food :
-

H
IngestiontheIt-

taking in food into mouth or buccal cavity As the food

means .

enters mouth ft is moistened by saliva & moved around in mouth in

order to make
chewing and swallowing easy by tongue food is converted to .

small particles by teeth .

As food complex in nature , so it is converted into its simpler form

2) Digestion -
is

bythe action of biological catalyst called enzymes This process of breaking

.

down of large organic molecules ( like carbohydrates to small molecules ( like

simple sugar) is called digestion .

3) Absorption It is the process by which

-

food passes from

digested alimentary
carat into the blood All the .
food i. e. taken up by walls of intestine
digested .

The inner surface of small intestine has numerous villi and lac teals which increase
the surface area of intestine and helps in absorption of food digested .

4) Assimilation It is the
process of distribution of digested food products to
-

various cells of the body for their utilisation in various metabolic

processes The villi in small Intestine are richly supplied with blood
.

vessels which take the absorbed food to each and every cell of body
to building new cells or repair the older ones .

5) Egestion -

The process of elimination of undigested food formed in the

color of the large intestine is called
through an us
egestion .

Partstatic movement
Cento action and expansion of muscles of the Oesophagus to push the food
forward .

Glands secretion site Enzyme Acts upon End product

cavity
saalirmayyyse
saliva Buccal maltose
45dg gray starch

Gastric juice stomach

Gag,satyric
2) Pepsin protein Peptones
H Cd
Partially broken
Lipase lipids
lipids
3) Liver

.fm .am/s:nie:i neft: i .: :fm: i: o s:e/: :

Bile -
-

fats fixation & fats

4) Pancreas Pancreatic
sgfqellgyp.me Amylase starch , Proteins
,
Mel to se ,
juice Trypsin emulsified fats peptones , fatty

in:* :*
-

lactase lactose
-

La pase fats fatty acid .

Mucus
large - faecal Lubricate .

Intestine matter

¥ Differentiate between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition ?

ans -

AUTOTROPHIC HETEROTROPHIC
TB In this mode of nutrition , food ④ In this mode of nutrition , food is

*,
isma:{ghq.IM?aaHerEaY9snrBeYui:tsedettor obentainaedwtmoanfenooatisheareornoanisegmsiired .

Iii chlorophyll is
present in autotrophs Iiis It is absent .

for trapping sunlight .

known as producers Evs They are known

They are . as consumers

# Tooth Decay :
The tooth decay in mouth occurs due to formation of a plaque It occurs
.

when bacterial cells act upon the food particles ,

and produce acids that soften the enamel .
containing sugars
*
Brushing
of teeth after eating is one treatment .

t If an acid is a harmful substance then the acid produced

, why in our
stomach is considered important Discuss . .

OR
what is role stomach ?
of acid ( HCl) in our
chloric acid CH Ce) is the acid secreted inside the stomach It is
arts:
ptlydro
-

important for body because -

Is It makes medium inside the stomach acidic which is necessary for ,

activation of enzyme called pepsin .

dig It also kills any bacteria entering the stomach , along food .

is not secreted by the gastric ?

IP : what happens if mucus
glands
-

and If mucus is not secreted by gastric glands it will lead to the destruction
-

of inner tinning of stomach causing acidity 4 ulcer by HCl .

LI's A patient had his gall bladder removed and needs a special diet
in hospital .

Which nutrient free diet would be suitable for this patient ?

and The diet tree from fat would be suitable for the patient whose gall bladder is
-

removed because bile stored in bladder helps in the digestion of fat

gall .

LI 's function of digestive enzymes ?

and
-

It helps to breakdown large and insoluble food molecules into small water soluble
molecules .

eg
-

Amylase breakdown starch d trypsin breakdown proteins and form

maltose and peptones .

IE 's How are fats digested

in our bodies ? Where does this process take place ?
ans The small intestine Ps site of the complete digestion of fats The upper part of
-

small intestine relieves bile juice from Bile duct which contains bile salts for
breakdown of fats into smaller globules these by increasing the efficiency of enzyme
action This process is known as emulsification
.
Bile also makes medium .

alkaline so that pancreatic lipase further converts fats into acids and fatty
The walls of small intestine also secrete intestinal juice
glycerol .

containing
finally the fats into fatty acids and
enzyme called lipase that convert
glycerol
.

Thus completing fat digestion .

.

LI:
-

How is small intestine

designed to absorb
digested food ?
OR

Why does absorption of

digested food occur mainly in small intestine ?
and Maximum absorption of
digested food occurs in small intestine due to
-

following reasons -

Is Digestion is completed in small intestine .

