UNIVERSITATEA DE VEST „VASILE GOLDIs” ARAD

FACULTATEA DE STIINTE ECONOMICE

DEPARTAMENTUL ÎNVĂŢĂMÂNT LA DISTANŢĂ

LIMBA ENGLEZĂ
THE LANGUAGE OF ECONOMICS
ANUL: I

SEMESTRUL I si II

Lector univ. dr. ŢIRBAN NARCISA

CONTENTS

I. &nb 17217w2211r sp; &nb 17217w2211r sp; &nb 17217w2211r sp; &nb 17217w2211r sp;

INTRODUCTION – KEYWORDS .............................. 3

II. UP AND
&nb 17217w2211r sp; &nb 17217w2211r sp; &nb 17217w2211r sp;

DOWN ............................................................10

III. ECONOMICS .................................

&nb 17217w2211r sp; &nb 17217w2211r sp;

............................. 12

IV. MEASURING ECONOMIC

&nb 17217w2211r sp; &nb 17217w2211r sp;

ACTIVITY: MAIN INDEXES ........................................

..............................27

V. SENTENCES
&nb 17217w2211r sp; &nb 17217w2211r sp; &nb 17217w2211r sp;

………………………………………….28

THE LANGUAGE OF ECONOMICS –

1
 LIMBAJUL ECONOMIC

I Introducere - Keywords

Acest capitol prezinta vocabularul general precum si definitiile indicator-cheie absolute

necesari accesului la informatia economica. El constituie o prima initiere si totodata baza
pe care se vor acumula cunostintele mai complexe oferite pe parcursul celor doua
semestre ale anului I.

Keywords - Cuvinte - Cheie

Achizite acquisition, purchase

Acord agreement

Actionar shareholder, stockholder

Actiune(bursiera) share, (US)stock

A administra(a conduce a gestiona) to manage, (un cont) to handle

Administrator(conducator) manager

Administratie (conducere) management

Afaceri business trade

Afacere(contract) deal

Agricol agricultural, farm, farming

Agricultor farmer

Alocatie allowance, subsidy

(cu) amanuntul retail ( a vinde cu amanuntul) to retail, to

sell

by retail

2
(vanzator) cu amanuntul retailer

angajat 1.(statut) employee 2.(calificare)clerk

angros wholesale

angrosist wholesaler

antreprenor employer 2.(sens economic general )

entrepreneur, (pentru lucrari etc.) contractor

articol article, item

asigurare 1.(activitate) insurance 2. (societate)

insurance company

balanta balance

banca 1.(institutie) bank 2.(activitate) banking

bani money, (metal) silver

bani marunti, maruntis small change

beneficiu profit

Atentie benefit= 1)avantaj

2) alocare alocatie subventie bloc (commercial) bloc

buget budget

bun, bunuri good

Atentie, good nu se foloseste la singular decat in sens macro-economic : un mijloc de

productie a capital good. In sensul de marfa ,el nu se foloseste decat la plural (goods) , o
marfa a commodity

Bursa stock-exchange,executive(piata bursiera)

Stock-market

3
Capital,capitaluri capital

Cadre, personal de conducere executive

Atentie: cuvantul englez capital folosit cu acest sens nu are pl:

a-si procura fonduri to raise capital

A cadea, a scadea, a se reduce to fall, to drop, to decrease

Cadere(scadre) fall, drop, decrease

Cerere demand (cerere si oferta law of demand and

supply

cheltuiala, cheltuieli spending , expense (pozitie

bugetara) expenditure

cifra figure

cifra de afaceri turn over

comerciant shopkeeper, trader

client customer (servicii) client

comert trade

competitiv competitive

competitivitate competitiveness

a concedia(a disponibliliza) to lay-off, to dismiss, to make (workers)

redundant

concediere(economica) redundancy lay-off, laying-off

concentare concentration

concurent competitor

concurenta competition

concurential competitive

4
Conjunctura = atentie in lb engleza nu exista o traducere unica a acestui termen, folositi
the economy sau expresii ca (present) economic trends, the (present) economic
situation,the (present) state of the economy, the business outlook ,the economic
situation.

