NAME : Awodutire

Olajide
MAT.NO.: 2017/6403
LECTURER: Arc ALABI O.A.
DATE: MAY 2019
QUESTIONS

1. For a large scale construction in Ikeja, Lagos, fresh concrete was ordered from Ewekoro (Ogun State). What

are the steps that would be taken ensure that the concrete reaches its destination in Prime Condition?

2. As an architect discuss the type of materials you would specify and why for the following. Your discussion

should be centered on – cement, aggregate, admixture, concrete

i. Basement structure for a house in banana island

ii. Reconstruction of papalanto road linking Lagos/Abeokuta Expressway and Lagos/Ibadan

expressway

iii. Construction of a dam on Ogun river in south west Nigeria

iv. Renovation and repairs of runways at Murtala Mohammed Airport, Ikeja, Lagos.

3. A client has a plot of land near Nnamdi Azikwe Airport, he desires to have a see through house on that plot

of land. What materials would you specify to be used and why for the construction bearing in mind the client’s

desire and the challenge of aircrafts (taking off and landing noise)?

4. Write on the manufacturing process of:

a. Float glass

b. Specialty glass

Question 1
The assignment is aimed at delivering concrete to site in prime condition which would ensure
concrete mix reaches the site retaining its water cement ratio, slump/consistency, air content and
homogeneity.
Due to this versatility of concrete I would be making the following assumptions:
1. The distance between the site and the cement mixing plant is 51.0 km via the via Lagos-Abeokuta
expressway.
2. Duration of travel would be between 1.30 - 2hour
3. Concrete Mixing Plant is a Centrally mixed. (mixed in a stationary mixer at plant and transported
to site) and Not a Shrink-mixed concrete ( partially mixed in a stationary mixer at plant and
transported to site) or Truck-mixed concrete (constituents are loaded and mixed in transport
truck from plant). Here the plant been Ewekoro and Site Ikeja
4.Rule of thumb: 30 to 60 minutes of transportation are acceptable at a central or portable ready-
mix plant, concrete should be discharged from a truck mixer or agitator truck within two hours. If
non-agitating transporting equipment is used, this time is reduced to one hour.
Concrete should be mixed thoroughly until it is uniform in appearance and all ingredients are evenly
distributed. This would enable a homogeneous mixture such that same taken from different portions
of a batch will have essentially the same unit weight, air content, slump, and strength. Hence
appropriate admixture in proper proportions would be added to the mix to ensure the concrete does
not start to solidify after it has been hydrated.
Admixtures are ingredients in concrete other than Portland cement, water, and aggregates that are
added to the mixture immediately before or during mixing.
Common chemical admixtures include air-entraining, water-reducing, retarding, accelerating, and
super plasticizing admixtures. They are a more economical way of achieve certain properties in
concrete more effectively than by other means, and to ensure the quality of concrete during the
stages of mixing, transporting, placing, or curing in adverse weather conditions.
Thus a recommendation of retarder and a superplasticiser would be recommended to be added to
the mix of concrete. The retarding admixtures would reduce rate of setting of concrete while the
superplasticiser being high-range water reducers added to concrete with a low to normal slump and
water/cement ratio to make high-slump flowing concrete. This mixture would be delivered to site
using a truck agitator; a vehicle carrying with rotating body, used convey concrete from the point of
mixing to that of placing, the concrete is in a continuous motion at predetermined speed based on
the concrete design and estimated time of delivery. These would ensure the concrete is delivered in
prime condition. Concrete 2
As an architect discuss the type of materials you would specify and why for the following. Your
discussion should be centered on – cement, aggregate, admixture, concrete

project Cement type Aggregate type Admixture Concrete type

type
Basement Portland cement Stone Concrete Reinforced Concrete
constructio Type 50(ASTM Type Aggregate water proofer This is concrete to which
n for a V) sulphate Surface reinforcement is
house in resistant Portland sealing agent introduced to bear the
banana cement tensile strength. Plain
island concrete is weak in
tension and good in
compression.
Hence the placement of
reinforcement will take
up the responsibility of
bearing the tensile
stresses. R.C.C works with
the combined action of
the plain concrete and
the reinforcement.
Reconstruct Portland cement Stone Non skid Plain concrete
ion of Type 20(ASTM Type Aggregate surface This has no reinforcement
Papalanto II) Moderate Concrete in it. The main
road linking Portland cement hardener constituents are the
Lagos cement, aggregates, and
/Abeokuta water. Most commonly
Express and used mix design is 1:2:4
Lagos / which is the normal mix
Ibadan design. It has a density
Expressway varying between 2200
and 2500 Kg/meter cube.
The compressive strength
is 200 to 500 kg/cm2.
These types of concrete
are mainly used in the
construction of the
pavements and the
buildings, especially in
areas where there is less
demand of high tensile
strength.
Concrete 4
project Cement type Aggregate Admixture Concrete type
type type

Construction of Portland cement Heavy weight Concrete High-Density Concrete

dam on Ogun Type 40(ASTM Aggregate hardener Concretes having
river in Type IV) Low Concrete densities ranging
southwest heat of hydration water proofer between 3000 to 4000
Nigeria Portland cement kg/m3 can be termed as
the heavyweight
concrete.
They consist of high-
density minerals or
rocks and sometimes
man-made materials,
such as steel or iron
crushed are used as the
coarse aggregates.

