Vi

vaQuest
ionwi
thanswer
s

1.
Whati
scor
esand?

Sandt
hatpr
epar
edbymi
xi
ngaspeci
albi
ndersuchascor
eoi
lwi
thsand,t
hat
dev
elophi
ghst
rengt
h.
2.
Whatar
ethepr
oper
ti
esofgoodmoul
dingsand?

-
Per
meabi
l
ity

-
Cohesi
venessorSt
rengt
h

-Adhesi
veness

-
Plast
ici
ty

-
Ref
ract
ori
ness

-
Bindi
ng

-
Chemi
cal
resi
sti
vi
ty

-
Flowbi
l
ity
.

3.
Whati
smol
dingsand?

I
tspr
epar
edbyusi
ngami
xtur
eofbasesand,
binder
,addi
ti
vesandwi
thor
wi
thoutwat
er.
Themi
xtur
eofsandi
sref
err
edt
oasmoul
dingsand.

4.
Whati
sabi
nder
?

i
tisamat
eri
al,
whi
chi
mpar
tst
henecessar
ybi
ndi
ngact
iont
othesand,
abi
nder
hol
dst
hesand gr
ainst
oget
herandi
nducesst
rengt
handot
herpr
oper
ti
est
o
t
hemoul
ds
5.
Whati
sgr
eensand?

–Cont
aini
ng5-
7%wat
erand6-
10%cl
ayi
t‟
sthecheapestofsandmi
x.

6.
Whati
sper
meabi
l
ity
?

-Theabi
l
ityofsandt
oal
l
owt
hegassest
oescapef
rom t
hemoul
d

7.
Whati
scl
ay?

-
it
smostcommonbi
ndersy
stem usedi
nfoundr
ies,
it‟
sapr
oductofsi
l
ici
ousr
ocks,
cont
aini
nghy
drosi
l
icat
esofal
umi
na(
Al2o3)
.

8.
Whati
sthei
mpor
tanceofGFN?Expl
ainhowGFNaf
fect
sthepr
oper
ti
esofsandandcast
ing.

-
Grai
nsf
inenessnumberFi
negr
ainsandr
esul
tingoodsur
face,ont
hecast
ingbut
gasescannotescapeoutoft
hemoul
dmadef
rom i
t.Coar
segr
ainsandal
l
owsgases
t
oescapeouteasi
l
ybutt
hecast
ingsur
facewi
l
lbev
eryr
ough.Hencegr
ainsi
ze
shoul
dsel
ectappr
opr
iat
ely
.
9.
Whatar
ethedi
ff
erentt
ypesofpat
ter
nsusedi
nfoundr
y?
-
Sol
i
dpat
ter
n
-
Spl
i
tpat
ter
n
-
CopeandDr
agpat
ter
n
-
Loosepi
ecepat
ter
n
-
Gat
edPat
ter
n
-
Mat
chpl
atepat
ter
n
-
Fol
l
owboar
dpat
ter
n
-
Skel
etonpat
ter
n
-
Sweeppat
ter
n.
10.
Whatar
ethedi
ff
erentmet
hodsofpr
epar
ingmoul
ds?

-
openmoul
d

-
Pitmoul
d

-
Lomamoul
d

-
Sweepmoul
d

-
Cor
esandmoul
d

-
Cementbondedmoul
d

-
Plast
ermoul
d

-
CO2Sandmoul
d
-
Shel
lmoul
d.

11.
Whati
sadr
ysandmoul
d?Whybi
nderi
sused.

-
it
sref
erst
osandmoul
dint
hedr
iedcondi
ti
onwhent
her
eisnomoi
stur
ein
t
hemoul
d,Dext
ri
nisusedupt
o2%wi
thcl
ayasBi
nder
.

12.
Whatar
ethedi
ff
erentt
ypesoff
urnacesusedf
ormel
ti
ng?

-
Cruci
bleFur
nace

-
CokeFi
redFur
nace

-
Gasoroi
lFi
redFur
nace

-
Resi
stanceFur
nace
 -
Elect
ri
cAr
cFur
nace

-
Induct
ionFur
nace

-
Cupol
aFur
nace.

13.
Whatar
ethedi
ff
erentt
ool
susedf
ormaki
ngmoul
dsi
nthef
oundr
y?

-
RoundRammer

-
Engl
i
shTr
owel
s

-
Engl
i
shcl
eaner

-
Spoont
ool

-
Smoot
her
s

-
Bel
l
ows.

14.
Whati
spat
ter
nal
l
owance?Whyi
tisr
equi
red.

-
Pat
ter
nhast
hesameshapeast
hatoft
hecast
ingbutt
hedi
mensi
onswi
l
lbe
gener
all
ythant
hatoft
hecast
ing.Thi
sext
radi
mensi
onsordev
iat
ionsf
rom t
he
r
equi
redv
alue,
giv
enont
hepat
ter
nar
eref
err
edt
oaspat
ter
nal
l
owance.

15.
Namedi
ff
erental
l
owancesgi
venf
ort
hepat
ter
n.

-
Shr
inkageal
l
owances

-
Draf
tal
l
owances

-
Machi
ningal
l
owances
 -
Scal
e&gr
indi
ngal
l
owances

-
Dist
ort
ional
l
owances

16.
Whatar
ethedi
ff
erentpat
ter
nsmat
eri
alsusedi
nfoundr
y?

-
Wood

-
Met
al

-
Plast
ic

-
Wax

-
Plast
erofPar
is.

17.
Whati
scopeandDr
ag?

-
Theupperpar
tofmoul
discopeandl
owerpar
tofmoul
disdr
ag.

18.
Whati
sfoundr
y?

–Shapi
ngt
hemet
alcomponent
sint
hei
rmol
tenst
agei
sknownasFoundr
y.

19.
Namedi
ff
erentaddi
ti
vesusedi
nfoundr
ypr
act
ice.

-
Cer
eal
husks

-
SeaCoal

-
pit
ch

-
woodf
lour
 -
Sil
i
caf
lour

-
Ir
onoxi
de

-
Dext
ri
n

-
Mol
asses.

20.
Whati
scast
ing?

-
Cast
ingi
samanuf
act
uri
ngpr
ocessbywhi
chal
i
qui
dmat
eri
ali
susual
l
ypour
edi
nto
amol
d,whi
chcont
ainsahol
l
ow cav
ityoft
hedesi
redshape,andt
henal
l
owedt
o
sol
i
dif
y.Thesol
i
dif
iedpar
tisal
soknownasacast
ing,whi
chi
sej
ect
edorbr
oken
outoft
hemol
dtocompl
etet
hepr
ocess.

