TRUSSES ANALYSIS

! Fundamentals of the Stiffness Method

! Member Local Stiffness Matrix
! Displacement and Force Transformation Matrices
! Member Global Stiffness Matrix
! Application of the Stiffness Method for Truss
Analysis
! Trusses Having Inclined Supports, Thermal Changes
and Fabrication Errors
! Space-Truss Analysis

1
2-Dimension Trusses

2
Fundamentals of the Stiffness Method

x
4 2
3 1
2 1
1
(x2, y2) (x1, y1) • Node and Member Identification
2 3
6
8
5 • Global and Member Coordinates
3 4 7
(x3, y3) (x4, y4)

• Degrees of Freedom
•Known degrees of freedom D3, D4, D5, D6, D7 and D8
• Unknown degrees of freedom D1 and D2

3
Member Local Stiffness Matrix

x´
y´ AE AE
q´j q 'i = d 'i − d'j
j L L

i AE AE
q´i q' j = − d 'i + d'j
L L
x´
y´
AE/L x dd´i i q 'i  AE  1 − 1  d 'i 
=1
d´ i q '  =   d ' 
AE/L  j L − 1 1   j 

1
d´ j = x´ [q´] = [k´][d´] ----------(1)
y´
AE/L xd
d´j j
AE  1 − 1
[k ' ] =
L − 1 1 
AE/L
4
Displacement and Force Transformation Matrices

y
y´ x´

θy m j (xj,yj)
θx x
i
(xi,yi)

x j − xi x j − xi
λ x = cosθ x = =
L ( x j − xi ) 2 + ( y j − yi ) 2
y j − yi y j − yi
λ y = cosθ y = =
L ( x j − xi ) 2 + ( y j − yi ) 2

5
• Displacement Transformation Matrices
y
y´ x´ djy
d´j djx
j
m j θy m
diy θx x
i dix
d´i i

Local Global
λx λy
d 'i = d ix cos θ x + d iy cos θ y

d ' j = d jx cos θ x + d jy cos θ y

 d ix 
 d 'i   λ x λy 0 0   d iy  λ x λy 0 0 
 
d '  =  0 λx 
λ y   d jx 
[T ] = 
λx λ y 
 j  0 0 0
 
d
 jy 
[d´] = [T][d] ----------(2)
6
• Force Transformation Matrices

qjy y´ x´
y y q´j
qjx
j
θy m
θy m j
qiy θx x θx x
i qix
q´i i

Global Local

λx
qix = q 'i cos θ x where
 q ix   λ x 0 
λy q   λ x 0 
qiy = q 'i cos θ y
 iy  =  λ y 0   q 'i  λ 0 
q jx = q ' j cos θ x  q jx   0 λ x   q ' j  [T ] = 
T y

    0 λx 
 q jy   0 λ y   
q jy = q ' j cos θ y  0 λ y 

[q] = [T]T[q´] ----------(3)

7
Member Global Stiffness Matrix
[q] = [T]T[q´] ----------(3)
Substitute ( [q´] = [k´][d´] + [q´F] ) into Eq. 3, yields the result,
[ q ] = [ T ]T ([k´][d´] + [q´F] ) = [ T ]T [ k´ ][T][d] + [ T ]T [q´F] = [k][d] + [qF]

[k] [ k ] = [ T ]T[ k´ ][T]

[qF] = [ T ]T [q´F]

λx 0
λy 0 AE 1 -1 λx λy 0 0
[ k] =
0 λx L -1 1 0 0 λx λy
0 λy
U V U V
U λxλx λxλy −λxλx −λxλy
AE V λyλx λyλy −λyλx −λyλy
[k] =
L U −λ λ −λxλy λxλx λxλy
x x

V −λyλx −λyλy λyλx λyλy

8
Application of the Stiffness Method for Truss Analysis
Equilibrium Equation:

[Qa] = [K][D] + [QF]

Partitioned Form:

Joint Load Unknown Displacement

Qk K11 K12 Du QFk

= +
Qu K21 K22 Dk QFu

Reaction Boundary Condition

[Qk] = [K11][Du] + [K12][Dk] + [QF]

-1
[Du] = [Ku] (([Qk] - [QF]) - [K12][Dk])

9
Member Forces
y´ x´
y q´j

θy m j

θx x
q´i i

q 'i  AE  1 − 1  d 'i   q ' F i 

q '  =   d '  +  F 
 j L − 1 1   j  q ' j 
 d ix 
λ x λy 0 0   d iy 
 
0 0 λx 
λ y   d jx 

 
d
 jy 
 Dix 
q 'i  AE  1 − 1 λ x λy 0 0   Diy   q 'F i 
 +
q '  =   0 λx 
λ y   D jx  q'F j 
 j L − 1 1   0
 
 D jy 
10
  Dix 
q 'i  AE  λ x λy − λx − λ y   Diy   q ' F i 
 +
q '  = −λ − λy λx 
λ y   D jx  q' F j 
 j L  x
 
 D jy 
Dxi
Dyi
q´j = AE
L
−λx −λy λx λy + qj´ F
Dxj
Dyj
y´ x´
y q´j

θy m j

θx x
q´i i

Member Forces

11
Member Forces
Dxi
Dyi
qm = AE
L
−λx −λy λx λy + qj´F
Dxj
y´ x´ Dyj
y qm

θy m j

θx x
i

Member Forces

12
Example 1

For the truss shown, use the stiffness method to:

(a) Determine the deflections of the loaded joint.
(b) Determine the end forces of each member and reactions at supports.
Assume EA to be the same for each member.

5m
3m
50 kN
5m
3m 5m
80 kN

4m 4m

13
 6
5m 3 5
3m
(-4,3) 2 2
50 kN
5m 1
3m 5m 1 1
3
4 8
80 kN (0,0)
(-4,-3) 3 7
4
4m 4m 2 (4,-3)

ˆ ( x j − xi )iˆ ( y j − yi ) ˆj
λij = +
L L Member λx λy

cosθx = λx cosθy = λy #1 -4/5 = -0.8 -3/5 = -0.6

#2 -4/5 = -0.8 3/5 = 0.6
Ui Vi Uj Vj
#3 4/5 = 0.8 -3/5 = -0.6
Ui λxλx λxλy −λxλx −λxλy
AE Vi λyλx λyλy −λyλx −λyλy
[ k ]m =
L U −λ λ −λ λ λ λ λ λ
j x x x y x x x y

Vj −λyλx −λyλy λyλx λyλy

14
 6
3 5 Member λx λy λx2 λx λy λy2
2 2 #1 -0.8 -0.6 0.64 0.48 0.36
1 #2 - 0.8 0.6 0.64 -0.48 0.36
1 1
3 8 #3 0.8 -0.6 0.64 -0.48 0.36
4
3 7
4
2
1 2 3 4 1 2 5 6
1 0.64 0.48 -0.64 -0.48 1 0.64 -0.48 -0.64 0.48
AE 2 0.48 0.36 -0.48 -0.36 AE 2 -0.48 0.36 0.48 -0.36
[ k ]1 = [ k ]2 =
5 3 -0.64 -0.48 0.64 0.48 5 5 -0.64 0.48 0.64 -0.48
4 -0.48 -0.36 0.48 0.36 6 0.48 -0.36 -0.48 0.36