Constructie housing, construction

Constituirea unei intreprinderi business formation

(cererea unei intreprinderi)

consum consumption

a consuma to consume

consummator consumer

cont account

contabilitate accounting

contabil taxpayer

cost cost

cota quota

Creanta debt[det]

Atentie: in lb engleza exista un singur cuvant pt creanta (bani care ne sunt datorati) si
datorie (bani pe care ii datoram): dept

Credit credit

Creditor creditor

A creste to raise, to rise, to increase, to go up

cresterea growth

criza slump, depression, crises(pl crises)

a cumpara to buy, to purchase

5
cumparare purchase , buy

comparator buyer, purchaser

Datorie debt

Debuseu outlet

Deficit deficit

Deflatie deflation

Deflationist deflationary

Depresie(econmica) depression

Dereglementare

(neitreventia statului ineconomie) deregulation

devize currency

director manager

disponibilizare mass-dismissal

distributie distribution

dividend dividend

drept 1.law 2.(vama etc) duty

Echilibru balance

Economic economic

Atentie : economical inseamna economic in sensul de economicos, prin care se poate

economisi sau rentabil.

Economie 1. (stiinta) economics

2. (caracteristici economice ale unei tari sau conjunctura economica)

6
(the) economy ; economia romaneasca: the Romanian economy (nu uitati
articolul the!); economiile lumii a treia third-world economies

economii saving, savings

a economisi to save

econom (persoana care economiseste) saver, small investor

export export

a exporta to export

exportator exporter

exterior foreign, overseas (GB)

a fabrica, a produce to manufacture, to make, to

build

fabricant, producator manufacturer, maker, builder

a factura to invoice, to bill, to charge

factura invoice, bill

faliment bankruptcy, failure

financiar (adj.) financial

finantare financing, funding

a finanta to finance, to fund

finante finance

finantist financier

fisc (the) tax authorities;

(GB) the Inland Revenue;

7
 (US) the Internal Revenue
Services (IRS)

fiscal tax, fiscal

flux flow

fond, fonduri 1.m.sg. fund 2.m.pl. funds,

capital money

formare 1.(de personal) training

2.(a unei societati etc.)

formation, forming,

founding, setting up, creation

a furniza to supply

furnizor supplier

a fuziona to merge

fuziune merger

a (se) globaliza to globalize (to go global)

globalizare globalization

greva strike

grevist

importator importer

import import

a importa to import

a impoza, a impozita to tax

8
impozare, impozitare taxation

impozite tax, taxes

indice, indicator index, pl. indexes, indices;

indicator

industrializare industrialization

industrializat industrialized

industrie industry

industrial adj. industrial

industrias industrialist, businessman

inflatie inflation

inflationist inflationary

informatica information technology;

computing; computer
science; data processing

interior (intern) domestic, home

a investi to invest

investitie investment

investitor investor

împrumut loan

a împrumuta (a lua cu împrumut) to borrow

încetinire slow-down

a înfiinta to set up

întreprindere business, firm, enterprise,

9
 concern

liber schimb free-trade

lichiditati cash, liquidities

locuinta housing

lucrator worker, (GB) working man

marasm slump, doldrums

marfa commodity, product

marfuri goods, commodities, products

masa monetara money supply

materii prime raw materials

mana de lucru labour force, (US) labor

force, workforce

menaj household

mondial world, global

moneda currency

multinational multinational

munca work

a munci to work

muncitor worker, (GB) working man

a muta to relocate

mutare relocation

10
N

national national, home, domestic

a nationaliza to nationalize

nationalizare nationalization

a negocia to negotiate

negociere negotiation

negustor merchant, dealer

nivel level

nivel de trai standard of living

obligatiune (bursiera) bond

oferta supply

a oferi, a face o oferta to make an offer

patron manager, fam. boss

patronat management

pensionare retirement

pensionar retiree, (GB) pensioner

piata market

plafon ceiling

plata payment

a plati to pay

planseu floor

11
plusvaloare increase in value; (capitaluri)

capital gains

povara (fiscala) burden

a prevedea (a prognoza) to forecast

previziune (prognoza) forecast

a privatiza to privatize

privatizare privatization

producator producer

a produce to produce

productivitate productivity

produs product(agricol)produce

progres progress

Atentie:Pentru a traduce un progres(al stiintei etc )folositi advance sau breaktrough

profit profit

proportie rate

protectionism protectionism

protectionist protectionist ; adj. protectionist, protective

publicitate 1. advertising 2.(=anunt) advertisment, ad

randament output ;(agricol,financiar)yield ;return

raspundere responsibility;(susceptibil de a antrena urmariri judiciare) liability

raspunzator 1. adj.responsible;(suscesptibil de a fi urmarit in justitie)

liable

2. n.official; person in charge

12
recesiune recession

recuperare(revenire, recovery ;(bursa)rally

restabilire)

a relansa to boost,to spur,to stimulate,to revive,to refuel

relansare boosting, revival, stimulation, spurring; (prin investitii

de stat), pump-priming

rentabil profitable

rentabilitate profitability

resurse resources

revendicare claim

salariat wage-earner

salariu salary (al unui muncitor) wage(s);(al unor

cadre etc.)