21.
Namet
hedi
ff
erentcast
ingpr
ocesses.

-
SandCast
ing

-
Per
manentMol
dCast
ing

-
LowPr
essur
eCast
ing

-
DieCast
ing(
highpr
essur
e)
 -
Dir
ectSqueezeCast
ing

-
Cont
inuousCast
ing

-
Inv
est
mentCast
ing

-
Shel
lmoul
dcast
ing

-
Vacuum Cast
ing

-
Inv
est
ment(
top)andConv
ent
ional
Cast
ings

-
LostFoam Cast
ing

-
Cent
ri
fugal
Cast
ing

22.
Whati
saCor
e?

-
Cor
eissandbl
ockst
heyar
eusedt
omakehol
l
owpor
ti
oni
nacast
ing.

23.
Howacor
eismade?

-
Cor
eismadesepar
atel
yinacor
eboxmadeofwoodormet
al.

24.
Whati
sSpr
ue?

-
iti
stapershapedv
ert
icalcomponenti
nthesy
stem.I
twi
l
lhel
ptr
ansf
erof
mol
tenmet
alf
rom t
hepour
ingcupi
ntot
her
unner
.

25.
Whati
sRunnerandRi
ser
?
-
iti
sal
onghor
izont
alchannelwhi
chcar
ri
esmol
tenmet
alanddi
str
ibut
esi
ttot
he
i
ngat
esorgat
es.I
twi
l
lensur
epr
opersuppl
yofmol
tenmet
alt
othecav
itysot
hat
pr
operf
il
li
ngoft
hecav
ityt
akespl
ace.
-
Riseri
sto suppl
ythe mol
ten met
alt
othe sol
i
dif
ying cast
ing and el
i
minat
e
shr
inkagecav
ityandshoul
dper
miteasyescapeofai
randgases.
26.
Namesomeoft
heCommoncast
ingdef
ect
s.

-
Por
osi
ty/
Hol
es

-
Shr
inkagecav
ity

-
Incl
usi
ons

-
HotTear
s

-
Scab,
Ratt
ail
s

-
Sandbur
n-on/
sandf
usi
on

-
Col
dshut

-
Cor
eshi
ft
/Moul
dshi
ft

-
Fins.

27.
Whati
sgat
ing?

-
Mol
tenmet
ali
sconv
eyedi
ntot
hemoul
dcav
ityandt
he
moul
dget
scompl
etel
yfi
l
ledup.Af
tersol
i
dif
icat
ion,
thesol
i
d
met
alr
epr
esent
scast
ing,Forconv
eyi
ngt
hemol
tenmet
al
i
ntot
he moul
d cav
itycomponent
sref
err
ed t
o asGat
ing
sy
stem.

28.
Whati
sfor
ging?

-
Thepr
ocessofshapi
ngt
hemet
alcomponent
sincol
dorhot
condi
ti
on byt
he appl
i
cat
ion ofi
mpactorpr
essur
e butt
he
 pr
imar
ydi
ff
erenceb/
wvar
iousf
orgi
ngmet
hodi
sther
atewhi
ch
t
heener
gyi
sappl
i
edt
othewor
kpi
ece.

Ment
iont
her
oleofAnvi
ldur
ing 
for
ging.
Actasasuppor
ti
ngdev
icef
ort
hecomponent
sforwhi
chf
orgi
ngoper
ati
oni
scar
ri
ed
outandi
scapabl
eof
 wi
thst
andi
ngheav
ybl
owsr
ender
edt
othej
ob.
10.
 
Bod
yofa
nvi
li
sma
deofwh
ichma
ter
i
al?
Bodyi
sgener
all
ymadeofcastst
eel
,wr
oughti
ron,mi
ldst
eelpr
ovi
dedwi
th
ahar
denedt
op,about20t
o25mm t
hick.
11.
Whati
sthe 
useofHor
ninAnv
il
?
I
susedi
nbendi
ngt
hemet
alorf
ormi
ngcur
vedshapes.Thef
latst
eppr
ovi
ded,
bet
weent
het
opandt
hehor
n,i
suseedt
osuppor
tjobsdur
ingcut
ti
ngand 
i
sknown
aschi
ppi
ngbl
ock.
12.
Whatar
eSwageBl
ock?
I
tcar
ri
esanumberofsl
otsofdi
ff
erentshapesandsi
zesal
ongi
tsf
oursi
def
aces
andt
hroughhol
esf
rom i
tst
opf
acet
obot
tom f
ace,whi
ch 
alsov
aryi
nshapesand
si
zes.
13.
Whati
sthe 
funct
ionofSwageBl
ock?
Usedasasuppor
tinpunchi
nghol
esandf
ormi
ngdi
ffer
entshapes.Thej
ob
t
obegi
venadesi
redshapei
skeptont
hesi
mil
arshapesl
ot.
 
14.
SwageBl
ocki
smadef
rom whi
chmat
eri
al?
Usual
l
yabl
ockofcastst
eel
orcasti
ron.
 
15.
Whati
sthe 
funct
ionofHammer
s?
Hammer
sar
eusedt
ogi
veheav
ybl
owst
othej
oborcomponentt
obef
orged.
16.
From whi
chmat
eri
alHammer
sar
emade?
Gener
all
yFor
gedSt
eel
.
17.
Listt
hecl
assi
fi
cat
ionofhammer
s.
1.
HandorSmi
th’
shammer
s2.
Sledgehammer
s3.Powerhammer
s
18.
Ment
iont
hemaj
orpar
tsofaHammer
.
Pei
n,Ey
e,Cheeksandf
acear
e t
hemaj
orpar
tsofanyhammer
.
19.
Whi
chi
scal
l
edasaSmi
th’
shammer
?
Bal
lpei
nhammerorast
rai
ghtpei
nsl
edget
ypehammerofr
elat
ivel
ysamal
l
si
zear
ecal
ledasSmi
th’
shammer
.
20.
Whati
sthewei
ghtofaBal
lPei
nhammer
?
I
tswei
ghtnor
mal
l
yvar
iesbet
ween1kg– 
1.8kg.
21.
Whati
s aBal
lPei
nhammer
?
I
susedf
oral
lgener
alwor
kandi
tspei
nisempl
oyedwhensl
i
ghtbl
owsataf
ast
er
speedar
eneededsuchasi
nful
l
eri
ngar
ivetheadi
nacount
ersunkhol
e.
22.
Whatar
e Sl
edgeHammer
s?
Ar
ecompar
ati
vel
y3t
o4t
imesheavi
ert
hant
hehandhammer
s.Theyar
e
avai
labl
einvar
yingsi
zesandwei
ght
sfr
om 3kg–8kg.
23.
When 
we 
need 
aSl
edge 
Hammer
Whenheav
ybl
owsar
eneededi
nfor
gingandot
heroper
ati
onsdoneonheav
yjobs.
24.
Listt
hecl
assi
fi
cat
ionof
 Sl
edge 
Hammer
.
1.
Str
aightpei
nhammer
 