1 2 7 8
1 2
1 0.64 -0.48 -0.64 0.48
AE 2 -0.48 0.36 0.48 -0.36 1 1.92 -0.48
[ k ]3 = AE
5 7 -0.64 0.48 0.64 -0.48 [K] = 5 2 -0.48 1.08
8 0.48 -0.36 -0.48 0.36
15
 6
5m Global 5
3m
2 2
50 kN
5m
1
3m 5m 1
3 8
80 kN 4
3 7
4m 4m

1 2
Q1 = -50 1 1.92 -0.48 D1 0 1
AE +
Q2 = -80 = 5 2 -0.48 1.08 D2 0 2

D1 -250.65/AE

D2 = -481.77/AE

16
 6
Local
3 5  Dxi 
D 
2 2
[ q ' F ]m =
AE
L
[
− λx − λy λx ]
λx   + q'F
yi

 Dxj 
[ ]
1  
1 1
3  D yj 
4 8
7 D1= -250.65/AE
3 4
D2= -481.77/AE
2 [q´F]1 = AE
5
0.8 0.6 -0.8 -0.6
D3= 0.0
Member λx λy
D4= 0.0
= -97.9 kN (C)
#1 -0.8 -0.6
#2 -0.8 0.6 D1= -250.65/AE
#3 0.8 -0.6 D2= -481.77/AE
[q´F]2 = AE
5
0.8 -0.6 -0.8 0.6
D5= 0.0
17.7 kN
D6= 0.0
= +17.7 kN (T)
36.87o
50 kN
D1= -250.65/AE
17.7 kN [q´ ] = AE -0.8 +0.6 +0.8 -0.6 D2= -481.77/AE
97.9 kN 80 kN F 3 5 D7= 0.0
D8= 0.0
= -17.7 kN (C) 17
 6
3 5
17.7 kN
2 2
36.89o
1 50 kN
1 1
3 8
4 17.7 kN
3 7 97.9 kN 80 kN
4
Check :
2
+ ΣF = 0: 17.7 + 17.7 +50cos 36.89
Member λx λy x´
- 97.9cos73.78 - 80cos53.11 = 0, O.K
#1 -0.8 -0.6
#2 -0.8 0.6
17.7(0.6)=10.62 kN
#3 0.8 -0.6
17.7(0.8)=14.16 kN

50 kN
97.9(0.6)=58.74 kN 17.7(0.6)=10.62 kN

80 kN 17.7(0.8)=14.16 kN
97.9(0.8)=78.32 kN

18
Example 2

For the truss shown, use the stiffness method to:

(b) Determine the end forces of each member and reactions at supports.
(a) Determine the deflections of the loaded joint.
The support B settles downward 2.5 mm. Temperature in member BD
increase 20 oC. Take α = 12x10-6 /oC, AE = 8(103) kN.

8 kN
D
4 kN
A
3m oC
0
+2
C
B
∆B = 2.5 mm 4m

19
 8 kN
4 2
D 3 1
1
4 kN 2 1
A (-4,0) (0,0)
2 3
3m oC
0
+2 6
8
5
C 3 4 7
B (-4,-3)
4m (0,-3)
∆B = 2.5 mm
Member λx λy
( x j − xi )iˆ ( y j − yi ) ˆj
λˆij = +
L L #1 -4/4 = -1 0

cosθx = λx cosθy = λy #2 -4/5 = -0.8 -3/5 = -0.6

#3 0 -3/3 = -1
Ui Vi Uj Vj
Ui λxλx λxλy −λxλx −λxλy
AE Vi λyλx λyλy −λyλx −λyλy
[ k ]m =
L U −λ λ −λ λ λ λ λ λ
j x x x y x x x y

Vj −λyλx −λyλy λyλx λyλy

20
 4 2
1
2
3 1
1 Member λx λy λx2/L λx λy/L λy2/L
(-4,0) (0,0)
#1 -1 0 0.25 0 0
2 3
#2 - 0.8 -0.6 0.128 0.096 0.072
6
8 #3 0 -1 0 0 0.333
5
3 4 7
(-4,-3) (0,-3)
1 2 3 4 1 2 5 6
1 0.25 0 -0.25 0 1 0.128 0.096 -0.128 -0.096
2 0 0 0 0 2 0.096 0.072 -0.096 -0.072
[k]1 = 8x103 [k]2 = 8x103
3 -0.25 0 0.25 0 5 -0.128 -0.096 0.128 0.096
4 0 0 0 0 6 -0.096 -0.072 0.096 0.072

1 2 7 8
1 0 0 0 0 1 2

2 0 0.333 0 -0.333 1 0.378 0.096

[k]3 = 8x103 [K] = 8x103
7 0 0 0 0 2 0.096 0.405
8 0 -0.333 0 0.333
21
Member 2: [q] = [k]m[d] + [qF] 1.92 kN 1.152 kN
4 2
3 1
2 1
1
(-4,0) (0,0) 2 2 1.536 kN
2 +20oC
0o C
3 1.536 kN +20oC
+2
6
3 8
5
4 7 1.92 kΝ =α(∆T1)AE 1.152 kN
(-4,-3) (0,-3) = (12x10 )(20)(8x10 )
-6 3
∆B = 2.5 mm
1 2 5 6
q1
1 0.128 0.096 -0.128 -0.096 d1 -1.536 1
q2
2 0.096 0.072 -0.096 -0.072 d2 + -1.152 2
q5 = 8x103
5 -0.128 -0.096 0.128 0.096 d5 = 0 1.536 5
q6 6 -0.096 -0.072 0.096 0.072 d6 = -2.5x10-3 1.152 6
1 2
5 6
q1 1 0.128 0.096 d1 -0.128 -0.096 0 5 -1.536 1
= 8x103 + 8x103 +
q2 2 0.096 0.072 d2 -0.096 -0.072 -2.5x10 6
-3 -1.152 2

q1 1 0.128 0.096 d1 1.92 -1.536 1

= 8x103 + +
q2 2 0.096 0.072 d2 1.44 -1.152222
 8 kN
4 2
D 3 1
1
4 kN 2 1
A (-4,0) (0,0)
2 3
3m oC
0
+2 6
8
C 5
3 4 7
B (-4,-3)
4m (0,-3)
∆B = 2.5 mm

[Q] = [K][D] + [QF]

Global:
1 2
Q1 = -4 1 0.378 0.096 D1 1.92 -1.536
= 8x103 + +
Q2 = -8 2 0.096 0.405 D2 1.44 -1.152

D1 -0.8514x10-3 m
= -2.356x10-3 m
D2
23
 4 2 Local  Dxi 
3 1
2 1
1 D 
[ q ' F ]m =
AE
L
[
− λx − λy λx ]
λx   + q'F
yi

