MODULE FOUR:

different metabolic processes involved

in the various organ systems;
general and unique characteristics of
the different organ systems in
representative animals;

HOW ANIMALS SURVIVE functional relationships of the

different organ systems in ensuring
animal survival.

the different metabolic processes involved in the various

METABOLIC PROCESSES AMONG LIVING THINGS organ systems
The various organ systems of animals and humans perform chemical activities that involve energy like breaking down
of food and building cells overall these chemical activities that an organisms perform is called metabolism.
In metabolism, energy is usually consumed when complex
molecules are built and released when complex molecules are
broken down. This is the energy that you use to do your
daily activities. It also keeps you body warm and builds new
molecules that you body needs.
Metabolism can be categorized into catabolism and
anabolism.

METABOLIC PATHWAYS

ANABOLISM: Small molecules assemble into large ones. Energy is required. (Endergonic Process)

+ ENERGY

CATABOLISM: Large molecules break down into small ones. Energy is released.

+ ENERGY

Getting food to cells

nutrition NUTRITION refers to how living things
obtain raw materials and transport them
into their cells.

Cells
NUTRIENTS are all of the elements and metabolize raw materials
compounds taken by living things, and the synthesize structural components,
chemicals that organisms need to grow enzymes, and energy-rich
and function compounds.

ORGAN
I
C

carbohydrates, proteins, Many animals with simple body plans have digestive
NUTR I EN

fats, vitamins compartment called gastrointestinal activity.

synthesized within living
organism
NUTRI
TS
IC E
N
NT
INORGA

Minerals and water

S

Supplied through
digestion or
environmental sources

DIGESTION occurs in the digestive tract or alimentary canal, which Food molecules are absorbed, and
begins at the mouth and moves out of the body through the anus. sent to the rest of the bloodstream.
When glucose level lessens, a
Through digestion, hormone signals the liver to release
carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars, stored glucose. Transported by the
protein into amino acids, and blood to be used throughout the body
lipids into fatty acids and glycerol.

GAS EXCHANGE
WITH THE ENVIRONMENT
DID YOU KNOW?
Gas Exchange is swapping one gas for another. Animals need oxygen to
carry out aerobic respiration and they need to get rid of their other waste
product called carbon dioxide.
Structure of a respiratory system depends on,
size of the animal,
lives in land or water. Slugs have four noses. It takes a sloth two
weeks to digest its
Respiration is the food.
exchange of oxygen and
carbon dioxide between
an organism and its
environment. The two
major process of
respiration are external
respiration and internal
respiration.
Painted turtles survive
Gas exchange in plants winter by breathing
and animals follows the through their butts. Butterflies taste with
same general pattern. In their feet.
simple animals, the
exchange occurs directly
with the environment.

Animal
respiratory
systems are
designed to Tubeworms turn toxic
facilitate gas water into food. Kangaroo rats survive
exchange. Air is without ever drinking
warmed and water.
humidified in the
nasal cavity. It
travels down the Dogs’ sense of smell is about 100, 000 times stronger
pharynx, through than humans’. However, they have only one-sixth our
the trachea, and number of taste buds.
into the lungs.
Animals with smaller bodies and faster metabolism
such as chipmunks and squirrels see in slow motion.
The flamingo can only eat when its head is upside-
down.
CIRCULATION
internal support
system
The circulatory system is a network of cylindrical vessels (the arteries, veins, and capillaries) that emanate from a pump
(the heart). In all vertebrate organisms, as well as some invertebrates, this is a closed-loop system in which the blood is not
moving freely in a cavity. In a closed circulatory system, blood is contained inside blood vessels, circulating unidirectionally (in
one direction) from the heart around the systemic circulatory route, then returning to the heart again.

OPEN AND CLOSE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

The hemolymph directly bathes the organs and tissues.
The blood and interstitial fluid cannot be distinguished.
Present in mollusks and arthropods.
Blood is pumped into the body cavity.
Dorsal blood vessel present.
Capillary system is absent.
Blood is in direct contact with the tissues.
Nutrients are exchanged directly between blood and
tissues.
No transport of gases.
The fluid flowing in this system is called hemolymph.
No respiratory pigments are present.
The volume of blood cannot be controlled.
Blood flow is slow.
The open spaces are called sinuses and lacunae.
Organisms with OCS: Snails, clams, cockroaches and
spiders.
The blood circulates within closed vessels.
Blood and interstitial fluid are distinct.
Present in annelids and vertebrates.
Blood is pumped through the vessels by the heart.
Dorsal and ventral blood vessels present.
Capillary system found.
Blood is not in direct contact with the tissues.
The nutrients are exchanged via tissue fluid.
Gases are transported.
Fluid flowing in this system is called blood.
Respiratory pigments are present.
Volume of blood can be controlled by contraction ad
relaxation of blood vessels.
Blood flow is rapid.
Closed spaces involve arteries and veins.
Organisms with CCS: Humans, squids, Cats,
earthworms.