sanatate health

schimburi trade

sectorul privat private sector

sectorul public public sector

servicii service(s)

serviciu,slujba employment,(o slujba-a job)

sindicalist union official,union member

sindicat union(GB trde union;US labor union)

social social

societate 1(inreprindere)company,business firm,US corporation

13
 2society

Atentie:in afara sensului general(viata in societate)

society desemneaza o asociere in scop nelucrativ

sondaj (opinie) poll,survey

stoc(uri) inventory,stoc,store

strain foreigner(n.);foreign(adj,)

subventie subsidy;allowance

a subventiona to subsidize

suma amount

somaj unemployment;(US joblessness)

somer unemployed person

somerii, populatia the jobless,the unemployed

aflata in somaj

tarif(taxa,curs) rate

transport transport,(US) transportation

trimestru quarter

tara country

utilizator user

uzina factory, plant

14
V

valuta currency

vama customs

Atentie: nu omiteti s final in cuvintul englez

vanzator, vanzatoare salesperson, salesman,

saleswoman; seller

a vinde to sell

vanzare sale

II. Up and down – Crestere si descrestere

1. VOCABULAR

Limba engleza dispune de un numar foarte mare de termini pentru a desemna o

crestere sau o scadere ,in functie de gradul de intensitate si de rapiditatea lor.

Iata o lista cu substantivrle si verbele cele mai frecvent folosite,asa cum apar ele
intr-un context economic,referitoare la cresterea /scaderea cursului etc.

a) a creste, a se mari

to go up

to rise

to increase

to move up

15
to inch up a creste putin cate putin

to surge a creste dintr-o data

to balloon a creste rapid

to soar a urca

to skyrocket a creste fulgerator

to peak a atinge nivelul cel mai inalt,nivelul maxim

a rise

an increase

b)a scadea,a cobori

to go down

to fall a fall

to drop a drop

to decrease a decrease

to sage a se prabusi

to slump a cadea brusc,a se prabusi a slump ocriza economica

o recesiune

to plunge a plonja,a scadea in mod dramatic si brusc

to sink a scadea mult

to plummet a scadea brusc

to collapse a se prabusi a collapse

to be on the skids a fi in decline,a fi pe cale de a se scufunda

a downturn o cadere,o recesiune

c) &nb 17217w2211r sp; a se stabiliza

16
 dupa o scadere

to bottom out (indica in acelasi timp faptul ca va incepe cursul sa creasca)

dupa o crestere

to reach a plateau

to level off

d) a se redresa

to recover a recovery

to look up

to turn up an upturn

to pick up

to pick up

to improve

to rally (mai ales la bursa) a rally

e) &nb 17217w2211r sp; a fluctua

to fluctuate

to seesaw

to go into a roller-coaster (a fi ca pe un tobogan cu suisuri si coborari)

f) &nb 17217w2211r sp; a face sa urce, a face sa creasca

to raise

to raise a raise (US)

to hike (US) a hike

to drive up

to step up a accelera ritmul

17
 to boost a stimula, a promova a boost

g) a face sa coboare, a face sa scada

to bring down

to cut a cut

to cut back a cutback

to slash a reduce considerabil a slash

2. PREPOZITII

Atentie la folosirea prepozitiilor:

an increase of 5% sau a 5% increase

an increase in production sau a production increase

it increased by 5% sau (US) it increased 5%

Acest lucru este valabil pentru toate verbele si substantivele care desemneaza cresterea
sau scaderea (to go up, rise, drop, fall, decrease etc.)

Dar: a shortage of foreign currency.

3. FOLOSIREA VIRGULEI SI A PUNCTULUI

Atentie la folosirea corecta a punctului sau a virgulei:

2,5 la suta = 2.5 (two point five) per cent

o,5 la suta = 0.5 (zero point five) per cent sau .5% (point five)

10000 se scrie in engleza 10,000

5000 lire = £ 5000

2 milioane de dolari = $ 2 million sau $ 2 m.

Atentie si la :

Sute/ mii/ milioane/ miliarde de dolari

Hundreds, thousands, millions, billions of dollars dar

18
Cinci sute/ mii/ milioane/ miliarde de dolari:

Five hundred/ thousand/ million/ billion dollars.

Hundred, thousand etc. sunt invariabile atunci cand sunt precedate de o cifra.