 Dxj 
[ ]
2 3  
 D yj 
6
8
5 D1= -0.8514x10-3
3 4 7
1.0 0.0 -1.0 0.0 D2= -2.356x10-3
[q´F]1 = 8x103
Member λx λy 4 D3= 0.0
D4= 0.0
= -1.70 kN (C)
#1 -1 0
#2 - 0.8 -0.6 D1= -0.8514x10-3
#3 0 -1 0.8 0.6 -0.8 -0.6 D2= -2.356x10-3 + -1.92
[q´F]2 = 8x103
5 D5= 0.0
1.92 kN D6= -0.0025
= -2.87 kN (C)

D1= -0.8514x10-3
2
+20oC D2= -2.356x10-3
[q´F]3 = 8x103 0.0 1.0 0.0 -1.0
3 D7= 0.0
1.92 kN
D8= 0.0
= -6.28 kN (C) 24
 4 2
3 1 Member cosθx cosθy [q´]m
2 1
1

2
#1 -1 0 -1.70
3
6 #2 - 0.8 -0.6 -2.87
8
5 #3 0 -1 -6.28
3 4 7

8 kN
8 kN 1
4 kN
1.70 kN
1.70 kN 4 kN
2 3

2.87(0.8) = 2.30 kN
2.87 kN 6.28 kN

2.87(0.6) = 1.72 kN 6.28 kN

25
Example 3

For the truss shown, use the stiffness method to:

(a) Determine the end forces of each member and reactions at supports.
(b) Determine the displacement of the loaded joint.
Take AE = 8(103) kN.
8 kN
4 kN
D
m

∆ = - 4 mm
3 m
3m =+
∆ AD
A
C
B
4m 4m

26
 8 kN
2
4 kN (0,0)
D 1 1
m

∆ = - 4 mm
3 m 2
3m 1 3
=+
∆ AD 4 6
A 3 3
8
C 2 4 5 5 4
B 7
(0,-3) (4,-3)
4m 4m (-4,-3)

ˆ ( x j − xi )iˆ ( y j − yi ) ˆj Member λx λy
λij = +
L L
#1 -4/5 =-0.8 -3/5 = -0.6
cosθx = λx cosθy = λy
#2 0 -3/3 = -1
Ui Vi Uj Vj
#3 4/5 = 0.8 -3/5 = -0.6
Ui λxλx λxλy −λxλx −λxλy
#4 4/4 = 1 0
AE Vi λyλx λyλy −λyλx −λyλy
[ k ]m = #5 4/4 = 1 0
L U −λ λ −λ λ λ λ λ λ
j x x x y x x x y

Vj −λyλx −λyλy λyλx λyλy

27
 2 Member λx λy λx2/L λxλy/L λy2/L
(0,0)
1 1 #1 -0.8 -0.6 0.128 0.096 0.072
2
1 #2 0 -1 0 0 0.333
5 m3

3m
4 5m 6 #3 0.8 -0.6 0.128 -0.096 0.072
3 8
2 4 3 5 5 4 7
4m (0,-3) 4 m
(-4,-3) (4,-3)

1 2 3 4
1 0.128 0.096 -0.128 -0.096
2 0.096 0.072 -0.096 -0.072
[k]1 = 8x103 1 2 7 8
3 -0.128 -0.096 0.128 0.096
4 -0.096 -0.072 0.096 0.072 1 0.128 -0.096 -0.128 0.096
2 -0.096 0.072 0.096 -0.072
1 2 5 6 [k]3 = 8x103
7 -0.128 0.096 0.128 -0.096
1 0 0 0 0
8 0.096 -0.072 -0.096 0.072
2 0 0.333 0 -0.333
[k]2 = 8x103
5 0 0 0 0
6 0 -0.333 0 0.333 28
 2 Member λx λy λx2/L λxλy/L λy2/L
(0,0)
1 1 #4 1 0 0.25 0 0
2
1 #5 1 0 0.25 0 0
5 m3

3m
4 5m 6
3 8
2 4 3 5 5 4 7
4m (0,-3) 4 m
(-4,-3) (4,-3)
3 4 5 6 5 6 7 8
3 0.25 0 -0.25 0 5 0.25 0 -0.25 0
4 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0
[k]4= 8x103 [k]5= 8x103
5 -0.25 0 0.25 0 7 -0.25 0 0.25 0
6 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0

Global Stiffness Matrix 1 2 5 7

1
2
[K] = 8x103
5
7
29
Global Stiffness Matrix
1 2 3 4 3 4 5 6
1 0.128 0.096 -0.128 -0.096 3 0.25 0 -0.25 0
2 0.096 0.072 -0.096 -0.072 4 0 0 0 0
[k]1 = 8x103 [k]4= 8x103
3 -0.128 -0.096 0.128 0.096 5 -0.25 0 0.25 0
4 -0.096 -0.072 0.096 0.072 6 0 0 0 0
1 2 5 6 5 6 7 8
1 0 0 0 0 5 0.25 0 -0.25 0
2 0 0.333 0 -0.333 6 0 0 0 0
[k]2 = 8x103 [k]5= 8x103
5 0 0 0 0 7 -0.25 0 0.25 0
6 0 -0.333 0 0.333 8 0 0 0 0

1 2 7 8
1 2 5 7
1 0.128 -0.096 -0.128 0.096
1 0.256 0.0 0.0 -0.128
2 -0.096 0.072 0.096 -0.072
[k]3 = 8x103 [K] = 8x103
2 0.0 0.477 0.0 0.096
7 -0.128 0.096 0.128 -0.096 5 0.0 0.0 0.50 -0.25
8 0.096 -0.072 -0.096 0.072 7 -0.128 0.096 -0.25 0.378
30
 8 kN
Global Fixed end forces 2
4 kN
D 1
m

∆ = - 4 mm
3 m 2
3m 1 3
=+
∆ AD 4 6
A 3 8
C 4 5 5
B 7
4m 4m

2.88 kN ∆AE/L = 4.8 kN ∆AE/L = 10.67 kN

-3.84 1

∆ = -4 mm
3.84 kN -2.88 + 10.67 = 7.79 2
1 mm 2 Fixed End
3.84 kN 3 0.0 5
=+ 0.0 7
∆ AD 10.67 kN
4.8 kN 2.88 kN

31
 8 kN
2
4 kN
D 1
m

∆ = -4 mm
3 m 2
3m 1 3
=+
∆ AD 4 6
A 3 8
C 4 5 5
B 7
4m 4m

Global: [Q] = [K][D] + [QF]

1 2 5 7
Q1 = 4 1 0.256 0.0 0.0 -0.128 D1 -3.84
Q2 = -8 7.79
= 8x103
2 0.0 0.477 0.0 0.096 D2 +
Q5 = 0 5 0.0 0.0 0.50 -0.25 D5 0.0
Q7 = 0 7 -0.128 0.096 -0.25 0.378 D7 0.0

