TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface .

Division 1, General Information

Chapler I, Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipe 1

Chapter II, Material Properties 7

PVC Pipe Compounds 8
El:lstomcric Seal Compounds 15

Chapler III, Resistance [0 Aggressive Environments 17

Corrosion Rcsistanl.:C Ig
Chemic:!l Resistanl.:e 22
Therll1:11 Effects , , 49
l3iological At tal.:k , , ' ' 50
Weathering ,, , , 51
AbrasIOn .. , , . , , 52
Tuberl.:ulat[on , , , .. , , , 54

Chapler IV, I've Pipe ~bnufal.:lUling Jnu Testing , 59

M:lIllJ f;" turlll); Processes. . .. . ,............... . 60
Standards for PI:lstH;s Piping. . 67
PVC; Pipe Tes! ing , 79
Quali fil.:a t ion Tcsls , , 80
Quality Control Tests and IllSpe...:t1on 85
Quality ,\ssurancc Tests S8
Test Certification and Warranty 88
Packaging anu Shipping 90

Division 2, Design

Chapler V, Design 95
Published Design Guides and Recommendations 96
Static and Dynamic Loadings 99
Internal Hydrostatic Pressure 99
Surge Pressures 112
Superimposed Loads 119
Flexible PIpe Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . 136
Longitudinal Bending 165
Support Spacing 181
ii iii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued

Chapter V, Design (Continued)

Expansion and Contraction 185
Hydraulics 188
Application Precautions 214

Division 3."Construction

Chapter VI, Construction 232

Receiving, Storage and H1ndling :232
Joint Assembly 236
Inst~llation 23t)
Appurtenances 25..J.
Casings 207
St:rvkc Connections 2(jt) GENERAL INFORMATION
Tcs.ting antllnspcction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

ArpcmHx 1 - Typical Properties of Elastotllcri..: Compollnd:-- . . . . ...~.\·l·2.sS

2. • Maximum Usc Temperature for PVC Pipe. . .. 2S(1
.3 • Support Spacin~ for Suspcnded Horizont:tl PVC PIpe
Fi1Icd with Water ..... _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2:)7
4 - Effects of Cold \Veather on PVC Pipe 2t:B
5 . PVC PIpe Dimensions _ 2lJ 1
SUlllmary of Historical and Background Inform:ltion,
Raw "Iaterial Properties and Characteristics.
Resistance to Aggressive Exposures. and
Description of Manufacturing and Testing Procedures.

Index 297
HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE
CHAPTER I
POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC) PIPE
PVC pipe provides today's advanced world many significant benefits
developed through modern technology. Polyvinyl chloride material is
truly one of mankind's substantial achievements, a man-made thermoplastic
construction material which, in a practical sense, can be considered nearly
inert when exposed to a vast array of chemical agents including most acids,
alkalies, fuel's, and corrosives. With further consideration of PVC's light
weight, high strength-to-weight ratio, exceptional durability, great resili-
ency and other unique thermoplastic properties, the great benefits afforded
by PVC pipe are casily appreciated. Modern technology has provided our
world with PVC pipe. a deSl~ned product based on reliability ond durabJiny.
;,\ ,\, ,
,. .. OTO COU1'T[:" ... 0"-
Cr:t1TAI""Tl:l:O cO ...·O"ATIO ...
The history or PVC pipe is varied and colorrul. Although accepted
today as a mature product based on pro\'en technology, in its early years
PVC pipe was more commonl,. considered a "child prodigy" in the piping
industry.
Polyvinyl chloride was discovered in the waning years or the nine-
teenth century. Its birth was not particularly glamorous. Scientists ob-
serving a newly created organic chemical gas, vinyl chloride (C 2 H 3 Cl),
discovered that when exposed to sunlight this gaseous material reacted
strangely. The chemical reaction which ensued resulted in the creation of
an off-white accumulation or solid material in the bottom of their lest
tubes. The scientists had observed simple polymerization or the basic
creation of a new plastic material, polyvinyl chloridc. Subsequcnt investi-
gation of the new polymer at first created great excitement and, somewhat
later, great disappointment. The scientists were astonished by the incredi-
CHAITER 1- POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (pVC) PIPE
ble new plastic matenal which seemed nearly inert to most chemicals and,
in fact. virtually indestructible. However, they soon found the material
so resistant to change that they were forced to concede that it couid not
be easily formed or processed into useable applications. Soon thereafter,
PVC was termed another of science's great discoveries without an apparent
application, and the world forgot about the unique new plastic.
Not until the 1920's did curiosity again bring polyvinyl chloride
into the limelight. Scientists in Europe and America launched into ex-
tended efforts which eventually brought PVC plastics to the modern world.
Technology, world wide but particularly in Germany, slowly evolved for
the use of PVC in its un plasticized, rigid form which today is used in thc
vast production of extruded and molded rigid profiles. In the middle
1930·s. C;;'rman scit:ntisb and cllgilh:t:r::. dcvdoped and produced lirnited
quantitIes of PVC pIpe. Some of the PVC pip,· lines insLdkd at that rime
continul' today to pro\'ilk S:ltisr~lL'tory Sl·fVicc.
III ;1 s",'!1sI'. tll!'" PV'C piJK' industry C:lll b,,' ,:onsidl..'fCd ;1 "\v:n 'o':'1:b).',"
III till' \\;lllltlg years or World \Var II. lIll' :\\1:\ pOWl'rs led by lIiller\., Third
Rl'icl1 hl'g:lll to lalll'l :lllli Llij :IS tlie :llf suprl'm:l-:Y or llll' :\!ill't! pCFWt:l":-;
S:IPIWd .-\\.1:-" sln:ngllJ. 'I he pain 01 llnlh;ndil1~ del'cat was kit c:J.rly in
C;\.'rlll;lllY·;" citll'S Whh:ll 1I;u.1 bCl'1l bOlllhL:d n:k'lltk:s~I,Y. ThL'lr people \VCl't.'
ahlt,: to survivl..' in d~lllla,l!L'd bllildin~s and fubbh:. but they cuuld nol ClHllb~lt
till' par:l!ysis wllich sL'l ill WilL'!l tilL' bombing dcstroyL'd JJ1Udl 01 their \vatcr
and SL'\\'\.:r systems. TilL' crisis \Vas further comj1ounc.kd by till' da!ll~lgc
done by tile AI!ies to the Rullr and Sa,,,. Germany's sources of iron or~" and
mincrals vital to the manufacturc of conventional piping products.
In this chaos. tllc German scientists and engineers turned to poly-
vinyl chloride. In response to their crisis. the Germans mobilized G new
industry. The PVC pipe industry was born.
Today, PVC pipe has become a signilicant factor in piping markets
throughout the world. Over the years. tile PVC pipe industry in North
America has grown and matured. By 1976, manufacturers of PVC pipe in
the United States were able to provide a production capacity in excess of
1.5 billion pounds per year of PVC pipe.
Although today many organizations have recognized the benefits
of PVC pipe and have written standards for the product, the foundation
for North America's plastics standards was established and built since the
1940's by ASTM, the American Society for Testing and Materials. ASTM
is an organization of concerned conSlimcrs~ producers. and individuals
with general interest who work together to develop consensus standards
HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE CHAJ:TER I - POL\''VINYL CHLORiDE (¥>vq PIPE

PVC PIPE INDUSTRY GROWTH nicipal water main. The American Public Works Association (AP'VWA) has
developed a series of regional standards for the proper use ofP\lC pipe.
<Jl In an ever increasing number of plumbing and building code organizations,
'"-' PVC pipe has been accepted as a viable piping product. The "{Jni-Bell
"" 2.0
o
<Jl
Z
Plastic Pipe Association was formed in 1971 and has provided tS':cnnical
o
..J service, research and development, and support in standards development.
-'
'" (See Uni-Bell Recommended Standards.) Many other associatiQ:ffis and
<Jl
~ 1.5 organizations have written excellent standards for PVC pipe. (See Chapter
<:
<Jl
IV - Product Specifications.)
'"c-
o: The PVC pipe ind ustry has
u
>
c.. been nurtured, trained, disciplined.
..J
< and guided by a host of fine organi-
=-2
2
< zations, associ~ttions. agencks and
individuals as it has grown and
.
1 ~/v J 'J 11 J<J!li 1<)80
matured. With the invaluabk
opportunity to karn frOIll the mis-
for a vast varidy of industry products. :\s the members of r\ST,\l worked· lakes of its predecessors, the PVC
to devC'1op !lood standards for PVC pip~'. th~'y observed closely tlledlorts pipe industry has bl:t:n able to as-
of ISO, the III tc rn;lt ional Standards 0 rgan il.~ltion, \VII ich prcparl'S rna Ill' of sume a rl:spomibk. nwturt: position in North All1erica. orrcring rdiabik and
tile standards uSt~d in Europe and Asia. durable pipe products to owners. l:ngineers, contractors. operator>. a:nd (hl~
[n thl' years since the !:til' 1950's wht:l1 AST~1 ('ommitlt:e D20 all great consumer public ... PVC pipl', a tried and proVt:n. desi~rll:d en::::.iml:cr-
~ ~

Plastics commenced de\'clopill~ standards for PVC pipe, much Jws occurred ing material.
as tile in dust ry mat urecl. Till' llydrost at ic Design Stress Com mi ttee 0 f the
Plastics Pipe Institute (1'1'1) developed a reliable mt:ans of determining the
long-term strength of PVC pressure pipe. At tile request of the thermo-
plastic pipe industry, the National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) in 1951
began developing a listing and testing service :1S an independent laboratory
certifying that various plastic pipe products are properly manufactured to
meet acceptable standards. NSF initially began by testing and certifying
plastic pipe for potable water service in 1959. Significant in the accept.mce
of PVC pipe was the publishing of standards in the years from the late
1950's to the early 1970's by the U.S. Department of Commerce (Com-
mercial Standards and Public Standards) and by the U.S. Department of
Housing and Urban Development. ASTi\I Committee F17 on Thermo-
plastic Piping Systems grew out of ASTM Subcommittee D20.17 and was
formed to concentrate specifically on standards development for the plastic
pipe industry. The American Water Works Association (AWWA) estab-
lished a Standards Committee on Thermoplastic Pipe in 1968 which after
seven vears of hard work succp.p.rlp.c1 in rlpvplr"lnina " C"t.,,,rl,,,rrl fA" pur ~".
HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE

CHAPTER [

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I. "AIVIVA Standard for Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pressure Pipe, 4 inch Through
12 inch for Water AWWA C900." American Water Works Association, Denver,
Colordo (I975).
2. Bulkey, Charles W., Robert G. Morin, and Alan J. Stockwell. "Vinyl Polymers and
Copolymers." Modern Plastics Encyclopedia 1968, v. 45: No. 14A (Oct. 1968)
p.336.
3. Henson, J. H. L. and A. Whelan. DCI'clopmel/ls il/ PVC Techl/%gy, National
College of Rubber Technology, London (February 1973). CHAPTER 1I

4. ~esbcitt, W. D, "PVC Pipe in WJtCf 1J1::>[ribulion: RdiJbility :mtl Durability."

Amcrit:aIl WJtcr Works Assocbtion JourI1:d, Y. 67, no. 10 (ItJ75l p. 576, ~I ATE R I A L I' R 0 PER TIE S
5. PenH, W. S. PVC TccJll/ulugy. Wiley IrltCl::',:ICIll.:C, :\ DiVJ::,lutl of John Wiley ;llIJ
Sons. Inc., \cw York (jtJ{)7).

(1. "Poly (VlIlyl Chloridt:) (PVC) Pl:t~tlc Plplll!' Lksign ;!lld II1\[all:l[lOll:' PPI'I t.'ch·
IIkal Report. PPI . TRI3. Pb:>.IIC:- PlJll' 111~Ii!LJ1L'. Nrw York. New '/ork (i\ll~u:-'I The Buildiug Blocks of Uni·lkll Joint PVC Pipe
1'J73 ).
arc PVC alld Elastolllcric Compounds
7. Til:dclll;lIl. W:l!lcr D. ":\ Study or Plastic Pipe rOf Pot;lhk \bll:] SupplJc~:' N;IIJollal
S;lIlitalion Fnullt!atioll. Ann /\11>01. i\llclll).::IlJ (1955).
 CHAPTER If - MATERIAL PROPERTIES
HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE

CHAPTER II of footwear. Flexibles may be used

in production of hose. Rigids are
MATERIAL PROPERTIES used in the production of PVC pipe.
Rigid PVC compounds are
combinations of PVC resin, stabilizer,
PVC pipe with Un i-Bell joints derives properties and characteristics lubrican ts and ex tenders with modi-
as a modem piping prod uet from the basic properties of its raw material fiers added for special property re-
components. Essentially, PVC pipe with gasketed joints is manufactured sponse. Rigid compounds prepared
from two basic polymeric materials - PVC extrusion compounds and for PVC pipe extrusion are carefully
PHOYQ COURTz;.SY OF
elastomeric seal compounds. A brief summary of the material properties CERTAIN'THO CORPORATION. designed and developed to provide
for these" compound s provides solid fou ndation for good understand ing specific properties required In a PVC piping
and appreciation of PVC pipe properties, its capabilities :.md limitations. product, It should be noted tbat relatively high
tensik sIre ngt h and a high strength-to-wcigh t
PVC PIPE COi\IPOUNDS r:.ltio are needed for PVC pr~'ssure and sewer
~lanufacturers of PVC pipe purdldS~' r~lW Illatai:il~ tJ~l'd in produc- pipe; conseq Uc ntly. the com po und docs not
tion of thl' pipe in OIlL' or two forms. Th~'Y call purcha~e PVC \..'xtrusion contain plasticizLTs as llsed in the l11anUfaLlurc
• compound pre-hkntkd COlllllll'fcially in prl'p~Jr;llion 1'01' plpl.' l':\!rLlsion. or of marL' fkxibk products.
they can purcllasl' b~lsic PVC resin alld prepare I h~'il' own Ifl-pl~lnt hklllkd Rigid I've PlP~' compounds tlt:sign~t1 for
L'olllpounds for PVC pip\..' l'\;.trusion. ~l()s( 11l:ljor 1l1:llllILldurcl's pun:lt:lsl' Iransport of pUI:lbk w:Iler must mccl crileri:l
PVC r\..'sin and COml1lellCl' thcir lllalllll"adurillg prou:sses wlll1 lilc pn:p~lr:l­ bas\,.'d on toxicological and ()rg~lI1okp(ic (taste
tion or PVC pipe ext rusion compounds. and odOr) propcrlks monitored by the 1\ation:Ji
PVC n:sin, thl..' basic huilding block or PVC pipe. is derIVed esscntially S:mit:ilion Foundation (NSF) :Illd mllst illl.'t:!
from natural gas or petrokulll, salt W:ltel'. and air. [11 its fin:d form. pre- desiSIl Sll\'SS properties as deillunstrated by long-
pared ror processing into PVC pipe compound. it resembles granulated IeI'm tt:stin~ uIHlt:r ilydroslati.: pr~s5urc, lIydrostatic [)esi~n Stress ratings

sugar in appearance and tex ture. PVC resin offc rs excl'11c nt physica I. are established after 10.000 hours of hydrost:ltic testing.
chemical. mechanical. and electrical properties for PVC pipe: ]lOwcver. To de fille the basic prope rt ies 0 I' PVC com pounds. tilL' American
wi thou t add )tional processi ng into ex trusion Socit.:' ty for TL'5t ing and tvl ate rials (ASTI\1) esta blishl.'d st:llld ard spL'cifiL'a tio n
compound, it cannot be extruded successfully' D 178..1-. tlw "Standard Specification for Rig.id Poly (Vin)'l Chloride) and
into finished PVC pipe. PVC resin. produced by Chlorinated Poly (Vinyl Chloride) Compounds'" This specification makes
any of the COlllmon manut~lcturing processes - possible a five-digit cell class designation system which describes minimum
bulk, suspension, or emulsion processes - is characteristic physical properties for a particular compound . .-\ letter suffix
useless until compounded, that is, combined is used to designate chemical resistance,
with heat stabilizers, lubricants, and otber
ingredients.
In general, compounds made from PVC
resins comprise three types ... plastisols, f1exi-
bles, and rigids. Each compound type is used in
the manufacture of different types of PVC
products. Plastisols may be used in production
HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE CHAPTER H - MATERIAL PROl'EEUIES

FIGURE 1
EXAMPLE - CLASS REQUIREMENTS
The manner in which selected materials are identified by this classification system IS iJIus-
trated by a Class 12454·B rigid PVC compound ha\'ing the following requirement:;'. (see
Tables I and 2):
Class I 2 .. 5 4 B
Idelltificatioll: ~
Poly(vinyl chloride) homopolymer
Properly and Minimum Valuc:
Impact strength (fzod) {34.7 JIm (0.65 ft. - Ibflin»
Tensile strength (48.3 MPa (7000 p s i » - - - - - - - - ----l
Modulus of elasticity in tension (2758 MPa (400,000 p s i ) - - - - - - - _ - 1
Deflection temperature under load (70 C (158 F » - --'
Chemical resistance (meets the requirements of SulJix B
in Table 2) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --.J

~
. '- Non: The cell'lype format providc~ the rne;lfl~ for idenliJication ;,nJ cJo,e char;H;t>~riza.
'!.> lion and specification of maleri;,1 properlie~, alone or in combln;ltltln, fur a hroad ranG.'': of
.... ~
'{; m:Herials. 'Jhis type furm;ll. howcv~r, I~ wbjecl 10 pm~ibJe /ll1,,,pplic"IHH'I ,mCt unobtaInable
properly cO/llbinatlon, can be ~elt:clcJ ii th~ u'el is Illli brnil!;l! wlth CUIl\ll1crcially avadabk
~ ;:j.
If> 'J matcriah. The manufacturer should be c{)fl~LJlted,
:'"l '-
.0 ::: -::J
~ AST,',! DI711-1, American Sueicll' for lc~lillg and .\l;llcrials. I'JI!, Race ::'1" l'hli;ldcJphl".. I'A
19103

.,
..
~

v, ~. ~, Table 2 tkfirws IllJl1JIllUrn chelllkaJ resistance n:quin':ll1ents for ~)VC

5: - :; ~.
" ~

compounds, The ktter suffix, In gC1H:r;tl. describes various levels of rC'"sist-

ance to oil and to sulfuric acid in weak or strong concl;ntr:ltions.
y

;; c
....
~
v.
;
~

.;,
~.
"".
~
"" ..
$"
TABLE 2 - SUFFIX DESIGNATION FOR CHEMICAL RESISTA[\;CE
Solution ABC D
H~SOI (93 pcrccnt)-14 tbys immersion at 55
y

x 2 C:
t- v;
...;
..,
'I V
'"c
~

.;,
'/ \/
c.
~
~
""
-/ '/
..~~ Ch,lnge in weight:
Increase. max, percent
Decrease. max, percent
1.0' 5.0' 25.0 NA'
"NA
0.1' 0.1' 0.1
Change in flexural yield strength:
-:::l
~ Increase. max, percent 5.0' 5.0' 5.0 ;NA
0
"
'"0
·u 'v ~ Decrease, max. percent 5.0' 25.0' 50.0 NA
H~SOI (80 percent)-30 days immersion at 60 2 C:
7 ~ ~ Change in weight:
~ Increase, max, percent NA NA 5.0 115.0
Decrease. max. percent NA NA 5.0 0.1
Change in flexural yield strength:
Increase, max, percent NA NA 15.0 25.0
Decrease, max. percent NA NA 15.0 25.0
ASTM Oil No.3-3D days immersion at 23 C:
Change in weight:
Increase, max, percent 0.5 1.0 1.0 ~O.O
Decrease. max, percent 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.1
< Specimens washed in running water and dried by an air blost or other mechanical me-~ns
shall show no sweating within 2 h after removal from the acid oath.
> NA = not applicable.

ASTM D1784, American Society for Tesling and Materials, 191(\ Race SI., Philadelphia, PA
19103
 CHAPTER 11 - MATERIAL PRO';1'ERTIES
HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE

Prior to the development of the cell classification system PVC

Comparison of \hc
PVC Pipe Material Codes with the current cell
classification system as defined in ASTjI,l D 1784 is presented in Tflble 4.
compounds defined in ASTfvl D1784, PVC pipe compounds were spccil1ed PVC compounds can be produced in vast variety: however, the
by means of a four-digit plastic pipe material code. properties afforded by specific compounds may be easily identifi-ed and
compared with standard requirements by defining the appropriate cell
FIGURE 2 _ EXAMPLE - PVC PIPE l\lATERIAL CODE
classifications for the compounds.
The manner in which selected materials are identified by this materi.i1 code is illustrated by a
PVC 1120 compound having the following requirements:
2 o TABLE 4 - COMPARISON OF FORMER AND NEW DESIGNAT10NS
Material Code PVC I

IDENTIFICATION
Polyvinyl Chloride homopolymer----------
I I Former Commercial Type and
Grade from Former Specification
D 1784 - 65 T
Class [rom
Table ]
Type I - impact strength (1200) {3.J.7 Inl
(0.65 ft. Ibc!in)) m i n i m u m l - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Type r. Grade ] ]2454·B
Grade 1 _ chemical resistance - as defined under Type I. Gr:Jde 2 I2454·C
Suffix B in Table 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ' Type 1, Grade _, 11443·ll
Hydrostatic De~ign Stres~, units of JUU p s i - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ' Type 1J. Grade I 1-1333·D
T)pe JlJ. Gr:llk I 132.13
A51:-'1, r\merlc:m Sutiet~' fur '['estin); and :-'laleri.l!s, I~J(, ICI<:e St.. I'hil.,ddphi;t, l'r\ I~J03 'f HC JV, Gr;,dc I 234·17·Jj
'f ype V. Grade I 15223·11

!':I103 DJ71\·l, :\Jllcric;1ll SUCIeIY for 'J l;o,ling and "\hlcri',h

As shown in Figur~ 2. tilt: pbs lic pi pc Il1:1tl'ria I code C)scn (ia II)' dc-
lIncd threc pror~rties or a designatcd PVC compound: (J} i1llP:1Cl slrength.
(2} chemical rcsistance, and l3} hydrostatic lksigll stress. ill units or 100
psi, Pigure 2 shows IJ OW till' Ill:! t e ria I cotk descri hed till' spel-i fic pro perl il:s
for a g,iwll PVC pipe compoulld.
(0111111On plastic pipe material codes used prior to th:..' rl'vision 01'
ASTi\! D 1784 to permit specificatioll of PVC compound propnlics by cell
classification arc listed in Table 3 - PVC Pipe }.1ater'lal Codc:'>. It I11mt bl:
emphasized t ila t spcci rica ti on 0 f PVC COIll POtill cls by rna t erial codes was
rendered obsolete when the presellt cell classificalion system was developed.
AS'!.\l '"' 1'II (, J,"'I:"
. - SI .. I'II'J· 1 I ". f' I \
1 ,IlCprJJa.
,\llllOllgh manllr,!(;tllrtT~ may proridl' sublk rariatiuns ill PV( pipe
C01llp,oUJlds willlill tilL' limits of st,lIld;ml l"l'<juin:llll'llls, PVC l'onlpHllld~
used In thL' m,llluJ"acllln: or PVC pipc genn,lIly 1;1I11nlo threL' gl'llt:ral~'bssi­
fiL-atiolls. Table S describes typical average propntks or three compuunds
l"Olllfllonly tlsl'd in the PVC pipL' industry, Tlll'sl.: <:Dmpollnds ~lrL' de~i~';]alcu
as; (I) normal impact compounds blended with minimum k\'cJs 0(- addi-
tives. (2) high impact compounds. and (3) high modulus compounds.

TABLE 3 - PVC PIPE i\IATERIAL CODES

(I) PVC Type I, Grade I. with a hydrostatic design stress of 2,000 psi for \V,lter at 23 DC
(73.4 OF), designated as PVC! 120.
(2) PVC Type 1. Grade 2, with a hydrostatic design stress of 2.000 psi for water at 23 DC
(73.4 oF), tksignated as PVCI220,
(3) PVC Type II. Gr,lde I. with a hydrostatic dcsign stress of 1.000 psi for wiltCr at 23°C
(73.4 OF), designated as PVC21 10.
C4) PVC Type II, Grade 1, with a hydrostatic design stress of 1.250 psi for waler al 23 DC
(73.4 OF), designated as PVC2112.
(5) PVC Typc II, Grade L with a hydrostatic design stress of 1,600 psi for water at 23 DC
(73.4 OF), designated as PVC2I 16.
(6) PVC Type II, Grade I, with a hydroslatic design stress of 2,000 psi for water at 23 DC
(73.4 OF), designated as PVC2120,
(7) CPVC Type IV, Grade 1. with a hrdrostatic design strcss of 1.600 psi for warer al
23 'c (73.4 OF), designated as CI'VC4116.
(8) CPVC Type IV, Grade I, with a hydrostatic design slress of 2,000 psi for Water al
23 'C (73.4 OF), designated as CPVC4120.
 CHArTER Il - MATERIAL PROPERTIES

LASTO},fERIC SEA~Ol¥fPOUNDS
< < =>
N
Elastomeric compounds used In manufacture of gaskets for gasketed
-- -- =>
ZZ + PVC pipe should comply in all respects with the physical requirements
specified in ASTM F477. "Standard Specification for Elastomeric Seals
(Gaskets) for Joining Plastic Pipe."
ASTM F477 specifies elastomeric seals used to seal joints of plastic
u 0 used for gravity or low pressure and high pressure applications. Table
--«<
zzz---...
=>.-1 =>
0"';
1++
0 ,.,.., ,.,=>N
~

~ :6
defines physical requirements for elastomeric seals for plastic pipe.
- =>
o Elastomeric materials with more specific properties are generally
N
::: used by each pipe manufacturer. (See Appendix 1 - Typical Properties of
. Elastomeric Compounds).

TABLE 6 - PHYSICAL REQUfREMEl\TS FOR ELASTOMERIC

SEALS FOR PLASTIC PIPE
(as defined in ASTM F~77)

Low Head Hij:h Head

Appliculion Application
below 50 f1. head
SO (I. head and above
\C.t oc. ~ 00 0 ~.
V'~ ,..... ~I -r OX '"'T
(" I \0 ....0 \.D r- V,

c66660 8.3 (1200) 13.11 (2000)

325 400
40·60 40-60

15 15
25 20
No cracks No cracks
U 'V;
Q Co
l()
l()

Decrease in tensile stn:ngth,

max. percent of original 15 15
Decrease in elongation, max.
..... percent of original 20 20
o
u Hardness, type A Durometer, max.
.5 increase, points 8 8

Change in volume, percent, max. 5 5

NOTE: . Elastomericcompowrds must flot react with or display deleterious eoects 011 PVC
pipe, Elastomeric compoIlnds in corl/act with PVC pipe must flat promote or contribute to
crazing, cracking, pifling, or blistering in the PVC pipe wall. Staining of the PVC ill the area
of gasket corHacr is acceptable.
Elastomeric compounds for gaskets should nor promote (]T sustain microbiological growth.
ASTM F477, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, PA
19103
HASDllOOK OF PVC PIPE

CHAPTER II

BIBLIOGRAPHY

l. "PVC, Plastics Engineering Primer," Plastics Engineering, v. 29, No. 12 (December

1973) p. 25.
2. "PVC Resins and Compounds." Allied Chemical Technical Bulletin. Allied Chemi·
cal Corporation (October 1972).
3. "Standard Specification for Elastomeric Seals (Gaskets) for Joining Plastic Pipe.
ASTM F471." American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Po. (1977).