2.
Crosspei
nhammer
 
3.
Doubl
efacedsl
edgehammer
. 
25.
Whati
sthef
unct
ionof
 Tongs?
Theyar
eusedt
ohol
dthej
obsi
nposi
ti
onandt
urni
ngov
erdur
ingf
orgi
ng.
26.
From whi
chmat
eri
alTongsar
emade?
Theyar
emadeofMi
l
dSt
eel
.
27.
Ment
iont
hesi
zeofTongsuseddur
ingf
orgi
ng.
Si
zesoft
het
ongsv
aryaccor
dingot
hesi
zeandshapeoft
hej
obt
obehel
d,butt
he
commonl
yusedl
engt
hsoft
het
ongsi
nhand 
for
gingv
aryf
rom 40t
o60cm wi
th
t
he 
j
awsopeni
ngr
angi
ngf
rom 0.
6 t
o5.
5cm.
28.
Listt
he 
typesofTongs
Theyar
eCl
osef
latt
ong,
Sidebi
ttong,
Pincert
ong,
Chi
selorbel
ttong,
Roundhol
l
ow
t
ong,
Squar
ehol
l
owt
ong,
Pickupt
ong.
29.
Whati
sthef
unct
ionof
 Chi
sel
s?
Chi
sel
sar
eusedt
ocut
 met
alsi
nhotorcol
dst
ate.Thosewhi
char
ejusedf
orcut
ti
ng
t
hemet
ali
nhotst
atear
eter
medashotchi
sel
s. 
Whenusedf
orcut
ti
ngi
ncol
dst
ate
ar
eknownascol
dchi
sel
s.
30.
Whati
sthedi
ff
erencebet
weenHot&Col
dchi
sel
?
Themai
ndi
ff
erencebet
weent
hesechi
sel
sisi
nthei
ncl
udedangl
eatt
hecut
ti
ng
edge.
31.
Whati
sthei
ncl
udedangl
eforcol
dchi
sel
?
Acol
dchi
sel
car
ri
esani
ncl
udedangl
eof60degr
eeatt
hecut
ti
ngedge.
32.
Whati
sthei
ncl
udedangl
eforHotchi
sel
?
Ahotchi
sel
car
ri
esani
ncl
udedangl
eof30degr
eeatt
hecut
ti
ngedge
33.
Ment
iont
hemat
eri
als 
fr
om whi
chcol
d&hotchi
sel
sar
emade?
Col
dchi
sel
sar
emadef
rom Hi
ghcar
bon 
steel
,wher
easHotchi
sel
sar
emade 
fr
om
Medi
um car
bonst
eel
.
34.
Whatar
epunches?
Punchesar
etaper
edt
ool
smadei
nvar
iousshapesandsi
zes.
 Theyar
eused
f
orpr
oduci
nghol
esi
nredhot
 j
obs.
35.
Whati
s t
her
ole 
ofFul
l
ers?
Theyempl
oyedf
ormaki
ngnecksbyr
educi
ng 
thecr
oss-
sect
ionofaj
obandal
so
i
n dr
awi
ngout
.
36.
Ment
iont
hemat
eri
alofFul
l
ers.
Ful
l
ersar
emadef
rom Hi
ghcar
bonst
eel
.
37.
Whati
sthe 
funct
ionofFl
att
ers?
Theyar
eusedf
orl
evel
i
ngandf
ini
shi
ngaf
latsur
faceaf
terdr
awi
ngoutoranyot
her
f
orgi
ngoper
ati
on.
1.
What
 ist
her
oleofBi
ckI
ron 
inf
orgi
ng?
I
tis 
asmal
lfacsi
mil
eofan 
anv
il&i
s madeof
 t
ool
steel
and 
har
dened.
38.
Listt
ypesoff
urnacesusedi
nfor
ging.
1.
Smi
th’
sfor
ge2.Cl
osedbl
acksmi
th’
shear
th3.
Gasf
ir
edhear
ths4.Gasandoi
lfi
red
f
lamef
urnace.
39.
Whi
chi
sthemostwi
del
yusedf
urnace 
fori
ndust
ri
alappl
i
cat
ion?
Gasandoi
lfi
redf
lamef
urnacesar
ewi
del
yused 
forheat
ingt
hej
obsf
orhammer
f
orgi
ng.
40.
Whati
stheadv
ant
ageofGas&Oi
lfi
redf
urnace?
Theypr
ovequi
teeconomi
caland f
aci
l
itat
ebet
tert
emper
atur
eand at
mospher
e
cont
rol
.
41.
Giv
ethecl
assi
fi
cat
ionofGas&Oi
lfi
redf
urnace.
1.Boxt
ype2.Semi
-cont
inuousorbat
cht
ype3.Cont
inuousf
urnace.
 