III. ECONOMICS - Economie

1. DATE GENERALE CU PRIVIRE LA ACTIVITATEA ECONOMICA

Agenti economici economic agents

Agregate economice economic aggregates

Ajustat (corectat) in functie de sezon seasonally adjusted

Ameliorare (imbunatatire) improvement

Anual annual, yearly

Austeritate austerity

Autarhie self-sufficiency

Birocratie red tape, bureaucracy

Bloc comercial trading bloc

Bogatie wealth

Brut gross

Capitalism capitalism

Cadere (scadere) fall, drop

Ciclu cycle

Cifra figure, digit, number

Competitivitate competitiveness

Concurent competitor

Concurenta competition

19
Conjunctura current situation, current trend,
economic outlook

Crestere increase, rise

Crestere puternica surge

Criza crisis, slump

Curba curve

Date data

Declin decline

Decolare take off

Deflatie deflation

Densitatea populatiei population density

Depresiune depression

Dereglementare (neinterventie a statului) deregulation

Dezvoltare development

Economia unei tari the economy

Economic (rentabil) economical

Economic economics

Economie (stiinta) economics

Economie libera laisser-faire economy, liberal economy

(atentie la cuvantul liberal, care in America
de Nord denumeste o orientare politica
progresista, de stanga in alte cuvinte (n. a.))

Economie paralela, subterana underground economy

Economie planificata state controlled, state-run, planned

economy

Econommist economist

20
Eficienta efficiency

Era post-industriala post-industrial era

Evolutie evolution

Expansiune (avant, dezvoltare) expansion, development

Expansiune expansion

Flexibilitate flexibility

Fluctuatie fluctuation, swing

Fluxuri economice economic flows

Fluxuri migratoare migratory flows

Grad, masura scale, table

Grafic graph, chart

Impas stalemate

Imobilism status quo

Independenta (economica) self-sufficiency

Indexare indexing

Indice index (pl. indexes, indices)

Indicatori economici economic indicators

Indicatori de tendinta trend indicators

Indicatori (principali) leading, key indicators

Industrializare industrialization

Inferior lower

Infrastructuri infrastructures

Imbatranirea populatiei ageing

21
Incetinire slowdown, slackness

La scara redusa small-scale

Legea ofertei si a cererii law of supply and demand

Liberalism laisser-faire, free market economy,

liberalism (atentie la cuvantul liberal, care
in America de Nord denumeste o orientare
politica progresista, de stanga in alte cuvinte
(n. a.))

Libera concurenta, piata libera free market

Liber schimb free trade

Lumea a treia Third-World

Lunar monthly

Macroeconomie macroeconomics

Mercantilism mercantilism

Mediu (adj.) average, median, mean

microeconomie microeconomics

migrari ale populatiei population shifts

miscare de fonduri movement of capital

miscare de marfuri movement of goods

mutare relocation

neoliberalism neo-conservative economic policy

neo-liberalism

net net

oferta, cerere supply, demand

parteneri comerciali trade partners

22
perspectiva outlook, prospects

pe scara larga large-scale

pe termen lung long-term

pe termen mediu medium-term

pe termen scurt short-term

piramida vârstelor age pyramid

plafon ceiling

plan de relansare recovery plan, incentive plan

planificare planning

politica economica economic policy

politica de preturi pricing policy

populatia activa working population

prag threshold

pragul saraciei poverty line

pret price

previziuni(prognoze) economic forecasts, survey

economice

procentaj percentage

productivism productivism

proiect project

progres progress, advantage

prosperitate, avânt boom, prosperity

protectie sociala social protection

23
rata fertilitatii fertility rate

rata mortalitatii death, mortality rate

rata mortalitatii infantile infant mortality rate

rata natalitatii birth rate

rata rate

recesiune recession

redresare, recuperare recovery, rebound, rally

reforma reform

relansare(revigorare) revival

restructurare restructuring

retea network

revolutie industriala industrial revolution

rigoare austerity

saturatie saturation, glut

saracie poverty

scadere decrease

schimburi comerciale trade exchanges

societate bogata affluent society

societate cu doi parteneri two-tier society

societate de consum consumer society

societate de servicii service society

speranta de viata life expectancy

spirit de initiativa entrepreneurial spirit, entrepreneurship

24
stagflatie stagflation

stagnare stagnation

statistica statistics

strategie strategy

strategie de reconversie reconversion strategy

strategie de redistribuire redeployment strategy

strategie de recentrare core strategy

subdezvoltare under development

superior(adj.) upper

supraîncalzire overheating

taraganare sluggishness

tendinta (ascendenta, upward, downward, trend

descendenta)

teoria ofertei supply-side, economics

transa bracket

tara care creste rapid fast-growing country

(cu crestere rapida)

tara care se dezvolta rapid fast-developing country

tara industrializata industrialized, developed country

tara în curs de dezvoltare developing country

tarile cele mai sarace less developed countries (LDC)