4. "St:wd:lrd Specification for Poly (Vinyl Chloride) Resins. ASTi\1 DI756." American
SUL:iely for Testing :lnd 1\lalcri:.Jb, Phiiadclphi:L P;l.
5. "SI:llld:irJ Specification fur H..l~IJ Puly(Vlllyl Chl\lridc) ('tlmpuund" ;llld ChIDrill:l[~d CHAPTER HI
1\11)' (VIllyl Cldullde) Compuund:... AST.\! Dj7S-L" :\m~ric:1I1 Stl,,'lt'ty lor Te;.,uug
:!lld ~1:J1t'rI;tl;.,. PhibJdphi:l. b. (I tJ7S).

b. }'carbo!I}; ilnd Dm:cfO/T. 'flit Lo;, All}!t:lt';" Rubhcl (~IOUp, Ill\.:, Lu:. Alll.'t'lc:... CJ!IL
II 'no I. . RESISTA"CE TO
A G G RES S I VEE" V I RON ~l EN 'I' S

Analysis of PVC Pipe Response to

Aggressive Exposures An t icipa ted
in Application of the Product
HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE
CHAPTER III
RESISTANCE TO AGGRESSIVE ENVIRONMENTS
The cost of piping systems is evaluated on the basis of cost for initial
materials, installation, operation, and repair or replacement over the system
life. PVC pipe, in comparison with traditional piping products, excels when
long-tenn durability and reliability are evaluated. However, as with all
designed products, successful long-term performance of PVC pipe depends
upon prop~r system design, installation, and application. Although the
pipe displays exceptional resistance to aggressive environments which
frequently limit the operating life of other piping products, it is important
that the r~sponse of PVC pipe to aggressive environments be understood
by owners, engineers: contractors, and operators.
Analysis of aggressive c:nvironments inherent in nature's as wdl as
man's industrial environment can involve a broad scope. In this chapter,
resistance to aggressive environments for PVC piping prouucts have been
summarized in general categories:
I. Corrosion Resistance
2. Chemical Resislancc
3. Thcrmal ElTecb
4. Rcsistance to l.liolo~ical Attack
5. Weathering Resistance
6. Abrasion Rcsistance
7. Tuberculation Resistance
CORROSION RESISTANCE
The cost of maintenance, repair, and replacement of underground
pipelines damaged by corrosion is estimated in the hundrcds of millions of
dollars expense incurred annually. The National Association of Corrosion
Engineers and others have published many articles describing the types
and causes of corrosion with various recommended methods for prevention
and cure. Much time and effort are expended in the design of metallic
piping systems to minimize the never ending attack by corrosion. During
the many years of system operation and maintenance, substantial cost is
incurred and effort is expended to prevent or diminish loss of system
service - gradual or catastrophic.
PVC pipe is immune to nearly all types of corrosion experienced in
underground piping systems whether the corrosion is chemical or eleetro-
CHAPTER !II - RESISTANCE TO AGGRESSIVE ENVIRO>IMENTS
chemIcal in nature.::' polyvinyl chloride is a nonconductor, g:alvanic
and electrochemical effects are non-existent in PVC piping systems. PVC
pipe suffers no damage caused by attack from norma! or corrosive soils. In
consequence, no linings, coatings, or cathodic protection is required when
PVC pipe is used.
Proper evaluation of the non-eorrosive properties of PVC pipe can
best be accomplished after a brief summary of corrosion fundamentals.
It must be noted that some pipes may suffer corrosion calL5ed by
attack from the outside as well as the inside. In evaluation of corrosive
attack from the outside environment of a pipe, the three general types of
electrochemical corrosion experienced by metallic pipes should be defined:
I. Corrosion caused by stray currenl electrolysis,
) G~ivanic corrosion calls~d by dissimilar metal conveners,
and
3. Galvanic corrosion cltlsed by differential electrolysis.
Tiles'.: types 01' corrosion an; characterized by the formation of
ekclro!ytic cells. i\reas of differing ekctrical potential develop un tile
sur!':lc\.' or the pipe due to chemic:11 and/or physical dirkn..:nces in or all
the JnL'tal. ('.g .. variation in composition within till' metal. IJirren..:r:H":cs ill
the surface film and/or difkrences from point to point in the conosive
medium arc also related to the development of anodic .1Ild cathodic ."."".
These areas may be microscopic and in very close proximity, or they may
be lar~e and somewhat rcmote from onc another. !lowever, establishmcnt
of anodic and cathodic areas contributes directly to the creation of dectro-
lytic cells which providc the necessary electro-ehemical reaction causing
corrosion through various forms of clectrolysis.
At the anode, positively charged metal ions go into solution. The
electrons liberated through release of the ions 110w through the metal to
the cathode area. At the cathode, a reduction reaction takes plClce in-
volving release of hydrogen ions. The circuit is completed as current 110ws
through the electrolyte from the cathode to the anode. The rate of corro-
sion is dependent upon the quantity of current 110wing, a condition which
is determined by the resistance of the electrolytic cell and the difference
in electrical potential. The resistance may increase due to accumulation of
corrosion products at the anode or deposition of hydrogen at the callhode.
The degree to which the cell is polarized, contributing to development of
electrical potential. depends upon the soil chemistry·, i.e., the relative solu-
bility of corrosion products and/or the presence of dissolved oxygen.
Current density, as determined by the ratio of anode area tfJ that
HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE
of the cathode. also has an important intluence on the corrosion process.
A small anode, e.g., a hole or holiday in a pipe coating, and a large cathode
tend to result in an increase in current density with a subsequent increase
in corrosion in the small anode area.
There are other ways in wh.ich corrosion may attack the outside of
pipes without electrolysis. Acidic water within the soil environment may
contribute to the external corrosion of both metallic and cementitious
pipes. Industry has found it necessary to develop guidelines for such
service in an acidic environment when cement-based pipe products are
used. GUidelines have been established by the American Water Works
Association (AWWA) for selection of asbestos-cement pressure pipe to be
u$~d in ::m acidic ~n\,jronmcnt. (S('(':-\ \\'W:\ Standard C400 Forward.)
The AWWA Standards Committee 1'01' Cas I Iron Pipe has established
"uiddinGs 1'01' Soil-Test Evalu:Jlion 1'01' C:ht :IIHI ductile iron pll,e. It shuuld
l)t.' Ilolt:d th~lt plastic skcyt..':-. have bt'L'll rCl:OI11JllL'l1lkd ror el1casemL'nt or
cast and ducrik iron pipL'S 1'01' protection III currosivL' t.:nvirOlltlll..'llb.
\\'lwrl: tilt: soils an; ~dkahnL' witll extrL'ml'i)' high sulralL' contL'llb.
COIH.:rt..'tL' pipe should ill' madt..' with sulfate rL'sist~lnt CL'lllcnts of Type II
or '[ype V Portland Celllen!. Where' th,' I'll uf the soil is less than 5.5.
both cOllcn:k and steel pipes should h.' prokd\:d frolll ;lllack hy cO;ltin!!s
or sacrifici:J1thickness.
In consideration of tlll' large costs 01" extcrnal corrosioJl of pipes.
much work !l;JS been done to estimate cllL'clivc pipe service lik in corrosive
soils. The service lives of metal pipes and culverts have been established
for various common soil conditions by the State of California. Division of
Highways. In this study, charts and graphs arc provided to permit esti-
mation of service life prior to metal perforation witll consideration given to
soil resistivity and water environment.
Corrosion may also occur on the inside of some pipes conveying
aggressive waters and low hardness waters. Internal pipe corrosion affects
pipe strength and hydraulic !low characteristics. The Langelier Index or
Ryznar Index, which can be applied to the various waters. defines the
degree of aggressiveness or tendency of the water to corrode or encrust
ferrous pipes. Low hardness waters also attack non-ferrous metal pipes.
Various modified indexes are also used in assessing the corrosive effects of
different waters on different materials. Some municipalities have found
it necessary to treat their potable water supplies by adding polyphosphates,
adjusting the pH or increasing hardness to provide protection against
internal corrosion in water mains, service connections and home plumbing.
CIIAPTER III - RESISTANCE TO AGGRESSIVE E:-iVIRO:-i.IIENT'
Internal corrosion may also be minimized in some piping products
by use of protective liners. Cement lining is commonly required in steel,
cast and ductile iron pipe. Prestressed and reinforced concrete pipes
depend on the concrete encasement to protect the steel cylinder and/or
reinforcement bars. Coal tar enamels and various other coatings are com-
monly used as liners in metal pipes.
In sewage collection lines, the internal corrosion of piping can be a
serious problem. Vitrified clay sewer pipe displays good resistance to
corrosion from sanitary sewage. In the same manner. PVC sewer pipe,
due to the high degree of resistance to most chemical attack afforded b)'
polyvinyl chloride. also displays good resistance to corrosion from sanitar)'
scwagl...'.
Insioe corrosion or those SL'Wl..'r pipin1! marcri:JI~ m~:!1ul'actllrcd, in
part, from portland cement is c:lused by att~lt.:k from sullurl,": acid formed
as a n:sult of the hydrogen sulfide cyck. Sk:.Im curing 0i' cL'mentitious
products :ll1d thL' tis\.' of special aggregates Gill improvL' ~h:.:!r \:orrusiull re-
sistancl'. PVC and L'POXY Illlcrs arc av:libbk for solllL' oj th:..,~: products tu
protL'ct :Igaillst inlLTllal corrosion. Ilowl'\'l'r. in gcneral. plpL':-' or asbl'stos-
ccmellt, concrete and Illcta! pipes with lilll'rS an.: not rl· ...-\.lnlllll'IHkd for
SlTVicl' whcn.: the ratl' or sulfilk gl'lll'ratiol1 is ilh:rc:lsl'd In' ltnv SI..'W:lgl' flow
vl'locities, high amhicllt tl'J1lper~llllres, :Jnd high sulri(!l' \:OlltCllt ill the
:-;e\\':lgC.PVC sewer pipcs ;\re not affected by sulfuric ;\cid III till' COllCl:Il-
trations attaincd in sanitary st..'wcr systems, and thl:rcrore, the gCllcration
of hydrogen sulfide does not contribute to corrosion problems when PVC
sewer pipe is llsed.
I-laving summarized the fundamentals of corrosion effect and con-
trol. if should be emphasized that different water and sewer pipe products
provide corrosion resistance in varying degrees depending on application
and environment. Care must be exercised when selecting piping products
for service applications to insure that corrosion is considered. When sub-
stantial corrosive attack can be anticipated in an underground system,
PVC pipe can prol'idc substantial advantage in long-term system life and
operating cost. PVC pipe is considered immune to all forms of metallic
corrosion common to metallic pipe, to corrosion effected by aggressive
soils and waters, and to corrosion caused by chemical attack in common
sanitary sewer systems. PVC pipe can also be considered resistant to a
broad range of industrial chemicals and wastes which could damage or
destroy other piping products.
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TABLE 7 - GENERAL CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF VARIOUS ELASTOMERS

The: rollowing p~gC's are olTercJ :15 a gentfJ! F:uiJ=- "nJ ir,.Ji;::;:tlicn (If f'''e- ",ui"t.Jhh~r vf \-:Hiou," tb\10mtr, in u~e too:J.)' for :LCf"cce in Ihese
chclllic:lI"i :\nd ntlilt\, The ri1lin~1lj :Ire: b.I'i..Cd. (~~r the fllQ1t rJr:. 0:1 r'.:l'-lH~cJ htc%~tm"(' (If "':\Ii{,u\ r;'hm("f l,urJI'ic,\ ;-Int! ruhher manuhlc·
lUrer' hut. in .IUlmc (;I'("\~
(he)" ;He Ih<: (LllHidcfCJ ~'1rtni\ln t,r ('\r-tnOCro;:fJ ' .....l\p..la'.lnl,. \\.(' (.H\lh~1 flU! :lO'CC" Ilu:"ir ,accUfACY n.or u... ~umc
roe~pon,ihtlit)· tor Wie Ihereof. :S~'WCrJI r~I;";I~}r'\ mu\t ah.. H \ t--.e C0n1.·~('~('j III U'IP~ :1 fU\'brr r-lll In i.rl \'h-"t'_ I he 010 .. ( Jlup-oftans no,; \.. c ~C'('
them arc:
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polymcr ant! lhe chemicaL A CL'mr~)UnJ q'Ji!e "IHt.\~h: J.t r.;:w.,1-m tcmr~~:l.hUC nll~hl LIt! nl)!-cr:thly 2l.l dc'\'~ted t~mpC'r:l1Urc:.
2. CmrdiJimu of Saija'; A comp0unJ th,:u ~'''''c[ls bj~I!'lo' m~l=ht l~ln h'-f\.:rl~'!'1 ""ell ;\'l, ;'l l<UdlC ~;11 ycl (ail in :t;nr drn,amic nrplic:Hion.
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4. Th~ CotilpOJlnd Ilul/; CompolHhl1. UC'ljt~n.eJ. ((lr othf:f C~_H~L:f'Jll"'!= r:('>~~lin m:'ty 1,1:' ~\""Icr in rtfformancc in :'\ chemicAl l1J:Ln
one t.Ic~igncJ eo;.pcci~\lIy for 11md rC~i'it.ln,('
()
In 1i~hl or the abovc f:-sclors. it h ~I\Ioa~"i N:~t to tnt
:=
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G£.tlEftAL run POSE NON·OIL RESiSTANT Ci[Hf::RAL. pORros( - OlL R[SI$TANT SrtCIl\lT'f £lASTOM£ns
flUln ClIAAT
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R~bhl!"l St:trrtll Pn:n 1..... "r!'" SihUJlI Ehiiole.wtlet hr.hr"
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~. rt~,·, tL Ur\'lt~.1"!t:\1-. CCn-tt't.1,,a.lrd ~t'lo"'ClS hhrl,nl$ C'1(ch. Z
M,enl $oI1'!lI'd'l,
,A.!llmal,e
fl~d/=-("~") ,a.1~","'-p:n.
Cl'ol~~''''l''''
t"l':- "'I'''~
t'l ~ .... ~.':
~ "~"''''I
C":,r q ....., CH~r
,·t,..,,~

" ....,
If'''·1-
Cb't···".· .. :lI
l\·tfO
tt,.1lM'IOOl"ll.
Mull. Dlluh
S!lo411,Hn
HilrO
ClIl'lla~"jnl
A1~ali. (u-.n. -<
~
t!1dt«I'!IOJ'l' }.,Iol'tuht
1I1d'tl-c"ut::'l"' 'I'?,I "'·tr, J-{T~":r,,'':''-:~' wr,-,··t '.·:·-_r·'~ ."l! "'·l·~ [1"'''''1_ ~fldU'Hd. Comp-:-UFl". Urdt(lt,.lX>rol.
Ur-lrCl4;J'~i'l1. J' ~ ... ":- ... ~ t'l ~.'C'
~ tfrl'o'MI<H,r.. ......,"',.. """ lI ... hlrc"lh'd C
)~}'!'':'"l t·"~<'" ~''''':~1'~~~~ llr-~rltfJ('rtll" IrI>$n~'Clrb""f.
" ... U;:-f t'iC "'liI,,~t'1
7-
b"I'!~1. ~
r::
:2
Source: Th. los Angeles Rub~r Group, In~, 1970 Ye3rNx>1. .nJ [)"c~t.''1 Cf.
RATING SYSTEM l~MPLOYED. A _ Rccon1mend~d - Little or minor effect B - M illllr to moderate eITect - Rubber parts prob-
ably still useful in many applications C - Moderate to severe eITecl- Rubber parts perhaps still
useful in limited ;lpplicatiom U - }:ot recommended Blank - No data or insufficient evidence
_ It should be noted th;}t it is not e\l'ected that a polymer unrated would perform better than those
that arc rated.

(') (lO) ( II) (12) (13) (14)

It,1 tIl (~ )
(3) (.1) (~)
(t) (2)
AU T 5i FSi FPM ACM
EPM :-;BR CO (R CSlot
Nit SOR HR lOU
Fluid lle,i't'tnCC EPD1'>l [(0
IR BR
Key
C C u C A U U U
C U :\ :\ U B A B U
Acetaldehyde
C A A :\ B n 1J U
C U
C c II n 13 C
Acetamide
n C B A C r C
A- B 13 U
Acetic Acid, Glacial A H B A :\ C B
Acctic Acid, 3D';'" II Il B
l' :\ A U 13 C U U U
Il Il 1l B C
Acetic Anhydride
u B B U C B lJ U u
Acetone B B A A
l' U U U U u
Acetophenone C U :\ A r U
A A
II 11
Acetyl Chloride Il C Il A-
:\ A Il Il
Acetylc nc It 11 U U U U
If U U C C
Acrylonitrile U C
A
Adipic Acid B B B
U l'
Alkazene :\ A- U
A :\ :\ :\ A U
Alum-Nl !:l-Cr-K :\
:\ :\ 13 B B :\ u U U
Aluminum Acetate A 13 u B A A A
:\ :\ A :\ :\
A A A
Aluminum Chloride
A U B A A
A A :\ :\ :\
Aluminum Fluoride B A ,\ B
A :\ ,\ :\ \
Aluminum Nitrale A A
A A A
A :\
1\IUlllilllllll Phosphate A A A :\ .\
A :\ u A A A u
A B :\ :\ :\ U
Aluminum Sulfate :\ 13 C U
A A :\ :\
Ammonia Anhydrous
:\ A A A A
:\
Amlllonia G;JS (Cold) A A A A
B H U A U u
B B
Ammonia Gas (HoI) Il A
:\ A :\ :\ li
AlllIllonium Carbonate :\ A
Ammonium Chloride A A :\. :\ :\ .\
B
:\
:\ :\ A U A n 13 u
U U A :\ U
Ammonium Hydroxide

{I) (1. 01 (4) (~ I {(o) (7) (K) (9) ( 10) (11 ) (12) ( 13) (14)
Pluid Hco.,i ... t:Hll':C Nit SllR OR EP:-'l :-;UR co Cft CSM AU T Si FSi FPM ACM
Key lR llR EP[)~1 EtO EU
Ammonium Nitratc C A A A :\ 13 A u A
Ammonium Nitrite A :\ A .\ :\ ..\ :\ B
Ammonium Persulfate A U :\ .\ I' :\ ;\ 11 u
Ammonium Phosphate Il A A :\ A :\ :\ A A
Ammonium Sulfate :\ B ;\ :\ :\ :\ A U u
Amyl Acet\lle B c :\ :\ C l' ti l: U U v U U u
Amyl Alcohol n n .\ .\ B .\ :\ :\ lJ 13 V A B u
Amyl Borate u II li If .\ :\:\ A A
Amyl Chlol'Onapthalcnc u If U U II 11 li C U n A u
Amyl Naplhalene u U U U l' I' L1 U C U A A n
Aniline lJ [J Il B U c C tJ C C C u
Aniline Dyes B B B B l.' B BUB n 13 U
Aniline Hydrochloride B C IJ II 13 t; t; li BUll n U
Anirnnl Fats II U n B :\ .\ B B :\ unA A A
Ansul Ether U U C C C u unA U C U U

c
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Aqua Reg.ia II l! tJ
Arochlor(s) lJ U C C
A (: U B U
Arsenic Acid Il :\ :\ A A :\ .. A A A A C
Arscnic Trichloride
LJ

_~~=- _-.-:.l~i_--.:1__~J:..! ~.\ ~_. ~ -=~_

Askarcl U U U B l.' U U U U 13
1
Asph:dt (J I_f __ __ _ _.._C_·_ _H A I_I_ _I_3_ __ _
Barium Chloride A:\.-\ -
Barium Hydroxide A A :\.\.\:\:\ A :\ A A
Barilllll Sui rate A A :\
A A
-\ .\
A ;\
..\ :\\ :\ A A A A A
A A
U
Barium Sulfide A B ;\ . ._\ : ..\ A A- A A A u
Beer A : \ :
:\ \ :\ :\ A- B A
A A A :\ ;\:\ U A A
A A
A u
Beet Sugar Liquors A A A :\ :\' :\ A U I
\ A A u
Benzene U U U U t. \. U U U C U A A u
Benzencsulfonic Acid A :\ n A-
Benzaldehyde U A A F II U U U U U U U
Benzyl Alcohol B 13 I' :\ B B A
 (1) (1) (3) (4) (S I (6f (7} (S) (9) ( (0) (11 ) ( 12) ( 13) (14)
::t:
;I>-
F[uid Re,istance NR SIJR IIR EPM :-;IJR CO CR CSM AU T Si FSi FPM ACM Z
Key IR IJR EPDM ECO lOU 0
c:l
Be1l7.yl Bcnzoa[e B n A A 0
0
Bellzyl Chloride Li II A A r.
Benzoic Aciu n n A 0
LI U "l'l
Blast Furnace Gas U U A B A "I:l
Bleach Solutions U U A A C A n n A -::
n
Borax n B A A n A A A B B A B ::s
Bordeaux !\'lixture B n A A :\ :\ B B A rti
Boric Acid A A A A A :\ :\ A A U A A A U
Brine A A A A A
Bromine - AnhydrOllS U U B C B A

Bromine Trifluoride U U U U U L' L: U U U U U U U

Bromine Water B :\ B B A
Bramobe ozene U U U IT U t· L' V U C U A A U
Bunker Oil A B A B A A A
Ihlladicnc If tJ C C U I' Il n U B B

Butane U U U U A :\ A :\ A A A A A
BUller U U B A :\ A n B A U A A A A
Butyl Acetate B B l' tI U C U U U U
13utyl Acetyl Ricinolcate A A B B B A
Butyl Acrylate U U U B U

Butyl Alcohol A :\ B B A A A_ U Il 13 A A U
BUlyl Amine U U U U C (1 Ii \1 U II U U U
llutylllcnzoale A A II L1 A A
Butyl Carbitol A A :\ B B A
Butyl Ccl1osolve A A C B B U U
BUlylOleate U U Il Il ( , li H A
Butyl Stcarale U U II B II A n A
Butylcnc U U U U B C C D n A
Butyraluchyde C C 13 D C C C n C u U U

(I) (2) (3) (-\)

Fluid Hl!.l;jI"I~Ul'CC
(S) (6) 0) (8) (91 (10) (11 ) ( 12) (13) (14)
NR SIJR I1R EI'~1 :-;BR CO
Key IR DR EI'[)~{
CR (S~l AU T Si FSi FPM ACM
FCO EU
Calciunl Acetate :\
Calcium Bisulfite
:\ A B B n U U
LJ U lJ U :\ .. \ ;\ :\
Calcium Chloride U A A A
A A :\ A ;\ ;\ .\ A A A A A A A
Calcium Hydroxide A :\ :\ :\ :\ :\ .\ .\ A II A A A U
Calcium Hypochlorite lJ U A A C B C :\ B A A
Calcium Nitrate :\
Calcium Sulfide
:\ :\ A :\ .\ .\ ..\ :\ :\ B A A A
B B A A B B .-\ .\
Cane Sugar Liquors
:\ II B A A U
A A A A A ..\ .\ .\ U
Carbamale U A A A U 'J
U 1I B B C B II
Carbitol U B A A U :.: ...
B B B n n H B U n Il n B
,~

Carbolic Al;id
U ~
U U B B U C C ~
Carbon Bisulfide U U A A ::e
II U C C r t'
Carbon Dioxide
Carbonic Acid
B B 13 B A A B A :\
C
A A
A
A
A
A n -
A B A A :\ :\ .\ :\ ..\ ::e
A A A A A
Carbon1\lonoxidc B Il :\ .\ :\ r;;
.\ .\ :\ :\ U A B A
__.._...__._o
CarboJl Tetrachloride LJ
··_-_·_·~-

Vi
l! II U C H I' I' C C -;
Castor Oil lJ A A ::.-
A A B !l :\ :\ :\ :\
CcLJosolve
A C A A A E-
U U B B B n n
CelJosolvc Acetate C r:-:
LJ lJ B B U '-1
Celllliubc U B U U 0
A A l' t' t: B A LJ ::.-
Chlorine (Dry) U lJ CJ
Chlorinc (Wet)
B C n C A A C1
tJ lJ C C B t· C li
::e
Chlorine Dioxide C B A lJ ~

Chlorine Trilluoride
C C !' I- e n A
Vl
Vl
II Ii U tJ I: t' t' L' -<
U U U II U
Chloro'":CWIlC B B A C
r.1
Jl 11 U U r.1
Chloroacclic Acid Z
n 13 <
Chlorobenzcne lJ U U ::e
Chlorobromomcth,lllC
U l! C t' U e U U H A U 0
II U B r
CblOloblitadiellc
H r u n l,
1)
.-~"!
1,';
;:::
U LJ U l' U t·
Chlorododccane n A ~
U lJ lJ U F r 7,
A A "4
en
 (I) (2) (3) (~) (5) [(.1 [7) (~) 19) (10) (11 ) (12) (13) (14)
Fluid Rc~i'l"ncc Nit SDR IIR EP:-Ol "'DR CO (R CSM AU T Si FSi FI'M ACM >Z
Key lR BR EPD~' F(O I'll oc::l
Chloroform 11 U Ii U t' l' u B A o
O·Chlorollaplhalcllc II U If 1I t! (r U B A
o
;r:
I-Chloro I-Nitro Ethane Ii 1I (f II U (' (1 lJ C U o
Chlorosulfonic Aeid (j II If {) If II l1 C U "TI
'"'j
Chlorotolucnc U I: lJ U F 11 (I B A -<
("J
Chrome Plating Solutions 11 U U U U 11 C 13 B A
Chromic Acid U lJ C C tt 1~ n C C A
Citric Acid A A :\ :\ :\ .-\ :\ .\ A A A
Cobalt Chloride A A A :\ .\ :\ A A U
Coconut Oil (I lJ ;\ ;\ :\ B B A A A
Cod Liver Oil u II .\ .\ B B B A A
Coke O\'cn Gus u U B n A
Copper Acctate .-\ B B B
Coppcr Chloridc A A :\ :\ .-\ .-\ :\ A A :\ A
Copper Cyanide A A :\ .\ .\ ,\ :\ A A A A
Copper Sui fatc B B :\ :\ :\ .\ :\ .-\ II A A A U
Corn Oil lJ Ii B C .\ .\ B B :\ II A A A A
Cot!ollseed Oil Ii (I C .\ .\ \ B B :\ U A A A A
Crell~ole (I l! l' C' B I' C C- n C U A A A
Cre~i;l1 If If p II (' ( C (1 II J\
Cresylic Acid U lJ u C C C u 13 A
Cumcnc l' (I n n A
Cyc!ohexanc (I \I Ii If ,\ ( : (1 p, A IJ :\ A 13
CI'clohcxanol II I' 11 Ci Il .\ .\ B 'A A
[.
( 'yc!nhcxanonc B B I' I' I' B lJ U
p·CymcllC l' 1~ 13 B A

Dccalin Ii li r (1 B A A
Dccanc lJ U II ( , (1 n B A A A
Dcnalll)'cd Alcohol :\ :\ .\ :\ ,\ .\ .\ :\ C A A A A U
Dctergcnt Solutions I3 B .-\ A .\ :\ ;\ .\ U A A A lJ
Dcvcloping Fluitls :\ n 13 B ,\ ,\ :\ A A A A

el) (2) (3) (4) (5) (C'l (7) ('J) (Ill) (II) ( 12) (13) (1,\)
F!uid Roe.· ... j.. t:lnl;c- Nit snR lIlt F1'\l NBIl CO (It ,HI T Si FSI Fl'M ACM
Kl'Y III Bit LPD~1 !(O ru
Diacclonc A A n
Diacctollc Alcohol
lJ u
(1 (i A :\ t" \' :\ n A
Dibcnzyl Ether (i Ii B !l \' I' Il II n
Dibcnzyl SebccalC II B n n c
(' C n
Di butyl Am inc Ii t! F t" t· (' t' C U lJ
Dihlllyl Ether u 1I c: C C C C B A lJ C e- c
Diblll>'1 Phthalate C (i II :\ 1i H 1~ Ii n
Dibutyl Sebecalc 1I U B B I' ( , 1'
C
( , A
B
B
B
B
B B u n
O·Dichlorobcnzcne (i [I 1: F F I: (, Ii A JI B A
Dichloro-Isopropyl Ether II (t C C I'
----,~--._--
I' (1 ]l A II C C n
Didilclohe:xylaminc (I II c- C
Diesel Oil U 11 t' IT .\ ,\ B B B A tJ A A A
Dicthlaminc B B B B C C C C 13 n U U U
Diethvl Bcnezcnc Ii U li U F I; 1i 1I B lJ A A
Dicthyl Ether U U U F I' C C A A tJ C tJ C
Dicthylenc Glycol :\ A :\ .\ ,\ A (i lJ B A A u
Dicihyl Schceiltc Il n (' (I U II 1l B
Diisobulylcne II C A U C A
Dii~(1pr(lpyl Bcnzenc \' (' (' t: Tl B A
Dii~llJ1) oJ1yl Ketone .\ ,\ (' (1 B lJ tJ
Dimethyl Anilinc u u B I' U u
Dimethyl Formarnidc B C C B U
Dimelhyl Phthalate U li B B l' P ( , 13 B 13
Dinilrololucnc U II Ii (t I' \' Ii C
Dioctyl Phthalatc B B B (' II 13 c 1l B
Dioctyl Schec;Jte u B B c ( , B c c c B u
Dioxanc B B c
Oip>;0 hlf"l0 !J C Il
Dipcntcne A C A
Diphenyl B J3 A
 (I) (2) (3 ) (·0 (5 ) 16 f PI (~) 1(,11 ( 10) (II) (12) ( l3) (14)
rluid Rl· ... ht:H1clt,., NR snR 1m EI'M :"BH CO CIt ( S'l ~\l' T SI FSi f'I'M heM
;:.
Kl'Y m BR ll'll'.l I( () 1\1 Z
0
Djphcl1yl (hidc~ to
.'\ C B A 0
Do\\t he I'm () il II II l' l' !' l' I' n 0
B A A ~
Dry Cleaning Fluids Ii l! l;
II L! C l' n A 0
'"<1
Epichloruhyddn lJ II Il Il "tl
lJ U
1:lhane
Elhanolam inc
LJ 1I li U ..\ B H B A U A A A n<
B B B B B B Il H C B B "tl
U U U
Ethyl Acctale LJ U B B L' r C C U B B U U m
Ethyl Acetoacelate C C B B U C B 13 U U
F.lhyl Acrylatc B 'Il t" B B U U
Elhyl Alcohol A A A .-\ A ,\ ,\ -\ n A A A A U
I:thyl Bcnzene U U li [J L' [- t' l' I: C A A
Ethyl Bellwatc H B Il A A
I:thyl Ccllmolve B B II U U
[:thyl Ccllulo~c n Jl Il Il Il Jl Il U C U U U
I;lhyl Chloride B B ..\ ,\ :\ B B C B U U A A C
Ethyl
Ethyl
Chlorocarbonatc
Chlororormate
1I
{j
U c: C B A
C C 13 A
::::thyl Elher C C C B I' n Il :\
---~,---
C U U
[:thyl Formate IJ lJ B n l; l' Il H A A
::lhyl :-'lcn:aptan U U LI t' t: t' U A
Ethyl Oxalate A A A A r r c A A A
Ethyl Penlochlorobenzene U U l' U C C r I' e B B A
,:(hrl Silicatc B B A A .\ ..\ .\ ..\ A A
!:::thylc11l: A A A
[:thylcl1c Chloril1c C C C A
Ethylenc Chlorohydrin B B t' II B n C n A
r:::thy1cne Diamine B n A A A .\ .\ .\ A U U
[~:thylenc Dichloridc Ii Ii C C l' t' I- t- t) II C C A
Ethylenc Glycol A A A .\ .\ .\ .\ .\ B C A A
A U
Ethylene Oxhlc C C t' t' 11 C U U
[lhylcne Trkhloride C C L' I' t1 C C A