42.
Ment
iont
hef
uel
susedi
nfur
naces.
1.
Sol
i
dfuel
s: 
Eg.Coal
,coke 
&char
coal
 
etc.
2.
Liqi
dfuel
s:Eg.Theyi
ncl
udedi
ff
erentt
ypesoff
uel
oil
s
3.
Gaseousf
uel
s:Eg.Nat
uralgasandpr
oducergas.
43.
Ment
iont
hef
orgi
ngt
emper
atur
e.
Temper
atur
egener
all
yrangi
ngf
orm 1200–1350degr
eeC.
44.
Whati
sthe 
useofbl
ower
sinf
orgi
ng?
Ef
fi
cientandadequat
esuppl
yofai
ratpr
operpr
essur
eisal
way
sav
italnecessi
tyf
or
combust
ionoft
hef
uel
.
45.
Whi
cht
ypeofBl
ower
sar
ewi
del
yused?
Root
sbl
ower
sandcent
ri
fugal
blowerar
ewi
del
yused.
46.
Ment
iont
hef
orgeabl
emat
eri
als
Al
umi
nium & 
Magnesi
um al
loys,Copper
,Br
ass & Br
onze,Mi
ld st
eel
,
Wr
oughti
ron,Medi
um & 
Highcar
bonandal
l
oyst
eel
,St
ainl
essst
eel
s.
49.
Whatdoy
oumeanbyUpset
ti
ngorJumpi
ng?
I
sthef
orgi
ngpr
ocesst
hroughwhi
cht
hecr
oss-
sect
ionofamet
alpi
ecei
s
i
ncr
easedwi
thacor
respondi
ngr
educt
ion 
i
nit
s l
engt
h..
50.
What
 i
sDr
awi
ng 
out
?
I
sal
soknownasDr
awi
ngdown.I
tisexact
lyar
ever
sepr
ocesst
othaofupset
ti
ngor
j
umpi
ng.
 Thi
cknessi
sreducedwi
tht
hei
ncr
easei
nlengt
h.
51.
Whati
fSet
ti
ngdown&f
ini
shi
ngi
nfor
ging?
Set
tingdowni
stheoper
ati
ont
hroughwhi
cht
her
oundi
ngofacor
neri
s
r
emovedt
omakei
tsquar
e,bymeansofsethammer
.
52.
Whatdoy
oumanbyWel
dingi
nfor
ging?
Wel
dingi
nsmi
thyi
s ani
mp.Oper
ati
oncar
ri
edouti
nthi
sshop.
 Twopi
ecesoft
he
same met
alwhi
ch ar
eto 
be j
oined t
oget
herae heat
ed i
nthe hear
tht
othe
pr
oper
 t
emper
atur
e. 
When t
hey hav
e acqui
red t
he wel
dingheat t
hey ar
e
wi
thdr
awnf
rom t
hef
urnaceandj
oinedt
oget
herbyt
heappl
icat
ion
ofext
ernalpr
essur
e,gener
all
yHammer
ing.
53.
Whatmai
nconsi
der
ati
onswi
l
lyoumakei
ndesi
gni
ngaf
orgi
ng?
1.
Thef
orgedcomponentshoul
d ul
ti
mat
elybeabl
etoachi
evea 
radi
alf
lowofgr
ains
orf
ibr
es.
2.
Asf
araspossi
ble,
thepar
ti
ngl
i
neofa 
for
gingshoul
dli
einonepl
ane.
3.
Suf
fi
cientdr
afton sur
faces shoul
d be pr
ovi
ded t
ofaci
l
itat
e easyr
emov
al 
of
f
orgi
ngsf
rom t
hedi
es.
4.
High&t
hinr
ibsshoul
dnotbe 
desi
gned.
5.
Toot
hinsect
ionsshoul
dbeav
oided 
tof
aci
l
itat
eaneasyf
lowofmet
al.
54.
Ment
iont
hef
urnacesf
orheatt
reat
ment
.
1.Hear
tht
ype2.Bat
hty
pe
55.
Whati
sthepur
poseofheatt
reat
ment
?
To i
mpar
t 
cer
tai
n desi
red 
proper
ti
es t
o met
al so 
as t
o r
ender i
t 
sui
tabl
e
f
or 
a par
ti
cul
aruse.
56.
Whati
sHar
deni
ng?
Tohar
dent
hemet
alt
omakei
twearr
esi
tantandr
enderi
tcapabl
eofcut
ti
ngot
her
met
als.
57.
Whati
sthe 
pur
poseofAnneal
i
ng?
Tosof
teni
ngt
hemet
al.
58.
Whati
sTemper
ing?
Gener
all
yfol
l
owed af
ter
 har
deni
ng t
oreduce br
it
tl
eness,par
ti
cul
arl
y 
in case of
cut
ti
ngt
ool
s.
59.
Ment
iont
hef
unct
ionofNor
mal
i
sing?
Forr
efi
ningt
hest
ruct
ureoft
hemet
alaf
tercol
dwor
king.
60.
Whati
s casehar
deni
ng?
Formaki
ngamet
alt
ohav
e ahar
dout
ersur
facewi
tha 
compar
ati
vel
ysof
tbutt
ough
cor
e.
61.
Li
stt
het
ool
san
dequ
ipme
ntu
sedi
n
f
oundr
y.
Theyar
e,Handt
ool
s,Cont
ainer
s,Mechani
calt
ool
s,Sandt
est
ing& condi
ti
oni
ng
equi
pment
,Met
almel
ti
ngequi
pment
,Fet
tl
ing&f
ini
shi
ngequi
pment
. 
62.
Listt
heHandt
ool
susedi
nFoundr
y.
Shoel
,Handr
iddl
e,Rammer
s,St
ri
keof
fbar
,Towel
s,Sl
i
cks,Li
ft
ersorcl
eaner
s,Dr
ag
Spi
ke,Dr
aw scr
ewsandr
appi
ngpl
ate,Smoot
her
sandcor
nersl
i
cks,Mal
l
et,Swab,
Spr
ue 
pin,
Spr
uecut
ter
,Gogger
s,Bel
l
ow.
 
63.
Whatar
ePowerhammer
s?
The bl
ows obt
ained byhand 
hammer
ing 
wil
lntbe suf
fici
entenough t
o
ef
fectt
he pr
operpl
ast
icf
low i
nmedi
um orheav
yfor
ging.
 Fort
hisapower
hammer
 i
susual
l
yempl
oyed.
64.
Whati
sthewei
ghtoft
hesepowerhammer
s?
200kghammerwi
llbeoneofwhi
cht
hef
all
ingwei
ghti
s200kg.
 Theheavi
er
t
hesepar
tsandgr
eat
ert
hehei
ghtf
rom whi
cht
heyf
all
,thehi
gherwi
l
lbe 
i
ntensi
ty
ofbl
owt
hehammerwi
l
lpr
ovi
de.
65.
Listt
hecommonPowerhammer
sinuse.
Spr
ingpowerhammer
s,Pneumat
icpowerhammer
s,St
eam hammer
sandDr
op 
or
For
gehammer
s.
66.
Whatdoy
oumeanby
 Pr
essf
orgi
ng?
For
ging ofpar
tsbypr
essesi
nvol
vessl
ow squeezi
ng ofpl
ast
icmet
ali
n
cl
osedi
mpr
essi
ondi
es,i
nst
eadof
 appl
yi
ngr
epeat
edsev
erebl
owsbyhammer
s.
67.
Ment
iont
het
ypesofPr
essf
orgi
ng.
1.
Hydr
aul
i
cpr
ess
2.
Mechani
cal
press
68.
Giv
eanexampl
etoRol
lfor
ging.
Thi
spr
ocessi
s empl
oyedf
orpr
oduci
ngl
ongsl
enderf
orgedcomponent
s. 
Eg.Axl
es,
&Leafspr
ings.
69.
Why
 for
ging 
def
ect
s occur
s?
1.
Impr
operheat
ingofcomponentf
orf
orgi
ng2.
 
Faul
tydi
edesi
gn3.
 
I
mpr
operpl
acementofmet
ali
nthedi
e4.
 
For
gingoper
ati
onnotcar
ri
edoutpr
oper
ly.
5.
 
Faul
tyf
orgi
ngdesi
gn.
70.
Whyt
hef
orgedpar
tsar
eheatt
reat
ed?
1.
 
Tor
eli
evei
nter
nal
str
essessetupdur
ingwor
kingandcool
i
ng2.
 
t
onor
mal
i
zet
hei
nter
nal
str
uct
ureoft
hemet
al3.
 
Toi
mpr
ovei
tsMachi
nabi
l
ity
4.
 
Toi
mpr
ovehar
dness,
str
engt
handot
her
 mechani
cal
proper
ti
es.
71.
Ment
ioncommonheatt
reat
ment
sgi
vent
ofor
gedcomponent
s.
Anneal
i
ng,Nor
mal
i
singandTemper
ing.Ar
ethecommonheatt
reat
ment
sgi
ven 
to
f
orgedcomponent
s.
72.
Whatmai
nconsi
der
ati
onswi
l
lyoumakei
ndesi
gni
ngaf
orgi
ng?
1.
 
Thef
orgedcomponentshoul
d ul
ti
mat
elybeabl
etoachi
evea 
radi
alf
lowofgr
ainsor
f
ibr
es.
2.
 
Asf
araspossi
ble,
thepar
ti
ngl
i
neofa 
for
gingshoul
dli
einonepl
ane.
3.
 