D1 6.4426x10-3 m
D2 = -5.1902x10-3 m
D5 2.6144x10-3 m
D7 5.2288x10-3 m 32
 2 Member forces  Dxi 
D 
1 [ q ' F ]m =
AE
L
[
− λx − λy λx ] yi

 Dxj 
[ ]
λx   + q'F
2  
1 3
 D yj 
4 6
3 8 Member λix λiy
4 5 5
7
#1 -0.8 -0.6
#2 0 -1
D1 6.4426x10-3 m
D2 = -5.1902x10-3 m D1
D5 2.6144x10-3 m
D7 D2
5.2288x10-3 m [q´F]1 = 8x103 0.8 0.6 -0.8 -0.6 + -4.8
5 0
= -1.54 kN (C) 0
4.8 kN 10.67 kN
D1
mm 2
1 3 D2 + 10.67
[q´F]2 = 8x103 0.0 1.0 0.0 -1.0
=+ 3 D5
∆ AD 10.67 kN 0
4.8 kN = -3.17 kN (C)
33
 2  Dxi 
D 
1 [ q ' F ]m =
AE
L
[
− λx − λy λx ]
λx   + q'F
yi

 Dxj 
[ ]
2  
1 3
 D yj 
4 6
3 8 D1
4 5 5
7 D2
[q´F]3 = 8x103 -0.8 0.6 0.8 -0.6
5 D7
D1 6.4426x10-3 m = -6.54 kN (C) 0
D2 = -5.1902x10-3 m
D5 2.6144x10-3 m 0
D7 5.2288x10-3 m 0
[q´F]4 = 8x103 -1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0
4 D5
= 5.23 kN (T) 0
Member λx λy
#3 0.8 -0.6 D5
#4 1 0 0
[q´F]5 = 8x103 -1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0
#5 1 0 4 D7
= 5.23 kN (T) 0
34
 2 Member λx λy [q´]
1 #1 -0.8 -0.6 -1.54
2 #2 0 -1 -3.17
1 3
4 6 #3 0.8 -0.6 -6.54
3 8 #4 1 0 5.23
4 5 5
7
#5 1 0 5.23

8 kN
4 kN 8 kN
4 kN

6.54 kN
1.54 kN 3.17 kN

3.17 kN 4 kN
1.54 kN 6.54 kN
0.92 kN
5.23 kN 5.23 kN 3.17 kN 3.92 kN

35
Special Trusses (Inclined roller supports)

36
 Transformation Matrices
2
1 [ q* ] = [ T ]T[ q´ ]
3
1 4
q*3
6 λix 0
4* 8 q*4
2 5 5 λiy 0 q´i
3*
7 q1 = 0 λjx q´j
λjx = cos θj q2 0 λjy
y [T]T
2 λjy = sin θj
θj
y* 1 x
1 j λix λiy 0 0
4* [ T ] = [[ T ]T]T =
λix = cos θi 0 0 λjx λjy
i θi
λiy = sin θi
3*
x* q´j
1 j

i
q´i 37
 [ k ] = [ T ]T[ k´ ][T]

λix 0
λiy 0 AE 1 -1 λix λiy 0 0
[ k ]m =
0 λjx L -1 1 0 0 λjx λjy
0 λjy

Ui Vi Uj Vj
Ui λixλix λixλiy −λixλjx −λixλjy
AE Vi λiyλix λiyλiy −λiyλjx −λiyλjy
[ k ]m =
L U −λ λ −λ λ λjxλjx λjxλjy
j jx ix jx iy

Vj −λjyλix −λjyλiy λjyλjx λjyλjy

38
Example 5

For the truss shown, use the stiffness method to:

(b) Determine the end forces of each member and reactions at supports.
(a) Determine the displacement of the loaded joint.
AE is constant.

30 kN

3m

45o

4m

39
 2
Member 1:
1 6 4*
3* o
θi = 0,
1 45
3m 3 5
[q*] θij = -45 = 135 ,
o o
2 λix = cos 0 = 1,
6 4* λix = cos (-45o) = 0.707,
3* λiy = sin 0 = 0
1 λiy = sin(- 45o) = -0.707
5 45o
4m q´i q´j
1
i j

[q*] = [T*]T[q´] + [T*]T[q´F]

q5 1 0
q6 0 0 q´i
q3*
= q´j
0 0.707
q4* 0 -0.707
[T*]T

40
 2
Member 1:
1 6 4*
3* o
θi = 0 ;
1 45
3m 3 5
[q*] θij = -45 = 135 ,
o o
2 λix = cos 0 = 1,
6 4* λix = cos (-45o) = 0.707,
3* λiy = sin 0 = 0
1 λiy = sin(- 45o) = -0.707
5 45o
4m q´i q´j
1
i j
AE  1 − 1
[k *] = [T T ]   [T ]
L − 1 1 

1 0
0 0 AE 1 -1 1 0 0 0
[k*]1 = 0 4 -1 1
0.707 0 0 0.707 -0.707
0 -0.707
5 6 3* 4*
5 0.25 0 -0.1768 0.1768
6 0 0 0 0
[k*]1 = AE
3* -0.1768 0 0.125 -0.125
4* 0.1768 0 -0.125 0.125 41
 2
Member 2:
1 q´i
2
1 θi = -90 = 270 ,
o o
i
3
3m 2 90o λix = cos(-90o) = 0,
6 4* 2 λiy = sin(-90o) = -1
3*

2
1
5 4*
45o 3*
4m
90o+45o θj = -135o = 215o , j
q´j
=135o λix = cos (-135o) = -0.707,
AE  1 − 1
[k *] = [T T ]   [T ] λiy = sin(- 135o) = -0.707
L − 1 1 

0 0
-1 0 AE 1 -1 0 -1 0 0
[k*]2 = 0 3 -1 1
-0.707 0 0 -0.707 -0.707
0 -0.707
1 2 3* 4*
1 0 0 0 0
2 0 0.3333 -0.2357 -0.2357
[k*]2 = AE
3* 0 -0.2357 0.1667 0.1667
4* 0 -0.2357 0.1667 0.1667 42
 2 2
Member 3: 36.87o
1 1 j
q´j

3m 3 2 3 3
6 4* 6
3* 36.87o i
1
5 45o 5
4m θi = θj = 36.87o ; q´i
λix = λjx = cos (36.87o) = 0.8,
AE  1 − 1 λiy = λjy = sin(36.87o) = 0.6
[k ] = [T T ]   [T ]
L − 1 1 

0.8 0
0.6 0 AE 1 -1 0.8 0.6 0 0
[k]3 = 0 5 -1 1
0.8 0 0 0.8 0.6
0 0.6
5 6 1 2
5 0.128 0.096 -0.128 -0.096
6 0.096 0.072 -0.096 -0.072
[k]3 = AE
1 -0.128 -0.096 0.128 0.096
2 -0.096 -0.072 0.096 0.072 43
 2
Global Stiffness:
1