(tl (2) (3) (~) (~ ) 1(.) (,l (~ l l~ I ( 10) (II) (12) (13) (14)
Fluid R",hlancc Nil $nR l1R EP'.1 >:UR co CR (S\l AU T Si FSi FPM heM
Key IR DR EI'D"I Leo ru
Fatty Acids C C l! tr B H n L1 C A
Ferric Chloride A A A A .\ .\ .\ .\ _\ A A
Fcrric Nitratc :\ A :\ A ..\ A :\ :\ A C A A A
Fcrrie SulCate :\ ,\ A :\ :\ .\ .\ .\ A B A A A
Fish Oil .\ A A A

Fluoroboric Acid A :\ .-\ :\ .\ .\ :\

Fluorine (Liquid) C C II U 13
Fluorobenzenc U LJ If L' r I' \- U n A J
Fluorocarbon Oils A A :;..
Fillorolllbc [j A :\ .\ \ .\ A H H
::.1
tTl
Fluorinated Cyclic Ethers ;0
A :\
Flllosilicic Acid
Formaldehyde
A
A .-\
.-\
B B
.\
.\
.\
_\ r A
-I
Formic Acid A A B B II B ;C
A :\ .\ .\ C C
Freon 11 LJ U lJ L' .-\ H .-\ 11 A U 13 A f;J
Vi
....,
Freon 12 H A B D A _\ :\ A A A U C B 2:
Frcoll 13 A A A A .-\ ,\ A :\ A A
z
n
Freo\121 lJ 11 Ii l' II H \' 11 IJ 11 tTl
....,
Flcon22 A A A :\ l' .\ ~\ :\ I: A U U U 0
Freo\1 3 I n 1l A A l' .\ Jl 13 U :;..
C)
,.\ Cl
Freon 32 A A A A .\ :\ A C ;C
F-reon 112 U U U 13 H H A A ~
Freon 113 C II U Ii .\ .\ \ \ B A 11 U Jl VJ

Frcon [14 A A A A ,\ ..\ .\ .\ .-\ A U B B <

rn
Frcon 115 A A A A :\ .\ A A 13 rn
Z
Frcon 142b A A :\ :\ :\ .\ A A U :5
;C
Freon 152a A A A A ,\ .-\ C A U 0
Freon 21~ A A A A .\ _\ ;\ A A :z
Freon C316 :\ A A :\ .-\ :\ :\
?:.
rn
Frcon C318 A A :\ A A .\ A A A 3tn
 (1) (2) (J) (.\) (51 i(,l ("i) (9f (10) (II) (12) (lJ) (14)
Fluid H..: .. hlancc NR SElR IIR FP~I NOR CO (R All T 5i l'S; FPM ACM
Key IR DR [I'D~1 ECD EU

Freon 13B1 A A A :\ :\ :\ A A A lJ 'A

Frcon J 14B2 U C U t! B .\ :\ A B
Freon 502 A A B :\ B
Frcon TF C n U [I :\ :\ :\ A A A "ll A
Frcoll T-WD602 C B ,\ B n II B A :\ tl A

Frcon Tl\IC n C B Il H B Il B :\ C A
Frcon T-P35 A :\ A :\ :\ :\ A :\ A A A
Freon TA A A A A :\ A :\ A A A C
Freon TC U B :\ B r\ :\ :\ :\ A U A
Frcon MF U 1l U ,\ C tl C A

Freoll Ill' u u u Il B B A
Fuel Oil U U u (j :\ :\ H n II A U A A A
Fumaric Acid A A u c\ B B II A A U
FLlran. FLlrfuran LJ tJ c: C [' {' t' B
FLlfLlral C C Il II l' t' H Il C Ii

Gallic Acid A B B B B 1l B U A A U
G:lsoline lJ U U [' :\ A B B A A U A A
Gclatin A A A A A :\ :\ :\ .\ U A A A U
Glauber's Salt U Il B U A A U
GILlCOSC A A :\ A :\ .\ .\ :\ U A A A

GILlC A A :\ :\ :\ :\ A :\ J\ Ii A A A
Glycerin A :\ ;\ A :\ A .\ \ .\ II A A A lJ
Glycols A A :\ .\ ;\ .\ :\ .\ II A A A A U
Green Sulfate Liquor II B :\ A II :\ H 1I :\ LJ A A A A

Halowax Oil U U Ii U t" t' A U A A

n·llcxaldehydc II U n A l' B B
Hexane U tJ u {I :\ II H A lJ A A A
n·llc\Clle- [ U U u II B H :\ A U A A A
Ilexrl Alcohol A ,\ c C .\ H 11 A B A A U

(I) (2) (3) (4) (5) ((I) {11 ( K1 ('It 110) (ll ) (12) (1) (14)
Fluid H...·.. i.. ~:I[H.'C NR SBR IIR 1'1'\1 :-;nR CO (It ( ~\I At' T SI FSi
Key m HR f: I'D\I FCO III
FI'M ACM

Hrdrazinc
Hydraulic Oil (Petrolcum) U II
A A B B II I' c
Hydrobromic Acid A
[I [' .\ .\ Il H ;\ A c A A A
C .\ :\ IT .\ :\ 11 u C A lJ
Hrtlrochloric Acid (Hol) 37';" 1I [l C C e I' l' C I' u U U A lJ
Hydrochloric Acid (Cold) 37% 1l H :\ A B e II .\ 11 u 13 13 A U
H yd mCYom ic Acid Il B A :\ H B :\ lJ B A lJ
Ilydrol1llorie Aeid (Conc.) Iiol l! II 1I I' I' I (' J1 11 II II H lJ
I fydrolluoric Acid (Colle.) Cold {J II U Il I' H .\ I' II U U A U
I'!ydrolluoric Acid· Anhydrous II IT B B A U
Hydrolluosilicic Acid A B :\ :\ H H :\ u lJ A
Hydrogen Gas Il B A :\ .\ .\ .\ .\ c C C A II
II ydr0I:cn Perux ide (90 %) l! 1I C C l' C U A Il B
1'lyt!J'DI:cn Sullide (Wel) (Cold) 1I
Hydrogen Sulfide (WCl) (HoO l!
U
U
:\
r\
A
:\
I
t'
Il
Il
.\ B :\ C C U u
1l C :\ C C U U
Hydroquinone B H C C B U
Hypochlorous Acid H II B II Il
lodinc Pcnl,llluoridc II If I' t'
Iodoform
I' [1 I.' u u u U
A A
Isobutyl Alcohol n n
honctanc
hnphorone
"IJ If
A
I'
:\
If .\ ;\
.\
B
;\
It
t'
Il
A
U
II
A
A
A
tJ
A
A A l' II U
Isopropyl Acelale :\ A U I'
Isopropyl Alcohol A U
U A U u
Isopropyl Chloride
A A B :\ ..\ A A A u A u
U lJ LJ U Ii 1I n A
Isopropyl Ethcr lJ U U U 1\ B Il Il J\ 1I c
KC["(I\enC LJ u LJ lJ ..\ .-\ c c 1\ 1\ lJ A A
Lacquers u U u I.' t· I' U (' A U U U u
Lacquer Solvcnts
Lactic Acid
U U U e I' l' II 11 A tJ U If u
A A A :\ .\ A lJ A A 'A
Lard U U U A ;\ C C A U 13 A A A
Lavender Oil U U U B C 13 13 A n
 (I) (2) (3) (4} 01 1(') P1 ($) 19} (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)
F'Juid Rc!'i5t~lnCC: NR snR IlR EP~{ snR CO CR CS\1 AU T Si FSi FPM AeM
Key IR DR EP[)~[ Eeo EU
Lead Acclatc A A :\ B H B u U
Lcad Nilralc A A A A :\ .\ .\ B A
l.cad Sulfamatc II n A A B :\ :\ t1 B A A U
Limc Bleach A A A :\ :\ B Il lJ 13 A A U
l.ime SulfurIf
------------- - _li . _:\- - -
A
- - - - - - -:\ t' A U A A A U
Lindol A A C C' c C B
Linoleic Acid tJ U B l" n B
Linsced Oil II U B B :\ B B B A A A A
Liquefied Pctrolcum Gas If [I If II :\ :\ Il Il :\ A C U A C
Lubricating Oils (pctrolcum) (I [1 It I' .'\ :\ II B Il C lJ A A A
--------
Lye B B A :\ II B .\ B C' B A n u
1\lagncsium Chloride A :\ A :\ A :\ :\ :\ A C A A A
lIbgnesiul11 Hydroxide Il Il A :\ n :\ :\ .\ ;\ C A 11
t\lal'.IlC,junl Sulfate Il B i\ :\ A .\ .\ ,\ II A A II 1I
~~ /llaJck Acid B n C C II A
III alck Anhydride B H C C A
l\lalie Acid B U F :\ B Il B A A U
f\lerClll'ie Chloride :\ :\ A :\ ,\ :\ .\ :\ A
IIlerenry A :\ A :\ :\ :\ :\ .\ A
1\lcsityl Oxide U lJ B B t' \' (i 13 U lJ U
t\lcthanc (J tI U (' ,\ n Il II A U B A A

l\lcthyl Acetale [J lJ Il n I' Il lJ IJ

1\1 ethyl Acrylale [l l/ II B t' n U U u
1Ilethylacrylic Acid U [! B n Il U B U
1\[ethyl Alcohol :\ :\ A :\ :\ n :\ :\ D A A C U
Mcth)'l Bromide II r (T A A
1\lelhyl Butyl Ketone !I I' :\ (' A B U u
/llcLhyl C'cllosolve II II II n U
/llethyl Chloride Ii U C I.' U D A u
Mcthyl Cyelopentane U U Ii C 13 D A
l\lcthylene Chloride U U U l' r II B B

il) (1) 0) (4) 15. 1(,) (7) ,ij) UO) (II) (12) (13) (14)
FLuid Rc,i't~nce NR SBR lIR FI'~1 SHit CO CR .·\U T Si FSi FPM ACM
Key lR OR Fl'n~1 [CO EU
l\lcthyl Ethyl Ketone II U A :\ F I' l' IT ;\ u u u
Melhyl Formatc lJ LJ II B F I' II It B B
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone LJ LJ C C F I' (' tT B C u u u
Methyl Methacrylate U U (i U U r (1 13 C U U u
Methyl Oleate If U B B t· t' B A
Melhyl Salicylate B B tI
tllilk A A :\ :\ .\ ,\ :\ B A A A U
Mineral Oil U U C U :\ :\ B n B B A A A
(, (:
1\fonochlorobcnzene U lJ l! F l' l' 13 U 13 A
l'\1onOl1lethyl Aniline U l! F (' \1 B
l\lo!locthal1olamine B B B B l.' (1 13 u U
l\fonol11ethylether B B A A :\ :\ 13
MonovinyJ Acetylene B I3 :\ :\ ;\ 13 B C B A
Mustard Gas A :\ :\ ;\ A A
~ Naplha (I u Ii [I C ;\ C (1 C n 11 II A B
Napthalcnc (i U (i U I' (' (1 II II U A A
Naplhcnic Acid U LJ [I (' B B A A
Natural Gas C C U lJ :\ :\ .-\ :\ 13 B A C A B
Neatsfoot Oil U U B B :\ U B A A A
Neville Acid U u B I3 C C A B A
Nickel Acctate A :\ .-\ 13 II U U
Nickel Chloride A A :\ A :\ .-\ A A A A A
Nickel Sulfate 13 B A A :\ :\ A A A A A u
NiLeI' Cake A A A :\ .\ .-\ A c A A A u
Nitric Acid· COIlC. u u C C (' B u u U U A u
N ilric Acid· Dilute u u B B ( A C u 13 B A u
Nitric Acid· Red Fuming u u U If ( l' tJ u U U C u
Nitrobenzene u u U l' l' C U u U U 13 u
Nitrobenzine C C l' A A
Nitroethanc B B B II u c c u U u u
Nilromethanc Il B II B t' C C U U U U
Nitrogen A A A ,\ ,\ .\ _\ ,\ .-\ A A A A A
Nitrogen Tetroxide U U C C I' t" l' C U U
 {If (2) (]) (.q (~ ) (/» 17 ) (~) 14J) (Ill) (II) ( 1;0 ( 13) (14)
;:;;:
Fluid 1~t.·I,.h.t;:mc"C
Key
NR
lit
SIlR
llR
llR Fl'~l
LI'D~1
~llR Co
no
( H (S~l AU
f:U
T Si FSI FI'M ACM 'Z"
0
I;:l
OCladccane U U 11 II :\ H H :\ A U A A B 0
0
n·Octane Ii II [f U B U B A ;>;
Octachlorotolucne lJ 11 1I U U P [1 lJ lJ U Il A lJ 0
Octyl Alcohol B B A A B A A lJ II II B A U '!1
Olcic Acid C C B B C C C Il B ""
<
n
Olculll Spirits B C B C B A ."
::0;
Olivc Oil U t1 II Il A H H Il A lJ A A t"'l
o·[)ichlorobenzcnc I' I' \1 B Il A
Oxalic Acid B B A :\ B C H B U B A A
Oxygen - Cold B 13 A A n B B B :\ Il A A A A
Oxygen - 200 - 400°F. [) II [i [f L' U I' \1 11 U n U n
Ozonc U u n :\ I' A H :\ A A A U A B
Paint Thinner, Duco IJ lJ U Ii n II B
Palmitic Acid Il B B B :\ B B H A lJ A A
.N Peanut Oil II IJ C C :\ ..\ Il H B U A A ,\ A
'" Perchloric Acid Il n C :\ :\ A IJ A A
I'erchlorocthylcne II Ii II I' C H r I' II A Il B A
I'ctrolclHl\ - Bclow 250 If U U U :\ .\ B B B U B B A A
Pctrolcum • Abovc 250 U II Ii l' C II l" \1 \1 U U lJ n C
Phenol n B C C II C B A
Phcnylbcnzene 11 U [f Ii U l' II n B A
Phenyl Ethyl Ethcr IJ U Ii U F I' Ii B
Phenyl Hydrazine A 13 C C l' C C A
Phorone B B C
Phosphoric Ado· 20% Il C A :\ H B A :\ U n i\.
l'ho~phoric Acid - 45% II U Il B I" H Il :\ U lJ B A
I'ho~phorollS Trichloride 11 11 ..\ :\ I' I' 11 A A
Pickling Solution C C t' C D U
Picric Acid n II B B B ;\ B II 0 13 A
Pinene U 1I \l F II n H B B tJ 13 A
Pine Oil II U U Ii II U 11 13 A A
Piperidine [j U U Li l' r II U U

Fluid Itc,ht""cc
(I)
Nit
(2)
SIlIt
lJ)
lilt
(4)
1'1"1
(5 )
:"IJR
1(,)
CO
(7)
( H
(~
( S\l
. 1Q)
AU
(10)
T
( II)
Si
( 12)
FSi
(13)
FrM
(14)
ACM
Key IR DR Ern\l FCO Ell
plating Solution - Chrome U U A A C 0 A
Plating Solution - Others i\ :\ A :\ U A
Polyvinyl Acetate Emulsion :\ A H H
Potassium Acetatc A A ;\ II II B U U
Pot,lssiulll Chloride :\ ,\ A :\ :\ A .\ .\ :\ :\ A A A i\
Potassium Cupro Cyanide A A ;\ A A :\ :\ A A A A A A
Potassiulll Cyanide A :\ .-\ :\ A .\ \ :\ :\ A A A A A
Polas~iulll Dichromate Il B ;\ :\ .\ :\ .-\ A A A A A A
Potassium Hydroxide B 13 ;\ A l3 .\ :\ :\ B B C C 13 U n
Potassium Nitrate A A :\ A :\ :\ .\ :\ :\ A A A A A >-
Potassium Sulfate B B ,-\
:j
A :\ .-\ .\ .-\ ;\ B A A A lJ r:1
Producer Gas U U U lJ .\ n H :\ U 13 B A 13 r

Propane II lJ Ii U .-\ .\ .-\ :\ H 1\ U ]l A A

Propyl Acetatc If U Il B l" I' t.: [1 II U U I
n-Propyl Acetatc li 1I :\ A I: I' 13 U lJ tJ 7-l
'"'
-' t"'l
tn
Propyl Alcohol A A :\ :\ A .\ ;\ .\ Ii A A A A lJ Vi
Pfllpyl Nitrate II B C U lJ "-i
Propylcne
Propylcnc Oxide
U lJ U
B
U
B
l' I'
C
t.:
[1
13
lJ
13 A 'z"
n
rr:
!'yrano] lJ U II U .-\ I' I' 11 II B A A A "-i
0
Pytlrauls U U II Il 11 I' f' 0 II II II A lJ
Pyridine
I'Yloligncoll~ Add
[I II II
Il
II
B
l' I
H
f' 11
H B
lJ '"
C'l
C'l
7-l
I' r:1
I'yrrolc C C C C l' t: B II U (r.
tI>
Radiation B II lJ B B II H A U C U u n ~
rr:
Rapeseed Oil U U A ;\ B .-\ H ]l B U U A A B r:1
Red Oil 1I U U U .-\ II Il :\ A U A A A Z
<-
Sal Ammoniac A A A A :\ A :\ ;\ A 13 A A A ;:::
Salicylic Acid A B A A A A A 0
Salt WaleI' A A A A .\ ..\ :\ C A A
z
Cr
Scwagc B B B B ;\ :\ :\ U U n A A U 8
z
Silicate Esters U U U U 13 :\ :\ :\ U A A ...;
tI.l
 (I) (2) I)) (4) l~) 4(') (7) (S) ('I) (10) (It ) (12) (13) (14)
Fluid Ho!,,',ht~luCC Nit srJR 11 It FI'''I l'fJR CO Cit C s" AU T Si FSi FI'M ACM
;:
Key lit Bit :;;
EPO,,' ECO EU c:
c:
Silicone Gre:J~es A A A A A :\ ;\ A A A c A A A C
Silicone Oils :\ A A :\ :\ ..\ A A A A C
C A A A :>'
Silver Nitrate A A :\ :\ II A A A B A A A A C
Skyurol500 1I lJ II :\ Ii l' 1.I U U C C U U ....
Skydrol7000 U U :\ :\ P t1 IT l.J U U II C B U ."
~

r:
Soap Solutions B Jl ..\ .\ .-\ A !\ A A U A A A U :::
Soda Ash A 1\ ..\ .\ A A :\ A U A A A ,",
Sodium Acetate A C A :\ B B I! lJ U U U U
Sodium Bicarbonate :\ A A ..\ A ..\ A !\ C A A A
Sodium Bisulfite A II A :\ A A A A C A A A U
Sodium Borate A A A A :\ :\ ;\ A A A A A
Sodium Chloride A A A A A A A A A C A A A
Sodium Cyanide A A A A A A A A A A A A
Sodium Hydroxide A A A A B B A :\ B U B B B A
Sodium Hypochlorite C C n Il II .\ B B U U B B A U
Sodium I\fctaphosphate A :\ .\ .\ B B A A
Sodium Nitr:lte B B A B .\ ;\ :\ U
Sodium Perborate B B A B B B B B A A
Sodiulll Peroxide II B A H B II U 1] A A U
Sodium Phosphate A A A .\ !\ A A U A A
Sodium SiliC:lte A A :\ ..\ A A A A
Sodium Sulfate II B .\ A :\ :\ A A B A A A lJ
Sodium Thiosulfate B B :\ .\ II :\ A A B A A A lJ
Soybean Oil l! If C C \ B H H t1 A A A :\
Slann;.:(ou.,) Chluride .\ .\ H II .\ .\ ..\ II A A
Steam Undcr 300" F. u If .\ ;\ t' C I' lJ u 1] lJ lJ
Steam Ovcr 300" F, U U C B I' I' II I; li U U U lJ
Stearic Acid B B B II I! II IJ Jl A A
Stoddard Soh'cnt Ii U l! I' .\ .\ C C A B U A :\ A
Styrcnc U 1I U t: l' (' l U C n
'

(I) (2) (J) (~) I~I rr.) (7) (9) (10) (II) ( 12) (I)) (14)
J~ hl'rd Hc.. .ht:mcc Nit SnR lllt 1'1'\[ ?'JlIt (0 (I( AU T Si FSI FJ'M ACM
Ke)" lit Bit [1'))\1 no EU
Sucrose Solution A :\ A :\ A :\ A lJ
Sulfite Liquors n B Ll Il B H B It II IT B A lJ
Sulfur lJ (I A A {! C A ;\ lJ A A A lJ
Sulfur Chloride LJ U U U C C n A A
Sulfur Dioxidc C C B A C C c u A B A U
Sulfur Hexafluoride :\ A A ;\ :\ :\ A A A
Sulfur Trioxide II Ii II H I.i P II B B A lJ
Sulfuric Aeid (Dilute) C C II B B ;\ II U lJ C A U
Sulfuric Add (Concentratcd} LJ Ii II II II B tJ 1] U U A U
Sulfuric Acid (20% Olcum) U U U [ , Ii P U U lJ U A U
Sulfurous Acid B B B B H 1l U lJ u A u
Tannic A.:id A II :\ :\ .\ A :\ :\ A B A u
Tar, Bituminous Ii lJ lJ C B B C C B A A u
w Tartaric Acid A B B n :\ II B :\ A lJ A A A
'" Terpincol lJ U C C B (, Ii B A A A
Teni;lry Butyl Alcohol B B B B Il B H U B B B A u
Terthlry Butyl Catechol u C B B IJ B U u A A u
Tcrtiary Butyl Mercapt:\J1 U l! U U t: li 11 A
Tetrabrol11onlcth:Jne II U II U F B A
TClrabutyl Titanate B B Il ..\ II :\ :\ A A
Tel ra.:h!o rocthy rene (I II II (' I' II lJ B A lJ

Tetraethyl Lead u U U C B c c B A
Tctrahydrofunln U lJ B B A U
Tetralin lJ If U U l' U u A A
Thionyl Chloride lJ U Ii Ii 11 A
TitalliuIIl Telrachlol idc U U Lt I' C 11 l' c II A

Tolucnc u u U L' [I II c u U B A
Toluene Diisocyllnate C C :\ A V U
Transformer Oil II II U l' ;\ II ]l H A A B
Transmission Fluid Type A lJ U lJ I: .\ n B A A B A A A
Triocetin B C .\ ..\ B B B U D U U U
 (I) (2) (3) (4) 15) ((,1 ( 7) (~) (9) ( 10) (II ) (11) (13) (14 ) :;:
fluid Rc.'iist~ncc NR SIlR IIR Ef'~l 1'llR CO CI{ CSM AU T Si FSi FI'M ACM Z
Key JR ElR I'I'DM no I'll 0
C"J
Tributoxy Ethyl l'ho~ptmte Jl n :\ .\ II t, (I II A Il A 0
TrihlJlyl I'h')~l'hatc It If
" .\ l! II C IJ A -, U U U
0

'"0
Tributyl Mcrcapliln If [I If l' F P II A '"rl
TrichlorocthiJne U (l U F I; I' \1 lJ U U B A U
~
Trichloroacctic Acid C It H II !l II Il C U n
."
'I'richlorocthylcne U U U li C r 11 II U D B A
""rr:
Tricre~yl Phosphale If U :\ :\ Ii I' C C C B C B B
Triethanol Amine B B B B C :\ :\ If U U U U
Triethyl Aluminum B
Triethyl Boranc A

Trinitrotoluene U U If U F B Il B n B
Trioctyll'hosphale If If :\ :\ l' I; \1 B C 13 B tJ
Trioryl I'ho~ph:ltc lJ If ,\ .\ t' ( ( II Il C Tl A tJ
~- TllllgOH II II (' [I .\ H Jl !l 13 13 A
Cl
'rurbine Oil U U lJ lJ lJ ..\ H 13 A B A B
Turpentine U U U U ..\ .\ Ii li {1 B U B A A

Un,ynulletrical Dimethyl
IlydJ':lzine (001'.1 Il) :\ .\ B Il :\ U U U U

Varni,h U U U U B C C A n A
Vegetable Oib U U :\ .\ .\ .\ Il B tJ A A A A
Versillibe A :\ :\ ,\ :\ ..\ ..\ :\ H C A A A
Vinegar B B A .\ B :\ :\ B A A U
Vinyl Chloride 13 V U A

Wagner 21 B Fluid A B :\ C :\ B IJ C U U
\valer :\ :\ :\ :\ ,\ Il :\ :\ A U :\ A A U
Whi'<l;ey, Wines :\ :\ :\ :\ ..\ .\ :\ A U A A A U
While Pine Oil U U U li B U li B A A
White Oil U U l! U ;\ B B A U A A A

$X ~~'~~~1""I,~'-;"'"'~~7_~"!,,,!;":~'~-'~.":'?Q;,~·!'f·'~',:;
---~ •. _--,"'~~ ~------,-.-_-----'-'--------~~~-------'-~'-~-~~--~~-"-'~-'---~--"-"",-,.,.".,.

(I) (2l (.1) (4) (.\) «(,) (7) {~) (~) (111) (11 ) (ll) (13) (14 )
Fluid Hc... i.. lanl;c NR SOR IJR EI'~1 SUR CO CI{ (SM All
Key T Si FS; FPf\f ACM
IR Bit El'n~1 Eco EV
Wood Oil U U U U ;\ 13 H B !J 13 A A
Xylene U U tI [j I" Ii l' 11 C n LJ A A
Xylidenes U U U U C l' V U U U U
Zeolites A A A A .-\ ..\ :\ A A
Zinc Acetate A C A :\ II B B U U U U U
Zinc Chloride A :\ A :\ A :\ A C A A U
Zinc Sulfate 13 B :\ :\ ,\ :\ A lJ A A A U

Chemical re.~jsla/1ce data is proJ'ided as a guide only. lIrj;Jrlllt1(jo/l is b<ncd l'rillllIn}y 0/1 illJ/lwrdO/1 o/lI11stressed strips i/1 c!/('ll1icals
(II/(I to t1 lesser degree 011 jkld e-"pcrh'l/ce.
 (
t
1. ClIM'fER llJ - H.ESISTASCE TO ,\GGRESSIVE ENVIRON)lENTS
HANDBOOK OF I've PIPE

Response of PVC pipe under nonnal conditions to commonly antici· i

l
patt:d chemical exposures is provided in Table 8. Tlw data was partially i! ~ ~I
~s:
obtained from field performance, but is primarily from short-term immer- t
N"':
f v
sion tests of unstressed samples in the chemicals with observations for ! > ~I
P- .....
I ,...
changes in weight, volume or mechanical properties by test methods such I
as ASTM D543, Resistance of Plastics to Chemical Reagents. In critical !i
I
f?, 5
applications it is suggested that greatt:r reliance be placed on actual field
! -:! 1
experience or that testing be perfonned under conditions of stress. expo- ! v
t. ;;:.c.. :1.1
sure, tempepture and duration which can be related to the anticipakcl .....

application. I! <-

The following chemical resistance legend is usee!:

I
1
R := generally resistant :..:.J
;::.
C := kss resistant than R but still suitable for SOIl1l: conditions
N := not resistant
-u
;;:.-
..
Sown' 1'/'/ TI~,I'J I'IOS/l('5 PI/ll' Instlll/te, S"Il' l'",;., S,,\\' York 0 '-'
"
v<
t.,;J
U 2] u
Z u ;:~ :1...
;; _ ~

--::
J-
U')
-
v
C~::: ......