Suf
fi
cientdr
aftonsur
facesshoul
dbepr
ovi
dedt
ofaci
l
itat
eeasyr
emov
al 
off
orgi
ngs
f
rom t
hedi
es.
4.
 
Hi
gh&t
hinr
ibsshoul
dnotbe 
desi
gned.
5.
 
Toot
hinsect
ionsshoul
dbeav
oided 
tof
aci
l
itat
eaneasyf
lowofmet
al.
73.
Ment
iont
hef
urnacesf
orheatt
reat
ment
.
1.Hear
tht
ype2.Bat
hty
pe
74.
.
Wh
ati
sth
epu
rpos
eofh
eatt
rea
tme
nt?
To i
mpar
t 
cer
tai
n desi
red 
proper
ti
es t
o met
al so 
as t
o r
ender i
t 
sui
tabl
e
f
or 
a par
ti
cul
aruse.
75.
Whati
sHar
deni
ng?
Tohar
dent
hemet
alt
omakei
twearr
esi
tantandr
enderi
tcapabl
eofcut
ti
ngot
her
met
als.
76.
Whati
sthe 
pur
poseofAnneal
i
ng?
Tosof
teni
ngt
hemet
al.
 
 
77.
Whati
sTemper
ing?
Gener
all
yfol
l
owed af
ter
 har
deni
ng t
oreduce br
it
tl
eness,par
ti
cul
arl
y 
in case of
cut
ti
ngt
ool
s.
78.
Ment
iont
hef
unct
ionofNor
mal
i
sing?
Forr
efi
ningt
hest
ruct
ureoft
hemet
alaf
tercol
dwor
king.
79.
Whati
s casehar
deni
ng?
Formaki
ngamet
alt
ohav
e ahar
dout
ersur
facewi
tha 
compar
ati
vel
ysof
tbutt
ough
cor
e. 
80.
Listt
het
ool
sandequi
pmentusedi
nfoundr
y.
Theyar
e,Handt
ool
s,Cont
ainer
s,Mechani
calt
ool
s,Sandt
est
ing& condi
ti
oni
ng
equi
pment
,Met
almel
ti
ngequi
pment
,Fet
tl
ing&f
ini
shi
ngequi
pment
. 
81.
Listt
heHandt
ool
susedi
nFoundr
y.
Shoel
,Handr
iddl
e,Rammer
s,St
ri
keof
fbar
,Towel
s,Sl
i
cks,Li
ft
ersorcl
eaner
s,Dr
ag
Spi
ke,Dr
aw scr
ewsandr
appi
ngpl
ate,Smoot
her
sandcor
nersl
i
cks,Mal
l
et,Swab,
Spr
ue 
pin,
Spr
uecut
ter
,Gogger
s,Bel
l
ow.
82.
Whati
sthe 
funct
ionofHandr
iddl
e?
Usedf
orhandr
iddl
i
ngofsandt
oremov
efor
eignmat
eri
alf
rom i
t.
 
83.
Whati
saRammer
?
Rammer
s ar
e used f
orst
ri
ki
ng t
he sand mass i
nthe 
moul
ding boxt
o pack 
i
t
uni
for
mlyar
oundt
hepat
ter
n.
 
84.
Gi
vet
hec
las
sif
i
cat
i
onofRa
mme
r.
 
1.
Peenr
ammer
 
 
2.
Handr
ammer
 
 
3.Floor ram m er 
85.
Whati
stheuseofVentwi
rei
nfoundr
y?
I
tisat
hinst
eelr
od.
 Af
terr
ammi
ngandst
ri
ki
ngof
f 
theexcesssandi
tisusedt
o
make smal
lhol
es,cal
l
edv
ent
s,i
nthe sand moul
dto 
all
ow t
he exi
tofgases
and 
steam dur
ingcast
ing.
86.
 
Wh
ati
saMa
ll
et
?
I
nfoundr
ywor
kit
 i
susedf
ordr
ivi
ngt
hedr
awspi
kei
ntot
he 
pat
ter
nandt
he 
rappi
ngi
t.
87.
What
 isaSwab?
I
tisahempf
ibr
ebr
ush 
usedf
ormoi
steni
ngt
he 
edgesof
fsandmoul
d,whi
char
ein
cont
actwi
th 
thepat
ter
nsur
face,
bef
orewi
thdr
awi
ngt
hepat
ter
n.
88.
Whati
sthe 
useofspr
uecut
ter
?
I
tisusedt
opr
oducet
hehol
eaf
terr
ammi
ngt
hemoul
d. 
Iti
sint
hef
orm ofat
aper
ed
hol
l
owt
ube.
89.
Whatar
eGogger
s?
Bentofpi
eces wi
res and r
ods whi
ch ar
e used f
orr
einf
orci
ng t
he downwar
d
pr
oject
ingsandmassIt
hecope.
 
90.
Whati
s t
heuse 
ofBel
l
ow?
Usedt
obl
ow butt
hel
ooseorunwant
edsandf
rom t
hesur
faceand 
cav
ityoft
he
moul
d.
91.
Ment
iont
heuse 
ofTr
owel
s?
Usedf
orf
ini
shi
ngf
latsur
facesandj
oint
sinamoul
d.
92.
Whatar
eSl
icks?
Theyar
eusedf
orr
epai
ri
ng&f
ini
shi
ngt
hemoul
d sur
faces&edgesaf
ter
 
93.
Whi
chi
sthecommonl
yusedSl
i
ck?
Thecommonl
yusedsl
i
cksar
eHear
t&Leaf
, 
Squar
e&Hear
t,Spoon&Bead,
 
Hear
t&
Spoon.
94.
L
istt
hec
ont
ai
ner
sus
edi
nfou
ndr
y.
 
1.
Moul
dingboxesorf
lasks
 
2.
Ladl
es
 
3.Crucibles.

Tr
ust
edbyov
er1mi
l
li
onmember
s
Tr
yScr
ibd 
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for30 day
sto access ov
er125 mi
l
li
on t
it
les wi
thoutads or
i
nter
rupt
ions!

St
artFr
eeTr
ial
Cancel
Any
time.
 
 
95.
Ment
iont
hemat
eri
alofmoul
dingboxes.
MadeofWood,
Casti
ronorst
eel
.
96.
WhyDr
ysandmoul
dsal
way
srequi
remet
all
i
cboxes?
Becausedr
ysandmoul
dsar
eheat
ed 
fordr
ying.
97.
Whyt
he 
Ladl
es 
areused?
Theyar
eusedt
orecei
vemol
tenmet
alf
ormt
hemel
ti
ngf
urnaceandpourt
hesame
i
ntot
hemoul
d.
98.
Whati
s t
hecapaci
tyofl
adl
es?
I
t’
scapaci
tyr
angesf
rom 30kg–1000 
kg.
 