Is Inner lining of small intestine is provided with villi which increases the surface
for better absorption
area .

iii Wall of intestine is richly supplied with blood vessels which take the absorbed
food to each and every cell .

Respiration
↳ It is the process by which food is oxidised to release energy for this Oz is .

required from outside of the body to break down the food .

.

The
organic substances
undergoing
called respiratory substrates
oxidative breakdown
during respiration are
eg Glucose
-
.
.

4T#eto :bice respiration -

It is described as the process in which fairly large
amount of energy is released in the presence of
oxygen from the breakdown
of food substances .
 In
cytoplasm
Glucose I 6 CO2 -16
pyruvate t
Energy H2O 38 ATP
-
t

( 6 carbon (3 carbon Imrttochondria

molecules) molecules)

GH iz Og +
Oz - 6 CO2 t 6h20 +
Energy .

This process starts in cytoplasm and continues in the mitochondria of cell . Each
glucose molecule releases 38 ATP molecules Water & .

glucose are waste products .

The
energyreleased is utilised in other life processes .

2) Anaerobic Respiration It is described as the respiratory process in which

-

small amount of energy is released in absence of oxygen from breakdown

of food substances It takes place in yeast bacteria 4 in human muscles
..
,
.

2 molecules of ATP is released

Only .

Types -

TBAlcoholic fermentation of incomplete breakdown of sugar

-

It is the process
into ethanol and CO2 to release energy This
, process occurs mainly in .

yeast which is used to produce beer wine etc Equation ,

.
-

Glucose Itam Energy

( 6 carbon molecule)
+
pyruvate
( 3 carbonmolecule )
Absent 2 Ethanol t 2 Coz -1 2 ATP
In
yeast

ID lactic fermentation -

It is process of incomplete breakdown of sugar into

lactic acid * energy in some bacteria and in our muscle cells .

HBO In ourmuscles during vigorous exercise glucose is metabolised to form

lactic acid and then fatigue & muscle cramp occur This usually takes .

place when small amount of ATP stored in muscles is used up for

immediate need of energy .

Eti
Glucose
¥1 Pyouyzqte Energy
2 Lactic acid 2AM
t
+
Cbc) in muscle
cells

Overall process of breakdown of in both aerobic & anaerobic

glucose
respiration : -

Glucose 16C)

| My
Absence of Oz
(2 ATP)
to plasm
oinyeastes
Ethanol * CO2 t
Energy

Pyruvate 13C) - ¥kmY% lactic acid +

Energy (2 ATP)

Entergy \pot,in mitochondria

coat tho +
Energy 138 ATP)

-
 LI: Differentiate between Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration .

µ
:::L:* :::::::::.ge
"

an.si. . .. . . . .
:c::::b:b::c::: :: . .
Oxygen .

dig Energy is released in

large amount dig .

Energy is released in relatively small

(38 ATP) amount ( 2 ATP) .

Fail of most of>

plants and animals . iii) Eg -

Anaerobic bacteria , yeast .

II : Name the energy currency in the living organism When & Where it is
-

produced ?
ATP f Adenosine
Triphosphate) is the energy currency of cell as it provide
and
energy
-

for doing functions of cell and other

organs It produced
is in .
the mitochondria
of cell
during respiration in the
living organisms .

# Different stages of Respiration

Respiration consist of two steps -

External
R,
Breathing in
-

⑨
Breathing -

It is process of taking required gas and giving out

a

un required It has two

types inhalation and Exhalation for
gases .
.

eg
-

human
beings ,
takes in Oz and
gives out Coa .

④
Exchange of gases -

It involves diffusion of Oz from lungs to

blood and CO2 from blood to lungs In plants gaseous
.

,
stomata of leaf with the
exchange takes place through
environment .

ID Internal Breathing -

It is
gaseous exchange between arterial blood and
cells .

cetera It is process of breakdown of

-

glucose on other
energy for performing
substrate in the cell to produce
respiratory
various functions .

It : Respiration catabolic process

is a
Justify the statement
-

.
.

and -

It is a catabolic process because it involves the breakdown of complex

organic molecule i. e glucose into pyruvate & further break down
.

into carbon dioxide and water with release of

energy .

II : Anaerobic respiration plays an important role in process of bread making

Discuss the statement .

ads
-

During bread
making yeast ,
is mixed with dough where it
undergoes
anaerobic respiration partially oxidising the starch of flour into
 ethanol CO2 releases in this process causes
CO2 t

makes bread
.
to rise and
dough
fluffy This shows that it is important . .

II : compare alcohol and lactic fermentation .