VJ
:..:.J
::::
....1
..-::
~1
~ c zlzUz uuzzu ~zzzz ~ IU~U zxxz~ xzzzz
::; -r' ~
\.:.I
v;;:.
U
I
P- ,-:1.1
.....
CO
:..:.J
....1
::::: - :1.1
..-::
J-
-~~-
v;;:.
~I

43
 TABLE 8 - COTltinued
~
0
PVC 1120" PVC2110' PVC 1120" PVC 2110'
CHF\IICt\!.
;S
CHHlICAL 73F 140F 73F l.l0F 73F l40F 73F 140F 0
;r.
Butyl phenol R N C Chromic acid. 50'", N N N N
ButyJcne \{ R \{
'"
R Citric acid
Coconut oil
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
0
":1

:<
Butyric acid
Cakium salls, aq
Calcium hypochlorite
R
R
R
N
R
R
N
R
R
'RR" Coke (wcn ~a~
C. "pper "tlh. aq
R
R R
R R
R
R
R
n
~

Calcium hydroxide R R R R Corn oil R R R R "'rn"

Com syrup R R R R
Cane sugar liquors R R R R COl[onsced oil R R R R
Carbon bisulfide N N N ;'I;
Carb0l1 dioxide R R R R Crc",1 N N N N
Carbon dioxide, aq R R R R Crc'>}Iii: acid. 5Cl% R R C N
Carbon monoxide R R R R c.-toWn aldchrde N N N N
:-; Crude oil R R R R
Carbon tetrachloride R N N Cyclohexane N N N N
C~15cin R R R R
.L.
Castor oil R I{ I{ R ("\<.:[ohexanol N N N N
""- C:1I1'>tic pOi ash (potassium h~'([n>xide) R R R R (i c[llhe ,anone N N N N
Caustic soda (sodiulll hydroxide) R R R R D-i:llo 5:11ts R It R R
R :-; Dicsel fuels R R R R
Cellosolve C C Dicth}l amine N N N N
Cellosolve acetate R
Chloral hydrate R R '\ '\ Dioctyl phthalatc N N N N
Chloramine R Disodium phosphate R R R R
Chloric acid, 20% R R R R Diglycolk acid R R R R
Chlorine, gas, dry C N N N Dioxanc.I.4 N N N ;'oj

Chlorine, gas, wet N N :-; N

N N ~
Dirncthrbmine R R
Chlorine. liquid N Dirnetl\\ 1 h>r111:!lllid~ 1'1 N N N
Chlorine water R R R It [)clcq;e'llh, aq R R R
R
Chlonlcetic acid R R R ~
Dil>ut) I phlhal:ltc N N N N
;.; Dil>ul)1 ~ebaeale C N N N
Chlorobenzene N
N
N
:I r'i" Dichillrobclllene N N N 1'1

"" "
Chlorobenzyl chloride
Chloroform N N ~ Dichloroelhylene 1'1 1'1 N N
Chlorosulfonic acid R N ~
Chromk acid, 10% R R R R Ether; 1'1 N 1'1 1'1
Eth) I e~\el ~ 1'1 N 1'1 N
Chromic acid, 30'70 R C R ~ 1Oth\1 halides N 1'1 1'1 N
R C Elh}lene halides N N N N
Chromic acid, 40% C
"
"'~ ... V'''_ ........... _ _
. __ '~~~~'~~~~~~ __ __
~bn_~'~"~--..,.-~,,,~.,,",'''''_'~''~~~ __ ~."'-' _____ , _

TA BLE 8 ~ Continued

PVC 1120' PVC 2110' PVC 1120" PVC 2110"

C1IEl\lICAI. 731' 140F 7:11' I-lOF CI 11'\11C/\1. 73F 140F 73F 1401'
Ethylene glycol It R It It Il!dwqanic :Icid R R
Ethylene oxidc N N l\ ~ H)drll~en R R R It
11) dro!'cll pcro\idc. 5CV;- R R R C
Fatty acids R R R R J I) dn'!,cll pcw\idc. 90'",
Fe rric salls R R 1'1 1'1
R R R R II} dro!'Cll ,ulfidc. aq R R R R
Fluorine, dry gas C N N :-;
Fluorine, weI g:IS C N N
FJuoboric acid, 25% R R R "R 11) drol;ell
,ul/ide. dry
H)droquinonc
HyJro\)lamine sulfale
R
R
It
R
It
R R
R
Q
R R R R
Fluosilicic acid R R R R Hydrazine N 1'1 1'1 N
;;
Formaldehyde R R R C Hrpochlorous acid R :1
Formic acid R R R
R N R ~ r.J
Freon - 1'11,1'12,1'113,1'114 R R h,dine. in Kl. 3'",. afl C N 1'1 N ""
Freon - 1'21,1'22 N
'" l\
" luuine. alc
ll'dinc. aq. 10'"(-
N
1'1
1'1
N
N
N
1'1
1'1
-
.jo..
Fruit juices and pulps R R R R ;;::
'-"
Fuel oil Jet fucls. JP·~ and JI'·5 R R R R
C N C [;;
Furfural
Gas, coal, manufaclured
1'1
N
N
N
;.; "
~
Kerll'ene
Kctlllles
R
1'1
R
N
R
N
R
N r.'1
....,
Gas, natural, methane R R "
R
~
R Kr;lft papcr liquor
l.acquer thinners
R R R R
;:.
z
n
Gasolines C C C C C 1'1 C N C't1
Gclatin I aClk~ add. 25~i R ...;
R R R I{ R R R 0
(i1r<:crinc (glycerol) R R R I{ I :lId oil
Glycols l{
It R R R ::-
It R R l:l\lti". ;'cid R R R R C)
Glue, animal R R R R Laur) I chloride
C)
R R R R ;;::
r-1
Glycolic lIcid R R R R l.auryl sulfate
(I)

Grecn liquor, paper R R R R ~

R R R R lead ,;,It, R ....
Gallic acid R R R R R
R R l i111<: sulfur tr1
Heptane R R C ~
R R R R rn
Hexane R C r\ :-; linoleic :Icid R R R It :z
l-lydrobromk acid, 20%
LimecJ oil R R R R :s7-l
R R R R C
II ~'d rochloric acid R R R R Liqucurs R R R R z
Hydronllorie acid, 10% R C R R Liquors R R R R ;:::
Hydronlloric acid, 60% R C R :-.; LilhilllH s:llls R R R R
r-1
z
Hydronlloric acid, 100% R C C ...;
" Lubricatin~ oils R R R R tr.
 T:\IlLE S - COl1tinul'd ~

;;..
Z
PVC I l20' PVC 2110' 0
PVC 1120" PVC 21 to" (;:::
CHEIIIICAL 73F 140F 73F 140F CHE\IIC:\L 73F 140F 731" H.Q£ 0
0
IIlachinc uil
lII;lgllesium salls
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
\'ar htha
\':'rhlhalcnc
R
N
R
N
R
N
N
N
'"$.
Maleic acid
1'.l:l1ie acid
R
R
I{
R
R
R
R
R
\'id.:el S:dl~
"icl1tine
,~c R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
...
""
n
Manganese sulfale R R R R \ic"tinic aelL! R R R C ~
""tl
1'.lerclll'ic salts R I{ e c :\itric ;lcid. 0 to :,or" R C C C rn
1'.[ercury R R e C :\itric ;lcid.
\'itric aeiL!.
61J'",
7(Vr
R C C N
1'.[ esityl ox.ide N N \' \' R C N N
Metallic soaps, aq R R R R :\itric acid. BOrr C C N N
1'.lelhanc R R R R "itric 'lcid. 90 r r C N N N
"itric acid. 100', N N N N
1I1elhyl acetatc N N N :\ "itlie acid. fuming N N N N
Methyl bromide N :\ :-; :\
:\itrllbenlene N N N N
i\lclhyl cellosolvc N N :-; :\ :\itmchccrillc N N N N
.:.
0'> 1'.lclhyl chloride N N :-; :\ :\ it roil~ ac id R C N N
r-.lelhyl chloroform N N :\ :\ "itrou, ,,,ide. g;" R C N N
fo.lelhyl cyelohexallone N N :\ :\ '\illt'I!lIcol N N N N
Methyl methacryhlte R '\ i I rt 'PI'PP;] ne C C N N

Melhyl salicylate R R I{ R Oih. \ccelable R R R C

Melhyl sulfate R C R C Oih anJ fat~ R R R C
Methyl sulfonic acid R R R R Olcic :lcid R R R R
Methylcnc bromidc N N N :\ Oleum N N N N
Illcthylene chloride N N
illethylcne iodidc N ~
"
~
:\

:"
Oll\e oil
Oxalic acid
(hY1=en. ga~
C
R R R C
R R R R
ill ilk R H- I{ I{ ()'t'ne. r',,~ R C N N
J\lI11cral oil I{ I{ R C
J\tixed a<.:ids (sllifuri<.: & nilri..:) C P~t1lni:i~ :t"':ld. 10'-; R II. R R
:\ C :"
I\lixed acids (sulfuric & phosphoric) H- R C :\
Palmlti,; a,;iJ. 70', R N e N
Paral1in R R R R
Illolasses H- R R R I'enl;ule C C C C
IIlonochlorobel1zene Peracetic ,lciJ, -10 r; R N N N
N N N :"
l\lonoelhallolamine :\ N :\ e
Motor oil R R R "
C
Per,;hlt>ric adJ. lor;,
Perchloric aciJ, 70"r
R
R
C
N N
N
N

. - ." .... _._._-.-'''- ... ~,--,_.~ .."---- '~----~------,_._---~-~".~~--- -~._------ _____ ..

n ' . _ ~ ~ _o"",._"'"~ __

TABLE S - Continued

PVC 1l20' PVC 2110' PVC 1J20" PVC2110'

CHEMICAL 73F 1401" 73F 1·IOF CHF\ll(';\I. 73F 140F 73F 140F
Perchlorocthylcllc e e C C SC";I~e. rc,itJcntbl R R R II.
Pctroleum, sour R R I{ R Silicic acid R R R R
Petroleum, relined R R R II. Silicone oil R N
Phenol e N ~

l'henylearbinol I'i " Siller S:lil'

S(lar~
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
Phenylhydrazine
Phenylhydrazine lIe I
N
C
N
N
N
"
·N
N
:"
:\
:-,' Sodium 'all~. a{1. c,cept It R R R
S"dlllllt ~'h1<lrite R R C C
Phosgene, gas R C R C Sodium chlorate
Q
Phosgene, liquid N N N :"
II. C C C :;
Sodium dichromate. aei{1 II. II. R C
Phosphoric acid R Sl'tliulll rerbor:lte R R C C ~
R R C m
Phosphorus, yellow R C C C ;::
Sunnic chl"l ide R R R R
Phosphorus, red R H- R C SlanrWU\ chh1ride R II. R R "

Phosphorus pentoxide R C C ~
Starch R R R II.
....,
,t;,
Phosphorus trichloride N N N :\ Stearic acid R R R C
;::

Swddanl soh ent N N Ci-i

N N
Photographic chemicals, aq R R R R ...,v;
Phthalic acid C C C C Stllf1lc liquor R R ;:-
N N :z
Picric acid
Plating solutions, metal
Potassium salts, aq
R
R
1'\
e
R
"
R
R
C
R
Sulfllr
Sllpr~, aq
Sulfur dic>1;ide. lin'
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
n
1"1
...,
0
P()la~~iurn pcrmanganatc. 25 % C C C C SllJrm di,,\idl'. \\~! R C N N ;:-
Pota~~ilJrn alkyl x:lnthales R C1
Propanc
Propylene dichloridc
R
N
'"
R
N
R
N
R
:..;
Sulfur tli,,\ide. g:l~. dry
Sulfur trio\ide, we!
R
R
R
C
R
N
C
N
C1
~
t"l
V>
Propylcne glycol R Sulfuric acid. up to 70%
Prorylenc ox.ide N
R R R
Sulfmic acid. 70 tn 9(V;,
II.
R
R
C
It
R
C
C ...
~
m
N :\ :\ Sulftllic add. YO 10100':'" C N
Pyridine N C N
N N i\ Sulfuwu' ;,rid C N C
r:l
'/,
Pyrogallic aeid C C c N
C
Tall 011
:::
;0
Rayon coagulating bath R It R C R R R R Q
Sea water R R R R Tannic acid R R R R :z
Salicylic acid R R 'I anning liquors R R It R 2::
t"l
Salicylaldehyde C C C C Tarwric acid R R R R :z
Selenic acid R R R C Tetrachluroelhane C C C C
~.;
(r.
HANDBOOK or PVC PIPE CHAPTER RESISTANCE TO AGGRESSIVE ENVIRO:-:M£NTS

THERJ'lIAL EFFECTS
An understanding oi the effects of temperature variation on PVC
pipe is important to engineers, installers, and users. The performance of
PVC pipe is significantly related to its operating temperature. Being a
.::: thermoplastic material, PVC will display variation in its physical proper-
ties as temperature changes. PVC pipe can be installed properly over an
~
00:.to I ambient temperature range in which construction crews can normally
--
N.,.

work. Although the user must realize that PVC pipe in a particular specifi-
cation is rated for performance properties at a temperature of 73.4 F
(23 C), it is recognized that operating temperatures of 33 F to 90 F (I C to
3::! C) do exist in water systems. As the operating temperature falls, the
p1!)e's stiffness and tensile: strength inereJses, thereby increasing the pipe's
pressll re capaci ty :1m! it$ :1 hili ty to resist e:lrt h-Ioading de rJection. Converse-
ly. with the drop in temperature. PVC pipe lkcreases in impact strength
~ll1d becomes less ductile. As the operating temperature rises, the impact
...
't:)
strength :llld fkxibility or PVC pipe increases. Ilo\'icver, with the increase
::=.cu
~ ~.=.::: c. in t":llljlL'rature, PVC pipe decre:lses in tensile strt:ngth and stiffness; eonse-
~.:: E ~ ~
l-":~~l­
qU~'n tly, tilt: prcssurt: cap;lci t y 0 l' til..: pi p~' will ht: red llccd ami mort: care
2.~ ~~~~~
~ ~ :-: :-.:. ,"';

v ::):J ::=~~=::=: must hI: takcn during instalLltion tu avoid exccssiw deflection. (Set:
Chapli.:r V. Iksign ,~, Static and ])yn:ll11ic Loading!.
Many new users :lnd instalkrs of PVC: pipt: may bt: surprised by the
I ur:;.-.;'-. I z.o::z. uuur: expansion and contraction of the pipe in response to variations in tempera-
ture. The coefficient of thermal expansion is roughly rive times higher for f 1
It);
IUUzz I z;.:z VUUU PVC than the normal value for cast iron or steeL Provisions lllUSt be made
in design and installation to accommodate expansion and contraction if
the pipe line is intended to provide service over a broad range of operating
Uzz IVzzz temperatures. Gasketed joints provide excellent allowance for thermal
v expansion and contraction of PVC pipelines. A good general rule is that
-> ....,...l:..l
~

allowance must be mad;;:.Jg!:l.!.§Jm;Jlof expansion or contraction for every

100 foot of pipe for each 10 F change in temperature. (See Chapter V -
Expansion and Contraction).
As a final comment on the thermal properties of PVC pipe, it should
be emphasized that the average municipal water system operates at tem-
peratures at or below 73.4 F (23 C). Therefore, in the majority of common
operating conditions, the actual pressure capacity of PVC pipe would be as
good or better than the manufacturer's rated pressure .. The average munic-
ipal sewer system operates at temperatures at or below 73.4 F (23 C).
Therefore, in a similar manner, the actual pipe stiffness provided by the
PVC sewer pipe would be as good or berter than the manufacturer's rated
48 49
HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE
pipe stiffness. (See Appendix 2-'Ilaximum Use Temperature for PVC Pipe).
RESISTANCE TO BIOLOGICAL ATTACK
In nature's endless cycle of creation. growth, decay, nne! re-creation
(rendered somc\vhat more complicated by the: int1uencc of m:.tn and his
technology), it hns been established through experience and observation
that nearly all of man's creations and products are eventually reclaimed by
nature. 'Iletallic products are slowly destroyed and reclaimed through
chemical reo.ction or oxidation. Inorganic non-metallic products nre ev~n­
tuully rec1:.timed by nature through chemical reaction and various forms or
erosion. Organic or organocl1emkal producls are normally subjL'cled to
dl'tt:riur:Jtiull through variou:-. forms of WL\lthl'l"lll1! and biolog:il':tl :lttal.:k
or tkgr;ll.L!lioll. !\'ot:lbk ~h :1!1 eXcL-ptlOll tu l1~ltl\re':-\ normal SYStLill of
recbm:ltion ;lnd rL'cuvL'ry b ;1 uniquL' ~ruup ul polYll1erit.:. sYlltIlL'lh.: COll-
slrtH..:liull 1ll:J!L'ri;lls gL'nL'rally l:.'rlllL'd pl;btics wllh.:h displ:ly negligible or no
suv..·l·plibdlly 10 hiologic;d atLl..:k. Alillull).!h !lut all pl:l',III,:" dispLty I\'slst~
;IIlCc to lllOloglct! :Ilt~lck, SUllll' pbsllL\ lI;l\l' prt1\'\.'1l to b\.' virtll;dly Intl\.,·
\truL"liblc through biologi(;d dqlr;HbtlUll. l'nlynll)'1 (lllnritk pip\.' i:-. SlH.:ll ;l
p1a\til' product providing Ilcarl) total n.:sist:lllL·l" to hiological ;lttad,. OncL'
Instllkd. tllllkrgrotlnd in norll1al W:ltl'l' ;lnll :-'L'\\l,:r S)-'stL'lllS. with its I".'\('l'pv
lion:d rl".'sisl:tllCL' to corrosion. L'I11.: 111 iL'al ;Itt~li..:k. and hiologiL,:t1 alt:lcK, PVC
pipL' call be considered :1 pL'rll1:l11L'nt cn'::ltioll or lll:lll 110t SllSCL'plibk 10 tltL'
nonllal proccsses or deterioration common in ll;lturL.'.
Biologic::!l attack call bL' dcscribL'd :IS lk~radalion :.IndioI' dell...'riora-
tioll caused by the action of living micro or macro-organisms. t\lino-
organisms which attack organic materials an: normally classed <.IS fungi
and bacteria. Macro-org:..l\lisJ11s which can affect organic materials located
underground can include an extremely broad category of living org:anisll1s
from grass roots to termites to rodents. The performance of PVC pipe in
environments providing severe exposure to biological attack in its various
anticipated forms lias been studied and evaluated since the birth or the
industry in the 1930's.
Not only has PVC pipe been evaluated. but also many other PVC
products such as household implements. containers. and bottles have been
carefully studied in their relationship with nature's cycle. Perhaps with
some justification, environJ11entalists have severely criticized the fact that
discarded PVC products are not reclaimed by nature through chemical,
electrochL'mical. and biological processes. Such exceptional durability can
only be considered an advantage in underground PVC piping systems.
CHAPTER tt REStSTANCE TO AGGRESStVE ENVIRONMENTS
PVC pipe will not deteriorate or break down under attack from
bacteria or other micro-organisms. PVC will not serve as a nutrient to
micro-organisms, macro-organisms, or fungi. Investigation has documented
no case where buried PVC pipe products have suffered degradation or
deterioration due to biological attack. The extreme resistance orfered by
PVC to bio-degradation has served to advantage as PVC has been used in
the application of sewage treatment trickling filter media in North America
since 1959. Special engineering or installation procedures are not required
to protect PVC pipe from any known form of biological attack.
Elastomcric seals are also manufactured from organo-chemical
materials. Elastomers are manufactured with a vast variety of properties,
iSL'C Chapter II l:Iastomcric SL'al Compounds). Care must be exerciSed
in the se!t:ction oj' dastoJ11ers to be lbL'd in m:Il111(:lClllre or elastomeric
se~d~ for piping products to insure: that surficiCllt rcsistancL.' to biologkal
~Jtl:lck is provided. Various L'l:lslOmers C:lll be susceptible to such attack,
SOIHL' elastomers provide rL.'sisl:lllce to biological attack cUlllp~Jrahk with
tklt inllL'rl.'nt ill polyvinyl clJlorilk. j\l:lnllr;lctlll·\.'r~ Jl()rm~llly insure tlt:lt
l.'J;l\tollleril." COlllPOlillds providlllg such high rL'sistance ar~: USL'd in tile
pruliuLI ion or !!,askL'ls for piping produd~. P:lrticubrly ill potahk W:ltL'l'
systellls, :t makrial that will not support b:lclL'rial !l-J"owtll is (,ollsideJ"etl :1
n.:q uin: lllL:ll t.
In normal practice, wltl.'l1 installin~ PVC pipL' witll !l-:lskL:ted joints.
aS5L:lllbly of joints is facilitated by use or a lubricant applil'd in accord
with mnnul"acturer's instructions. Care should be exercised in selection
of lubricants to insun: compatibility with the clastolllcrie seal and the
PVC pipe and to insure that the lubricant will not support the growth
of fungi or bactr:ria. Usc only lubricant recOllll11cnckd by tlh.' pipe manu-
facturer.
\I"EATHERING RESISTANCE
When subjected to long-term exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation
from sunlight, PVC pipe can suffer surface damage. This effect is common-
ly termed ultraviolet (UV) degradation. Unless specially formulated to
provide substantial protection from UV radiation (e.g., PVC house siding),
PVC pipe is not recommended ror use in applications continuously exposed
to direct sunlight.
UV degradation incurred over an extended period of time is a de-
structive process of major significance in nature's on-going process of
breaking-down and reclaiming old materials of organic composition, e.g.,
St
HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE
plant waste, animal waste, plant fiber, wood, living animal tissues, plastics,
etc. The weather-beaten appearance of old wooden structures is, in great
measure, caused by ultraviolet radiation. PVC pipe must be considered
susceptible to UV degradation unless shielded from sunlight. UV radiation
will not penetrate even thin shields such as paint coatings, clothing, or
wrapping. Burial of PVC pipe provides totally effective shielding from UV
attack.
UV degradation in PVC ensues when energy from the UV radiation
causes excitation of the molecular bonds in the plastic. The resulting re-
action occurs only on the exposed surface of the PVC pipe and to extreme-
ly shallow depths frequently measured at less than 0.00 I inch. Within the
affected zone of reaction, the structure of tile polyvinyl cilloride molecule
is p~rJ1Janentl)' a.lten:d. converting the molecule into a compkx structure
typifi!;d by polyene formations. The polyene lllokcule contribuks a light
yellow coloration to the PVC pipe and increases knsik strength. The
t:ffecl on the PVC pipe would be considerL'd negligible in m:lllY product
:lpplications if no ctlll:r change occurred: howl'ver, the creation or the thin
film or polyellt..: ll1alcri~lI may contribute to some n,:uuclion ill imp;ld
stren~lil.
The follo\ving. eonditions inherent in lhis organo-chemic:ll read ion
must be noted:
UV degradation resulls in color ch:lIlge, slighl increase in tensile
stren~th, sli~ht increase in the modulus of tcnsile el"slicity. "nd
decrease in imp"ct strength in PVC pipe.
UV degradation does 110t continue w!ll.:11 exposure to UV radia-
tion is terminated.
UV degradation occurs only in the plastic material directly ex-
posed to UV radiation and to an extremely shallow penetration
depth.
UV degradation of properly formulated PVC pipe materials
normally occurs only after extended exposure.
ABRASION
Investigation and observation through years of experience has estab-
lished that PVC pipe provides exceptional resistance to abrasion. The com-
bination of PVC resin, extenders, and various "dditives in PVC compounds
and the methods of extrusion produce a resilient piping product providing
extremely high abrasion resistance.
Many investigati6ns and tests have been conducted over the years
52
CHAPTEr RESISTANCE TO AGGRESSIVE ENVIRONMENTS
both in North America and Europe by manufacturers, independent labor,,-
tories, and universities to define PVC pipe response to abrasion. While the
approaches to the various tests and investigations have varied substantially l
the data developed has been consistent in defining the extent of PVC pipe
resistance to abrasion. The nature and resiliency of PVC pipe cause it to
gradually erode over a broad area and long time. rather than develop the
characteristic localized pitting and more rapid failure of most other piping
materials.
Since the late 1950's, experience has been accumulated on the use of
PVC pipe in the transport of grains and quartz sand in West Germany. PVC
pipe, in both horizontal and vertical positions. was carefully observed in a
specific application OYer u two-year period conveying wheutgrains. It W:l$
established that very little wear occurred in straight pipe sections. Pt.'rror~l­
tion did occur in elbows or 5Wt.'epS. An 11l1CXpectcJ observ:ltion establbhcd
that the PVC pipe transportcd so llluch more 11l;ltcrial than pre\'i~usly
transported by mct:l1lit: Jincs that the equipment rr.:i:civing and procL'ssing
tile material could not process lile increaSed yolUlllL' without rL'l!uction in
llow velocities. PVC pipe has beel1 rn:quL'ntly sj1t'cifiL'd 1'01' ;lppliL'ations
involving conVl.'yance or abrasive particlL' m:Itl.'rial.
Installation ot" PVC pipc and sweeps in Southern C~J1irornia ill till.:
late 1960\ replacing rubber lined sled pipl.: uSL'd for sand slurry lransport
significantly redlll.:ed repair and replacement Ih:cessil:lted by Sen'fe abra-
sion. Rubber lined steel pipe had been regularly f1..'pbced about en.:ry six
wl.:eks. PVC pipe consistently provided service in the application in excess
of six months.
Individual tests conducted by major PVC pipe manufacturers to
investigate the resistance of PVC pipe to abrasion caused by mechanical
cknning have displayed insignificant evidence' or wear in a wide assortment
of conditions. Standard commercial cleaning and rodding equipment was
used in these tests operating in wet lines, dry lines. and lines partially filled
with sand and gravel. Request for guidance from manufacturas of cleaning
equipment have confirmed the results of these investigations. ivlany clean-
ing equipment manufacturers indicated that their operating instructions
are no different for the cleaning of PVC pipelines than for other types of
pipel.ines - asbestos cement, cast iron, concrete. steel, or vitrified clay
sewer lines.
A test conducted by the Institute for Hydromechanic and Hydraulic
Structures of the Technical University of Darmstadt in West Germany pro-
vided an interesting comparison of abrasion resistance in several piping
53
HAi~DBOOK OF PVC PIPE CHAPTER, RESISTANCE TO AGGRESSIVE ENVIRONMENTS

products.. Abrasion evaluation lIsing river sand and gravel was performed CHAPTER III
with unlined concrete pipe, lined concrete pipe, glazed vitrified clay pipe, BIBLIOGRAPHY
and PVC pipe producing the following results:
Concrete (without lining) - measurable wear at 150,000 cycles L Abrasion Rr:siswllce. Das Kunststoffrohr V. 13 (25) (July 1969).
Concrete (with lining) - measurable but displaying less wear 2. Arnold, G. E. "Experience with Main Breaks in Four Large Cities." journal AWWA
at 150,000 cycles (August 1960).
Vitrified Clay (glazed lining) - minimal wear at 260,000 cycles, 3. Babbitt, H. E. (et aI). Water Supply Engineering. Sixth Edition p. 574.
(accelerated wear after glazing wore
off at 260,000 cycles) 4. Chemical Resistance Handbook. Plastiline Inc. Cat. PGF 0970 - 1, Pompano Beach,
Florida (1970).
PVC pipe - minimal wear at 260,000 cycles
(abollt equal to glazed vitrified clay, 5. j-lendrit:ks, J. C., "Weathering Properties of Vinyl Plastics," Plastics Technology
,\larch 1955 p. 81.
less accelerated than vitrified clay
after 260,000 cydesl 6. lJendricks, J. C. & E. L. White, Weathering ClWI"UClcristics of Polyl'inyl Chlvride
PVC pipe is well suited ro applications where abrasive conditions arc Type Plastics, National Lead Company Rese:Hch Llboratorics, Brooklyn. :\.Y.
Wire antl Wire Products, (1952).
anticipated. In extremely abrasive exposurcs, wear must be anticipated:
however, in Illany conditions PVC pipe can significantly reduce mainte- 7. lIerll.her~. L. G. "SUI:~esleJ 1\on·Technical ~bllltal Oil Corrosioll for W;ller Works
Operator~~." Journ:!l XW\V 1\ (Julle 1956) p. 71 t).
nance cost incurred duc to extreme abrasion.
~. Mail/wi {ill .'ililfilh's in Sell'ers. U. S. Environmcntall'rolcction !\i,:cncy.
TUBERCULATION RESISTANCE
(). I'Mkcr. C. D. "Mechanics of" Corrosion of Cement Sewcrs by lIydrogen Sulfide."
Soil! ble encrust ants such as calci 11111 carbona t~' in SOIllC waleI' slIPpl ics Sew;!!'e amI Industrial Wastt.:s (Ikc. I [)SI) p. 1477.
do not prccipit~ltc onto llw smooth w~Ills or PVC pipes as they do with
10. /'Illsties Piping MailCial. VOIUllll.' I. Plastics 1'11'1.' IllStitult.:. New York. New York
other materials. Since PVC pipe docs not corrode, there is no tubercula- ( j97(1).
tion caused by corrosion by-products as inside some pipes.
II. Reedy, D. R. "Corrosion in the \Vater Works Industry." Ivhlterials Protection.
(Sept. 1966) p. 55.

12. "Rel<itive Abrasion Resist<incc of Ring-Tite@ PVC Pipe." Johns-,\:bnville Sales

Corporation, Long l3each, Californi:J (April 1(72).

13. "Resist<ince of Thermoplastic Piping Ivlaterials to Micro- and ~bcro-l3iological

Attack, PPI Technical Report, PPI-TRI1." Plastics Pipe Inslitute, New York,
N. Y. (Feb. J 969).

14. Romanoff, Melvin "External Corrosion of Cast Iron Pipe." Journal AWWA (Sept.
1964) p. 1124.

15. ROlllcraz, Richard "Generation and Content of Sulfide in Filled Pipes." Sewage
& Industrial Wastes, (Sept. ] 954) p. J 082.

16. "Standard for Asbestos Cement Pressure Pipe. AWWA C400." American Water
Works Association, Denver, Colorado (Jan. 1975). .

17. "Standard for Cement-Mortar Lining for Cast-Iron and Ductile-Iron Pipe and
Fittings for Water. AWWA CI04." American Water Works Association, Denver,
Colorado (1974).