99.
Wh
ywer
equ
ir
edCr
uci
bl
es?
Theyar
esi
mil
ari
nshapet
othel
adl
es.
 Theyar
eusedasmet
almel
ti
ngpot
s.
1 0 0 .D efin e M o u ld in g M a ch in es.
I
s dev
ice whi
ch,by means ofl
arge numberofcor
rel
ated i
nter
nalpar
ts and
mechani
sms,t
ransmi
ts&di
rect
svar
iousf
orces&mot
ionsi
nrequi
reddi
rect
ionsso
ast
ohel
pthepr
epar
ati
onofasandmoul
d.
101.
Wh
ata
ret
heF
unc
ti
onsofmou
ldi
ngma
chi
nes
.?
 
1.
Rammi
ngofmoul
dingsand
 
2.
Rol
l
ingov
erori
nver
ti
ngt
hemoul
d
 
3.
Rappi
ngt
hepat
ter
n.
 
4.
Wit
hdr
awi
ngt
hepat
ter
nfr
om t
hemoul
d.
102.
Me
nti
ont
het
ype
sofmou
ldi
ngma
chi
nes
.
 
1.
Jar/Jol
tmachi
ne
 
2.
Squeezermachi
ne
 
3.
Jol
t–Squeezermachi
ne
 
4.
sl
i
ngi
ngmachi
nesorsandsl
i
nger
s.
 
5.
Diaphragm moul
dingmachi
ne
103.W here w e get the foundry sand?
Thecommonsour
cesofcol
l
ect
ingf
oundr
yandsar
eri
ver
s,l
akes,
seaanddeser
ts.
104.
Gi
vet
hema
ing
rou
poff
oun
drys
and
.
 
1.
 
Nat
ural
sand
 
2.Silica sand
105.W hat are the constituent of Natural sand?
I
tcont
ainssuf
fi
ci
entamountofbi
ndi
ngcl
ay.
 
1
06.
Wha
tiss
il
i
cas
and
?
Whi
ch do notpossess 
the cl
aycont
entand need addi
ti
on ofa sui
tabl
e
bi
ndert
o maket
hem usabl
efor
 foundr
ywor
k.
1
07.
 
Wh
ichi
sca
ll
eda
sSh
arps
and
?
Si
l
icasandi
scal
l
edasshar
psand.
1
08.
Men
ti
ont
hec
ommonc
olou
rsofs
and
sus
edi
nfou
ndr
ywor
k.
Theyar
eWhi
te,
Yel
l
ow,
Brown,
Grey&Red.
1
09.
Men
ti
ont
hec
ommons
our
cesoff
oun
drys
and
sinI
ndi
a?
1.
 
Damodar&Bar
karar
es&Raj
 
mahal
hil
l
sinBi
har
 2.
 
Bat
alai
nPunj
ab3.
 
Bhav
nagar&sat
arai
nmahar
ast
ra4.
 
Av
adi
&Veer
iyambkkam i
nMadr
as5.
 
Hoogl
ii
nBengal
6.
 
Rour
kel
ainor
issa.
 
 
1
10.
Lis
tth
ech
ara
cte
ri
st
ic
sofF
oun
drys
and
.
1.
 
Ref
ract
ori
ness,
2.
 
Per
meaabi
l
ity
,3.
 
Fl
owabi
l
ityorpl
ast
ici
ty4.
 
Adhesi
veness5.
 
Cohesi
veness6.
 
Col
l
apsi
bil
i
ty
1
11.
Exp
lai
n 
Ref
rac
tor
i
nes
sof
 
fou
ndr
ysa
nd?
I
tist
hatpr
oper
ty oft
he moul
ding sand whi
ch enabl
es i
tto wi
thst
and hi
gh
t
emper
atur
esoft
hemol
tenmet
alwi
thoutusi
ngt
husf
aci
l
itat
ingacl
eancast
ing.
1
12.
Def
i
nePe
rme
abi
l
it
yoff
oun
drys
and
.
I
tisal
sot
ermedaspor
osi
ty.
 I
tist
hapr
oper
tyoft
hesandwhi
chal
lowst
he
gasesandst
eam t
oescapet
hrought
hesandmoul
d.
1
13.
Wha
tdoy
oume
anb
yFl
owa
bil
i
tyorp
las
ti
ci
ty
I
tist
hatpr
oper
tyoft
hesandduet
owhi
chi
tfl
owsdur
ingr
ammi
ngt
oal
lpor
ti
onsof
t
hemoul
dingf
lask.
Thi
sincr
easeswi
tht
headdi
ti
onofcl
ayand 
wat
ercont
entand
r
educt
ionof
 gr
eenst
rengt
handgr
ainsi
ze.
1
14.
Wha
tisAd
hes
ive
nes
soff
oun
drys
and
?
I
tist
hatpr
oper
tyoft
hesandduet
owhi
chi
tiscapabl
eofadher
ing
t
othesur
facesofot
her
 mat
eri
als.
1
15.
Def
i
neCoh
esi
ven
essoff
oun
drys
and
?
I
tist
hatpr
oper
tyoft
hesandduet
owhi
chi
tsr
ammedpar
ti
clesbi
ndt
oget
herf
ir
mly
andt
hepat
ter
niswi
thdr
awnf
rom t
hemoul
dwi
thoutdamagi
ngt
he 
moul
dsur
faces
andedges.
1
16.
Wha
tisc
oll
aps
ibi
l
it
yoff
oun
drys
and
?
I
tist
he 
proper
tyduet
o whi
cht
hesandmoul
daut
omat
ical
lycol
lapsesaf
ter
sol
idi
ficat
ion 
oft
hecast
ing t
o al
l
ow a f
ree cont
ract
ion ofmet
al.
Ment
ion t
he
Ter
minol
ogyoff
oundr
ysand.
1.
 
Gr
eensand2.
 
Dr
ysand3.
 
Faci
ngsand4.
 
Par
ti
ngsand5.
 
Fl
oor
.Bl
ackorbaki
ngsand6.
 
Cor
esand7.
 
Oi
lsand8.
 
Mol
assessand 
1
17.
Wha
tisGr
eens
and
?
I
tisal
soknownast
emper
edsand.Whi
chcont
ainsj
ustenoughmoi
stur
etogi
vei
t
suf
fi
cientbond.Moul
dsi
nthi
ssandar
eknownasgr
eensandmoul
ds.
1
18.
Wha
tisDr
ysa
nd?
I
tisamoul
diangsandwhi
chwasor
igi
nal
lyhavi
ngexcessmoi
stur
e
cont
entbutt
hesamehasbeenev
apor
atedf
rom i
tbydr
yingi
tsmoul
dina
sui
tabl
eov
en.
1
19.
Wha
tist
heu
seofF
aci
ngs
and
?
Thi
sfor
mst
hef
aceroft
hemoul
d,i
.e,r
ammed ar
ound t
hepat
ter
n
sur
face.I
tisnot
hingbutt
hef
resh 
prepar
edandwel
ltemper
edf
oundr
ysand.
1
20.
Wha
tisPa
rti
ngs
and
?
Thi
ssandi
sspr
inkl
edont
hepat
ter
nandt
hepar
tingsur
facesoft
hemoul
d
so t
hatt
hesand massofonef
laskdoesnotst
ickt
o t
hatoft
heot
heror
 t
he
pat
ter
n.
1
21.
Wha
tdo 
you
 me
anb
y Ba
kin
gsa
nd?
I
tist
heusedsandwhi
chi
slef
ton 
thef
looraf
tert
hecast
ingshav
ebeenr
emov
ed
f
rom t
hemoul
d. 
 