In alcohol fermentation is break down into ethanol and coz

ans -

pyruvate ,

with release of energy Whereas in lactic fermentation pyruvate .

Ps breakdown into lactic acid with release of

energy .

# Respiration in plants -

Write the factors

II : Diffusion acts as the
process of gaseous exchange on
-

which it depends .

ans
-

factors -

IB conditions of the environment .

④ Requirements of the plant .

LP -
which structures are responsible for the gaseous exchange in the stem
of a woody plant ?
←

ans Gaseous exchange occurs

through small pores called denticles in stem
-

of woody plant .

E- Explain the structures of a .

plant that are involved in the process of

Respiration .

and -
Roots The exchange of gases (respiration ) in
-

roots of a plant takes

place by process of diffusion .

dis stems -

plants stomata helps in respiration and in

In herbaceous

woody plants respiration takes place through tiny poles called

,

ten ticks .

Eius Leaves -

Respiration takes place by diffusion of oxygen through

stomata into cells of leaf and CO2 released from same stomata
into atmosphere .

LI -
Green plants fails to photosynthesis at night while respiration occurs

during daytime
the as well as at night Justify the statement .
.

and
-

During nightto the process of photosynthesis does not occur in green

,

plants due absence of sunlight But respiration keep on going .

,

plant take 02 and give out coz in night while in daytime coz is
utilised for photosynthesis .

II land plants cannot survive for a time in water Do you

agree ? If long
-

yes , justify statement .

are
-
Yes ,
lands plants extend to die when their roots water logged for
 longer time This happen because
.
02 present in soil is not available
to perform aerobic
respiration The . roots starts anaerobically alcohol
which can kill the plant .

LI :
-

what happens to the waste products of respiration generated in a

plant ?
and
-

Is Water It is usually used for photosynthesis 9h leaves, as a solvent

-

for transport of mineral salts and nutrients .

RB 102 It diffuses out of the plant tissues into

-

surrounding
is used by the plants in photo
during night During daytime it -
.

synthesis
-

# Mechanism of Gaseous Exchange in Humans

taking in Oz is termed as inspiration and of
The phenomenon of
giving out
coz is termed as expiration
.

Breathing or Gaseous exchange in human involves three steps -

Inhalation when we -
breathe in air passes
,

through trachea and ribs moves up and

flatten the diaphragm due to which the
As a result
chest
cavity becomes larger .

air is sucked into the lungs and fills the

expanded alveoli .

Gaseous Exchange Haemoglobin binds with -

the oxygen and carries it along the blood

in the body .
As the blood passes through
the tissue of the body oxygen from the
,

blood diffuses into the cell ,

and CO2 which
is
produced as waste products during respiration is diffuses into blood
and is carried back to lungs for expiration .

Expiration -
Ribs mores down and diaphragm becomes dome shaped -

decreasing the chest

cavity Thus pushing the air out from lungs
.
,
.

Complete Pathway -

Nostrils → Nasal Passage -

pharynx -
Larynx - trachea

cells ← Blood ← Alveoli ← Bronchioles c- Bronchi - lutngs

Parts :
Each ea The air passes from it Rings of cartilage keep trachea open
-

allowing the passage of air to lungs and also prevent it from

collapsing when there is no air in it .
 ID Bronchi -

Trachea divides into two smaller tubes on

entering air into the
lungs .

ciii) Bronchioles Bronchi -

are subdivided into smaller branches called bronchioles .

Each bronchioles is finally terminated into many alveoli .

By Alveoli These are balloon like structures which increases the surface
-
areas for
gaseous exchange in lungs .

④ Diaphragm movement in
diaphragm helps in breathing
-

II : what is the role of respiratory pigment in respiration ? Give one example .

ans Animals have large body size due to which the diffusion
pressure alone
-

can 't deliver Oz to all parts of body Therefore the respiratory pigments
.

take up Oz from lungs along with blood and carry into all tissues which
are deficient of Oz .

Haemoglobin Blood cells (RBCs)

is one such respiratory pigment found in Red
of human beings to carry Oz .

Transportation
↳ It is life process
a in which a substance absorbed is transported from
one
body part to its other parts .

In human
beings
Blood -
It is red coloured fluid connective tissue which circulates
,
in our
body .

* Its red colour is due to presence of a

pigment called haemoglobin in
its red cells .

is referred
* The
deficiency
of haemoglobin in our
body to as anaemia .

B. 10,0 d
l l

Oxygenated Deoxygenated
92g
and little Oz is attached
Oxygen is attached to the haemoglobin lo bin of blood
to ha emo -

of blood .
.