54 55
HANDBOOK OF PYC PIPE CHAPTER RESI$TA,....CE TO AGGRESSIVE ENVIRON.\IENTS

CHAPTER II[ CHAPTER III

BIBLIOGRAPHY - Continued BIBLIOGRAPHY - Continued

18. "Standard for Cement - Mortar Protective Lining and Coating for Steel Water 33. "Wear Data of Different Pipe Materials at Sewer Pipelines." The Institute for
Pipe, 4 Inch and Larger-Shop Applied-AWWA COS." American Water Works Hydromechanic and Hydraulic Structures, Technical University of Darmstadt,
Association, Dem'er, Colorado (J971). Darmstadt, W. Germany (May 7, 1973).

19, "Standard for Polyethylene Encasement for Cast Iron and Ductile Iron Piping~ 34. Weisfeld, L. B., G. A. Thacker, L. l. Nass, "Photodegradation of Rigid Polyvinyl
AWWA Cl05," American Water Works Association, Denver, Colorado (1972). Chloride," SPE Journal Vo121, No.7 (Jul. 1965) p. 649.

20. "Standard ~for Reinforced Concrete Pressure Pipe - Steel Cylinder Type. AWWA 35. Wolter, F. "Effect of Outdoor Weathering on the Performance of Some Selected
C300," American Water Works Association. Denver, Colorado (1974). Plastic Piping Materials," Presented by Battelle at the American Gas Association
Fifth Plastic Pipe Symposium, Houston, Texas (Nov, t 974).
21. "Stantbrd Specificatioll for E]astomeric Seals (Ga~kets) for Joining Plastic Pipe.
1\51;\1 F477." American Sudety for Testing anJ ~l:Jtcrials, Phil;J(.lclp!li~1. Pa. 36. Yearbook (/1/(/ DircCfO/)'. Thc Lo:. Angelc:. Rubber Group, IJl~., Los Angeles. (Jhf.
l1977}. (1970).

" Sudr:Jbill, L. P. "Pruted Pipc~ frum External CO£l05IOn." The American lily and
Coullty. (!\lay 1(56) p. 65.

23. Sw;!I), 8. II. "Effecls of J Iydro~cn SulfiJe 011 COIH.:TClC Slructures." Juurll;ll uf
S;lIlit;lfY Ellpnccring, [)ivi~lun ASCl: (Sept. IWd ) p. 1.

24. "Tcsl ,\1ct1Jud \0. Calif'. 643 C" ~l;lleriab ;lIld Rcsearch l)ep;irllllclIl, lJl\'lSHllI
or Ilrghways. Statc of Cal iforni;J (Oclober 2, 1(172).

25. "Tcst to ])C[Crlllllle Efrect of an UnderSlzcd (Slllallcl dlalllclt:r thall inside dWllclcr
or pipe anti flttinp) Electrical Sewer I'ipe Auger on Schedule 40 PVC - I Drain,
Wastc, and Vent Pipe and Fittings:' Report from Rcsearch LJbor:rllHY, Cldoll.
Aurora, Ohio. (~[JY 1%3).

26. "Thermal Expansion and CtHltraction of Plastic Pipe. I'PI Ted1l1it:al Report,
PPI - TR21." Plastics Pipe Institute, 1\cw York, N.Y. (Sept. 1(73).

27. "Thermoplastic PIping for the Transport of Chemicals. PI'I Technical Report,
pPI - TR 19." Plastics Pipe Institute, New York, N. Y. (Aug. 1973).

28. Tiedeman, Walter D. "A Study of Plastic Pipe for Potable Water Supplies:' Nation-
al Sanitation Foundation, Ann Arbor. Michigan (June 1955).

29. Tipps, C. W., "Underground Corrosion." 1'>laterials Protection. (Sept. J 966) p. 9.

30. Tobin, W. W. "Stabilization of Rigid Polyvinyl Chloride Against Ultraviolet Radia-

tion," Presented at Society of Plastic Engineers 21 st Annual Technical ConL
Boston, Mass, (\Iarch 1965).

31. "Transport fester Stoffe durch PVC - harl - Rohre (Transport of Solid Substances
Through Hard - PVC Pipes." Code: 237-4032-1, German.

32. Wagner, E. F. "Loose Plastic Film Wrap as Cast Iron Pipe Protection." Journal
AWWA. (March 1964) p. 361.

56 57
 HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE

STANDARDS FOR PYC PIPING - Continued

MIl.,.C-2357IA(YD) Supersaded by Federal Specification W-C-I094A FHA - ConCd.

MIL-I-22076B Insulation Tubing, Electrical, Non-Rigid, Vinyi, V~ry LuI, fHA UM-41 "'PVC Piasti;; Pipe and Fittings for Domestic W:ller Service
Temperature Grade
FHA UM49 * A[3S and PVC Plastic Drainage and Vent Pipe and Fittings
MIL-P-22011A Pipe Fittings, Plastic, Rigid, High Impact, Polyvinyl Chloride, FHA 4550.49
(PVC) and Poly 1, 2 Dichloroethylene
FHA U1\I-53a *PolyvinylChloride Plastic Drainage, Waste and Vent Pipe and
?l'lIL-P-82056(1) Pipe and Pipe Fittings, Plastic, for Drain, Waste and Vent Service Fittings

Department of the Army FHA tI!R-563 *PVC Plastic Drainage and Vent Pipe and Fittings
DEPARTMENT Corps of Engineers
FHA Minimum Property Stundards Interim Revision No_ 3 J
OFTH~ Office of the Chief of Engineers
ARMY Washington, D.C.
National Electrical rvianufacturers
(202) 693·6456
Assocl:ttion
155 East 44th Street
CE·501 Guide Specific:ltion for Military :Inti Civil Works Construction
New York, New l'ork 10017
(212) 682-1500
DEPARTMENT Department of the N:lVY
OFTHE Naval Facilities Enginl.:l.:ring Com manu
TC 2 Electricall'Jastic Tubing (EPT). ('<muult (EPC--W and EI'C.~:\O).
Ji:m W:Jshington, D.C. and Fittill~,
(202) 545-6700
TC 3 PVC Filtlll,:~ for Use Wilh Rif(id I've Conduit ,llId lublll)1
N;\VFACTS·IS271 W;lter D1Wibuti(ltl Syw:1l1
TC () ;\llS :tnd PVC Plastic Utiltlh:s Duct for Undcrplllllld lnsl;lllallon
N;\ Vf' AC TS·l 5301 Sanitary Sewer and Draill:i~e SY~lell\s PlPlIll:
'1 (' X Ex t ra·st Tel1)11 h 1'1:lst ie Utilities [)\l,~t for Undcle:roulHl Iml~lll;lll()1l

DIIUD U. S. Dcpartmcnt or IloliSillg and Urban TC \) Plastic UtilitIes Fillings ror Undergrllund Inslallatioll
Devclopmcnt
Washington, D.C. 20410 TC 10 Plast ic Conlinunlcations [)ud alll] Fit ltngs fur Underground
(202) 655-4000 Install:! tioll

D1-IUD 4940.2 Minimum Design Standards for COlllmunity Watcr Supply NSF National Sanitation Foundation
Systcms P.O. Box 1468
NSF Building
DHUD 4940.3 Minimum Design Standards for Community Sewage Systcms Ann Arbor, 1\1 ichigan 48106
(313) 769·80 I 0
FHA Architectural Standards Division
Federal Housing Aclministration i\'SF Standard No.14: Thermoplastic Materials, Pipe, Fittings, Valves. Tr~lps and
Washington, D.C. 20412 Joining l'.bterials
(202) 755-5995
NSF Standard No.24: Plumbing System Components for Mobile Homes and
Recreation Vehicles
FHA UM-26b *Plastic Drain and Sewer Pipe and Fittings

*Standards marked with an asteriSk have been accepted as Amcrican National Standards_ *Standards marked with an asterisk have been acccpted as American National Standards.

73
HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE

CHAPTER IV

PVC PIP E ;\1 A N U FA CT U IU N G AN [) T EST I NG

An Introduction to Standard Specifications,

l\bnufacturing Processes. Quality Control and

Test Rcquiremcnts, Packaging and Shipping.

58 59
HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE
CHAPTER IV
PVC PIPE MANUFACTURING AND TESTING
PVC pipe and its many applications can be better evaluated and
appreciated with an understanding of the technology behind the product.
Through research, development, and experience, the technology in the PVC
pipe industry .has advanced and matured. It has been emphasized that PVC
pipe manufa~turers must exert a continuing effort to insure complete
understanding of the product by owners, engineers, contractors, operators,
and users - an understanding of advantages and limitations. In this inh:rest,
manufacturing processes, standard specifications, quality control antI test
requirements, packaging and shipping arc reviewed.
MANUFACTURING PROCESSES
The technology of PVC pipe m:1JllIfaLtlIring processes is extensive
:l!ld involved. It may be traced from oil or gas wdls through pdro-c1H.:mical
plants to the PVC compounding operations and finally to the autom;llt:d
extrusion, mold ing, and r:lbrica lion ope rat ions be fore a fin ishnl PVC
product is ready for tl;sting, i1l$peLtion, and ddivcry.
As tkfincd in Chapter II. PVC pipe
is produced from a blend of materials
whose major ingred icn t is polyvi ny I
chloride. Other ingredients which are
compounded with the PVC resin include
sta bilizers, pigrnen ts, lubricants, process-
ing nids. and fillers. The proportions of
these minor ingredien ts will vary from
compound to compound. The formu-
lations which stipulate the proportions
and actual ingredients used in given PVC
pipe compounds are developed to provide
r
t
specific properties required for specific
types of PVC pipe. As defined in Chapter
II, properties for PVC compounds are
~~T~I~;:g~~~~~oY5~~Nc. established in ASTlvl D 1784. It 111USt be
emphasized that the critical physical requirements of the end product are
obtained from the properties of the PVC resin, the major compound in-
ingredient. Minor ingredients are present in the PVC compound to aid in
CHAPTt,,': tV - pvc PIPE MA1'iUFACfURING AND TESTING
processing and to enhance particular properties of the PVC resin.
In the plastics industry, the word "resin" usually refers to the plastic
binder material in extrusion or molding compounds which softens and flows
under heat and pressure and is the structural material tying the chemicals
together developing the finished plastic product. Polyvinyl chloride resin
is a thermoplastic polymer produced by the polymerization of vinyl chlo-
ride monomer. The vinyl chloride is a colorless, sweet-smelling, volatile gas
which is produced from chlorine and ethylene. (Acetylene may be substi-
tuted for ethylene in some older production processes.) Of course, the
basic building blocks used in the manufacture of the components of vinyl
chloride monomer are pdroleum or natural gas, salt water, and air.
The terms thermoplastic, polymer. polymerization. and monomer
can bt:st bt:' explained in layman's terms:
Thermoplastic rckrs to the property that enables a material to be
repeatedly softened by an increase or tcmperature and hardened by a
decrease in tempera tmc.
Polymers are organic materials lhat contain a large number or the
same chemical conrigurations attached to each other like links in a
chain. The long chains rt:stJ1t in a high molecular weight.
Monomer is thc silnplc. small mokcuk from which the chain is
mad!.:.
Polymerization is the reaction which bonds the rnononH:rs into
the large structure known as the polymer.
Polymers are not confined to the man-made world of chemistry but
are found also in a large variety of natural materials such as protein, cellu-
lose, starch. and rubbers.
There are many polymerization processes used to convert the vinyl
chloride monomer into polyvinyl chloride resin (polymer). Two methods
have been found to be well suited for polymerization to produce the type
of PVC resin best suited for pipe. "Suspension" polymerization and "mass"
(sometimes termed "bulk") polymerization are the two processes used in
the prod uction of virtually all PVC pipe grade resins today. These processes
yield high quality pipe-grade resin produced at economical cost for PVC
pipe manufacturing.
After appropriate quality control testing and inspection, the resin
manufacturers ship the PVC resin in powder form to the pipe producers.
Large 200,000 pound bulk railcars or 40,000 pound bulk trucks are nor-
mally used. Upon arrival, the resin is pneumatically conveyed from the
bulk transporters into the pipe production plant and is stored in silos.
 HANDllOOK OF PVC PIPE CllAPTr~.R IV - PVC PIPE MANUFACTUIUNG AND TESTING

Incoming shipments of PVC resin at the pipe plant are again sub-
jected to quality control. In the plant laboratory, samples of resin are
analyzed to verify correct properties in a number of parameters such as
moisture content, bulk density, flow property, particle size, and molecular
weight. Minor compound ingredients are also analyzed to verify correct
properties. After approval, raw materials are conveyed to the compounding
operation where ingredients are combined in accurately weighed propor-
tions and blended into a homogeneous mixture,
The process used to mix intimately the PVC resin with tIle minor
ingredients producing the PVC pipe extrusion compound is correctly
termed dry-blend compounding. Dry blending or dry-blend compounding
artificial wood molding, and of course, pipe. Most of the pipe made from
thermoplastic materials other than PVC, such as acrylonitrile butadiene
styrene CABS), styrene, polybutylene (PB), and polyethylene (PE), is
produced on single screw extruders. The bulk of PVC pipe produced in
the world today is manufactured on multi-screw extruders.
ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS OF A SINGLE SCREW EXTRUDER
From compo:7 -
un;;-;d7"s;:-u;;:;p;;-pi"::ly:-;:::::LL..,

is performed in a high speed. intensive mixer. III the process, fridion cre- SIDE VIEW
atl.'d by high speed rotation of the mixer blades :]])(1 intense movement of
marerial particles genaatt:s substanti:tl heat raising the r~'ll1perature or Rotaly JOin!
bknding materials. As the PVC partide~ are Ill::Jfed, they expand. devel-
w
Ir:o~er
oping a porous. irregular appearann: similar to that or pDJH:orn. In the
Gear
"popcorn" conllt!u ra tion. p:J rtides beco mL: ulli formly CO;] [cd wit h minor ~~fjet reducer
ingred iL:n [s j n corrL:c! proportions t!L:( alll inL:d by thL: compound 1'0 rlllul~l­ water mlet tor
lion. SOIllL: ini'fl'diL:nts, such as lubric:ll1ls, melt at till' ckvakd !cmpL:ra- screw coohng '--_ _....J
tun;s, penni!!int! thorough dispersion and providing :Idded honlOgeneily (lJ rlr-rUltiTl:;U Uy rrc:UMI'rl'lHOti ot' Monl~ffN Pl.,A~'tIG=' t-lIl\c.At.lNr.;. McGnAw.HlLi. .• r.. c:.

the blend. t\l'i,:r intensive mixing at L:kvalL'd klll!)L'raturL:s for sL:VL:rallllil1-

utes, prL:paration or a balch or I've compound is compkte. Tile b:llch is
tllL:n c;ookd to foam temperature and ill powder rorm trallsporlL'd to com-
ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS Of /\ MULTI SCREW EXTRUDER
pound siJos I'or storage and USc.
Upon oema nd, the ex trusion com pOUIl d is pneumat icaJly conVL: yed
to the pipe extrusion oper-
ation. Air moving al con-
trolled velocities transports
the PVC compound through
ducts to the pipe extruders I

where it is dropped through

screens into feed hoppers.
The compound is then
J
metered into the extruders
and pipe production com-
mences.
Almost all extruded plastic products are produced on two classes of
extruders - single screw extruders and multi-screw extruders. Products
,."".., 'C.. .~,: : , " TOP VIEW

made on single screw extruders include garden hose, fishing line filament,
62 63
 CHAP' IV - PVC PIPE MANUFACfUIUNG AND TESTING
HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE

The popularity of the multi-screw extruder for the production of

PVC pipe can be attributed to the additional processing flexibility offered
by the multi-screw extruder. The same toughness and strength that makes
PVC such an excellent pipe material also renders it a relatively difficult
material to process. The multi-screw extruder's versatility allows process-
ing at lower temperatures, with excellent dimensional control, and with
smaller quantities of necessary compounding ingredients providing PVC
its full potential strength.
Multi-shew extruders are available in various configurations. They
may have two long parallel screws, two pairs of short parallel screws, two l)
'"
,---:)-~~
conical shaped screws, or one large screw with two or more small planetary ~ 0"
r::::: w
screws. Screw rotation in multi-screw machines can either be in the same ::J
f-
direction or in opposite directions. In most l11ulti-scn:\V extruders used in U
--::
PVC pipe production, screwS rotate in opposite directions or are counter- L:..,
::J ,I j
C\
rotating. Screws in all of the various extruders rotate within heakd mdal- Z
< ' -11
1 _ \

lit: cylinders or "barrels" machined to provitk close tolerances between ~ }

~

I-I-l
moving screw nights and cylinder walls. c.. \

~J
r"1 0:::
PVC compound, in its powder I"orm, !lows from tl\(; kt.:d hopper :.:J U ·1
r:::::
through the feed throat into thl.: t.:xtrutkr barn:l where it is received by ::J 5: ~.:,".J
rOlating scn':W$. The lllateri~l1 is then t:Ol1vcyed with a pumping action by
U
- I

~.-H.··
f-
the inll:r-mcshing screw flights through the extnllkr. As the mali:rial passl.:s r:::::
< I I 2v
:J: ' I
through the extruder and is l.:xposed to carefully controlled Ileat and pn':$-
I
tt "
U
SUfe, it is converted from the dry powder into ~l viscous plastic mass rcscm-
bling hot taffy. To provide required properties ill the finishl.:d pipe prod-
-
:.-
0
.....:l
L:..,
'::"
:,
tt

~
~
../
)

{/J v
uct, the process is carefully monitored and accurately controlled. V) ~
I-I-l
When the plasticating (softening) process is complete and volatiles U
0
have been removed from the molten plastic, the material is properly pre- c:::
c..
pared for final forming. The viscous, elastic mass of plas~ic is extruded into
the pipe forming die under high pressure (2000-5000 psi). In the pipe
extrusion die, the hot plastic material is molded in to cylindrical shape.
The material, as it leaves the extrusion die at the exit orifice, is
extremely hot (about 400°F), flexible, and pliable. In this state, the hot
plastic is formed with accuracy into a finished product with required dimen-
sions and then cooled into a solid state. Outside diameter dimensional
can trol is established by forcing the hot plastic against a sizing sleeve as
it is drawn away from the extruder by a piece of equipment commonly
called a haul-off. Wall thickness control is established through proper
synchronizing of haul-off and extruder speeds. Wall thickness is normally I

~
adjusted by varying the speed of operation of the haul-off. Generally,
65
HANDBOOK or PVC J'JPE CHAP1\.lV - PVC PIPE M,\:-.iUFACTURING A;'iD TESTING

CROSS-SECTION OF TYPICAL PIPE EXTRUSION HEAD
reduction of haul-off speed inneases wall thickness: ilH;r~'as~' in haul-orf
speed fed uCeS walt thit.:kness. W!Jen ~ub$tant i;d changes in w;tll til ickness
When the bell joint is properly formed to required dimensions. the plastic is
cooled to a solid state and the tooling is removed.
Integral bell gasketed joints manufactured for non-pressure applica-
tions such as sewer pipe may be formed on PVC pipe without special
provisions to provide added wall thickness in the bell joints. Intcgral bell
gasketed joints manufactured for pressure piping applications III ust be
formed with process controls which provide increased wall thickness in the
bell joint. Join ts prod uced on PVC pressure pipe must provide <l critical
ratio of wall thickness to bell diameter necessary to provide proper join t
pressure rating. (See Uni-Bell Rccommended Standard UNI-B-I, Thermo-
plastic Pipe Joints, Pressure and Non-Pressure Applications.)
Integral bell ga~kded joints manufactured for pressure applications
are normally formed in one of three common processes providing il1L:reased
bdl wall thickness. In one process, thl;' bdl w:lIl tl1i..:h:ning is obtained by
inl'l'easing pipe wall thickness Lluring extrusion on thaI ponion of the pipl;'
to be bL'liL-d over a forming mandrel. In another procl;'SS, an extra iL-ngth or
heated alld wftened Ill;lll'l'ial is upset or l'on;l;'d wilh ~·\treme pressure into
;1 dosl'd forming mold I'illinF thl' Illold Ch;IlUbl'r alld dl'vdoping desired

;lfl' required. changes in tile extrusion t(loling dllllensions arl' reqlllrnl. shape alld dimcnsions in lhe rilli:-.hed bdl joint. In anolhl'r proce:-.s. lh~'
Upon colllpletion of rinal 1't>fJning, till' e\tl'uded I've pipl' is drawn ;l\vay ~'xlra t!lickll~'SS is oblaiJll'd with a r~'inforl'lil~ sk~'\'~' instalkd durin!! forlll-
frolll the extruder into l.:ooling tanks wilL'1"l' it is cookd by chilled watl'r. By ing or lhe h~'1J joint o\'n ~I fonning mandrel.
thl' timl' the pipc Cllll'rgcs from till' end of the cooling tanks, it ilas cooled It should be noted tll;lt another system for manufacture of j!;lskekd
to a tCJl1pcratt1re when.: it call be handit'd withollt distortion. joints in\'olvcs lhe extrusioll 01' pipe alld scparak coupling stock from
Aftn leaving the coolin;g station and passing througil tile haul-oIT, which dual gasket couplers ;If\;' machined. Couplings may bl;' assembled
tile pipe travt.:1s through a printing station. Pertint.:nt product and process onto pipc during manufacturing or
information is printed on the PVC pipe. Beyond the printer, the pipe is laler at til.... job site.
automaticalty CLlt to correct length with chamfered ends. This process is
accomplished with a planetary saW which cuts and chamfers as it travels
+I
I
UpOIl completion or the manu-
factu rill g operation. tllc fj 11 ished
with the moving pipe. '. PVC pipe is transferred to a holding
Ii sta tion where the prod L1ct is subjected
At this point the finished PVC pipe is transferred to a belling station I

where an integral bell is formed on to thorough quality control inspcc-

the end of the pipe. In this process, "HOYO coU"TESY O~ CC"T"''''H"o
CORPO""TION tion and quali ty assurance testing.
the portion of the pipe to be formed
into a bell is re-heated to a pliable STANDARD SPECIFICAnONS
state which permits mechanical mold- The following list of standard specifications is submitted as a partial
ing. The integral bell is formed by summary of standard documents applicable to PVC pipe products. Specifi-
means of precision belling tooling cations listed include: product specifications, test methods, join t specifica-
which may include an internal tions. system standards. recom mended practices, terminology, plumbing
mandrel and variolls external dies. codes, and design guides.
"~OTO C:Ol,JR-rE:~Y 0": c.THV L. COR"'O~"""'IDN

66 67
 ClfA!"'\ IV - PVC PIPE MANUFACTURING AND TESTING
HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE

STANDARDS FOR PVC PIPING STANDARDS FOR PVC PIPING - Continued

American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM - Cont'd.

1916 Race Street Group D: Plastic Piping Joints and Solvent Cements
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103
(215) 569-4200
02564 *Solvent Cements for Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe
and Fittings
The ASTM Standards are divided into groups as foHows:
D3138 Solvent Cements for Joining Acrylonitrile-Butadienc-Styrene
Group A: Systems (ABS) Pipe and Fittings to Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Pipe
and Fit tings for Non-Pressure Applications.
D2513 Thermoplastic Gas Pressure Pipe, Tubing, and Fittings D3139 Joints for Plastic Pressure Pipes Using Flexible ElastOlTIcric Seals
02665 *Po]y (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Drain, Waste, and Vent 03212 Joints for Drain and Sewer Plastic Pipes Using Flexible Hmo-
Pipe and Fittings meric Seals
02729 *Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Sewer Pipe :llllJ Fi!!ings Fol77 Elastollleric Seals (Gaskets) For Joining Plastic Pipe
02lJ-I9 Three.lnch TlLin Wall Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) I'laslk Drain
Waste and Vent Pipe and Fi!!ings Group E: i\lcthuds of Test

03033 Type PSI' Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Sewer Pipe ami FI!!lJlgS "'Tullc·To-Failure of l'la~lic PIpe undl:[ LoI1~.Terl\ll(ydrustatic
Pre~~ure
D303-1 Type I'SM Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Sewer Pipe and Hlllnp
]) 1599 "'Sholl·Time Rupture Sln:n~th ofPla~(ie Pipe, Tubing anu
Group B: Plastic Pipe Specifications hllings

D2105 *Longi luumal Tensile Proper tills of Reinfurced Thermosetting

[) 1785 *I'oly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plasli~ Pipe, Schcduks 40, BO, Plastic Pipe and Tube
120
D2122 Determining Dimensions of Thermoplastic Pipe and Fillings
02241 "'Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastk Pipe, (SOR·PR)
D2152 *Quality of Extruded Poly (Vinyl Chloride) Pipe by Acetone
02672 *13cll·Eml Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Pipe Immersion
D2740 *Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Tubing 02290 *Apparent Tensile Strength of Ring or Tubular Plastics by Split
Disk Method .
Group C: Plastic Pipe Fittings Specifications
D2412 *External Loading Properties of Plastic Pipe by Parallel-Plate
02464 *Threaded Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe Fittings, Loading
Schedule 80
02444 *impact Resistance of Thermoplastic Pipe and Fittings by
D2466 *Socket·Type Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe Fittings, Means of a Tup (Falling Weight)
Schedule 40
D2837 *Obtaining Hydrostatic Design Basis for Thermoplastic Pipe
D2467 *Socket-Type Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe Fittings, Materials
Schedule 80 External Pressure Resistance of Plastic Pipe
D2924
03311 Drain, Waste and Vent (DWV) Plastic Fittings Patterns

~Slandards marked with an asterisk havc bccn accepted as Amcrican National Standards.
*Standards marked with an asterisk have been accepted as American Nalional Standards.