1
22.
Wha
tisCor
esa
nd?
Thesandwhi
chcar
ri
esahi
gh 
sil
i
cacont
entandI
susedf
ormaki
ng 
cor
esi
sknown
ascor
esand.
1
23.
Wha
t 
is
 Mol
ass
ess
and
?
I
tissandwhi
chcar
ri
esmol
assesasbi
nder
.
1
24.
Men
ti
ont
hea
dva
nta
geofMol
ass
ess
and
.
I
tisv
eryusef
ulf
ormaki
ngmoul
dsofsmal
lcast
ingshav
ingi
ntr
icat
eshapes 
andt
hin
sect
ions.
 
125
.Wh
ichs
andi
sca
ll
eda
sFa
tsa
nd?
Faci
ngsandi
scal
l
edasFatsand.
1
26.
Wha
tist
he 
ef
fec
t 
ofs
andg
rai
nson
 f
oun
drys
and
.
Sandgr
ainshasar
emar
kabl
eef
fecton 
thephy
sical
proper
ti
esoft
hef
oundr
ysand.
1
27.
Men
ti
ont
het
ype
sofs
andg
rai
nsu
rfa
ces
.
Smoot
h,Conchoi
dal
/roughsur
faces.
1
28.
Whyt
heSmoot
hsa
ndg
rai
nsu
rfa
cei
spr
efe
rre
d?
Because such a sur
face r
ender
s hi
gherper
meabi
li
ty,si
nterpoi
ntand
pl
ast
ici
tyt
othesandmass&t
he 
per
cent
ageofbi
nderr
equi
redi
sal
so 
equal
l
y
hi
gh.
1
29.
Wha
tar
eth
edi
f
fre
nts
hap
esofs
andg
rai
ns?
Thecommonl
yfor
medshapesar
erounded,
sub–angul
ar,
angul
arandcompound.
1
30.
Forl
i
ghtc
ast
i
ngswh
icht
ypeoff
oun
drys
andi
spr
efe
rre
d?
Li
ghtorf
inegr
ainedsandi
sused.
1
31.
Forb
enc
hwor
kwh
icht
ypeoff
oun
drys
andi
spr
efe
rre
d?
Amedi
um 
grai
ned 
sandi
s pr
efer
red.
1
32.
Forl
ar
gei
r
ona
nds
tee
lca
sti
ngswh
icht
ypeoff
oun
drys
andi
sus
ed?
Heav
yorcl
osesandi
s used.
 Thi
ssandshoul
dcar
rya 
highsi
l
icacont
ent
,st
rong
bondandl
owpr
opor
ti
onoft
ime.
1
33.
Wha
tist
hep
urp
oseofa
ddi
ngBi
nde
rst
oth
efou
ndr
ysa
nd?
Thepur
poseofaddi
ngabi
ndert
o t
hemoul
dingsandi
stoi
mpar
titsuf
fi
cient
st
rengt
handcohesi
venesssoast
oenabl
eitt
oret
ain 
i
tsshapeaf
tert
hemoul
dhas
been 
rammedandt
hepat
ter
nwi
thdr
awn.
 
1
34.
Namet
hec
ommonb
ind
ersu
sedi
nfou
ndr
y?
1.
 
Or
gani
cbi
nder
s2.
 
I
nor
gani
cbi
nder
s.
1
35.
Lis
tth
ecommon
lyu
sedOr
gan
icb
ind
ers
.
1.
 
Dest
ri
n2.
 
Mol
asses3.
 
Li
nseedoi
l
4.
 
cer
eal
binder
s5.
 
Resi
ns,
li
kephenol
andur
eaf
ormal
dehy
des.
1
36.
Lis
tth
ecommon
lyu
sedi
nor
gan
icb
ind
ers
1.
 
Bent
oni
te2.
 
Kaol
oit
e3.
 
Li
moni
te4.
 
Bal
lcl
ay5.
 
Fi
recl
ay6.
 
Ful
l
er’
sear
th.
1
37.
Whi
chi
sth
emos
twi
del
yus
edi
nor
gan
icb
ind
ers?
Bent
oni
tei
sthemostwi
del
yusedi
nor
gani
cbi
nder
. 
1
38.
Wha
tar
eAd
dit
i
vesr
el
at
edt
ofou
ndr
y?
 
Addi
ti
ves ar
ethose 
mat
eri
als whi
ch ar
e added 
to t
he 
moul
ding sand
t
o i
mpr
ove upon 
some of i
ts 
exi
sti
ng 
proper
ti
es ort
oimpar
tcer
tai
n new
pr
oper
ti
est
oit
. 
1
39.
Lis
tcommon
lyu
sedAd
dit
i
vie
s.
1.
 
Coal
dust
2.
 
Seacoal
3.
 
Cer
eal
sorcor
nfl
our
 4.
 
Si
l
icaf
lour
 5.
 
Woodf
lour
 6.
 
Pi
tch7.
 
Dexi
ri
nandmol
l
ases8.
 
Fuel
oil
1
40.
Whe
reCoa
ldu
sta
ddi
t
ive
sar
eus
ed?
I
tismai
nlyusedi
nthesandusedf
orgr
eyi
ronandmal
l
eabl
eir
oncast
ings.
1
41.
Men
ti
ont
hema
inp
urp
oseofu
sin
gcoa
ldu
sta
ddi
t
ive
s?
I
tsmai
npur
posei
stor
eactchemi
cal
lywi
tht
heoxygenpr
esenti
nthesand
por
esand,t
hus,pr
oducear
educi
ngat
mospher
eatmoul
d– met
ali
nter
face&
pr
eventoxi
dat
ionoft
hemet
al
1
42.
Wha
tisSe
acoa
l?
I
t 
isa 
fi
nel
ygr
ound 
sof
tcoal
.
1
43.
Wha
tist
hen
atu
reofSe
acoa
l?
I
trest
ri
ctst
he moul
d wal
lmov
ementand i
mpr
oves sur
face f
ini
sh.I
treduces
per
meabi
l
ityandhotst
rengt
hoft
hemoul
dandr
equi
resahi
gherper
cent
ageofwat
er
i
nthesand.
1
44.
Wha
tisPi
t
cha
ddi
t
ive
s?
I
tisusedt
oimpr
oveshotst
rengt
hand 
sur
facef
ini
shonf
err
ouscast
ings.
1
45.
Wha
tist
he 
r
oleofWa
ter
 
onf
oun
drys
and
?
Cl
aycont
entaddedt
othef
oundr
ysandwi
l
lnotgi
vet
her
equi
redst
rengt
handbond
unt
ilasui
tabl
equant
it
yofwat
eri
saddedt
oit
.
1
46.
Men
ti
ont
he 
qua
nti
t
yofwa
ter
 