# Maintain ence by Platelets

occurs , the loss of blood from the system
In case of
any when
injury bleeding
has to be minimised as it leads to loss of
pressure of pumping system To .

prevent this, the platelets circulates around the body and help in of clotting
blood at site of
injury .

* functions of blood -

④ Transport of excretory products Nitrogenous wastes like urea , -

uric acid and

ammonia are collected from the tissue and are transported to kidney for their
removed .
Ii Transport of Oz Haemoglobin present in RBCs combines with Oz from lungs &
-

transports to all tissues of body for respiration .

IT , Transport of CO2 coz generated as waste products during respiration is tran

-
-

sported by blood d Haemoglobin attached to Pt to lungs from where it is

eliminated .

in clotting
of blood platelets present in blood form a dot at site of the injury
-

to prevent loss of blood .

as Protection from disease The WBLS engulfs disease causing microbes and is
-

known as soldiers of body .

EP :
Difference between Artery vein and capillary ?
-

and
-

Arteries
'
Veins
'
capillaries
49 They are thick walled walled and have ④ They have walls that are
.

They are thin

wolves only one cell thick .

% Carries blood from heart fig carries blood from different dis Allows exchange of
to different
organs of organs
to the heart materials b/w blood and .

the
body .

surrounding cells .

Hii) situated very deep into iiis situated superficially on His situated in the terminals
the skin . skin .
of artery on veins .

# Heart It is pumping machine that pushes out that pushes out the blood into the
-

blood vessels and from there to different parts of body It has four chambers .
-

separated by septum which

prevent mixing of pure & impure blood .

Chambers -

④ Atrium( upper chambers) -

There are two artium
separated by septum (dividing wall) .

Yi, ventricles I lower chambers) -

The two
inferior chambers of heart are right &
left ventricle .

# flow of Blood in Humans

Humans have double circulation, which means that
blood goes
through heart twice to supply blood once
around the body .

Process
siphon any circulation The movement of blood from heart to
-

lungs and back

to heart constitutes
pulmonary circulation .

Right ventricle pushes the blood to lungs for oxygenation via pulmonary
arteries .

BBB
The
oxygenated blood comes back to left atrium of heart through
 pulmonary reins .

iBook
'

The left atrium then pushes blood to left ventricle

-

IB systemic circulation -

The movement of blood from heart to various parts

of body except lungs and back to heart .

As the blood fills in left ventricle ,

the blood is pushed out .

¥
The blood is pumped to whole body via aorta .

¥,

The
deoxygenated blood enters
lower
into
right atrium via Vena Cava from
body .

* Double circulated is considered ing as it prevents mixing of oxygenated &

deoxygenated blood .

LI what would deficiency of Haemoglobin in our bodies ?

be consequences of
-

and Haemoglobin efficiently binds with Oz and transports to various

parts of body Deficiency of haemoglobin is referred to as anaemia
. .

The consequences of
such is blood is unable to 02 condition that carry
required by body for respiration and produce energy .
In anaemia the
,

person feels weak skin becomes pale etc

-

II is it
necessary to separate
why oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in
-

mammals and birds ?

they are warm blooded so need
energy constantly maintain
to
and As
they
-

their
blood
body temperature Thus it is important that their oxygenated
.
,

in order to
should not
get mixed with deoxygenated blood .

make circulatory system more efficient .

Blood Pressure
The pressure at which blood is pumped around the body by heart is called
→

blood pressure .

→
The maximum pressure at which blood leaves the heart through main
artery during contraction phase is called systolic pressure ,
.

→
The min pressure in arteries contraction phase is called systolic during ,

pressure .

→
The minpressure in arteries
.

during relaxation phase of heart is called

diastolic pressure .

Normal systolic -

120mm Hy
diastolic 80mm
Hg
-

↳ It is measured by instrument called sphygmomanometer .

 →
High blood pressure is known as
Hyper tent on .

# Lymph It -

is another type of fluid found in our body, which is also involved

transportation .

formation It is formed -

when some amount of plasma proteins and blood

cells escape into intracellular spaces through pores present in
cappill arises .

Functions -

is It is involved transportation of substances where blood vessels .

do not reach .

Is lymph carries digested and absorbed fat from intestine and

drains excess fluid from extra cellular space back into the blood .

Lymph capillaries lymph -

from intracellular spaces chains into lymph

which
capillaries further join to form large lymph vessels that
finally opens into larger veins .

They are thin-walled .

#fBPh
#s

④ It is red in colour .
is It is colourless .

dig Haemoglobin
is
present . Absent .

did It transport materials from one It transport materials from tissues

to another
organ .
Into blood .