5 6 3* 4*
3m 3 2
6 4* 5 0.25 0 -0.1768 0.1768
3* 6 0 0 0 0
1
[k*]1 = AE
5 45o 3* -0.1768 0 0.125 -0.125
4m 4* 0.1768 0 -0.125 0.125

1 2 3* 4*
1 0 0 0 0
2 0 0.3333 -0.2357 -0.2357
[k*]2 = AE 1 2 3*
3* 0 -0.2357 0.1667 0.1667
4* 0 -0.2357 0.1667 0.1667 1 0.128 0.096 0
2 0.096 0.4053 -0.2357
[K] = AE
5 6 1 2 3* 0 -0.2357 0.2917
5 0.128 0.096 -0.128 -0.096
6 0.096 0.072 -0.096 -0.072
[k]3 = AE
1 -0.128 -0.096 0.128 0.096
2 -0.096 -0.072 0.096 0.072
44
 2
Global :
30 kN 1

3m 3m 3 2
6 4*
3*
1
45o 5 45o
4m
4m

[Q] = [K][D] + [QF]

1 2 3*
Q1 = 30
1 0.128 0.096 0 D1
Q2 = 0
= AE 2 0.096 0.4053 -0.2357 D2
Q3*= 0 3* 0 -0.2357 0.2917 D3*

D1 352.5
1
D2 = AE
-157.5
D3* -127.3
45
 2
Member Forces :
1  Dxi 
D 

3m 3
[ q ' F ]m =
AE
L
[
− λx − λy λx ]
λx   + q'F
yi

 Dxj 
[ ]
2
6 4*  
3*  D yj 
1
5 45o 0
4m 0
[q´F]1 = AE -1 0 0.707 -0.707
4 D3*
D1 352.5 = -22.50 kN, (C) 0
1
D2 = AE
-157.5
D3* -127.3 D1
D2
[q´F]2 = AE 0 1 -0.707 -0.707
3 D3*
Member λix λiy λjx λjy = -22.50 kN, (C) 0
#1 1 0 0.707 -0.707
0
#2 0 -1 -0.707 -0.707
0
#3 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.6 [q´F]3 = AE -0.8 -0.6 0.8 0.6
5 D1
= 37.50 kN, (T) D2
46
 2
Reactions :
30 kN 1

3m 3m 3 2
6 4*
3*
1
45o 5 45o
4m
4m

Member [q´]1 [q´]2 [q´]3

Member Force (kN) -22.50 -22.50 37.50

22.50 kN
37.50 kN
45o
36.87o 45o
7.50 kN 22.50 kN
31.82 kN
22.50 kN
47
Example 6

For the truss shown, use the stiffness method to:

(b) Determine the end forces of each member and reactions at supports.
(a) Determine the displacement of the loaded joint.
AE is constant.

30 kN

3m

45o

4m 4m

48
Member 1: 2 8
1 4 7
6 4*
3* o
2 θi = 0o,
1 45
3m 3 5 5
[q*] θij = -45
o
λix = cos 0o = 1,
6 4* 3* λix = cos (-45o) = 0.707,
λiy = sin 0o = 0
1 λiy = sin(- 45o) = -0.707
5
4m 4m q´i q´j
1
i j

[q*] = [T*]T[q´] + [T*]T[q´F]

q5 1 0
q6 0 0 q´i
q3*
= q´j
0 0.707
q4* 0 -0.707
[T*]T

49
Member 1: 2 8
1 4 7
6 4*
3* o
2 θi = 0o,
1 45
3m 3 5 5
[q*] θij = -45 = 315 ,
o o
λix = cos 0o = 1,
6 4* 3* λix = cos (-45o) = 0.707,
λiy = sin 0o = 0
1 λiy = sin(- 45o) = -0.707
5
4m 4m q´i q´j
1
i j
AE  1 − 1
[k *] = [T T ]   [T ]
L − 1 1 

1 0
0 0 AE 1 -1 1 0 0 0
[k*]1 = 0 4 -1 1
0.707 0 0 0.707 -0.707
0 -0.707
5 6 3* 4*
5 0.25 0 -0.1768 0.1768
6 0 0 0 0
[k*]1 = AE
3* -0.1768 0 0.125 -0.125
4* 0.1768 0 -0.125 0.125 50
Member 2: 2 8
1 4 7 q´i
2
1 θi = -90 ,
o
2 i
3 5
3m 90o λix = cos(-90o) = 0,
6 4* 3* 2 λiy = sin(-90o) = -1

2
1
5 4*
4m 4m 3*
90o+45o θj = -135o = 215o, j
q´j
=135o λix = cos (-135 ) = -0.707,
o
AE  1 − 1
[k *] = [T T ]   [T ] λiy = sin(- 135o) = -0.707
L − 1 1 

0 0
-1 0 AE 1 -1 0 -1 0 0
[k*]2 = 0 3 -1 1
-0.707 0 0 -0.707 -0.707
0 -0.707
1 2 3* 4*
1 0 0 0 0
2 0 0.3333 -0.2357 -0.2357
[k*]2 = AE
3* 0 -0.2357 0.1667 0.1667
4* 0 -0.2357 0.1667 0.1667 51
Member 3: 2 8 2
1 4 7 36.87o
1 j
q´j
2
3m 3 5 3 3
6 4* 3* 6
1 36.87o i
5 5
4m 4m q´i
θi = θj = 36.87o ;
λix = λjx = cos (36.87o) = 0.8,
AE  1 − 1 λiy = λjy = sin(36.87o) = 0.6
[k *] = [T T ]   [T ]
L − 1 1 

0.8 0
0.6 0 AE 1 -1 0.8 0.6 0 0
[k]3 = 0 5 -1 1
0.8 0 0 0.8 0.6
0 0.6
5 6 1 2
5 0.128 0.096 -0.128 -0.096
6 0.096 0.072 -0.096 -0.072
[k]3 = AE
1 -0.128 -0.096 0.128 0.096
2 -0.096 -0.072 0.096 0.072 52
Member 4: 2 8
1 4 7
2 8
2 4
3m 3 5 1 7
6 [q]
4* 3*
1
θi = θij = 0o; λix = λjx = cos 0o = 1,
5 λiy = λjy = sin 0o = 0
4m 4m q´i q´j
1
i j
AE  1 − 1
[k *] = [T T ]   [T ]
L − 1 1 

1 0
0 0 AE 1 -1 1 0 0 0
[k]1 = 0 4 -1 1
1 0 0 1 0
0 0
1 2 7 8
1 0.25 0 -0.25 0
2 0 0 0 0
[k]4 = AE
7 -0.25 0 0.25 0
8 0 0 0 0 53
Member 5: 2 8 8
1 4 7 36.87o
j
0 .8 , q´j
o; 7 o) =
2 . 87 . 87 0 .6
3 5 8.13o 5 = 36 s (36 7o )
= 5
3m θ j = co (36.8
6 4* 3* 4* 3* λ jx = sin
1 λ jy i
5
4m 4m q´i
θi = - 8.13o;
λix = cos (- 8.13o) = 0.9899,
AE  1 − 1 λiy = sin(- 8.13o) = -0.1414
[k *] = [T T ]   [T ]
L − 1 1 