Renovation and Aluminous Heavy weight Concrete High-Strength Concrete

repair of runways Portland cement Aggregate hardener The concretes that have
at the Murtala Non skid strength greater than
Mohammed surface 40MPa can be termed
Airport (MM2), Accelerator as high strength
Lagos concrete. This increased
strength is achieved by
decreasing the water-
cement ratio even lower
than 0.35.
It should be noted that
is usually less
performing in terms of
workability which is an
issue.

Concrete 5
3. A client has a plot of land near Nnamdi Azikwe Airport, he desires to have a see through house on
that plot of land. What materials would you specify to be used and why for the construction bearing
in mind the client’s desire and the challenge of aircrafts (taking off and landing noise)?

Glass is an item of luxury which was coined from a Latin word glaseum means a lustrous and
transparent material. Its transparency and colorations have made glass best suitable for decorative
and illumination purposes since early days.
Glass is generally an amorphous material which is neither attacked by acid or base. Among the other
properties which make glass a choice material in this scenario are:
1. Transparency: - This property of the glass makes a connection to the outer world. However
glass can also come in opaque form and variety of colours depending on its intended use.
By using clear glass panels on the building where the exterior view is intended a link between the
exterior and interior world is created. Glass can also be improved to ensure it is always clear Self-
cleaning glass with the application of a Film of titanium dioxide on the exterior face, glass keeps itself
free from dust through a natural process.
2. Strength: - Glass is naturally a brittle material; it is hard but liable to break easily on impact.
When glass is toughened it becomes 4-5 times stronger than normal.
3. Work Ability: - It can be blown, drawn or pressed. It is possible to obtain glass with diversified
properties clear, colourless, diffused and stained
4. Recyclable: - Glass is 100% recyclable , hence it is environmental friendly.
5. Thermal Expansion: - The coefficient of linear thermal expansion is almost constant, for most
types of glass, for temperatures up to 400~600°C. which make it a good building material.
The major constrain with the glass as a choice material on this site would be the high noise level from
the takeoff and landing of airplane due to the proximity to the airport.
This can be resolved with the use of acoustic glass. This is a special type of insulating glass which is
designed to absorb and therefore reduce external noise. This enables anywhere from a mild to
dramatic reduction of outside noise, whether from traffic, construction or a neighbor's dog.
Acoustic glass consists of two or more sheets of glass, bonded together with one or more acoustic
interlayers: Each pane of glass in a noise reduction window or door is laminated with a layer of
polyvinyl butyral (PVB), forming a strong hydrocarbon bond with the glazing unit, this improves
acoustic attenuation by reducing the elasticity of the glass and providing an extra layer of noise
reduction and dampening, weakening the sound as it travels through the glass.

Glass 6
Float Glass

•Float glass is a sheet of glass made by floating molten glass on a bed of molten metal, typically tin,

although lead and various low melting point alloys were used in the past..

The process of manufacture is in six stages.

1. Raw material feed: Silica sand, soda ash, dolomite, limestone, sodium sulphate and cullet are

mixed together to form the raw material batch.

2. Furnace: The batch is fed into the furnace and melted at a temperature of around 1500°C.

3. Float bath: A continuous ribbon of molten glass floats along the surface of molten tin. All

irregularities are melted out of the ribbon, to give the glass a flat, parallel surface.

4. Annealing: The glass is annealed and gradually cooled to around 200°C, to relieve stresses in

the glass and prevent splitting and breaking in the cutting phase.

5. On-line cutting: The ribbon moves to the ‘cold end’ of the line where it is washed and

automatically cut, as it travels along the rollers.

6. Stacking and offloading: Automatic stackers offload the glass sheets. The glass is then

warehoused for distribution.

Float glass 7
Specialty glass

Any Custom Manufacture of Components made of Glass, Quartz, Sapphire and other Hard materials

can referred to as Specialty glass .

The Process is in 2 stages

1. Melting: Crucible and day tank furnaces for melting are used to produce glass compositions

tailored to customer’s specific requirements. Dedicated crucibles are used to melt given glass

formulations. Utilizing gas and electric furnaces, capable of temperatures in excess of 1600°C, to

ensure the highest quality glasses.

2. Forming: May includes water quenching, roll quenching, plate forming, rod and injection moulded

shapes. If necessary, glass frit and cullet can be further processed into powder by dry and wet

milling, screening, crushing or other operations needed to achieve the desired glass product.

Examples of speciality glass products include , Dental Cements, Dental Composites, Dental Porcelain,

Binders, Bio Glass.

Specialty glass 8