68 69
 CHAPTER IV - PVC PIPE MANUFACTURING AND TESTING
HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE

STANDARDS FOR PVC PIPING - Continued STANDARDS FOR PVC PIPING - Continued

DOT-OPS Department of Transportation, Hazardous Materials

ASTM - Cont'd.
Regulation Board, Office of Pipeline Safety, Title 49,
Group F: Recommended Practices Part 192. Transporta tion of Natural Gas and Other
Gas by Pipeline: Minimum Federal Safety Standards,
D2321 *Underground Installation of Flexible Thermoplastic Sewer Pipe FEDERAL REGISTER, Vol. 35, No. 161, Wednesday,
August 19,1970, and amendments.
02657 *Heat Joining of Thermoplastic Pipe and Fittings
< Specifications Activity
02774 Underground Installation of Thermoplastic Pressure Piping
FEDERAL Prin ted IVfatcrials Supply Division
02855 *I\laking Solvent Cemented Joints with Poly (Vinyl Chloride) SPECIFl- Build ing 197
(PVC) Pipe and Fluings CATIOr\S Naval Weapons Plant
WaShington. D.C. 20407
F402 S:lfe llandlll1\.t of Solvent CeJ11cn[~ llsed Illr Jllllling Thermo-
(~O~) 545-6700
Plastic Pipe a~l<J Fillings
\\'·C-10LJ-! Cunduit and Flltings,l\"on·j\ktaJlic. Rigid (Plastics)
Group G: Terminology
L·P 320 II 1'1!1l' ;uJd hlllng~. Plastic (PVC, [)r;Jin, \\'a\lc and Vellt)
DHH3 *Slandard Dcfinil ions 01 Tenm Rcl:ll ing It} l'b\t1c\
LI'·I tJ3bA l'b~(k Rod. SoJiu: I'l:tst ie Tubes :lIlU T ubinl;., Ilcilvy Walled:
D2749 l'olYVJllyJ Chloride, Rigid

F..\12 *DdiniliollS uf TCflm Rclating 10 ]'la\lic I'IPlll~ Sys[clm 1.·'1·7\101\ Tubing, TlJer1Jlopla\tic (Laboratory and Medical)

G rOllp II: 1\1 a lerials Refcrcllced in Plastic Pipe, DEPARHIE0:T U. S. Drpartlllcnt 01" Agricultl1n:
Fitting uno Solvent Cemcnt Standards OF Soil Conservation Service
AGRICULTURE Washington, D.C. 20250
D 1704 *Rigid Pol'y (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Compounds and Chlorinated (202) 447-4543
Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Compounds
SCS National Engineering Handbook. Section 2, Part I, Engineering Practice Standards
American Nation:.!l Standards Institute. Inc.
1430 Broadway scs-nO-DD "'High Pressure Underground Plastic Irrigation Pipelincs
New York, New York 10018
SCS 430·EE '" Low (lead Underground Plastic Irrigation Pipelines
(212) 868-1220
SCS 6-1-2 "\Veil
A119.1 Standard for Mobile Homes, NFPA No. 501 B

Plumbing, Heating and Electrical Systems for Travel Trailers DEPARTMENT Commanding Officer
A119.2 OF Naval Publications and Forms Center
B31.8 Standard Code for Pressure Piping, Gas Transmission and DEFENSE 5801 Tabor Avenue
Distribution Piping Systems and Supplement ANS B31.8b-I969 ~HLITARY Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19120
STANDARDS (215) 697-2000
C33.91 Rigid Non-Metallic Conduit, Underwriters Laboratory Standard
UL651
tlllL-A-220 IOA(l) A,dhesive, Solvent-Type, Polyvinyl Chloride
Z21.30 Installation of Gas Appliances and Gas Piping
*Standards marked with an aSterisk haye been accepted as American National Standards.
~Standards marked with an astcrisk hayc been accepted as American National Standards.
HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE CH,\!'TFR 1\' - PVC PIPE MANUFACTURING AND TESTlNG

STANDARDS FOR PVC PIPING -- Continued STANDARDS F9R PVC PIPING - Continued

NSF - Cont'd.
Building Officials and Code Administrators
NSF Seal of Approval Listing of Plastic Materials, Pipe, Fittings ,111d Appurtenances for International, Inc.
Potable Water and Waste Water (NSF Testing l.<lboratory) (Issued in March each year) 13 I 3 East 60th Street
Chicago, llIinois 60637
IAPI\IO International Association of Plumbing and (3 12) 947-2580
Mechanical Officials
5032 Alhambra Avenue BOCA B:lsic Plumbing Code
Los Angeles, California 90032
(213) 223-1471 NAPHCC National Association of Plumbin" Ht:atin cr
Cooling Controctors 0' ::>,
IAPMO IS I Non-Metallic Building Sewers
1016 20th Strt:et, N.W.
IAMPO IS 1} Solvcnt Cementcd PVC Pipe for Waler Semee and Yard Piping Washington. D.C. 20036
(202) 33J-7675
JAP~10 IS 9 PVC Drain, Wasle and Venl Pipe and Fillillg~
NAP! ICC :\alion:11 St;Jnd:lflJ Plumbing Code
IAP;"10 IS 10 Poly (Vinyl Chlmide) (PVC) Natural Gas Yard Piping

JAP~IO IS 14 PVC Pipe and FJttings with Rubber G;tsketed JOlIll~ ror ('old
Watcr Service allli Yard Piping Ulllkrwritcrs Labor~llOriL's, 1m:.
207 I'.ast Ohio Slreet
IAPMO I'S 27 Supplcmcntal Standard to AST:-'1 D2(lS 5: Poly (VUiyl Chlmidc) Cllica~o, Illinois ClOG I I
(PVC) Plastic Drain, W;IStc .Illd Vcnl Pipc and hllings (312} (J-i2·6()(J9
1AP1\1O Uniform Plumbing (odc
UL65] Rigid NlJIlInct:illie Conduit; ANSI CJ3,l) I

(Nute: IS"" lm-Iallatiol/ SUi/1c!ard: PS "" ProPCfty Standard) UL 5[4 Ou tlct Buxes :Ind Fittings

ICBO In ternatio Ilal Con rcrcncc of Build ing

Officials American Petroleulll Institute
5360 South Workman r.liJI Road 300 Corrigan Tower Building
Whittier. California 9060 I Dallas, Texas 75201
(816) 741-2241 (214) 741 -679 1

Uniform Building Code API Spec 5LP Thermoplastic Line Pipe (PVC and CPVC) and Appcxtlix A
ICBO

Southern Building Code Congress AWWA American Water Works Association

3617 8th Avenue, South 6666 West Quincy Avenue
Birmingham, Alabama 35222 Denver, Colorado 80235
(205) 252-8930 (303) 794-7711

SBCC Standard Plumbing Code AWWA C900 Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Pressure PilJe 4-in through 12.in
for Water

74 75
HANDUOOK OF PVC PiPE CHAPTER IV - PVC PIPE MANUFACrURING AND TESTiNG

STANDARDS FOR PVC PIPI~G - CO~1tinlled ST/\.NDARDS F . . . . {(, PVC PIPING - Continued

AASHTO American Association of State Highway International Standards Organization

and Transportation Officials Secretariat: Nederlands
Room 341 National Press Building Normal.isitic-instituut (NNI)
Washington, D.C. 20045 Polakweg 5
(202) 624-5800 Rijswijk (ZH) 2106
Netherlands
Standard Specifications for l-lighway Bridges
USA CONTACT: American National
American Society of Agricultural Engineers Standards Institute
2950 Niles Road 1430 Broadway
St. Joseph, ?\1ichigan 49085 New York, New York 10018
(616) 429-0300 (212) 868-1220

A5AE 5376 Design. In~l~lbtion :lllU l'.:rformancc of Underground Thermo- **R 161 Pipes of plastics m:lterbls for the transpon of Ouids (outside
plastic Irrig~tioll Pipelines Jiamet0rs and nominal pressure) - Part I: I\ldrk series

Canadian St:mdards Assodalioll Pipes :lnu fillings of plastics materials - Socket filtings for pipes
under pressure - Bask Dimcnsiolls -. Metric series
178 Rl'xdah: 130ukvard
Rexdale, Ontario, Can:lLla M9W 1R3 R 265 Pipes :lIlll lilt ings of plastics malcrials - Socket flltings with
(41 (1) 743·5200 Spiliut cnds lor domestic and indust rial W;lStc pipes .. Basic
dlLllcnsiom I\h:trit.: series
B 137.3 Rigilll'oly (Yinyl Chloride) (PVC) Pipe for PreSSIJrl' i\pplK;'liol1s R 330 Pipes of Plastics materials for I he: trallspolt 01" Iluids (olltsiJc
di;lIneten; :lIld nominal pressure Part II Incl! series
B 137.4 Thermoplastic Piping. Systems for Gas Service
580 ~louldl:d filtings in unp!;lstieized polyvinyl chloride: (PVC) for
B 137,14 Recommended Practice for the InstallatIon of Thermoplast ic
usc under pressure - Oven test
Piping for Gas Service
727 Socket fillings for pipes under pressure - Unpl:lsticized poly-
B 181.2 Poly (Vinyl Chloride) Drain. Wasle and Yent Pipe ;llld Pipe
vinyl chloride (PYC) nttings with plain sockets - l\lelric series
Fittings
Rl165 Plastics pipes for the transport of Ouids - Unplasticized poly-
B 181.12 Recommended Practice for the Installation of PYC Drain, Waste
and Yent Pipe and Pipe Fillings. vinyl chloride (PYC) pipes - Tolerances on wall thicknesses up
to 6 rnm.
B 182.1 Plastic Drain and Sewer Pipe and Pipe Fittings for Use
1167 e Plastics pipes for the transport of Ouids - Determination of the
Underground
resistance to internal pressure
B182.11 Recommended Practice for the Installation of Plastic Drain and
RI330 Plastics pipes for the transport of fluids - Unplasticized poly~
Sewer Pipe and Pipe Fittings
vinyl chloride (PVC) pipes - Tolerances 011 outside diameters
B 196.1 Plastic Underground Power Cable Dueling
2035 Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PYC) moulded filtin"s for
C22.2 No. 85 Rigid PVC Boxes and Fittings elastic sealing ring type joints for use under pressure - Pr~ssure
resistance test
C22.2 No. 136 Rigid PVC (Unplaslicized) Conduit
2043 Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (P.YC) moulded fittings for
elastic sealing ring type joints for use under pressure - Oven test

76 77
HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE C! fER [V - PYC PIPE MANUFACTURING """D TESTING

STANDARDS FOR PVC PIPING - Continued STANDARDS FOR PVC PIPING - Continu~d

ISO - Cont'd. UNI-BELL - Cont'd.

2044 Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) injection-moulded
UNI-B-5 JnstalIation of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) sewer pipe
solvent-welded socket fittings for use with pressure pipe -
Hydraulic international pressure test
UNI-B-] Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Plastic Gravity Sewer Pipe and Filtings
2045 Single sockets for unplastici7.ed polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pres- (Nominal Diameter 18 - 27")
sure pipes with elastic sealing type joints - Minimum depths of
engagcment NFPA National Fire Protection Association
470 Atlantic Avenue
2048 " Double socket fittings for unplasticizcd polyvinyl chloride (PVC) Boston, Massachus~tts 02210
pressure pipes with elastic sealing ring type joints - ~1inimum
dep ths 0 f engagcmcnt (617) 482-8755
NFPA St:lIldard No. 24 - Outside Protection
2505 Unplasticized polyvinyl chlorid~ (PVC) pip~, -- DelCfrlHlwlion
of longiltJdinal rC\'er~ioll . Uquiu bdlh lrlllller,ion me thou
TESTING
2500 Unplasticil.eu polyvlllyl chloride (PVC) pIpes - Dctef!mn:llioll
of water absorption The high kvd of In:hnology inhl'f<.:nl in lhe manufacture of PVC
pi pe is clcarly displayed iii lile ex tcnsive and sopll ist kaled sl:lt istica I sam-
253(, Ullpbsliclled polyvmyl diloridc (PVC) ]'ICS\lJrC pipes :lIld fit· pling :ll1d t<.:sting requirements imposed by lhe PVC piping industry on its
lings, Illctric scries Dlll1Cnsiolls uf !lange,
constitu..:nt manuracturing members. The lklllands or rnod~'l"Il fluid distri-
2703 !luried unpb~lidlCd pplyvillyl chloride (PVC) pipes lor the bution and colkctioll piping systems ll;iV~' b~'el1 Illel not only by adv;1I1Cl;d
supply of gascous fUl'b ~lell ic series Spc'(lf!c':11 iun
malluracturing speciric:lliorls and ll'chnology but also by critic:dly important
3126 Plastic pLJles- ~lc:lsurell1L'llt 01 dlillellsiom advanced testing requin;I1H;nts :11ld technology the final insur:lllce to the
consumer th:lt PVC pipe will consistently ;lI1d reli:lbly serve his long-term
3460 Unplastici/ed polyvillyl chloride (PVC) prcssure pipcs ~lct ric
series - Dilllensioll5 of adapter for backing llange Il<.:eds.
Testing in the PVC pipe industry may generally be divided into three
3472 Unplastici/cd polyvinyl l;hloriJc (PVC) pipcs -- SpcciflC;Jtion categories: qualification testing, quality control testing_ and assurance
and determination of resistancc to acctonc
testing. Each testing category is a signincant and vital part of the final
insurance that PVC pipe will serve with reliability antl durability through
the life of its intended applications.
UNI-BELL Uni-Bcll Plastic Pipe Association
Frequently, the purpose and value of the different categories of
2655 Villa Creek Drive, Suite 164
RECOMMENDED Dallas, Texas 75234 testing are misinterpreted and confused. This chapter is offered to define
STANDARDS (214) 243-3902 simply the purpose and value of testing requirements as established by
engineers, specifiers, and owners and as implemented by PVC pipe manu-
UNI-B-J Thermoplastic pipe joints, Prcssure and Non-Pressure Application facturers_
UNI-B-2 (Rev) Cancelled - See AWWA Standard C900 General definitions and description of the testing categories pre-
sented in a desired specification are:
UNI-B-3 Installation of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pressure Pipe (Comply- Qualification Testing. Qualification Testing is performed on piping
ing with AWWA Standard C900)
products and the materials from which they are produced to insure that the
UNI·B4 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic gravity sewer pipe and fittings finished products can conform, without exception, to th~ requirements of
applicable specifications. Qualification Testing must demonstrate that the

78 79
 HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE
materials, process equipments, and manufacturing technology, when used
in the production of a specifIed product, can consistently yield, through
proper production procedures and controls, finished products which
comply with applicable specifications.
Quality Control Testing. Quality Control Testing is routinely per-
formed on a statistical sampling as PVC piping products are manufactured
to insure that proper production procedures and controls are consistently
implemented as required to yield quality products which comply with
applicable specifications. Quality Control Testing includes but is not
limited to insp'ection and testing to define proper dimensional, physical,
mechanical, electrical, and chemical properties. Frequently, Quality
Control Tests are required which may not dcfine a desired finished product
property but do rerify the use of proper procedureS and controls in the
manufaduring process,
Assurance Testing, Assurance Testing is performed :It thL' com~
pletion or manufacturing proL'CSS on a statistical sampling to inSlll\: that
properties and qu:.llilit.:s lkfined in finished products consistently ~IIHI
fL'liably satisfy the n:quireml'nts or applicabh: SI)L'cinc~ltions. :\ssur:lJ1Ce
Testing is the final illsur:Jnct.: orfered b~l till' l11:IIlUf:ll.:tlln:r to till' user that :1
1!iven sjH.:cinl.,'l! product will l'ntirl'ly satisfy lIlL' user's !leeds.
QUALIFICATION TESTS
Qualification Tests will vary in accord with tin: spt.:ciried n:quirements
for finished PVC piping products.
Qualification tests \vill vary 1'01' pressure and nUll-pressure piping
products, just as th\!ir relative design properties vary. Toxicological testing,
although critical to the qualification of raw materials for manufacture 01'
potable water distribution pipe. is meaningless in the qualification for
manufacture of sanitary sewer pipe. In general, these tests evaluate the
properties of raw materials and finished products to establish that specified
design properties required in the finished product can be consistently and
reliably attained.
Qualification tests commonly used in the manufacture of PVC pipe
are performed to evaluate the following design properties:
PVC Extrusion Compound Cell Classification Testing - as defined in
ASTM D 1784 performed to establish primary mechanical and chemical
properties of the PVC material from which the finished product is pro-
duced. This qualification test is typically required for all PVC plplllg
products.
80
CfL\' IV - PVC PIPE :\IANUFA("TLJRING AND TESTING
Toxicological Testing - performed to verify the absence of chemicals
in quantities \\thich cal1 be reasonably termed toxic, carcinogenic, or
mutagenic to an extent which can be expected to produce adverse physio-
logical effect to man when ingesting materials which are to be conveyed by
the piping product. This qualification test must be required for all PVC
potable water distribution piping products.
Organoleptic Testing - performed to evaluate the taste and odor
producing properties of PVC materials and piping products which are
designed for conveyance of materials to be ingested by man. This quali-
fication test is commonly required for all PVC potable water distribution
piping products,
L(Jug-term IlydrU5!lllic Design Slress Tes/ing - performed to estab-
Iisit till' maximum allowable tensile stress ill tite wall of PVC pipe in a
cin:umrt:rcntial oricntation (hoop stress) duc to internal pressure applied
continuously with a high level or L'crtainty that failure or the pipe cannot
occur. This qualification lest must be- relJuin:d for all PVC prcssurc pipe
t:.\ lrusion com pounds.
Joining S',J'SICIll P('}jUJ'lllilllCt' Tesling is pcrrol'llll:d undn bbor-
:1{Ory conditions to verify :1 kak rret: design or ~l spccil'it:d pipl' joint whicll
will Illaintain a proper connection and seal in a required application. The
applicahk lJtl~lliricatioll tests ~lrt: reCOlllJ1lCIH.lcd hy tile Uni-Bell Plastic Pipe
:\ssociatioll for both pressure and non-pressure applications for PVC piping
products .
• Cell Classification Testing. ASnl D 1784.
Standard Specirication ror Rigid Poly (Vinyl
Chloride) Compounds provides a nationally
accepted standard means for selecting and
identirying rigid PVC compounds ror manu-
facture of specified PVC piping products. Cell
classification provides " standard means of
categorizing PVC piping production materials
to establish identification of the PVC materials
and their minimum property values. (See
Chapter II - PVC Pipe Compounds.)
Qualification testing for cell classification
of a PVC extrusion compound is essential to ~~~;'~';'?TUE:~TOl':~~'~;OflATIO'"
insure that a finished PVC piping product can provide required mechanical
and chemical properties in any specified application. This qualification
testing Illllst be performed in accordance with requirements and procedures
8t
 CIlIER IV - PVC PIPE MANUFACTURING A;'\D TESTING
HANDBOOK Or: PVC PIP£

In addition to evaluation of extractant water. PVC piping products

defined in ASTM D 1784.
Specified requirements include tests to determine: are analyzed by name-ionization gas chromatography to insure th:lt a maxi-
mum limit of 10 parts per million (PPM) residual vinyl chloride monomer
Impact Strength (lzod)
(RVCM) is not exceeded. The maintenance of this RVCr.llimit in piping
Tensile Strength
walls insures that there is no reasonable expectation that RYC!'>l can migrate
Modulus of Tensile Elasticity
into potable water. Sophisticated test equipment sensitive to 2.0 parts per
Deflection Temperature under Load
billion (PPB) will consistently be unable to detect RYCl\I in potable water
Chemical Resistance
conveyed by PVC piping which contains less than 10 PPM RYCM in pipe
Toxicological Testing. Toxicological evaluation of PYC piping mate- walls.
Toxicological testing mllst be considered a required qualification test
rials is conducted in accordance with procedures set forth in Appendix A
of National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) Standard No. 14. PVC piping for all PVC materials and piping products specified for potabk water appli-
prod Llets :Ind fll:.lterials arc evaluated through testing 0 f ex tractan t aggre~­ cation.
sive water to which the products or materials arc exposed to insure lhat Organolep!ic IT:lstc and Odor) Testing. Org:lno!cpliL' l"v:iluation of
max imum aCCL' jHabk concen tralions of harmful su bsl:lIH:CS do no l exceed PVC piping materi:ds is conducted in accort!:JJKe with procedllf\.:'s scI forth
in ApPl"ndix A of :\SF S[:IJHlanJ 14. PVC piping proJudS an: t:\'ailialcd
lim its established ill the U. S. 1:llvi rOlllllen tal Protection :\gcncy National
In1l:rim Prim~lry Drinking Water Regul:ltiolls, 1975 edition. and additional through [esling of L'xtract:mt aggressivL' water to whit:h the products arL'
exposed lo insurt: thal maximum pL'frnissibk lastL' :lnd udor limlls I..'slab-
limits established hy the NSF Industry Advisory Committee on Thermo-
lisl1L'd by the N ation:1! San i[al ion r:OllJH!:llion are nul t: xCt:L'lkd.
plastic Pipe.
Chl:lllical :lnt! physic;d analysis Ih:rformcd hy tile Natiollal Sanita- An:dysis performed by the i'-:ational S;1I1il:ltion Foundation or ap-
tion F(lund ation or :lpproWt! eq uivalcn t tcst iIll-: lahor;l! ory mllst cstablisll proved t'q uiva knt test il1g Iabor:ltory mllst L'st ah lish [hat ex lr;lcta nt \Va leI'
L'\ poscd lo PVC pi ping prod uds spcci fit:d for potable w~llc r ap plica lion
that ex tractan t \Va tn ex posed to I've piping prod L1cls and ma le rials
doL'S !lol exceL'd acct:plabk limits of taste :l11d odor. This evalU:llion is
specified for potable water application docs nol contain contaminanls
conducted in accordancc wilh the Standard 1\lclhods for thc Examinalion
in I,:'xcess of thc followi Ilg limi ls:
of Watcr and Wastcwa lc r. All1crican Pu bJic lIealt h Associa lion. :\ WW 1\
TABLE 9 - MAXIMUM CONTAMINANT LIMITS and WpeF. Results art: dctcrmincd based on thc 1l10difiL'd paired sample
dilution tL'chniquc. TIle l\'SF thrcshold limit of acccplancc shall not cx-
Con tam inan t Maximum Limit (mgfl) cccd a geometric mean of 40.
Plastic piping manufacturers offer
Antimony* 0.05 the only piping material in potable water
0.05
Arsenic use routinely tested to provide consumers
Barium 1.00
with additional assurance of non-detect~
Cadmium 0.01
0.05 able taste and odor properties.
Chromium (hexavalent)
0.05 Long-Term Hydrostatic Design Stress
Lead
i\lercury 0.002 Testing. Long-term hydrostatic design
Selenium om stress testing is conducted in accordance
Tin* 0.05 with Plastics Pipe Institute (1'1'1) Technical
Total Dissolved Solids* [70 Variation}
Report PPI-TR3, Policies and Procedures
*NSF esrablis!u:d limits 0/ acceptance not defined ill US PHS Drinking Water for Developing Recommended Hydrostatic
Design Stress for Thernloplastic Pipe ivlate- ~~~~t~Ti:~~~tl~~$O'(R~~RATC:O
Standards.
82 83
HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE CHA""'R IV - PVC PIPE MANUFACnJRING AND TESTING

rials. The basic test method for obtaining long-term pipe test data is de-
fined in ASTM Standard D2837, Standard Method for Obtaining Hydro-
static Design Basis for Thermoplastic Pipe Materials.
The Hydrostatic Design Stress (5) for PVC pipe is established as
follows:
EQUATION I
5 = HDB
F
Where:
5 4
Hydrostatic Design Stress, psi
HDB= Hydrostatic Design Basis, psi
F = Selected Safety Factor
The Hydrost:ltic Design l3asis (HDD) for a given PVC pipe extrusion
compound is established through long term hydrostatic pressure testing of
PVC pipe extruded from that compound. The qualification test for one
givcn PVC pipe extrusion compound is conducted in accordance with
ASTivl Standard D~S37 and involves testing of one lot of pipe for 10.000
hours and two additional Jots of pipe from the same compound for 2.000
hours to establish the stress regression line from which the I!DB is c;l1"
culateJ in accordance with PP['-TR 3. Tilt.: Ilydrostatic Dcsign Stress for
the given PVC pipe compound is then calculated by dividing the est;Jhlished
IIDB by the desired safety factor (F) defined in the speeirication for the
specific preSSllft.: piping application.
The response of PVC pipe to hoop stress caused by internal pressure
is timc dependent. Therefore, the qualification test to derine long term S
for extrusion compounds is critical to insure proper long term performance
of PVC pressure pipe. (See Chapter V - Static and Dynamic Loadings).
The HDB for PVC 1120 must be established at a level equal to or
greater than 4000 psi. The HDB is derived for constant hydrostatic stress
loading for 100,000 hours at 73.4 F 03 C). The S ratings required for
PVC 1120 Pressure Pipe defined for commonly used safety factors are as
follows:
TABLE 10 - HYDROSTATIC DESIGN STRESS
Safety Factor Hydrostatic Design Stress*
2000 psi
2: I
2.5: I 1600 psi
3: I 1300 psi
*S mlues rounded all to nearest 100 psi
Joining System Performance Testing. PVC pipe joint performance
testing is recommei1ded to insure proper joint design which will yield re-
quired long term perfonnance of PVC pipe joints in both pressure and non-
pressure applications. Joining systems commonly used in the installation
of PVC pipe are:
In tegral bell gasketed joints
Integral bell solvent cemented joints
Gasketed Couplings
Solvent Cemented Couplings
Gasketed Fittings
Solvent Cemented Fittings
Qualification tests should be performed by manufacturers to estab-
lish that the joining system offered will insure that the joint or coupling
design will seal in the specified application.
The Uni-Bell Plastic Pipe Association recommends the use of Uni-Bdl
Gaskekd Joints in direct connedion of pipe in continuous PVC pipe lines.
Qualification testing or Uni·lklI joints should be performL'd in accordance
with Section 4, Laboratory Performance Requireml:nts, as defined in Uni-
Bell l{eCO!t1l1len tied S ta ntLtrd. UN I-B-l , Tile rmoplastic Pi pe Join ts, Pressure
:lJltl NOll"IHcssure Applications. Performance testing of Uni"lklI joints in
accordance with tllis recoml1lL'nded stand;ml subjects specific joint designs
to laboratory test for rL'sponse to both intL'rnal hydrostatic pressurL' and to
inkrnal vacuum or external pressure. Tht.: joint design is evaluakd through
testing of a represt.:lltative series of sample joints under the follo\Vin~ con-
ditions: ~
Assembled joint in straight alignment
Assembled joint in angular deflection
Assembled joint in offset deflection
Joining systems represen t the single largest source of problems and
failures in the use of any piping material: plastic, iron, clay, concrete,
asbestos cement, or copper. The consumer and engineer should be familiar
with qualification testing requirements for all piping products and should
insist on verification of results.
QUALITY CONTROL TESTS AND INSPECTION
Quality Control Tests are defined for a given PVC pipe in the appIi"
cable product specification. ~lany quality control tests and procedures are
common to all PVC pipe products. Others apply only to certain products.
A universal requirement in the manufacture of all pipe products is

84 85
HANDBOOK OF pVC PWE

that the manufacturt;r must take adequate measures to insure fuli compli- ProducE Packaging. 'The finished package of PVC pipe prqxned
ance with th~ applicable product standard. This is accomplish~'d through for shipmen t to the customer should be inspected to insure correct
quality control inspection and testing. pipe quantity and adequate protection of the pipe. (Sec Chapter
Quality Control Inspection. IV - Packaging.)
Proper Workmanship. Inspection is conducted to assure that the Quality Control Tests,
PVC pipe is homogeneous throughout ~ free from voids. cracks, Quick Burst Test. The
inclusions Jnd other defects - and reasonably uniform in color. PVC pipe sample is pressurized
density, and other physical properties. Pipe surfaces are inspected to burst the sample within a
to insure that they are free from nicks, gouges, severe scratches. and test time period of 60-70
other su€h blemishes. Joining surfaces of pipe spigots and integral seconds. Burst pressure mea-
belt gaskett.'d joints are inspected to insure freedom from damage sured must L'xct.:'L'd minimum
:ll1d imperfections. burst pressure rcq uiremen ts in
Dili/e!l:>i. il/.I', l\kasun::men t 0 ( cri tical dimensions on a rt:g.ular ~lnd tll,; applicable product sp:.:cifi·
systematk b;bi~ i~ eS~t:ntial. Failure to meet critical dimL'mional re· catIon. Quick burst k~ting i~ ",.OTO COhiI/Tt:'.;,y 0., Ci·Hl'A~f.'Ti.,t.n (OI,"L,UATHd4

q uin: Illen b rcntk rs the prod uct unsa tisfactory reg:lrdkss of success conducted 111 accordance with
achieved In other in~p,'([ions and tesh, All dill1ellSlon:l! llleaSlll\> AST~l D ISq,),

lllcnts are made in accorl!:ll1ce with AST.\[ ])2122. Dinh:nsion;l! FlOf[('/1IIh: '{'('.Il, TlIl' PVC .-,.l>'lj'''_''''''''''''
measun:Il1L';\h comnlOnly n:quired include: pip,' s~llllpk i" lbllt:llnl l)L'·
hi': UiallletL'l' tWl','I) IllO\'Jng par:tlkl plaks.
j'q':.: Wall Tllid,nt.:ss WIl,'!l till' PII'l' s;JJllpk is Ihi-
(h ~di {y (() 1I [-(1 t'- Round ness) tl'nl'd by (>0' Ulltil till' point
I

lkll Joint Dilllcnsions w!ll're Ih,; disi;lllCl' bl'tWL'l'l1

L::n~tli tlIl' paralkl platl's equals 40';
Dime nsion~l1 n:qu irt.: ments a n; de fi ncd in prud 1I t:l speci rica tions. A II or till' ori).'inal outside dia· ".. <,TO "<,,,"n-.v '"
JO~jN~·t~Io,U\lIt.Lr. !.AI.r,,," (:o-l>I'OI'~T~ON

dime nsion:ll Illeasun::meil ts liskd above may no t bc rct] ui rcd ill so Ille meter tlIl' s;lInpk siiouid dis·
product sp\.'j fica tions, play no l'vidt:l1ce of splitting, cracking or breakin~.
Product ,l[arking. Inspection should verify proper marking of the !:'.Y(l'lIsi{))1 (}lIa!ir.1' Test. Thl' I've pipe sampk I:; inlln0rsed in
pipe as required in the applicable product specification. ~Jarking of anlIydrous (dry) acetonl' for a speciried duration. WlIen removd
PVC pipe commonly includes: from tl1L' aCt.'tollt: batii at the speciCied tiIl1L', tlJe pipL' sampk should
i\bnufacturer's Name or Trademark no t display evidence 0 r !laking or d isin kgration. Ex trusiol1 q llali ty
l\ominal Pipe Size and Size Base testing is conducted in accord-
P\"( Cell Classification or ivlaterial Code ance with :\STi\! 02152. This
Dimension Ratio or Standard Dimension Ratio Number test only distinguishes between
Product Type, Pressure Class, or Pressure Rating un fused and properly fused
Standard Specification Designation PVC pipe,
Production Record Code Pi/)(! Ill/pac! Test. The
Certification Seales) (if required) PVC pipe samples aw placed
Inspection should also \'erify that identification markings will remain on a specified holder ~ll1d arc
legible during normal handling, storage, and installation. subjected to 1i11pact by a 111ctnl o!~ CI~n'tAI·;;'TCt-:t.l CO~U'OfO\nON-A
t'.H>l"'O C':OUR"rT::SV