DID YOU KNOW? HOMEOSTASIS

FLAMINGOS ARE NATURALLY WHITE—THEIR
DIET OF BRINE SHRIMP AND ALGAE TURNS
THEM PINK.
FRUIT BATS DON'T USE ECHOLOCATION—
THEY HAVE EXCELLENT SENSES OF SIGHT
AND SMELL.
Homeostasis is the state of
steady internal, physical, and
chemical conditions
maintained by living
systems. This is the
condition of optimal
functioning for the
organisms and includes
many variables, such as body
temperature and fluid
balance, being kept within
certain pre-set limits

EXCRETION
SALT AND WATER BALANCE AND WASTE REMOVAL

Whether an animal lives on land, saltwater, or in freshwater, water

balance depends on the regulation of solute movement between internal fluids
and external environment. This movement includes in excretory systems.
During normal metabolism, cells produce wastes such as carbon dioxide
and urea.
Urea enters the blood stream and circulates throughout the body. Some
urea is eliminated from the body through the skin as perspiration, which is a
mixture of water, minerals and urea.
The process of excretion in vertebrates includes filtration, reabsorption,
secretion and excretion.

IMMUNE SYSTEM
Defense from Disease
All living organisms are continuously exposed to substances that can
cause them harm. Most organisms protect themselves against such
substances un more than one way --- with physical barriers, for example, or
with chemical that repel or kill invaders.
Animals with backbones are called vertebrates, have these types of
general protective mechanisms. Some examples of vertebrates are;

Elephant Leopard Giraffe

they also have a more advanced protective system called immune

system.
the immune system is a complex network of organs containing cells
that recognize foreign substances in the body and destroy them. It
protects vertebrates against pathogens or infectious agents such as
viruses, bacteria, fungi and other parasites. The human immune
system is the most complex.
 HORMONE
CHEMICAL SIGNALS

Hormone is a chemical signal secreted into body fluids(usually bloods) communicates regulatory messages within the body. Some of
the signals which trigger the release of hormones include:

Hormones from Blood Nerve

other endocrine composition stimulation
glands Blood is a specialized body fluid. It has
four main components: plasma, red
In some cases, the nervous system
directly stimulates endocrine glands to
blood cells, white blood cells, and release hormones, which is referred to
Most hormones are released because of platelets. Forming blood clots to
another hormone being released, For as neural stimuli. Recall that in a short-
prevent excess blood loss. carrying cells term stress response, the
example Growth hormone-releasing and antibodies that fight infection.
hormone (GHRH) is produced by the hormones epinephrine and
bringing waste products to the kidneys norepinephrine are important for
hypothalamus and stimulates growth and liver, which filter and clean the
hormone synthesis and release in the providing the bursts of energy required
blood. for the body to respond.
anterior pituitary gland

The signaling activity of hormones often involves the following:

Mediating the synthesis of other hormones by stimulating their manufacture and release
Stimulating the transport of hormones to target cells so they can mediate their actions
The signal from the hormone may be conveyed by second messengers within the cells
Finally, once the hormone has mediated its action, it is degraded to terminate the action

THE
NERVOUS SYSTEM
An animal’s nervous system consists of neurons, which transfers information
within the body. They transmit sensory information, control heart rate, Central nervous system (CNS) consist of :
coordinate hand and eye movements, record memories, and more. In more
complex animals, this higher-order processing is carried largely in groups. Brain, that process information,
composed of inter-connected neurons
Peripheral nervous system collects information and sends commands, and glial cells.
containing nerves that extend to and from the spinal cord and are divided
into: Spinal cord, that transmits information,
consisting of a thick bundle of nerve
Afferent nerves collect tissue that carries information about the
sensory information from body to the brain and from the brain to
the body and transmit it to the body.
the CNS; afferent nerves
are also sometimes called
sensory nerves.

Efferent nerves carry

commands from the CNS to the
body; efferent nerves are also T H E B O D Y I N

MOTION
sometimes called motor
nerves.

Animals have diverse forms of movement such as flying, swimming, eating and crawling. All those require muscle
activity in response to nervous system input.

Many animals move around using their limbs, and the limbs are moved by muscles. The muscles are attached to either
the endoskeleton or the exoskeleton. 

The movement of the whole animal from one place to another place is called Locomotion.
Walking and running, in which the body is carried well off the surface on which the animal is moving (substrate), occur
only in arthropods and vertebrates.
Vertebrates have an endoskeleton and it is located within the body. The muscles that are used for moving the limbs are
attached to the outer surface of the bones.
Arthropods (such as insects and crustaceans) have an exoskeleton made of chitin. They, too, move their limbs with
muscles, but unlike in vertebrates, the muscles are attached to the internal surface of the exoskeleton.

FROM THE COLLABORATED WORK OF

Group 1 and Group 2 11 - 05 ABM

LEADERS:
BELIGAN, CARMEN DANA
CORPUZ, LORENZO ALFONSO

MEMBERS:
ALVERO, AYEN ALEXIS
CABUGUASON, RONELYN
CASTANTE, MA. ANGELIE
CALAMBA, KRISHA JULIANNE
LAGO, ALLEN ZION
PAMBID, JOIE ANJAE MYRN
OLICIA, JANNA

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