(mai putin dezvoltate)

tari recent industrializate newly industrialized countries

25
urbanizare urbanization

zilnic daily

2. ECONOMIC ACTIVITY INDEXES INDICATORII ACTIVITĂŢII ECONOMICE

alocatie allowance

cheltuieli expenditures, spendings

conducere(gestiune) management

consum casnic (al menajelor) household consumption

controlul preturilor price control

costuri salariale labour costs

credit credit

crestere a cereri excess demand

crestere a productivitatii productivity gain

crestere zero zero growth

disponibilizare dismissal

disponibilizare (economica) lay-of, redundancies

deficit deficit

economii savings

economii ale menajelor household savings

econom (persoana care economisteste) saver, investor

emisiune monetara money issuing

excedent surplus

export export

flexibilitate elasticity, flexibility

26
import import

impozit asupra consumului consumer tax

impozit asupra plusvalorii capital gains tax

impozit asupra venitulu societatilor corporate income tax

impozit direct/indirect direct taxation/ indirect taxation, excise

duties

impozit funciar land tax

impozit (taxa) de succesiune inheritance tax

impozit pe venit (al persoanelor fizice) (individual) income tax

indemnizatie allowance, indemnity

indicele costului vietii Cost of Living index (C.O.L. index)

indicele preturilor (bunurilor de consum) consumer price index

inflatie inflation

inflatie cu doua cire double digit inflation

inghetarea salariilor wage-freeze

lipsa, penurie shortage

masa monetara money supply

masa salariala aggregate remuneration, payroll

menaj, gospodarie household

mic investitor small investor

nivel de trai standard of living

nivelul general al preturilor overall price level

PIB commercial merchant GDP

Plusvaloare capital gain

27
PNB pe cap de locuitor GNP per capita

Politica bugetara budget policy

Prestatii sociale social security benefits

Productivitate productivity

Produs intern brut (PIB) Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Produs national brut (PNB) Gross National Product (GNP)

Putere de cumparare purchasing power

Randament return, productivity, yield

Rata de crestere growth rate

Reducerea personalului unei societati downsizing

Relaxarea politicii de credite easing of credit restrictions, easy credit

policy

Rentabilitate profitability

Restrictie de credit credit squeeze, tight credit policy

Resurse (naturale) (natural) resources

Salariu mediu median wage

Salariu minim minimum wage

Spirala inflationista wage and price spiral

Stoc stock

Subproductie underproduction

Subventie subsidy, subvention

Supraproductie overproduction

Surplus surplus

Taxe si impozite asupra produselor petroliere (TIPP) domestic oil tax

28
TVA (taxa pe valoare adaugata) Value-Added Tax (VAT)

Unitate de productie production unit

Valoare adaugata added value

Valoarea de piata market value

Venit income, revenue

Venitul mediu al menajelor household median income

Venit national national income

Venit pe cal de locuitor per capita income

2. BUSINESS AND EMPLOYMENT FIRME SI LOCURI DE MUNCA

Agricultor farmer

Angajare cu jumatate de norma/ cu norma intreaga part-time/full-time employment

angajare pe viata lifetime employment

angajare temporara temporary, precarious employment

angajat employee

angajator(patron) employer

antreprenor, intreprinzator entrepreneur

aport social social contributions

aportul social al parto- employer’s social contributions

nului(al angajatorului)

artisan, mestesugar craftsman, artisan

artizanat, activitate craft industry, cottage industry

mestesugareasca

atelier workshop

29
autoritatile publice the public authorities

avantaje sociale benefits

beneficiu(comercial) profit

birou office

bogatii the rich

cadru, cadre (de conducere) executive, manager

cadru de conducere top executive

cadru mediu middle manager

cadru superior senior executive, senior manager

castiguri earnings

cecurile de afaceri business circles, quarters

cifra de afaceri turnover

clasa bogata the well-off

clasa conducatoare the ruling class

clasa de mijloc the middle class

clasa defavorizata the lower class

clasa muncitoare the working class

clasa superioara the upper class

clasa sociala social class, social status

comerciant shopkeeper, store operator(US), tradesman (GB)

companie, firma, societate company

companie multinationala multinational company

concern (clasa de comert) concern

30
conducatorul intreprinderii company manager, head, owner

conglomerat conglomerate

cooperativa cooperative

corporatism corporatism

crearea(infiintarea) (business) formation, start-up, set-up

unei intreprinderi

deposit warehouse

faliment bankruptcy

filiala subsidiary, affiliate

firma firm

functionar (al statului) state employee, civil servant

fuziune merger, amalgamation

greva strike

grevist striker

grila de salarizare wage scale

grup group

holding holding company

inginer engineer

intreprindere firm, company (GB), corporation (US)

intreprindere de statie state-owner company, public utility company

intreprinderi mici si small and medium sized business

mijlocii(IMM)