Lymph capillaries Blood CappPll aries

B They are colourless They are red in colour .

dis They carry lymph . ④ They carry blood .

wider
ciiis They are .

They are narrower .

beings ? function
'
LI what
-
are
component of transport system in human write
also .

ans -

The component of transport system in human are -

Rs Heart It and ieres the blood

pumps see .

IB Blood -

It consists of two main components -

⑨ Plasma It transport food , coz and

-

nitrogenous waste e te in dissolved

form .

b) Bloodies They -

constitute RBCs ,
WBC s and platelets RBCs .

transports respiratory gases, WB Cs protect body from

harmful pathogens and platelets help in clot of blood at
site of injury .

Btoodveses -

Three types -

④ Arteries -
These transport blood from heart to various organs of body .

④ Veins -

These transport blood from various body parts to heart .

 ⑥ Capillaries These allows exchange b/w blood and tissues
-

Eb Lymph -

It carries and absorbed tats from small intestines

digested .

II 'sHow are water and minerals transported in plants ?

and water and minerals are transported through xylem in plants The
-

cells in roots that are in contact with soil actively take up Pons, creating
a difference in concentration of ions b/w root and soil .

Water moves into root to eliminate this diff of con cementation .

forming a steady movement of water in root xylem This creates a

column of water that is steadily pushed upwards Furtherg transpiration .
.

of water from leaves creates a partial race um that pulls water from
Xylem of roots to leaves and other parts .

It How is food transported in plants ?

ans
-

The transportation of food is by phloem by utilising energy CATP)

done .

The transport of soluble products Gsu gas ) of photosynthesis from -

leaves to other parts of plants is termed as translocation Pressure .

generated by osmotic pressure allows movement of food from phloem

to tissue less
which have pressure .

I -

Explain why transportation of materials is necessary in animals ?

ans -

The distribution of all necessary substances such as food, Oz and

water
throughout body is carried out through system of transportation
It also displaces wastes from where it is expelled out from body Thus .

,
it is
very important
.

Excretion
↳ It is
biological process by which an
organism removes harmful metabolic
wastes from the body .

% Unicellular organism These org get rid of waster products by diffusing

-
.

it into
surrounding through general body eg Amoeba , para mespurn .
-
.

Iis multicellular These

org get rid of waste products by specialised organs for
-

function of excretion .

function of kidneys
is It helps in removing excess water from body and
nitrogenous waste from blood in
.

form of urine .

Rig maintaining the constant conc .

ciii Regulates the pH of blood .

 blood
Garry purified
by kidney )
-

Excretion in Human
#
The main function of Human
Beings
Excretory system is to
remove
nitrogenous wastes such as urea from the body
f { heduposinnggqineg
.

Aorta

Kidney -
The main organ of excretory system It is .
ltonaogeesty supply from

reddish brown and bean shaped structure The left .

originateddu) kidney, take:3?Mr
kidney placed higher
is than right .
body stores urine,

It is caused
by liver .

carry urine
body)
to our

#
Nephrons -

/
It is basic filtering unit found in kidney It is .

coiled tubule whose one end is connected

long ,

to Cup shaped structured called Bowman 's capsule

contain bundle of blood capillaries called
glomerulus that is followed
by tubular part
of nephrons and loops at some
places .

Helen's -

functioning or loop
Is 91 ome
rules filters the blood passing through it .

IB It also ensures to remove from the body that

only harmful substances
include waste materials .

iiis The useful substances like glucose ,

amino acids , salts and
major amount
of water is selectively reabsorbed by tubular part of nephron .

Er) some substances like Kt are actively secreted into the urine through
tubule .

The collecting duct collects the urine and passes it to ureter .

II Differentiate between Alveoli in lungs and Nephrons in kidneys .

and Alveoli in lungs Nephrons in

kidneys
These balloon like structure
are ④ These are long , circled tubule -
like
found within lungs structure present in kidney .

Iii Diffusion is employed in exchange of dis Nephrons selective reabsorption

apply
gases can takes place of useful substances in capillaries
. .

A large no of alveoli are present in iii) small in size but

.

They are very

in no in each kidney
lungs . are large .
.
* Excretion in Plants -

Ms tastes ie .
CO2 and Oz are removed through stomata in leaves and
denticles in stems to the air .

dis Plant
getrid of excess water
by transpiration .

Iii) some
r-esinsandgvms.CN produ
waste tored as

) Plants also excrete waste into soil around them

some .

Waste products also stored in leaves which fall off .

UsWaste :-B Essential oils

dis Gums
Ciii) Oz ( during daytime)