0.9899 0
-0.1414 0 AE 1 -1 0.9899 -0.1414 0 0
[k*]5 = 0 5 -1 1
0.8 0 0 0.8 0.6
0 0.6
3* 4* 7 8
3* 0.196 -0.028 -0.1584 -0.1188
4* -0.028 0.004 0.02263 0.01697
[k*]5 = AE
7 -0.1584 0.02263 0.128 0.096
8 -0.1188 0.01697 0.096 0.072 54
 Global Stiffness: 2 8 5 6 1 2
1 4 7
5 0.128 0.096 -0.128 -0.096
6 0.096 0.072 -0.096 -0.072
3m 3
2
5 [k*]3 = AE
1 -0.128 -0.096 0.128 0.096
6 4* 3* 2 -0.096 -0.072 0.096 0.072
1
5
4m 4m 1 2 7 8
1 0.25 0 -0.25 0
5 6 3* 4* 2 0 0 0 0
[k]4 = AE
5 0.25 0 -0.1768 0.1768 7 -0.25 0 0.25 0
6 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0
[k*]1 = AE
3* -0.1768 0 0.125 -0.125 3* 4* 7 8
4* 0.1768 0 -0.125 0.125 3* 0.196 -0.028 -0.1584 -0.1188
4* -0.028 0.004 0.02263 0.01697
[k*]5 = AE
7 -0.1584 0.02263 0.128 0.096
1 2 3* 4* 8 -0.1188 0.01697 0.096 0.072
1 0 0 0 0 1 2 3*
2 0 0.3333 -0.2357 -0.2357 1 0.378 0.096 0
[k*]2 = AE
3* 0 -0.2357 0.1667 0.1667 2 0.096 0.4053 -0.2357
0.1667 [K] = AE
4* 0 -0.2357 0.1667 3* 0 -0.2357 0.4877 55
Global :
2 8
30 kN 1 4 7

2
3m 3 5
6 4* 3*
1
5
4m 4m

[Q] = [K][D] + [QF]

1 2 3*
Q1 = 30
1 0.378 0.096 0 D1
Q2 = 0 = AE
2 0.096 0.4053 -0.2357 D2
Q3*= 0 3* 0 -0.2357 0.4877 D3*

D1 86.612
1
D2 = AE
-28.535
D3* -13.791
56
Member Forces : 2 8
1 4 7  Dxi 
D 

3m 3
2
5 [ q ' F ]m =
AE
L
[
− λx − λy λx ]
λx   + q'F
yi

 Dxj 
[ ]
6 4* 3*  
 D yj 
1
5 0
4m 4m
0
[q´F]1 = AE -1 0 0.707 -0.707
4 D3*
D1 86.612 = -2.44 kN, (C)
1 0
D2 = AE
-28.535
D3* -13.791
D1
D2
[q´F]2 = AE 0 1 -0.707 -0.707
Member λix λiy λjx λjy 3 D3*
= -6.26 kN, (C) 0
#1 1 0 0.707 -0.707
#2 0 -1 -0.707 -0.707 0
#3 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.6 0
[q´F]3 = AE -0.8 -0.6 0.8 0.6
5 D1
= 10.43 kN, (T) D2
57
Member Forces : 2 8
1 4 7  Dxi 
D 

3m 3
2
5 [ q ' F ]m =
AE
L
[
− λx − λy λx ]
λx   + q'F
yi

 Dxj 
[ ]
6 4* 3*  
 D yj 
1
5 D1
4m 4m
D2
[q´F]4 = AE -1 0 1 0
4 0
D1 86.612 = -21.65 kN, (C)
1 0
D2 = AE
-28.535
D3* -13.791
D3*
0
[q´F]5 = AE -0.9899 0.141 0.8 0.6
Member λix λiy λjx λjy 5 0
= 2.73 kN, (T) 0
#4 1 0 1 0
#5 0.9899 -0.141 0.8 0.6

58
Reactions :
2 8
30 kN 1 4 7

2
3m 3 5
6 4* 3*
1
5
4m 4m

Member [q´]1 [q´]2 [q´]3 [q´]4 [q´]5

Member Force (kN) -2.44 -6.26 10.43 -21.65 2.73

1.64 kN
21.65 kN
19.47 kN
36.87o
10.43 kN 6.26 kN 2.73 kN
45o
36.87o 45o
5.90 kN 81.87o
2.44 kN 2.44 kN 6.54 kN
6.26 kN
59
 Example 7

For the truss shown, use the stiffness method to:

(b) Determine the end forces of each member and reactions at supports.
(a) Determine the displacement of the loaded joint.
Take AE = 8(103) kN.
8 kN
4 kN Ui Vi Uj Vj
D
Ui λixλix λixλiy −λixλjx −λixλjy
3m AE Vi λiyλix λiyλiy −λiyλjx −λiyλjy
[ k *]m =
L U −λ λ −λ λ λjxλjx λjxλjy
A j jx ix jx iy
C Vj −λjyλix −λjyλiy λjyλjx λjyλjy
B
36.87o
4m 4m

60
 8 kN
2
4 kN
D 1
3
1 4
3m
4* 6
A 8
4m 4m 2 5 5
C 7
B 3*
36.87o
Member 1:
λjx = cos 36.87o = 0.8,
λjy = sin 36.87o = 0.6
y [q*] = [T*]T[q´] + [T*]T[q´F]
2
36.87o
1 x q3* 0.28 0
y* j q´j
1 q4* 0.96 0 q´i
4*
1 j q1
= q´j
0 0.8
i 73.74o q2 0 0.6
3* [T*]T
i
x* q´i
λix = cos 73.74o = 0.28,
λiy = sin 73.74o = 0.96
61
 8 kN
2
4 kN
D 1
3
1 4
3m
4* 6
A 8
4m 4m 2 5 5
C 7
B 3*
36.87o
AE  1 − 1
[k ] = [T ]
T
[T ]
L − 1 1 

0.28 0
0.96 0 8x103 1 -1 0.28 0.96 0 0
[k]1 = 0 0.8 5 -1 1 0 0 0.8 0.6
0 0.6
3* 4* 1 2
3* 0.01568 0.05376 -0.0448 -0.0336
4* 0.05376 0.18432 -0.1536 -0.1152
[k]1 = 8x103
1 -0.0448 -0.1536 0.128 0.096
2 -0.0336 -0.1152 0.096 0.072 62
 8 kN
2
4 kN
D 1
3
1 4
3m
4* 6
A 8
4m 4m 2 5 5
C 7
B 3*
36.87o [q*] = [T*]T[q´] + [T*]T[q´F]
Member 2:
y* y q3* 0.8 0
4* 6 q4* q´i
0.6 0
2 5
x q5
= q´j
0 1
i 36.87 j
3* x* λjx = cos 0o = 1, q6 0 0
λjy = sin 0o = 0 [T*]T
λix = cos 36.87o = 0.8, [k] = [TT] AE 1 -1 [T]
λiy = sin 36.87o = 0.6 L -1 1
3* 4* 5 6
q´i q´j
2 3* 0.16 0.12 -0.2 0
i j 4* 0.12 0.09 -0.15 0
[k]2 = 8x103
5 -0.2 -0.15 0.25 0
6 0 0 0 0 63
 8 kN
2
4 kN
D 1
3
1 4
3m
4* 6
A 8
4m 4m 2 5 5
C 7
B 3*
36.87o
Member 3: λx = cos 270o = 0, Member 4: λx = cos 323.13o = 0.8,
λy = sin 270o = -1 y
y 2 λy = sin 323.13o = -0.6
2
270o
1 x
1 x
323.13o 4
3 8
6 7
5