maistru foreman, supervisor

31
mana de lucru workforce, manpower

munca minorilor child labour

munca grea hard labor

muncitor worker

muncitorii zilieri(sezonieri) day laborers

nationalizare nationalization

partener partner

patronat management circles, the employers

pensionare retirement

pensioner retiree, pensioner

pescar fisherman

privatizare privatization

profesie occupation, trade

profesie (liberala) profession

profesii liberale professional people

profit profit

salariat wage-earner

salariu wage, salary

saracii the poor

sectorul public/ privat public/private sector

sectie (in fabrica) the shop floor

sediu head office, registered office

serviciu public civil service, public service

32
sindicalism trade unionism

sindicalist unionist

sindicat trade union, labour union (US)

societate (comerciala) company, firm, corporation (US)

societate mixta joint venture

sucursala branch

sef, patron, director, boss, owner, manager, employer

angajator

somaj unemployment

somer unemployed

uzina factory, plant

4. PRODUCTS, MARKETS AND FINANCE PRODUSE, PIEŢE sI FINANŢE

actiune share, stock (US)

angrosist wholesaler

aparate casnice household appliances, white goods

articol item, article

banca bank

bunuri goods

bunuri de folosinta durable goods, durables

îndelungata

bunuri de marfuri commodity exchange, commodity market

bursa de valori stock exchange, stock market

capital, capitaluri capital

33
casa de economii savings bank

client (servicii) client

client customer

client permanent patron

clientela clientele

comerciant shopkeeper, tradesman, dealer, merchant

comerciant cu amanuntul retail dealer, retailer

comert commerce, trade

comert en detail retail trade

(cu amanuntul)

comert en gros wholesale trade

conducator, director, manager

manager

consumator consumer

creanta debt

creditor creditor

cumparare purchase

cumparator purchaser, buyer

datorie debt

debitor debtor

devize currency

distribuitor distributor

distributie distribution

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distributie în masa mass retail, mass distribution

exportator exporter

fabricant manufacturer

febra cumparaturilor spending spree

finantist financier

fiscalitate, sistem fiscal taxation, tax system

importator importer

intermediar middleman, intermediary

investitie investment

investitor investor

împrumut loan

îndatorare debt, indebtness

marfa commodity

marfuri, bunuri goods, merchandise, wares

marfuri de larg consum mass consumption goods

marfuri de prima necessitate staple goods, staples

marfuri de uz casnic household goods

mijloace de productie capital goods

obligatiune bond, debenture

oportunitate (pe o piata) niche

piata market

piete financiare financial markets

plasament (investitie investment

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mobiliara)

politica fiscala fiscal policy, taxation policy

politica vamala tariff policy

producator producer, manufacturer

productia interna domestic output, national production,

nationala

productie output, production

productie în vrac in bulk production, output

produs (industrial) product

produs agricol produce

produs de lux luxury goods

produs finit finished product

produs semi-finit semi-finished product

produse alimentare produce, foodstuffs

produse lactate dairy produce

produse perisabile perishable goods, perishables

protectia consumatorilor consumerism

rata de schimb exchange rate

rata dobânzii interest rate

renta revenue

reprezentant representative, agent

servicii services

subcontractare subcontracting

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subcontractor subcontractor

taxa vamala customs duty

titlu (de valoare) security

troc barter

unitate de productie production unit

valoare (bursiera) security

vama customs

vânzator, -oare, salesman, -woman; seller

agent de vânzare

vânzare sale

5. MAIN VERBS VERBELE PRINCIPALE

a cadea to drop

a câstiga (bani) to make, to earn

a cheltui to spend

a comercializa to market

a concedia to dismiss

a conduce to run, to operate, to lead, to manage

a consuma to consume

a creste to increase, to rise, to grow

a creste (puternic) to surge, to skyrocket

a cuceri (o piata) to grab, to seize, to corner

a cumpara to buy, to purchase

a da faliment to go bankrupt

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a dezvolta to develop, to expand

a disponibiliza to lay off, to make redundant

(din ratiuni economice)

a economisi to save, to spare

a exploata (o to operate

întreprindere)

a exporta to export

a fabrica to manufacture

a face afaceri cu to do business with

a face o afacere cu to make a deal with

a gestiona (a administra) to manage, to handle

a importa to import

a investi to invest

a încheia (un contract, to sign, to close, to clinch

o afacere)

a înfiinta to set up

a lansa to launch

a se mari to increase, to rise

a muta to relocate

a opri inflatia, somajul to curb, to stern the tide of, to check

a patrunde (pe o piata etc.) to penetrate, to break into, to tap

a produce to produce

a realiza un profit to make a profit

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a reduce to reduce, to cut, to lower