add
edt
o 
fou
ndr
ysa
nd.
Quant
it
yofwat
erv
ari
esf
rom 2–8%accor
dingt
odi
ff
erentr
equi
rement
s.
1
47.
Wha
tist
hen
ece
ssi
t
it
yoft
est
i
ngF
oun
drys
and
?
Themoul
dingsandi
sexpect
edt
ohav
eagoodpr
oper
ti
es.
 Thesepr
oper
ti
esdepend
upont
hesi
zeandshapeofsandgr
ains,t
hei
rdi
str
ibut
ionandt
he 
amountof
t
heot
herconst
ituent
saddedt
othesand.
 I
nor
dert
ocont
rol
thesef
act
ors
ef
fect
ivel
yanumberoft
est
sar
eper
for
med.
1
48.
Namet
heSa
ndt
est
i
ngEqu
ipme
ntsu
sedi
nfou
ndr
yla
bor
ator
y.
1.
 
Labor
ator
yBal
ance2.
 
SandRammer
 3.
 
Dr
yingOv
en4.
 
Asi
eveshaker
.
1
49.
Namet
hec
ommon
lyp
erf
orme
dte
stsonf
oun
dryt
est
.
1.
 
Gr
ainf
inenesst
est
2.
 
Moi
stur
econt
entt
est
3.
 
cl
aycont
entt
est
4.
 
Testf
orper
meabi
l
ity
5.
 
Ref
ract
ori
nesst
est
6.
 
St
rengt
htest
7.
 
Moul
dhar
nesst
est
8.
 
Cor
ehar
dnesst
est
9.
 
Compact
ingf
act
ort
est
.
1
50.
WhyGr
ai
nfi
nen
esst
esti
scon
duc
ted
?
The gr
ain si
ze of t
he moul
ding sand pr
ovi
des a si
gni
fi
cant ef
fect on i
ts
per
meabi
l
ity
. 
Grai
ns of si
mil
ar
or
 uni
for
m si
zes 
incr
ease 
per
meabi
lit
y wher
eas 
those 
of 
dif
fer
ent
 
si
ze 
incr
ease 
compact
ness,
 i.
e, 
reduce 
the 
per
meabi
l
ity
. 
The gr
ain si
ze
shoul
dther
efor
e,by pr
oper
ly 
cont
rol
l
ed t
hrough adequat
etest
ing oft
he sand
bef
oreuse
 
1
51.
Men
ti
ont
heme
thod
sus
edt
ote
stg
rai
nfi
nen
ess
?
 
1.
 
Boswel
lmet
hod2.
 
Mechani
cal
Siev
eshakermet
hod.
 
1
52.
WhyMoi
st
urec
ont
entt
esti
sne
ces
sar
y?
Excess moi
stur
e r
educes per
meabi
li
ty and 
too l
ow 
moi
stur
e cont
ent
r
educesst
rengt
h. 
Alsomanyot
her
 def
ect
sincast
ingsmayoccuronaccountof
unbal
ancedpr
opor
ti
onofmoi
stur
econt
entori
tsunev
endi
str
ibut
ion.
Assucht
he
t
est
ingofmoi
stur
econt
enti
sinv
ari
abl
ya 
mustt
ocont
rol
thesame.
 
1
53.
WhyCl
ayc
ont
entt
esti
ses
sen
ti
al
?
Cl
ayi
s t
hepr
inci
palbi
nder
 usedi
nmost
 f
oundr
ysands.
 I
tmaybe 
presenti
n t
he
nat
uralsands 
ormaybeaddedt
oit
. I
tconsi
der
abl
yaf
fect
sthest
rengt
hand
ot
herpr
oper
tiesandhencet
he 
det
ermi
nat
ionofi
tsquant
ity 
presenti
nthe
sandi
snecessar
y.
 
154
.Na
met
hee
qui
pme
ntu
sedt
ocon
duc
tedMoi
st
urec
ont
entt
est
.
Av
erysi
mpl
ety
peofi
nst
rument
,of
fer
edbyM/
sMet
ri
mpex,Budapest
,cal
l
eda
Rapi
dMoi
stur
etel
l
er.
 
1
55.
Namet
hee
qui
pme
ntu
sedt
ocon
duc
tedCl
ayc
ont
entt
est
.
Theappar
atususedf
ort
hispur
posei
sMud/Cl
aycont
entt
est
er.
 
1
56.
Why
 Pe
rme
abi
l
it
yte
st 
i
ses
sen
ti
al
?
I
nor
dert
oal
l
ow t
heescapeofst
eam andgasesf
ormedi
nsi
det
hemoul
dwhen
mol
tenmet
ali
spour
edi
ntot
hel
att
er.Per
meabi
l
itydependson 
theshape&si
ze
of
 sandgr
ains,moi
stur
econt
entandcl
aycont
entoft
hesand.
Iti
sal
soaf
fect
edby
t
hedegr
ee 
ofr
ammi
ngoft
hemoul
dsand.
 
1
57.
Namet
hee
qui
pme
ntu
sedt
ocon
duc
tedPe
rme
abi
l
it
yte
st.
Appar
atuscal
l
edas 
Per
meabi
l
itymet
erorPer
meabi
l
ityt
est
.
 
158
.Gi
vet
hef
ormu
laeu
sedt
ode
ter
min
ePe
rme
abi
l
it
ynu
mbe
r.
 
P=Vh/p.
a.t
Wher
e,P=Per
meabi
l
itynumber
 V=Vol
umei
nc.
c oft
heai
rpassi
ng
t
hrought
hespeci
menh=Hei
ghtofspeci
meni
ncm.
p=Ai
rpr
essur
ea=Ar
eaofcr
oss-
sect
ionoft
hespeci
meni
nsq.
cmt=Ti
mei
nmi
nut
es,
takenby
 theai
rtopass.
 
1
59.
WhyRe
fra
ctor
i
nes
ste
sti
sne
ces
sar
y?
 
Theext
entt
owhi
cht
hispr
oper
tyi
srequi
redi
namoul
dingsanddependsont
he
pour
ingt
emper
atur
eoft
hemol
tenmet
alandt
hewal
lthi
cknessof
 t
hecast
ingt
obe
made.
 The r
efr
act
ori
ness of a par
ti
cul
ar sand i
s det
ermi
ned by i
tssi
nter
ing
t
emper
atur
e.
 
160
.Wh
atd
oyoume
anb
ySt
ren
gtht
estofMou
ldi
ngs
and
?
Moul
dingsandsar
eusual
lyt
est
edf
ort
hei
rshearst
rengt
h,t
ensi
lest
rengt
h,
compr
essi
onst
rengt
hand 
bendi
ngst
rengt
h.Awel
ldesi
gnedappar
atus,cal
l
ed
t
hest
rengt
htest
er,
isusedt
oper
for
mthese 
test
s.