1 2 5 6 1 2 7 8
1 0 0 0 0 1 0.128 -0.096 -0.128 0.096
[k]3 = 8x103 2 0 0.333 0 -0.333 [k]4 = 8x103 2 -0.096 0.072 0.096 -0.072
5 0 0 0 0 7 -0.128 0.096 0.128 -0.096
6 0 -0.333 0 0.333 8 0.096 -0.072 -0.096 0.072
64
 8 kN
2
4 kN
D 1
3
1 4
3m
4* 6
A 8
4m 4m 2 5 5
C 7
B 3*
36.87o
y
Member 5: 6 8
5 5 7
x
λx = cos 0o = 1,
λy = sin 0o = 0
5 6 7 8
5 0.25 0 -0.25 0
6 0 0 0 0
[k]5 = 8x103
7 -0.25 0 0.25 0
8 0 0 0 0

65
 2 3* 4* 1 2
1 3* 0.01568 0.05376 -0.0448 -0.0336
3 4* 0.05376 0.18432 -0.1536 -0.1152
1 4 [k]1 = 8x103
1 -0.0448 -0.1536 0.128 0.096
4* 6 2 -0.0336 -0.1152 0.096 0.072
8
2 5 5
7
3*
3* 4* 5 6 1 2 5 6
3* 0.16 0.12 -0.2 0 1 0 0 0 0
4* 0.12 0.09 -0.15 0 [k]3 = 8x103 2 0 0.333 0 -0.333
[k]2 = 8x103
5 -0.2 -0.15 0.25 0 5 0 0 0 0
6 0 0 0 0 6 0 -0.333 0 0.333
1 2 7 8 5 6 7 8
1 0.128 -0.096 -0.128 0.096 5 0.25 0 -0.25 0
[k]4 = 8x103 2 -0.096 0.072 0.096 -0.072
[k]5 = 8x103
6 0 0 0 0
7 -0.128 0.096 0.128 -0.096 7 -0.25 0 0.25 0
8 0.096 -0.072 -0.096 0.072 8 0 0 0 0
1 2 3* 5
1 0.256 0.0 -0.0448 0
2 0.0 0.474 -0.0336 0
[K] = 8x103 *
3 -0.0448 -0.0336 0.17568 -0.2
5 0 0 -0.2 0.5 66
 8 kN
2
4 kN
D 1
3
1 4
3m
4* 6
A 8
4m 4m 2 5 5
C 7
B 3*
36.87o
Global: [Q] = [K][D] + [QF]

1 2 3* 5
Q1 = 4
1 0.256 0.0 -0.0448 0 D1
Q2 = -8
2 0.0 0.474 -0.0336 0 D2
Q3*= 0 = 8x103
D3*
3* -0.0448 -0.0336 0.17568 -0.2
Q5 = 0 5 0 0 -0.2 0.5 D5

D1 1.988x10-3 m
D2 = -2.0824x10-3 m
D3* 1.996x10-4 m
D5 7.984x10-5 m 67
 8 kN Member forces
4 kN  Dxi 
D D 
[ q ' F ]m =
AE
L
[
− λx − λy λx ]
λx   + q'F
yi

 Dxj 
[ ]
3m  
 D yj 
A 4m 4m
C Member λix λiy λjx λjy
B
36.87o #1 0.28 0.96 0.8 0.6
2
#2 0.8 0.6 1 0
1
3 D3*
1 4
0
6 [q´F]1 = 8x103 -0.28 -0.96 0.8 0.6
4* 8 5 D1
2 5 5
7 = 0.46 kN, (T) D2
3*

D3*
D1 1.988x10-3 m 0
[q´F]2 = 8x103 -0.8 -0.6 1 0
D2 -2.0824x10-3 m D5
= 4
D3* 1.996x10-4 m = -0.16 kN, (C) 0
D5 7.984x10-5 m 68
 2
1  Dxi 
D 
1
3
4 [ q ' F ]m =
AE
L
[
− λx − λy λx ]
λx   + q'F
yi

 Dxj 
[ ]
6  
4* 8  D yj 
2 5 5
7 D1
3*
D2
[q´F]3 = 8x103 0 1 0 -1
D1 1.988x10-3 m 3 D5
D2 -2.0824x10-3 m = -5.55 kN 0
=
D*3 1.996x10-4 m
D5 7.984x10-5 m D1
D2
[q´F]4 = 8x103 -0.8 0.6 0.8 - 0.6
Member λix λiy λjx λjy 5 0
= -4.54 kN 0
#3 0 -1 0 -1
#4 0.8 -0.6 0.8 -0.6 D5
#5 1 0 1 0 0
[q´F]5 = 8x103 -1 0 1 0
4 0
= -0.16 kN 0 69
 8 kN
2
4 kN
D 1
3
1 4
3m
4* 6
A 4m 4m 8
2 5 5
C 7
B 3*
36.87o
Member [q]1 [q]2 [q]3 [q]4 [q]5
Member Force (kN) 0.46 -0.16 -5.55 -4.54 -0.16

4.54 kN
y*
0.46 kN 5.55 kN

36.87o
36.87o 3.79 kN
0.16 kN 0.16 kN
36.87o
5.55 kN 2.72 kN
0.36 kN
x* 70
Space-Truss Analysis

71
Member Local Stiffness [k´]:

[q´] = [k´][d´] + [q´F]

= [k´][T][d] + [q´F]

 q 'i  EA  1 − 1  d 'i  q 'iF 

q '  =   d '  +  F 
 j L  − 1 1   j  q ' j 

 d ix 
d 
 iy 
EA  1 − 1  d iz 
=  
L − 1 1 
[T ]   + q'F [ ]
d jx 
d jy 
 
 d jz 
where,
λ x λ y λz 0 0 0
[T ] = 
0 0 0 λx λ y λz 

72
Member Global Stiffness [km]:

[km]= [T]T[k´] [T]

λ x 0
λ 0 
 y
λ z 0  EA  1 − 1 λ x λy λz 0 0 0
[km ] =   
0 λ x  L − 1 1   0 0 0 λx λ y λ z 
0 λy 
 
 0 λz 

73
 Global equilibrium matrix:

[Q] = [K][D] + [QF]