a reduce (puternic) to slash

a reforma to reform

a relansa to spur, to boost, to revive, to prime

a scadea to decrease, to fall

a scadea, a se prabusi to plummet, to collapse

(preturi)

a stapâni, a controla to control

(costurile, cheltuielile)

a subcontracta to subcontract, to contract out

a sustine to sustain

a trata cu, a se to deal with

confrunta cu

a vinde to sell

6. A COUNTRY’S NATIONAL ECONOMY ECONOMIA NAŢIONALĂ A UNEI

ŢĂRI

sectorul primar primary sector

sectorul secundar secondary sector

sectorul tertiar tertiary sector

1. AGRICULTURA FARMING

a) productia agricola agricultural production

bere beer

cacao cocoa

cafea coffee

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cartof potato

ceai tea

cereale cereals

citrice citrus

grâu wheat (US), corn (GB)

oleaginoase oilseeds

orez rice

porumb maize (GB), corn (US)

tutun tobacco

vita-de-vie vine

zahar sugar

b ) zootehnia (cresterea cattle-raising, cattle-breeding, cattle

animalelor) rearing

bovine cattle

ovine the ovine race

pasari poultry

porcine swine, pigs

c ) piscicultura (pescuitul) fishing industry (the)

flota comerciala merchant fleet

piscicultura aqua farming

port pescaresc fishing harbor

d ) industria forestiera forest industry (the)

padure, lemn wood

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2. INDUSTRIA ENERGETICA POWER INDUSTRY (THE)

carbune (huila, lignit) coal (coal, beown coal)

energia nucleara the nuclear energy, nuclear power

gaze naturale natural gas

hidroelectricitate hydroelectricity

petrol oil (US), petroleum (GB)

surse de energie alternativa solara, alternative sources of energy (sun,

eoliana etc.) wind, etc.)

3.METALURGIA GREA HEAVY

METALLURGICAL

INDUSTRY (THE)

(siderurgie, minerale) ( iron and steel industry, ore)

aluminiu aluminum (US), aluminium

bauxita bauxite

cobalt cobalt

crom chromium

cupru copper

fier iron

fosfati phosphates

mangan manganese

nichel nickel

otel steel

plumb lead

staniu tin

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zinc zinc

4. INDUSTRIA MINIERA MINING INDUSTRY (THE)

argint silver

aur gold

diamante diamond

5. INDUSTRIA TEXTILA TEXTILE INDUSTRY (THE)

bumbac cotton

fibre artificiale artificial fibres

fibre sintetice synthetic fibres

in linen

iuta jute

lana wool

matase silk

6. ALTE RAMURI DE PRODUCTIE OTHER PRODUCTIONS

ciment cement

cauciuc rubber

mase plastice plastics

7. INDUSTRIILE PRELUCRATOARE PROCESSING INDUSTRIES

industria aeronautica si aerospace industry (the)

spatiala

industria aparatelor de cale rail, railway, railroad industry (the)

industria automobilelor car industry (the)

industria navala shipbuilding (the)

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8.TRANSPORTURI TRANSPORT, TRANSPORTATION

transportul aerian air transport(ation)

transportul feroviar rail transport(ation)

transportul maritim sea transport(ation)

transportul rutier road transport(ation)

transportul terestru ground transport(ation)

9. DIVERSE MISCELLANEOUS

alimentatie food diet

analfabetism iliteracy

timp liber leisure

sanatate health

scolarizare schooling

rata dotarii equipment rate

turism tourism

7.INDUSTRIES AND SECTORS INDUSTRII SI SECTOARE

industria agro-alimentara agro-business (the)

industria alimentara food industry (the)

industia chimica chemical industry (the)

industria de armament arms industry (the)

industria de constructii building industry,building trade

(the)

industria de telecomunicatii telecommunications industry (the)

industiile de varf leading industries (the)

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industria farmaceutica pharmaceutical industry (the)

industria grea/usoara heavy/light industry (the)

industria informatica computer industry (the)

industria petrochimica petrochemical industry (the)

industria producatoare clothing industry (the)

de confectii

industria produselor de lux luxury goods industry (the)

industria spectacolului show business, entertainment

industry (the)

industria de inalta tehnologie high tech industry (the)

8.MISCELLANEOUS DIVERSE

audiovizualul audio-visual industry (the)

averea imobiliara real estate

editurile publishing industry (the)

industria producatoare de imbracaminte (productie in serie) ready-to-wear industry (the)

locuinte housing

mass-media media(the)

robotica robotics

sectorul asigurarilor insurance industry(the)

sectorul bancar banking industry(the)

telematica telematics

9. Vocabular suplimentar Additional vocabulary

baraj dam

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bazin field

centrala (energetica) power plant

companie aeriana airline company

extractie de minereuri mining

foraj drilling, boring

furnal blast furnace

linie de montaj assembly line

masina-unealta machine tool

mina mine

otelarie steel mill

piese de schimb spare parts

rafinarie refinery

ssantier naval shipyard

transportator, caraus carrier, haulier

zacamint deposit

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IV. Measuring economic activity : main indexes – Evaluarea
activitatii economice: principalii indicatori
Gross National Product (GNP) Produsul national brut (PNB)

The total final value of goods and services produced in a national economy over one year.