86 87

HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE
ttlp of the defined tup geometry and weight falling from a specified
height. Impact resistance by PVC pipe is n::portcd in foot-poUJllls
(Joules) of impact. Impact resistance testing is conducted in accord-
ance with ASTM D2444. Impact resistance testing is conducted as a
quality control procedure; it should not be considered a field accept-
ance test.
Pipe Sriffness Test. The PVC pipe sample is tlattened berween
parallel plares to 5 percent datum del1ection at which point the force
req uired to achieve deflection is accurately mC3sured. This force, per
unit len~th divided by the vertical deflection, is expressed in units of
pounds per lineal inch per inch (lbfjin.in) (kPal and is termed the pipe
stilTness at SSt deflecrion uall1m. Defknion d~ilum r,:IS6 Olller ti!;I!1
Y; may be appropri~Jle for some products. Pip\.' Stiffncs, rcsllng is
COIH.I uckd in accordance \\'ith proceLl ur\.'\ definL'd ill :\S'I\1 O.>~ J 2,
The 5~; rneasurel11L'nt used in 1'1PL' Stillness lL:'S[1I1g shollld not Ix
interprett:U as a neld pedorm~,nct' lllnit or dt'sig.n allow:lncL',
Quality control tl:stin~ must not bl: confust'd witi! f!L'ld ;ICCL'pi;lllCL"
testing. Various quality control procedures call be properly conduded
only during the manufacturing process.
QUALITY ASSURANCE TESTIr-;G
Quali ty Assurance Tests may be defined 1'0 r PVC pi pc in prod ud
specifications. Quality Assurance Tests may be derined and l'L'(lllin:d In the
terms of purchase agreements. Quality Assurance Testing. nlusl be con-
sidered final insurance of product quality.
Sustained Pressure Test. The PVC pipe samples are subJected to
sustained hydrostatic pressure for 1000 hours, At tlle sustained pressure
88
I
,I elL /ER!V - PVC PIPE ....lANLiFACTURING Al\'D TESTING
1
i, specified in the applicable product standard. the SJmDle should not fail,
i
[
balioon, burst, or weep. Sustained pressure testing is c~nducted in accord-
"~
ance with ASTM D1598 and D2241.
t Hydrostatic Proof Test. The Hydrostatic Proof-Test is required in
I the manufacture of PVC municipal water main in accordance with A \VWA
Standard C900. In this test, every piccr:: of PVC water main is proof-tested
at four times its rated class pressure through application of hydrostatic
pressure for a minimum dwell time of 5 seconds.
TEST CERTIFICATION AND WARRAl'\TY
Qualification tests, quality control tests and inspection, and assur-
~IJlCL' teSb. as required, :Jrc essenti;l! to the fll:.ll1uf:.ldure or quality !'VC
pipe, Pro pn pcrlorm ~l!1CL' wi th ~I C~\:pl;d}k n:slllts j~ nol al ways read ily
est ~l blisheJ through cursory visual eX;lfllina tion of a finish L'd prod LILt. or
course, lllLlt'h of a purchaser's assuran<:L' of proper prodlld oualitv is rdated
to his st'kction of a reputabk, reJiabk m;lnLifacltJrt'r. 1Io\~'L'\'er: ~l ntllliber
or forms of rL'cognizl:d assurances ~Il'<: ;Ivailabk to a Pllr~'haser: reco!.:nl/.ed
;IPPI'O\";]1 ;lJld listing, Jllallufactun:r's warranty, il1dcp~ndenl InsPccllo'n, ,tnd
1ll:lllllf:lclllrL'r's compliallcl: sl;llclllenb.
\.
. Recognized Approv;J! and Listing, The llS~' of ;Ippw\";d and lisling by
lIldcpcnden t lest iJl~ laborat ories is COllllllO 11 for I've pip': ma ll11faclurers.
Many PVC pipe products are marked with the seal of approval frolll various
independe nt, 1hird -parly ce rli fica lion bboratorks. Potable wa ter pipe and
drain-waste-and-vent (DWVl piping is routinely inspectt:d. lested. and
cerlif"ied for lise in the United States by lhe National Sanitation FOllnda-
tion (NSF). i\lunicipal W:ltcr and fire main as well as electrical conduit
are commonly certifit'd by Underwriter's Laboratories (ULJ, Potable water
pipe and various other piping products are routinely certified for use in
Canada by Canadian Standards Association (CSA). The Plastics Pipe
Institute (PP1) lists Recommended Hydrostatic Design Stress Ratings for
many plastic pipe compounds, Factory Iviutual pro:icles listing fa; PVC
water pipe. Other testing l:lboratories and organizations offer listing service
for various PVC pipe compounds and products.
i\lanufacturer's Warranty, l\lanufaclurer's warranty is a condition of
sak specific to the agreement estab.lished between a manufacturer and
customer regarding quality and performance of pipe products purchased. A
standard warranty for PVC pipe products does not exist althou"h many are
similar. Terms of warranty shoulcl not be assumed and should ""be obt;ined
from the manufacturer.
HANDBOOK OF PVC P[!'E

Independent Inspection. Various governmental agencies conduc(ll1- CHAPTER IV

dependent inspection and testing of PVC pipe used within their jurisdiction.
BiBUOGRAPHY
A number of independent laboratories offer their services to engineers,
con tractors, and owners who wish third-party inspection and testing of I. Heilmayr, Petcr F. "PVC Pipc Kecps Rolling .!dong." Plastics EngHlcering (Jan.
lC)76), p. 26.
PVC pipe.
Manufacturer's Co~npliance Statement. Statements of Compliance ') "Policics <lnd Pr~ce~~Jres for ~cveloping Rccommended llydrostatic Design Strcsses
are recognized as an acceptable term of purchase. V3.riOllS PVC pipe for .Therln~pbstlc [Ip~ tlbtena1s. PPl Technical Report, PP!·TR3." Pla5tics Pipe
[nstltutc, l'cw York, i\'.Y. (June 1975). .
standards require that the manufacturer shall, if required by the purchaser,
furnish a statement that all delivered materials comply with requirements 3. ".Recol11mcnded St:lnd~n.l Specification for Thermoplastic PIpe Joints, Pressure and
J':i0n.prcssurc Apphc.1tIOI1S, Ul\!·B·l." Uni·Bell Piastic Pipe Associ:nion Dallas
of applicabk" standards and of the purchaser. Compliance statements may 1 CX;lS (19771. ' ,
be in the form of a compliance certificate, a compliance affidavit, test
results. or a copy of test rcports for the pipe. 4. Sarvctniek. Harold A. }'ujYl'ilJ)'1 Cfrloride. Vim .'\ostrand Reinhold Co .. Ncw 'r'ork.
?\.Y. (1%'1\,
Members of the Uni-Bell Plastic Pipe Association place -.:ontinuing
cmphasis on q u:dity products and s~r\'ic~. 5. Stllll(~anl ,\jerilOJs ji)/' tilL' FXaJlill!iJ!lOIl of ll 'atCT allJ '\11lCrlC,1l1 PubiJc
ill:.lS!('lI';J{CI'.
Ik:J11I Amcrk:ln \"akr Work i\~~U~'j:Jllun
t\\\lICl:J\IUI1. allJ W:lkr l'uJlulIull C.Ulltr,,)
h:,krat lUll. 14th Edilll)1l Il LJ 75 I.
PACKAGI?\G Ai\D SHIPPING
At the l:ondusion of productioll
processes, inspection, and It'sting, the
PVC pipL' products are pn:pared for ship-
ment to the cuslolllt:r;-,. Various acc-.:pt-
able lllL'thods 01' product packaging an:
commOl] in the PVC pipe induslry. PVC
pipe is properly packagt:d for shiplllt:llt
when it can be delivered to the project
site witholll dam;Jgc when llsing equipment and handling procedures l) "Standard .\klho~l (~f TC$\~ I"o.r Impact RC~I~l:II1CC or ThernlDpla~tlc PlpC and ht .
C01llmon to the industry. Proper shipping and h:llldling procedures should .t~n~s by ~k;ll1s of a ! up (hi lhni' Weight). ASDI D~4-+·1"· Amcrican Sodc ly for
r cstlng aild ,\bleriab. l'hilaJelphi:l. 1';1. ( r 970 J.
be provided by the manUf'lclllI'cr.
The manufacturer will routinely instruct tbe carrier on proper hand- 10. "Standard :-'lcth~d of Tc~t for Quahty of Extruded Poly (Vinyl ChloriJ..:l Pipe by
ling and tie-down proct.::dures. Upon acceptance of PYC pipe by a commer- Ac.etOllc ImmcrSlon. AST~1 82152," American Society ror Tcstin~ ,IlIJ t-Lllcrial~.
Plllladclplll:I. Pa. (196 7). . ~
cial carrier with agrccmcn t to deliver to an established dt:stin:ltion, the
responsibility for the prodnct is assumed by the carrier. (Sce Chapter VI - 11. :'Stan~lard :-'ktho~ of Test ro.~ Short·Timc Rupturc Strength of Plastic Pipe. T\lbll1~
Receiving, Storage, and Handling.) and ~ll tlng,. AS 1 ~·I D ISl)[), Amcrican SocIety for Testirw and I\latcrials. Pbi\J.. .
delphw. P;L ( 1974). -

12. "Standard Method of Test for Time·to·Failure of Plastic Pipe Under Constant
In~crnal P:cssure. ASHl D 1598." American Society for Testin" and l\laterbls
Pllliadelplm. Pa. (1976). " .

13. "S.tandanl ;''';0: l~, for T!lermopla~tic Materials. Pipe, Fillings, Valves, Traps. and
JOlnll1g Matenals. Nahonal S311l(ation Foundation Ann Arbor ~rl·'11'I"aI1 (D"
1973). '. . .. ~" .l:.

90 91
HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE

CHAPTER IV

BmLIOGRAPHY - Continued

14. "Standard Specification for Rigid Poly (Vinyl Chloride) Compounds and C}llo.rina~ed
Poly (Vinyl Chloride) Compounds. ASTi\'l D1784." American Society lor festlllg
and Malerials, Philadelphia, Pa. (1975).

15. Winding, Charles C. and Gordon D. Hiatt, Polymeric Malcrials, i\1cGraw-HiH, New
York. New York (1961).
CHAPTER V
16. "United States Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards." U.S. PHS Pub!.
No. 956 (1964).

DESIGN

T L'chnic:ll design d:lta and rdationships are dcllned and ft:bted to

propt:r dt.:si~n feCOllllllL'lH.lations I'Of USt.: of PVC pipt.'. Dt.'sign tbuJ and
n:collllllcndatiolls aft.' sep;lrated into the following categories:

Static alld Dyllamic Loadillgs

Bcnding, Ikllection. and Support
l:xpansion and Contraction
llydralilics
Application Precautions

Design recommendations arc grouped herein by specific design para-

meters and are not grouped by individual pip!..: applications, since most
design parameters must be considered in the same manner regardless of
pipt' applications. The organization of this chapter. as described. eliminates
much repetition.

92 93
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 CHA!'TER V - DESIC's
H/u"4DBOOK OF PVC PIPE

CHAPTER V Pipe/iuc Design for IVaiCr and Wastewater

American Society of Civil Engineers
DESIGN
Published by:
Amerkan Society of Civil Engineers
Design practices common to the effective application of all piping 345 East 47th Street
products are, in gn::at measure, applicable to the design of PVC piping i\ew York, New ''{ork JOOI7
systems. 1\1ore specifically, design practices related to the use of flexible
conduits are applied when designing PVC piping systems, Various design Great Lakes - Uppert\lississippi River Board or State Sanitary
Enginct.'rs Rt'commended Standards for Scwage Works (for
procedures, relatively few in number, apply specifically to the Ilcxibility
< Water Works) (Two Doculllents) (10 Stat~:: SC..lIHJaru::.)
and hydraulic characteristics of PVC pipe and must be properly understood
for optimum performance of the product. Publls.hed by:
fle:!!!!l Edu,:':llion Scr\'ict~
Design dat~l and rt:collllllendation:.; offered in thb cklp!cr r~pr~::;t.'Jl(
P. 0, B\J~ ~ 2,\3
a nllmb~r or :lcc;:pkd and provell practict:s. TlIt' aCClllllubtloll or kno\\'~ Alb:lllY, \C\\ l\lfk 1.22.::'-i
It:dgc on enginet.'ring (ksign or PVC pipl' Sy'stl'lll::; I'efk\.'h tilL' l'flOrts oj'
scientbb. eng.illel'r~, and operators over a IkTiud of time dating b;It.J. to J'/asrics Pi/ling .1l1/J/uul :Jlld Book of Tee/ullcal Rlpon.\, .\urcs.
the mid 1930's. It also renects the ~oplJistication of mmkrn tl't.'illlUlu!!y. /{CCnJlllllC}I<}i/fioIlS alld .S'!l/fellli'lIfS I'b;-.tics Pipt.' In':.tititc
As a d~:signL:d product of modern !echnology, PVC pip:: is, IJ1dL'L'lI, \vt.'ll [1'1' II
Pla:->tlt'\ PIp:" ImllllJte
suitl.'d to st:rvt: in properly designed ;lpplicatiolls.
!)j\'l\IOIl ollhl' Sonet)' of tile PI:1:-.tlt'S Illdu<;try
35) Lnlll~:lol1 AVl'lllll'
I'UBLiSIlED DESIGN GUIDi:S AND RECOiII,\IENDATIONS i'l'W York. ;\t'w York 10017
In suppknH:nl to design (bta :Jnd n..' colllIlH.:ndatiolls olll'fl'd III this
chapter, other applIcable tlt:sign guicks. and n,:colllll1l'IHbtions publislll'd Prl'SSllIT Pipl' Applicltions
by various organi;.atlons and agencies should be cOllsidL'red. i\ p;lrti~lI lisl ",\WII'A Design Requirelilents and Criteria ror PVC II~O
of publicatiolls applicable to. design of PVC piping SystclllS is submitted Waler Pipe. Appendi, A. AII'II'I\ Standard C900"
American Water Works Association
for n:fl'rl'ilcc: 666() West QUilll:Y Avcnuc
General Applicltions Denver. Color:Hlo 00:235
A I'Il'A - /1 CC Slalldard S{!ec(lica I iOIl j(;r Public Works
COllslmelioll (Creell Book) "~I:.mllal or Practice No.2, Water Systems - Pipe and Piping"
Amcrican Public Works Association Water and Wastes Engineering, George E. SymQns
1313 E, 60th Street Published by:
Chkago, Illinois 60637 Dun·Donne[Jcy Publishing Corporation
666 Fifth Avcnue
Associated General Contractors New York. New York 10019
:551 Bevcrly Boulev;'lTd
Los Angeles, California 90057 Irrigalioll Halldbook amI Directory
Available from: North Plains Press
Building News, Inc. Aderbeen, North Dakota
3055 Overland Avenue
Los Angeles, California 90034

96 97
 CHAPTER V - DS':i!G'-<
HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE
"Manual of PracLice No.3, Wastewater Systems - Pipes a"d
Sprinkler Irrigation Handbook Piping" Water and Wastes Engineering, George E. Symons
The Irrigation Associati?n Published by:
13975 Connecticut Avenue, Suite 310 Dun-Donnelley Publishing Corporation
Silver Spring, Maryland 20906 666 Fifth Avenue
New York, New York 10019
published by:
Brantwood Publications, Inc. STATIC AND DYNAMIC LOADINGS
Book Division In the design of PVC piping systems, consideration must be given 10
P. O. Drawer 77
Elm Grove, Wisconsin 53122 stress applications common to all piping systems. Stress loading can he
incurred due to hydrostatic pressure, surge pressure, earth or dead 10M.
N'atu<.li Gas Distribution and Transmission Applicat~on:
0
.
t b tlon Piping
and various Hve loads. PVC pipe displ(lys unique responSt' to comIliEl
"ASME Guide for G:1S Transmission alll I IS n Ll stress loadings when compared with various tradition:!] rigid pipe products.
Systems" - 1973 _ . PVC pipe, a llexible thermoplastic conduit, will respond to stress wiJh
The American Sudety of Mechanical l:n~lllecrs dependence upon common variable conditions: temperature and tim,-,
United Engineering Cenler
duration of stress application. 11owcvl:r, PVC pipe responsl: to common
345 East 47th Street
stress applications under varying ambient conditions is significantly dil-
New York, New York 10017
r~r('n I wlJL:1l com pa red wi I h non-plastic pi pe responsc. Design considCfj-
"AGA Plastic Pipe Manual for Gas Servicc" April 1971, tions must. of COllfS!.:. rerled the specif'ic properties of PVC pipe.
Catalog No. X50% 7
I\meric:1ll G;IS I\ssllcial lOll INTERNAL HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
1515 Wllsoll Bou!cV,lrd PVC pipe. when manufactured for prl:ssurc applications, is rakd
Arlington, Virginia 22209
for pressure capacity in accord with applicable pressure pipe standards.
. fC' - S ,-t 'I11S" November 1970, In North America, PVC pipe is rated for pressure capacity at 73.4 F (23 CI.
"i\laintenance and Operation 0 dS) S ~ . - ; . , AFi\1 91-6
Army Ti\15.654, NAVFAC-MO 120, Air lor,,\; . 1 The pressure capacity of PVC pipe is significantly related to its operatirrg
Superintcndcnt of Documents temperature (See Chapter III Aggressive Environments - Thermal). As
U. S. Govcrnmcnt Printing Office operating temperature falls below 73.4 F (23 C), the pressure capacity oj
Washington, D. C. 20402
PVC pipe increases to a level higher than its pressure rating or class. On tbe
other hand, as operating temperature rises above 73.4 F (23 C), the pres-
Sewer Pipe Applications . - F 1 I
. \' o. 3/ (WPC'
ASCE Mantlal of Engineering Practice, . . 1\ 011110 sure capacity of PVC pipe decreases to a level below its pressure rating or
of Practice No.9) Design and Cons{l'1Ictiol1 of Sall/fary alld class. Figure 7 and Table 13 display the response 0 f PVC pressure pipe 10
Storm Sewers change in operating temperature. Anticipated operating temperature is a
American Society of Civil Enginecrs critical factor which must be considered in the proper design of a PVC
345 East 47th Street pressure piping system. The hydrostatic pressure capacity of PVC pipe is
Ncw York, New York 10017
tern perature dependent.
Water Pollution Control Federation The hydrostatic pressure capacity of PVC pil?e is also time dependent.
2626 Pennsylvania Avenue N.W. The time duration of a given hydrostatic pressure applic<ltion must be
Washington, D. C. 20037
considered in the design of a PVC pressure piping system. PVC pi~.
because of its inherent nature, can withstand short-term pressure surgeS
substantially higher than those permittee! by its long-term strength. Tradi-
HANDBOOK OF PVC rfl'E
tional non-plastic pressure pipes display insignillcant difference between
short-term and long-term design strength. A pre~sure rating for non-plastic
pipe based on quick burst testing is satisfactory. However, the hydrostatic
pressure capacity of PVC pipe, as defined by its pressure rating or pressure
class, is derived through long-term hydrostatic pressure testing conducted
to establish long-term strength. A pressure rating for PVC pipe based on
short-term strength is not satisfactory.
Design based 011 short-term strength of PVC pipe would be, indeed,
deceptive. jFor example, Pressure Class 150 PVC Pipe (AWWA C900) will
easily with~tand a short-term application of 755 psi (5.21 l'v1Pa) hydrostatic
pressure for 1 minute. However, applic3tion of the same pressure for 5
minmes could result in pipe burst. 111 a fUrl he r example. Pressure Class 150
PVC Pipe (A WWA C900) theoretically will withstand constunt :lpplicatioll
of i 50 psi ( I .03 MPa) hye! rostatic pressure for in e xeess of 1000 years. The
pr~ssurl' class 01" the product ll1ust be based on long-term strength. The
pipe's capacity to withstand short-term applications of substantially higher
hydrostatic pressure applications ll1ust be considered a bonus property not
defined in the PVC pipe's pressure rating or pressure class.
The dirren..:nCt: between long.-term tsustained) and short-term (quick
burst) hydrostatic pn:ssme capacity of PVC pipe is ckarly illustratLd in the
hydrostatic pressure l",'st ret] uin:mcn ts defined in the st;lnt!art! specil"ica tion
for PVC l11unicipul water main, AWW:\ Standard (900. ThL: standard
requires that the l11anufadurer 01' C900 PVC pipt..: wndud both sustained
pressure and quick burst. testing. Both tt:sts :m..: rdated to the hydrostatic
pressure capacity of the product. In Tabh: \1, wSlaint..:d pressure require-
ments for the product arc given. When satisfying the rcquiremcnts of this
table, a s:lmplc of the C900 PVC pipe must withstand the required pressure
(e.g., 500 psi (3.45 i\1Pa) for Pressure Class 150) for 1000 hours without
failure - ballooning. bursting or weeping.
TABLE 11
SUSTAINED PRESSURE REQUIREMENTS FOR
AWWA C900 PVC PIPE (ut 1000 hours)
PRESSURE PRESSURE REQUIRED FOR HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
CLASS DR TEST WITH WATER AT 7304 F (23 C), psi (M!'a)
200 14 650 (4.48)
ISO 18 500 (3.45)
100 25 350 (2.41 )
100
By comparison with ,.,;" deSign pressure capacity of' PVC pressure
pipe, a 1000 hour pressure capacity is considered short-term. In Tabk 12.
quick burst-pressure requirements are given. When satisfying the require-
ments of this table, a sample of C900 PVC pipe must not burst at a pressure
application less than that required for a test-time of 60·70 seconds (e.g.,
755 psi (5.21 MPa) for Pressure Class 150]. Again, it must be emphasized
that the design strength to withstand hydrostatic pressure is based on long-
term data. Short-term hydrostatic pressure testing is conducted in manu-
facturing quality control. Pressure surges of infrequent short duration can
be withstood on a long term basis. PVC piping system design should be
based on the pressure class or pressure rating, not short-term test resu Its.
TABLE 12
QUICK BURST·PRESSURE REQUIREMENTS fOR AWWA C900 PVC PIPE
(at 60 to 70 secs.l
PRESSURE MlSI~IU~1 BURST PltE..SSURE FOR
CLASS DR WATER AT 73,.\ F (23 C), psi (~H'a)
200 l.:l 9.'15 (6.79 )
150 1E 755 (5.21)
100 2S 535 (3.6(»)
TIlt..: time dl:pendclll:c or PVC pipc response to ;lpplicd illtern;d
hydrostatic pressure can bl.; belta understood with considcration of the
creep property co 111111 on to all thermop Jastic products. PVC pipe. as a
thermoplastic product. responds to internal hydrostatic pressure in a
manner that is substantially affected by plastic now or crecp. The creep
property of PVC pipe is unfortunately misunderstood by many users and
enginecrs. It is not a destructive force, relentlessly unde rmining the service
life of a properly designed system. Creep occurs as the PVC pipe responds
to an applied stress, such as hydrostatic pressure, with gradual plastic flow
or movement. In other words, in response to an applied stress such as
internal pressure, the PVC pipe will gradually yield to a point and at a [;lte
that depends on the level and duration of applied stress. The rate of creep
in response to a given stress application decreases with the passage of time.
In analysis of compound cell classification 124548 PVC 1120 pressur-e
pipe, based o~ extensive and well substantiated data, it is established th:11
the creep rate after 100,000 hours (11.4 yearsY of continuous, constant
application 0 f rated hydrostatic pressure has declined to an insignificant
101
 CHAPTER \. - DESIGN

HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE

FIGURE 5
FiGURE 4
STRESS REGRESSION CURVE
CREEP RESPONSE PVC 1120 Pipe
Response of PVC 1120 pipe to Creep
Stress application-2000 psi (13.79 MPa) :::iounGr;::WH.. t.~A;"'~
PVC 1120 Plre
[at 73.4 F (23 ell D. ta::~ue:1"ty. pfl:CSI'"
ol1rtT U rH-U lo:.L.L.",

O'B~\
nr::;f"nutli'I:O vnaM (~pproxin1ale Plot oi
JOURNAL 1 yplcal Stress Re9re,slon
AM£:.flICAH WATt';R
wonKS A"350CIA-
'i Datill
0.6
Tlor. "oa...IJM~ G1 '0
ov ,..&nMI'~ION
or"" Tt-tt:. A~:;I.OC:~h·
TION. CO:PVHjGH"I'C:O
~ 7
O.~ $'1:10 uy TH~ AMg:FH- ~ 6
CA'" w~"'I:'c.u WOU1'O'i/: til
I
II
J\~§OC1J1.·l"lOt~. -I.Nc.,
(,oliU W. QVIUCY ~
'"
0 5
02 A ,,~uue.. pC:: N v,~ II.
4 I-
~__-,--_-'--_J..---'L----,---,_-l
COL.OHAOO AQ';:'l':i.

o 20 40
50 80 100 120 '·\0 160 J
..,,-I
-I
I -

value. Figurt: 4 displays the w;cp response of PVC 1120 pressure pipe to SEeS, ~---L.--rl ----l_I-..l--l '-L-'
I i
HRS, 001 01 I 10 100 10000
applied stn.:ss, ~ .:..l:.::00:(:..-)-.:l~O~O~O(~JO~ _
II'lving reviewed the reSponse or PVC pipe to thl' neep phenomenon,
the cfkct or creep on the perrormance or PVC pipe in a prcssuri/.ed water 10' VFlS. 1.14
1\.' 11.10
distribution system must be defined. The response of I've pipe to applied Time Dur~ltlon of Slres~ AppllC.1110n
stress is displayed in Figure 5, The curve in Figure 5 is known as the Stress "pun
CAN WA.Tt>:'l WO"I~1' 1'\'5.'!;.O~~~';:IQN, ~MC"'r.UMI'!:"r.JO'~ o,..;~;"• 'f~,·t.lrrrr.(.1 rr~OM
\V'O"~'" A~f\Ut:;'!'ITJON ';"0 r.. ... I1 ..,~y:. rllt;.,1=-H.,.~NT utn'lJr
~ 1;"-. W';"'l.jAM P f ... 'P-

.. Coer.c. w. aUUfCV JOUHNAL

~ '~1~
"', J'Y flo rot:(Jt:1 .... TION. cnr'vu,,,.uT
Rq;.ression Curve (SR Curve) for pVC 1120 pipe. The curve. as shown. has "J-I. . .,l\.vr:ro.,It.• Ur;UVf;lf, CO"'OI-tI'lE:) r:(l. ...
;.,Mrn:cr..r. WATr:::n
flY 'tHJ:..... ",rrn·

been plotted with the horizontal axis n.:prescnting th:: logarithm of time to I{" p r ' . ' . I " '0.»,
CSSlll e c aSs 0 r pressure ra ti n!! for'i1 I PVC' .
permit plotting a g.reat .passage of tim:: - froll1 10 second to 1.1 nlil1ion fadurt'd in North Americ '. l' ., - .. ' pressure pIpe manu-
d IS ),lSl.:d on a rdllled 1)1 t t'
years, If the time axis were plotted on a linear scale (Cartesian coordinates). commonly termed the St .. ' R ' , 0 0 stress regression

the variation in hooP stresS. which relates directly to applied hydrostatic S1

~ L111C Jar PVC 11'0
. . n:55
)'), ,_ >
egressIon LlIlc (SR L ' · ·
_ ) Ilt:. r he SR Line IS 'I plot ftl
" 111e). Sec Figure 6
'
.
on the SR Curve: howey'r II ' 1 ,. 0 1C same data plotted
internal pressure. would appear insignificant rrom 100,000 hours to 500 . t:, 11; lOOp stress on the v' t" I .'
years, In a practical sense, a long-term response to applied hydrostatic e With logarithmic scale J .' n Ica aXIS IS also plot-
tf d l' u
w,en prepann the SR L' T
pressure can be based on the hooP stress rating at 100,000 hours in that: o ong-term stress response data for PVC lne. h.e log-log plot0 "

The response of the PVC pipe to applied internal hydrostatic pres- of the SR Line, with const. t I PI,PC plots as a str;lIgllt line. Use
, , <HI S ope, perm Its aCeLlf' t
sure or applied hooP stress has essentially stabiliz.ed at 100,000 JcctlOn of long-term response ' a e mathematical pro-
hours when considering the design life of piping systems at 50 to . pIpe
All PVC pre ssure .' manufactured' N I '
extruded from PVC COmI)O d f ' In ort 1 Amenca must be
100 years, un s or which Stress R '
The response of PVC pipe to applied hoop stress after 100,000 . een established. PVC 11 7 0" egressIon Lines have
b . _ pipe deSIgned and ma f" '
hours can be accurately determined through testing performed in water apphcations must ha LI ' ,nu .tdured tor pressure
or greater than 4000 psi C'7 58 ~'rp ). "
, ve a 1. ydrostatlc Desio B . (I
accordance with A5T11 D 1598, Standard Method of Test for on .asls -IDB) eq ual to
St' d -. J a If it IS to meet AST~l
Time-to-Failure of Plastic Pipe Under Long-Term Hydrostatic Pres': .In arc! procedure defines the I-IDB ' . . J' standards.
7 on the SR line at 100000 l ' as the hoop stress ratmg established
sure, and through analysis pc rformed as rcq uired in ASTM D283 , , 101ll s.
Standard Method for Obtaining Hydrostatic Design Basis for When submitting a PVC pressure pipe extruSI·Ol1 compound for
Thermoplastic Materials. 103
 HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE

CflAVl'ER v - OESIGi\
FIGURE 6
Where:
STRESS REGRESSION LINE
S "" design stress, psi
HDB == hYdrostatic design busis, psi
lHH':, hl".t 10 5, irf} F :: [<Jetor of safety
lI~"'O " IH.CtYi,r

. The Design Stress (S) serves as the .. '

m calculation of PVC 'Jip, , max1l11llm hoop stress value used
. I e pressure ratm a PVC '
Cll Iated 111 accord with st I 'd ,0' pIpe preSSure rating is cal-
St 1 <Inc ill practice defi 'd b 1
ane ards Organization (ISO)' I ,ne y t lC International
Jll tlC ISO EqUatlOn RI61-1960;
EQUATION 2

2S OD
P == -t- - 1 :::: SDR - 1

Where: s :::: dt::sign stress, psi

P :::: preSsure raring, psi
OD :::: ;wcrage ou[skk dialllL't\::f. ill,
t
:::: minimulll w;dl thickness j'll
OD ' ..
SDR
'" t . 5[;1 nd\lrd d imcllsion r;l! 10

Tlle ISO rAIU,l. t'IOn call be tr;lll.~po~ed lo d .f' . '... .

e Inc Pll;SSlIft: fatJllg:
approval. Cl I11ClI111factllfcr mllst establish the Sl\ Line and HDB for the PVC
material through long-term hydrostatic pressure tt::sting in accordance wllb EQUATION 3
ASTi\l D 1598 llnd ASTM 02837, Having established !b,l! a PVC 1120
extrusion compound provides HDB equal to or greater than 4000 psi p::::_.~
(2758 ,\fPa), the compound can then be assigned a Hydrostatk Design SDR - 1
Stress R:Hing and is qualified in long-term stress rating for the mantlfactur(~ To del1lonstrak the c'IJcuht" /'
of PVC pressure pipe, IJip"C. tl1C I'ollowi ng exam!)),' I f'JOn
' .. 0, pressure
.' ruti no"for i)V C pressure
In the definition of PVC pipe's pressure rating, the Hydrostatic r t' f . e s lOllS cu!cuhtJOns to . t bl' )
Sa Ing 0 PVC pipe IlJ"ocJ . Llc'd t
(; 0 mee t the. <f '. . . es J IS 1 till: pressure
Design Stress (5) r<lther than the Hydrost<Jtic Design Basis is used in cal- . tandard Specification for P 1 (V' ,eqUJrements of ASTM D2241
culations. The Design Stress 1S simply the V411uc obtained when HDB is o Y my 1 Chlonde) (PVC) Plastic Pipe: '
divided by a desired factor of safety (F).
Pipe Dimcllsions and Properties
(EQUATlON 1) aD "= 8 6?5 . ,
- 0' - ~n, (8 ll1ch nominal Iron Pipe Size (IPS)
t - Alim.
HDB
S =: - - - HDB ::= 4000 psi
F
F ::: 2,0/]
SDR '= 2!