Joint Load Unknown Displacement

Fixed End Forces
QI KI,I KI,II Du QFI
= +
QII KII,I KII,II Dk QFII

Reaction Support Boundary Condition

74
 q´j

j qix λxλx λxλy λxλz −λxλx −λxλy −λxλz dix

qiy λyλx λyλy λyλz −λyλx −λyλy −λyλz diy
m qiz EA λzλx λzλy λzλz −λzλx −λzλy −λzλz diz
qjx = djx
L −λ λ −λ λ −λ λ λ λ λ λ λ λ
x x x y x z x x x y x z
i qjy djy
q´i qjy −λyλx −λyλy −λyλz λyλx λyλy λyλz
qjz −λzλx −λzλy −λzλz λzλx λzλy λzλz djz
qjx
j
qjz
qiy m
 q 'i  EA  1 − 1  d 'i  q 'iF 
qix q '  =   d '  +  F 
 j L  − 1 1   j  q ' j 
i
qiz  d ix 
d 
 iy 
 d iz 
[q' ] j m =
EA
[
− λx − λy − λz λx λ y ] [ ]
λz   + q' F
L d jx 
d jy 
 
 d jz 
75
Example 6

For the truss shown, use the stiffness method to:

(b) Determine the end forces of each member.
(a) Determine the deflections of the loaded joint.
Take E = 200 GPa, A = 1000 mm z .
2

60 kN
80 kN

10 m
y

4m O
4m 3m
3m x

76
 z
60 kN 3
80 kN 1
2
(0, 0, 10)
1
10 m 1
4 2
y 3
2

4m O 5 (-4, 3, 0) 3
4m 3m (-4, -3, 0)
3m x (4, 3, 0)
4
λm = λxi + λyj + λzk (4, -3, 0)
λ1 = (-4/11.18)i + (3/11.18)j + (-10/11.18)k
Member λx λy λz
= -0.3578 i + 0.2683 j - 0.8944 k
λ2 = (+4/11.18)i + (3/11.18)j + (-10/11.18)k #1 -0.3578 +0.2683 -0.8944
= +0.3578 i + 0.2683 j - 0.8944 k
#2 +0.3578 +0.2683 -0.8944
λ3 = (+4/11.18)i + (-3/11.18)j + (-10/11.18)k
#3 +0.3578 -0.2683 -0.8944
= +0.3578 i - 0.2683 j - 0.8944 k
#4 -0.3578 -0.2683 -0.8944
λ4 = (-4/11.18)i + (-3/11.18)j + (-10/11.18)k
= -0.3578 i - 0.2683 j - 0.8944 k 77
 Member Stiffness Matrix [k]6x6
Member λx λy λz
#1 -0.3578 +0.2683 -0.8944 [k11]3x3 [k12]3x3
#2 +0.3578 +0.2683 -0.8944 [k]m =
[k21]3x3 [k22]3x3
#3 +0.3578 -0.2683 -0.8944
#4 -0.3578 -0.2683 -0.8944 1 2 3
1 +0.128 -0.096 -0.320
1 2 3 AE
[k11]3 = 2 -0.096 +0.072 +0.240
L
1 +0.128 -0.096 +0.320 3 -0.320 +0.240 +0.80
AE
[k11]1 = 2 -0.096 +0.072 -0.240 1 2 3
L
3 +0.320 -0.240 +0.80
1 +0.128 +0.096 +0.320
AE
[k11]4 = 2 +0.096 +0.072 +0.240
1 2 3 L
3 +0.320 +0.240 +0.80
1 +0.128 +0.096 -0.320
AE 1 2 3
[k11]2 = 2 +0.096 +0.072 -0.240
L 1 0.512 0.0 0.0
3 -0.320 -0.240 +0.80
AE
[KI,I] = 2 0.0 0.288 0.0
L
3 0.0 0.0 3.2 78
 z
60 kN 3
80 kN 1
2
(0, 0, 10)
1
10 m 1
4 2
y 3
2

4m O 5 (-4, 3, 0) 3
4m 3m (-4, -3, 0)
3m x (4, 3, 0)
4
[Q] = [K][D] + [QF] (4, -3, 0)
1 2 3
60 1 0.512 0.0 0.0 D1 0.0
AE
-80 = 2 0.0 0.288 0.0 D2 + 0.0
L
0.0 3 0.0 0.0 3.2 D3 0.0

79
 Global equilibrium matrix:

[Q] = [K][D] + [QF]

Joint Load Unknown Displacement

Fixed End Forces
QI KI,I KI,II Du QFI
= +
QII KII,I KII,II Dk QFII

Reaction Support Boundary Condition

(AE/L) = (1x10-3)(200x106)/(11.18) = 17.89x103 kN

1 2 3
60 1 0.512 0.0 0.0 D1 0.0
AE
-80 = 2 0.0 0.288 0.0 D2 + 0.0
L
0.0 3 0.0 0.0 3.2 D3 0.0

D1 +117.2 6.551 mm
L
D2 = -277.8 = -15.53 mm
AE
D3 0.0 0.0 mm 80
 z
60 kN
80 kN
Member λx λy λz
#1 -0.3578 +0.2683 -0.8944
10 m #2 +0.3578 +0.2683 -0.8944
y #3 +0.3578 -0.2683 -0.8944
#4 -0.3578 -0.2683 -0.8944
4m O D1
4m 3m D2
3m x dxi D3
Member forces: dyi
dzi
[q´j]m = AE
L
−λx −λy −λz λx λy λz + q´F
dxj
dyj
dzj [0]
117.2
AE +0.3578 -0.2683 +0.8944 L
[q´j]1 = -277.8
L AE
0.0
= +116.5 kN (T)
81
 z
60 kN
80 kN
Member λx λy λz
#1 -0.3578 +0.2683 -0.8944
10 m #2 +0.3578 +0.2683 -0.8944
y #3 +0.3578 -0.2683 -0.8944
#4 -0.3578 -0.2683 -0.8944
4m O
4m 3m
3m x

117.2
AE -0.3578 -0.2683 +0.8944 L
[q´j]2 = -277.8 = +32.61 kN (T)
L AE
0.0
117.2
AE -0.3578 +0.2683 +0.8944 L
[q´j]3 = -277.8 = -116.5 kN (T)
L AE
0.0
117.2
AE +0.3578 +0.2683 +0.8944 L
[q´j]4 = -277.8 = -32.61 kN (T)
L AE
0.0 82
 Member λx λy λz [q´j]m
#1 -0.3578 +0.2683 -0.8944 116.5
#2 +0.3578 +0.2683 -0.8944 32.6
#3 +0.3578 -0.2683 -0.8944 -116.5
#4 -0.3578 -0.2683 -0.8944 -32.6

60 kN
80 kN

1
4 2
3

32.6 kN
116.5 kN
32.6 kN
R5z = (-32.6)(-0.8944) 116.5 kN
= 29.16 kN
5 R5y = (-32.6)(-0.2683) = 8.75 kN
R5x = (-32.6)(-0.3578) = 11.66 kN
83