The Growth Rate (rata de crestere) of an economy is the increase in its GNP from one
year to another.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) produsul intern brut (PIB)

The index measures the value of goods and services produced on the national territory
over a year.

Balance of trade, trade balance balanta comerciala

The difference over a period of time (generally a year) between the value of a country’s
imports and exports of merchandise. The balance is said to be favourable (US favorable)
when it shows a surplus of exports, in which case it shows a deficit. An unfavourable
balance is referred to as a trade gap.

Balance of payments balanta de plati

A system for the recording of a country’s total transactions with the rest of the world
during a given period of time (usually a year).

Consumer Price Index (CPI) indicele preturilor (bunurilor) de consum.

A measure of change in consumers prices, determined by a monthly survey.

Also known as Cost-of-Living Index.

Household consumption consumul casnic (al menajelor);

Industrial consumption indicele productiei industriale;

A monthly statistics on the total output of factories and mines.

Unemployment figures (US Jobless Rate) numarul soemerilor/rata somajului.

The proportion of the labour (US labor) force that is without paid work.

Exchange rate rata de schimb.

The prices at which a country’s currency can be converted into another’s.

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Other indexes and yardsticks alti indicatori si instrumente de masura;

Consumer demand nivelul consumului, cererea consumatorilor;

Purchasing power puterea de cumparare;

Standard of living nivelul de trai;

Population growth cresterea demografica;

Birth rate rata natalitatii;

Death rate rata mortalitatii;

Life expectancy/expectation speranta de viata.

V. SENTENCES
1. The economy’s performance in the last few months has not been encouraging.
2. Sluggishness has persisted throughout the year, and most estimates have had to be
revised downwards.
3. The immediate outlook is gloomy.
4. There is a widespread concern over a deepening of the business slowdown.
5. Business is at a standstill.
6. A devaluation would give exporters a competitive edge.
7. The aftermath/ outcome of a devaluation is often a rise in the production costs,
prices and wages.
8. We are headed for a slump.
9. The situation is compounded of inflation and social unrest.
10. Stagflation is rampant.
11. There are disturbing reports of mounting chaos and widespread lay-offs.
12. Unemployment has been inching up all year.
13. Beleaguered industrialists are casting about for means of coping with the rash of
wildcat strikers.

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 14. The rising tide of inflation will have to be stemmed.
15. Unions should be discouraged from speeding up the wage-price spiral.
16. If consumer demands levels off or falls, employers will eventually have no
alternative than to cut their payrolls.
17. The government is now contemplating a wage-freeze.
18. Additional measures will have to be taken to reduce inflationary/upward pressures
on costs and prices.
19. According to the forecasts of experts, household consumption should go up in the
next quarter.
20. Expectations of an early rebound in the economy have been disappointed.
21. Many economists feel that artificially stimulated demand is preferable to slack
economy.
22. There is no alternative but to spur the lagging economy.
23. Some amount of pump-priming will be needed if the country is to be set on its
feet again.
24. The country now seems on its way to recovery.
25. A powerful surge of buying has been developing.
26. (The) consumers have gone on a spending spree.
27. The revival spreads although the country is still plagued by inflation.

28. Despite official optimism, it is still far from sure that the economy is recovering
from its mild recession.

29. Retail sales are up only 3% over last year – an actual drop in volume after
discounting inflation.

30. New incentives to spur capital spending are currently under active/serious
consideration.

31. There is a need to spur/stimulate employment and consumption.

32. The question is: how to retain prosperity curbing/checking inflation.

33. Seasonally adjusted unemployment figures tend to suggest that business start-ups
have not been so/as numerous as expected.

34. Businessmen have been loath to use the credit already available.

35. With interest rates falling, hot money will flow to other areas/regions.

36. Confidence cannot be restored overnight.

37. The business slowdown is causing serious concern in government circles.

38. The Gross National Product (GNP) has increased (by) 5.25%.

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 39. The Xmas (i.e. Christmas – n.red.) buying spree should not be mistaken for a
genuine recovery.

40. Production is down 4.5% on last year

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