105
 HANDBOOK Of PVC PIPE

Calculation vISDR FIGURE i

PVC PIPE PRESSURE
SDR ;:
OD 8.625 CAPACITY 'IS. OPERATING TEMPERA.TURE
;: - - ;: 21
t 0.411

Calculation of Design Stress (S)

HDB 4000
~ S::: -F- ;: ~ ::: 2,000 psi

Calc[/latiol/ of Pressure Raring (P)

p ::: _2~ ;: 2(2000)

SDR -1 21-1 :: 200 psi

Pressure Rating ;: 200 psi

The calculations show the design of PVC 1120 pressun: pipe ratL:d to
operale under 200 psi long-term hydro:;lalic pressure. It should be empha-
sized that this product is pressure rated for an operating lell1peratun.: of
73.4 F (23 C). When PVC pressure pipe operates al lemperatures other
than 73.4 F (23 C), pressure capacity should be established based on
thermal design factors. S~e Figure 7 and Table 13.

_ .. L ..•
o 80 12" 150 200 ;'250 ;-;". 315

PVC PIDe Prrs,'Surc Rolling-pSI

(PVC Ino PRESSURE PIPE PRODUCED WITH 1245413 PVC MATERIALS)

:!J:OURCE:: W~Lt.'AM D. HCS(Ji!l:~'tTI f"n£''G;p£:NT UHI-Of:t.l.. RE:"RH~TCO 'FHOM JOURNAL AM~RIr:;J\I~ WJ\Tfin-
WORKS AS~OC1A.'YIOt<l vOt.VM:r. 67 uY P'C::rlMISS10N Of/' THt: A$SOC~"Tl0H. COl"'YftIOHTII::D 111\1- lilY "'~t~ 1\,..U:::tll·
C ..... N WATI!H WQAJ<,$ "t>5i-OCI ... .,.lOH. INC •• GcoliG W. QUINCY AVI!Mut;; I DEN .... eR. COI".O~ADO .C'Z)~.

106 107
 TABLE 13

STANDARD DIMENSION RATIO PRESSUR.E CAPACITY AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURE

for PVC 1120 Pipe
140 F
73 F 80 F 90 F 1001" 110 F
- -120
-- F
- 130 F
SDR
PRESSURE CAPACITY. psi (MP~)
\

13.5 315 (2.17) 283 (1.95) 239 (1.65) 201 (1.39) J60 (1.10) 126 (0.87) 97 (0.67) 56 (0.39)
*14 200 (1.38) 180 (1.24) 152 (l.05) 128 (0.S8) 102 (0.70) SO (0.55) 62 (0,43) 36 (0.25)
17 250 (1.72) 225 (1.55) 190 (1.31) 160 (1.10) 1?7 (0.88) 100 (0.69) 77 (0.53) 45 (0.31)
*18 150 (1.03) 135 (0.93) 114 (0.79) 9G (0.66) 76 (0.52) 60 (0.41) 45 (O.3J) 27 (0.19)
21 200 (1.38) 180 (1.24) 152 (1.05) 128 (0.88) 102 (0.70) 80 (0.55) 62 (0,43) 36 (0.25)
*25 100 (0.69) <)0 (0.62) 76 (0.52) (,4 (0.-14) 51 (0.35) 40 (0"28) 31 (0.21) 18 (0.12)
o 26 160 (1.10) 144 (0.99) 121 (0.83) 102 (0.70) 81 (0.56) 64 (0.44) 49 (0.34) 28 (0.19)
=
32.5 125 (0.86) 112 (0.77) 95 (0.65) 80 (0.55) 63 (0,43) 50 (0.34) 38 (0.26) 22 (0.15)
41 ] 00 (0.69) 90 (0.62) 76 (0.52) 64 (OA-1) 51 (0.35) 40 (0.28) 31 (0"21) 18 (0.12)
64 63 (0,43) 56 (0.39) 47 (0.32) "10 (O.IS} 3~ (0.21) 25 (0.17) 19 (0.13) J1 (0.08)

*AWWA Standard C900 PVC municipal water main.

c; 0 >-
o t..l
<: ~
co
0

;:c
'T10 0
to 0
II II II II
I
~ 00
"J:
r. - Ow'"
o ,.. ~ N
:0 c C7
II II II
m
r. -0
II (J
+
-0
V>

II
II
~!~
°IN
-'
010 o
orn 3 1 .....
wo .....
II
I
~.
r. ;:; c o
OJ

c
-'
 Cllid'TER V - DESiGN

ratios, are based on a preferred series of numuers (Renard). Since c1imcn-

Calculation of Design Su'ess (S) sion ratios maintain a constant mtio between outer diameter nnd Wlll1
thickness, they provide a simple means of defining product dimensions to
HOB 4000
S =- - ::: - - = 1600 psi maintain constant mechanical properties regardless of size. For a given
F 2.5 dimension ratio, it is commonly accepted that such properties as pressure
capacity and pipe stiffness remain constant independent of pipe size. Table
EQUATION 5 14 presents commonly used SDR values with corresponding pressure ratings
at varying factors of safety for PVC 1120 pipe. Pipe manufactured to
comply with ASTIvI D2241 is available in the listed SDR's. Table 15 pre-
Calculation of Pressure Class (PC;"
sents DR values with corresponding pressure classes as defined in AWWA
2S C900.
PC ::: DR -1 - Ps TABLE 14

PRESSURE RATING "S. SDR - ASTM 02241

*mudified form of ISO i-.qU:lllOll where 1\ '" ~ilrgc pressure
allow:lflcC lor Instantaneous now vdodty change o( ~ lps, (fur Pres- PRESSURE RATI:'\G PER FACTOR OF SAFETY. p.li (MPJ)
sure Cl:tss 150, I's := 35 psi). (Sec ('h;ljllCf V-Surge l'rc~~urc,l SDR
1.0 1.5 1.0 2.5 3.0 4.0

PC ;: 2E§.~q) - 35 "" 153 psi 13.5 630 (4.3-1) 420 (2.S t» 315 (2.! 7) 252 (1.74 ) 210 (1,.15) 158 (1.00)
18 -1 17.0 500 (3.-15) 333 (2.2<) 250 ( 1.72) 200 ( 1.38) I()7 ( 1.15) 125 (U.06)
21.0 400 (2.76) 267 ( I.S4) 200 (US) 160 (1.10) l33 (O.t)::'.) 100 (0.69)
26.0 320 (~.20) 213 (1.47) lW(1.I0) 128 (0.88) 107 (0.73) 80 (0.55)
Pn.:SSlin.: Class;: 150 psi ;Il 73.4 F (23 C) 32.5 250 (1.7 2) 167 (1.15) 125 (0.86) 100 (0.6<) 83 (0.57) (,3 (0.43)
41.0 200 (1.38 ) 133 (0.<)2) 100 (0.69) 80 (0.55) 67 (0.46) 50 (OJ5)
In lilt: design of a spt:cific PVC pressure pipc. tilL' process of testing. 51.0 160 (1.1 0) 106 (0.73) SO (0.55) 6'1 (0.44) 53 (0.37) 40 (0.28)
analysis, alld evaluation Illust follow establisilL'd procL'JuJ't:s. Calculatioll of 64.0 126 (0.86) 84 (0.57) 63 (0.43) 50 (0.34) 42 (0.29) ,)-
'''l (0.22)

actual pressure rating or 'pressun: class mllst also comply with standard
practicc. The s::(]ucnce of requirements call be summariz.:d: TABLElS
I. Establish tile Stress Regression Line thro ugillong-term hydro- PRESSURE CLASS "s. DR - AWWA C900
static pressure testing at 73.4 F (23 C).
, Determine tht: Hydrostatic Design Basis (HDB) at 100,000 PRESSURE CLASS AT FACTOR OF ADDITlQNALSURGE ALLOWANCE
DR
SAFETY =1.5, psi (Ml'a) FOR 2 £ps FLOW VELOCITY, psi (Ml'a)
hours from the SR Line.
3. Select the desired factor of safety (F). 14 200 ( 1.38) 40 (0.28)
4. Establish the Hydrostatic Design Stress (5) by dividing the ]8 150 (1.03) 35 (0.24)
HDB by F. 25 100 (0.69) 30 (0.20)
5. Select the desired dimension ratio (SDR or DR).
6. Select the surge allowance CPs) if desired.
7. Calculate pressure rating or pressure class. In summary, the hydrostatic pressure capacity of PVC pipe is related
Dimension ratios and standard dimension ratios have been estab- to the following variables:
lished to simplify standardization in the specification of plastic pipe on an Operating temperature under pressure.
international basis. Standard dimension ratios, as opposed to dimension - Duration of stress application affected by internal hydro-

110 111
 UAI-iDlJOOK OF PVC PIPE
static pressure.
The Hydrostatic Design S tress for the PVC pipe m:ltcrial.
The ratio between outer diameter and waH thickness (SDR or
DR).
The pressure rating of PVC pipe is established by dividing the maxi-
mum long-term pressure capacity of the pipe by the desired factor of safe-
ty. The pressure class is derived in a similar manner but also has a desired
surge aHowance deducted from the pressure rating. Although PVC pipe
CUn withstand short-term hydrostatic pressure applications at levels sub-
stantiaUy higher than pressure rating Or class, the performance of PVC pipe
in response to applied internal hydrostatic pressure is properly based on
the product's long-term strength. Research and investigation, through the
years, have ~LLumulated vast quantities or data ckariy substantiating the
reliability of PVC pipe pressure r;lting and pressure dass values. In PVC
preSSllre piping systems, design of hydrostatic pre:,Sllfe capacity can be
bast'd with confidence onthc pn,;ssure rating or pressurt' class at the desirl'd
factor of saf.: t y,
su rZ(;E PRESSU RES
[n ;1 1!cneral scnse, sur);C pressurcs are ~1I1Y deviation from the nonllal
sleady S!atL hydrostatic preSSlll"e in a piping. sysll'm. Normally, positive
surgl:~ ,\rt.: considered: however. nt.:galive Surgl'S do occur and art.: potcntially
qui\\: damaging, A dclaikd study of hydraulic tr'll1sit.:nls is an undertaking.
worthy of at least a one semester college coursc. There arc. however, l:cr-
tain key concepts which should be l"al1liliar to thos,; who design. install
and tl.:sL allll opGratc piping systems,
Surge pressures cOlllmonly termcd "water-hamt1lt:r" arc g\:ncratcd in
any piping system when a flowing liquid changes v\.'lo<.:ity, To conserve
momentum within the system, part or all of the kinetic energy of the fluid
must be converted to poten tial (stored) energy and ultimately dissipated
througll frictional losses in the lluid or pipe wall if the fluid is to return to
its original pressure. Some of the mOre common causes of hydraulic
transients are (1) the opening and closing (full or partial) of valves; (2)
starting and stopping of pumps; (3) changes in turbine speeds: (4) changes
in reservoir elev.ation and (5) reservoir wave action; (6) liquid column
separation; and (7) en trapped air.
The types of surges may generally be divided into two categories:
"true" transients and oscillatory, Transients may best be described as the
intermediate conditions which exist in a system as it moves from one
112
steady state condition to anufher. The dosillL': of J sir;.:h~ vdve wc,uld bc: :..t
typical example, Oscillatory surging is a condition which recurs reguiariy
in time. Surging of this type is often associated with the action of equip-
ment such as reciprocating pumps and pressure reducing valves. Small
oscillatory surges can grow rapidly in magnitude and can become extreme-
ly damaging if the frequency is at or near the natural resonant frequency
(harmonic) of the piping system.
Elastic wave theory of surge analysis has been developed by various
investigators over a number of years, and the technique will Y'ield satis-
factory answers when correctly applied. The pipeline designer should be
aware that the geometry and boundary conditions of many systems arc
complicated and require tile use of refined techniques similar to those
given in texts such :ls1fydraulic TmllSiell!s by Streeter and Wylie.
A common example which is easily handled is ltl..: calculation oj' the
pressure rise in a pipc line due to tile rapid dosing ot ;l Yah'e. The pipeline
is supported against longitudinal movement and is equipped with expan-
sion joints, The maximum surgt: pressure is related to the maXIlllum ratt:
of change of the rIow. while the rate of travel of the pressure wave is fe-
lated to the spet:d ot' sound in tile nuid (modil"it:d by tile piping malt:rialL
Thc W:1W wlocity is t:iven by till' following l'qU:JtlOll.
EQUATION (,
4660
a ==
kd
Et
Where:
a = wave velocity, ft/sec
k = fluid bulk modUlus, 300,000 psi for \vater
d = pipe 10, in.
E = Modulus of elasticity of the pipe, 400.000 psi for PVC
t = wall thickness, in.
li3
 CIL\FTER V - DESIGN
HANDBOOK OF PYC PIPE

Reformulating using dimensional ratios (DR) Calculate the surge pressure:

EQUATION 7 aV
p =:
2.31 9
4660
a
V
=:

1 + ~(DR-2) (1292) (2)

(2.31) (32.2)
== 35 psi

Where: DR = pipe OD/t Example. Calculate the surge pressure when a 2 ft!sec flow is
stopped in a 6 in. ductile iron pipe with a 0.34 in. wall.
Tilt; maximum pressure surge may then be calculated,
E =: 24.000.000 psi for ductile iron
EQUATION 8 OD == 6.900 in.
ID '" 6.:?20 in.
aV
p =: 2.3 19
4660
a =:

v '" maximum vt:1ocity change ft!sL:c 3.0 X 10 5 6.22

'" accL:kration 01" gravity, 32.2 n!sec; + 2.4 X 107 X 0.34
9
P jHL:SSUH.: surge, pSi
a =: 4204 ft/sec

Example: A flow '01' 2 rtlsec is suddenly stopped in a 6 in. Pressure (4204) (2)
p == 113 psi
(2.31) (32.2)
Class 150 (DR 18) PVC pipe. Calculate the expected maximulll surge pres-
sure:
It is important to notice in the preceding examples that for the same
First, calculate the wave velocity. flow stopped, the pressure surges generated in pipe with high tensile moduli
(ductile iron) will be greater than the surges in low moduli (PVC) pipe of
4660 similar dimensions.
a == As the modulus of tensile elasticity for a piping material increases,
k{DR - 2)
+ E the resultant pressure surge ("water hammer") caused by a change in flow
velocity increases. For example, an instantaneous 2 fps (0.6 m) flow velo-
city change in an 8 in. water main will create surge pressures as defined in
4660 == 1292 ft/sec Table 16 fOf different pipe products.
a ==
(3.0 X 105 ) (18 - 2) Pressure surges in PVC pipe (12454B) of different dimension ratios
1 + in response to a 1.0 fps (0.3 m) instantaneous flow velocity change are de-
4.0 X 10 5
fined in Table 17.
115
114
 HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE
CHAPTER v - DES1G:-;

TABLE 16 sure) should not exceed the pipe prcssure rating.

PRESSURE SURGES IN 8 IN ''lATER MAL'"
Surges in Sewage Force Mains. The flow is intermittent in most sew-
(In Response to 2 fps (0,6 m/s) Instantaneous Flow Velocity Change) age force mains under i 2 inch (300 mm) size. Sewo.ge gasses are generated
Pipe Product Pressure Surge, psi (!cPa) or released during periods of both turbulent flow and non-flow. These
trapped gasses wiH amplify any surges which may exist. Therefore, sewage
Cbs> 50 Dl Pipe 106,1 (731)
Class 150 AC Pipe force main design should either vent gas accumulations at all high points
79.1 (545)
Class (PC) 150 PVC Pipe 34.8 (240) or pipe should be sloped continuously uphill to the discharge to prevent
<tas accumulations. Air vents and relief valves should be of the type which
TABLE!7
'"are designed for sewage service and should be frequently maintained and
flushed.
DESIGN TA.BLE FOR PVC PIPE - PRESSURE SURGE VS. DIMENSION RATIO
(In Response to I fps (0.3 m/s) Instant:meous Flow Velocity Change) Most sewage pumps are generally non-clog centrifugal or axial-flow
Dimmsion Ratio Pressure Surge. psi (kP;1) types. Performance curves for these type pumps in singk-stage have a
20.2 i i.N f characteristic maxilllum discharge head at pump shut-orr of less than 100
19.~ (13 7 ) feet of head (30 tn) or 43 psi (296 kP:J). Therefore, hydrost:Hic pressures
17.\) (123)
1::; 17..+ (120) in sewage force mains are low.
21 I(J.O (110) HowevCf, sewage force main nows have relatively high operating
:5 1-1.7 II U1)
~o 1,\.4 (qq)
velocities which can contribute to hiJ,:h sllr~e prcssures. The most econOIll-
32.5 12.0 (SSt ical force main designs usu;111y have now vdocili~s of 4 Lo 6 fed (1.:2 to
·:1 ItA (7 ' ») 1.8 m) p.... r second. i.,lini1l111m flow v.. . lol:ltie~ required to n,:sllspL'nd s lthl
solids arc normally cOllsiden.:d to be at least 2.5 feet (0.8 m) per s cond.
Surge,', in l\lunici]l:l1 W;ller ,\lain:--. Flow vdocitiL's in lllunit:ipal watcr Example: Calculate the expec!l:d maximum sur!;e pressure whcn a
11l:1im r:lfcly c'\(l.'cd :2.0 rt. (0.6 11l} per ~c(oml. Iksi1!l1 or such syslcllls to 6 ft/scc force main now is stopped in a (1 ill. ]lIZ 160 (SDR 2(1) PVC pip:.:.
provide large \olullle water distribution throu1!h piping grid systcms at rela-
tively low pft:'ssures [generally under SO psi (550 kb)j normally prevents
high llow vdo-:ities even 'linder fire flow conditions. If unusual desig.n 4660
a ::; ::; 1069 ft/sec
considera tions req uire abnormally high flow veloei ti::s ill municipal water 5
mains. special design precautions are rccommemkd ir now velocities
exceed :2 ft. (0.6 m) per second.
V 1 +[3.0 x 10
4.0 X 105
]
X
(26 - 2)

Surges in General Application Water Distribution Systems. Flow

p ::; (1069) (6)
velocities in many irrigation systems and some potable water distribution ;;: 86 psi surge
(2.31) (32.2)
systems not d~signed for fire prevention may exceed 2 n, {0.6 111) per
second. In such systems. maximum flow vdocities must be defined with
careful consid~ration of specific design details and operating conditions. Surges in Water Service Lines. The velocity of flow in water service
In common practice, maximum flow velocity in PVC piping systems is lines may be as high as 15 feet (4.6 m) per second which is the maximum
limited to 5 11. (1.5 m) per second. When higher flow velocities are antici- velocity recommended by AWW A Manual M 22, SiZing Water Service Lines
pated, specific consideration should be given to design ancl operation of and Meters. Under dynamic conditions, the hydrostatic pressure down-
control valves. safety valves, and pumps. In generaL in the desisrn of water stre<lm of the watcr meters may be reduced sign~ficantly because of meter
distribution systems using pressure rated PVC pipe (e.g.. :'l.ST\l D 2241 or losses. Ho\vcver, the surge pressure resulting from 11igh velocities may be
CSA B U 7 .31. system operating pressure t working prcssu re plus surge pres- significant.
116 117
iL\:-~DBOOK OF PVC PIPE
Example: Calculate the expected maximum [otai prcssurt:: .. ooth
hydrostatic and surge) in a 2 inch PR 160 (SD R 26) PVC pipe with 15 feet
per second flow and hydrostatic pressure or 35 psi downstream of the
meter.
4660
a == ;;: 1069 ft/sec.
1 + (3.0 X 10 5 ) (26 - 2)
4.0 X 10 5
2V 1069 x 15
p =-- = ;;: 216 psi
2.31 9 2.31 x 32.2
TOTAL PRESSURE = SURGE + STATIC
216 + 35 = 251 psi
The Resistal1l:e of PVC to Surge Pressures. It is well known that
tratl itionai pi ping, 111:1 tt;rials (slL:t.:1, iron. asbes los cem<:rH) havc a wc 11 de-
fined breaking strength. Prcsstlres below the breaking point can. in princi-
ple, be Idel in the pipe for an indefinik pL:riod of time.
With uniform hydrostatic pressure applied, the expected lift.:: of PVC
pipe is quite predictable. The nature of PVC pipe's "stress-life" curve is
well known, and it has been used to determine the l.ksign b'lsis and safety
factors for PVC pipe. (See Chapter V - Internal Hydrostatic Pressure.)
PVC pipe will withstand enormous numbers of low pressure surges;
however, as the magnitude of the surges approaches the quick burst strength
a f the pipe a smaller number of surges can be sustained. Typically, PVC
pipe would be ex pected to hand Ie ave r 4000 constantly cycling surges
producing a peak hoop stress of 5000 psi (34.47 illPa). The same pipe
would handle more than 1.5 million cycles producing a peak hoop stress
of 1500 psi (10.34 MPa). The AWWAconsidered this point when it adopted
the C900 specification for PVC pipe. AWWA C900 uses a reasonable surge
allowance for municipal water distribution mains based on a 2ft/sec
(0.6 m/sec) instantaneous flow velocity change in addition to a safety
factor of 2.5. Appendix A3.3 in AWWA C900 discusses design for surge
pressure.
Common Control Techniques. Due to the wide variety of surge con-
118
ditions possibic ~ positive G> [cgative pressures, transient or oscillatory -
there is no general solution applicable to the control of surge conditions.
However, certain techniques have been found useful in a variety of cases:
Surge Tank or Device - A closed unit containing air and water
usually separated by a diaphragm or a bladder. The air is under
pressure allowing control of both positive and negative surges in high
pressure systems by allowing Oow both into and out of the unit.
Standpipe - A tank open to the atmosphere. It functions in a
manner similar to a surge tank for low pressures.
Surge Tank with One Way Outlet - A surge tank which allows
water to enter the line during negative surges and allows no return
on positive surges. Useful for negative surges only. A reservoir is
similar in function to a one-way surge tank.
Pump Flywheds - Pumps which stop slowly do not produce
large surges.
Slow Closing, Mechanically Oper:necl and Adjustabk Valves -
Valves which do not permit abrupt variation in now velocity to
reduce surge.
Pressure Relief or By Pass Valves -- Spring loaded valves which
release and vent pressurt;s in excess of a presct value.
SUPERIMPOSED LOADS
Supcrimposed loads on buricd PVC pipe fall into two calegories ~
earth loads and live loads. In the design of any buried piping system, both
categories of superimposed loads must be considered. In accordancc with
common clesign practice, treatment of the subjcct of superimposecl loads
will deal with carth loads and live loads as separate design parameters.
Earth Loads. The first solution to the problem of soil induced loads
on buried pipe was published by Professor Anson r.larston at Iowa State
University in 1913. Since then the Marston Theory of Loads on Under-
ground Conduits have been considered the "state of the art" in determina-
tion of loading on buried pipe. ivluch of the work done on earth loading
technology for buried conduits throughout the world is related, in part.
to Marston's Load Theory.
The basic concept of the theory is that the load due to the weight
of the column of soil above a buried pipe is modified by the response of
the conduit. Additional research and investigation indicates that in some
cases the arch action in the soil transfers some of the weight of the column
to the adjacent side prisms. In other cases the modification results in some
119
H/\.~'DBOOK or- PVC PIPE
Arranging the two equations in a ratio form
of the weight of the adjacent side prisms being transferred to the column
over the pipe. In the first case, the pipe is spared from supporting the total EQUATION 11
load of its soil column while in the latter case, the pipe is burdened with its
own soil column plus some of the weight of the side prism of soil. Whether
{1f\Jc } Rioid CdW Sd X Sd
the pipe is spared some of its burden or is required to support additional ~

weight depends upon the relative movement between the column of soil (Wc ) Flexible Cd w Bd x Bc
over the pipe and the adjacent side prisms. If the pipe column soil moves
downward or settles more than the side column, rhe weight will be less;
while OTeater movement by the side columns compared. to pipe column reveals that the ratio of the load on a flexible conduit to the load on a
'=' ,
creates an additional load on the pipe. rigid conduit is equal to the ratio of diameter of the pipe to the width of
The magnitude of this modification is determined by the amount of the trench, for identical installation of rigid and flexible conduits.
rdativ~ movemem. the nature of the soiL and the geometry of the instllla· Therefore. if t ite trench is tw ice as \V ide as the cond uit being buried.
tion, or how wide and how deep are the side prisms that modify tile weight the load impos-:d on a rigid conduit will be twice the IO~ld imposed on a
of column over the pipe. flexible conduit. as indicated by the i\!arston equations.
j\!arswn n:cognized that llexible conduits would come into tllat In actual calculation of the loads, the term Cd must be determined
category where the load imposed on the pipe is ks:-, than the weight of the for particubr installation conditions. Cd is a function or the ratio of [ill
column of soil over tile pipe. The nexibility of the conduit assured that the height (11) to trench width (B d ) and of the friction coefl1cknt or the back-
rdative movenH:nt of the column oVt:r the pipt: would be greater than the fill and tIll: sides or the trench. Cd is computed as I"ollow$:
side column in nearly all cases. Rigid conduits. sudl as clay pipe, fall into
EQUATION 12
that cate"or\'
c •
wht:rc thc column ovt:r tht: pipL: imposes a grL::ltcr load than
tilt: weight of the column itself. ThL: lack of lllO\'Cl1l\:nt in a rig.id LOnduit
didates'that the rdative lllovement will be grt:ater on the sides of the pipt:
than over the pipe.
The inherent differt:nees of the two types of conduit arc n:pressed
in the formulas Marston developed for calculating the t:arth loads imposed
Where: e is the natl1l'allogaritlll11 base
on pipe buried in a trench. They arc as follows: k = Rankine's ratio of lateral to vertical pressure
EQUATION 10
p' = the coefficient of friction between backfill material
EQUATION 9 and sides of trench
Rigid Flexible
Fortunately, a diagram has been developed for various values of kil'
and ratios H/B d that eliminates the need for computation of Cd in most
instances. See Figure 8, Values of Coefficient Cd'
Where: Wc = load on conduit, lbs!linear ft. According to Marston's equation, the width of the trench directly
W = unit weight of back fill, lbs/cu. ft. affects the loads imposed on flexible and rigid conduits. The height of the
8c :::: horizontal width of conduit, ft.
backfill material and the trench width again appear in the Cd computations.
Bd ::: horizontal width of trench at top of
An increasing width of trench docs increase t11e load imposed on a
conduit, ft.
conduit. but the load does not continue to increase ad infinitum. There is
Cd
load coefficient for conduits installed
a trench width for a given depth and size of conduit beyond which no
in trenches
121
120
 CH/-.F'fEk Y ._. DFSiG~·";

(beyond rranSlllon wiJth). rhe maximum lo~tds imposed Oil " condwt
FIGURE 8 - VAWES OF CCI
are those obtained in the e111 bankmen t mode of installa tion.
Since the width of tlte tn.;l1ch can no longer be used in the calcula·
10 1.5 2.0 30 40 •0
30 r---'---"--iT-':'n-~'::'
-,-.::::>,;---,--,--..-.-r----~ tions, Marston developed the following formula for computing loads on
both flexib Ie and rigid positive projecting cond uits:
EQUATION 13

W := C wB oS
c C C c

i
;51 I A
Where: C replaces Cd as the load coefficient, and
c
Be appears twice to replace the Bd
l~ [------1---1-1- ·-r-j-i--i----;..+:---vfi;~------ll
I I '
,0
I I ' 09 The load codTtci"nl C in this case depends on a term calkd pro-
c
:::t-::,
,_ s!I 1 08
jection ratio (p} a term calkd settlemcnt ratio (f",) and tIL' ratio of fill
(; 7l----,
:::i2' i I ! 07 height (1) to conduit width (not trench widtilHB c l.
(; I
6 , - - - .1- - , -
' - 06 :::!::;"" As in [he case for Cd' a gr~lph has b<:t:n dcvdopcd for Cc that dillli-
~
r. (:.
~ Ii
i', - - - ' -' - - - - - - - I 05
'0
~ nates the need for the complex computation;, rcquired to gen.;ratc Cc ' SCl'
1 "
A i
~ r~--- ;---' --
I ;; Fit:ure
~
9, Valu<:s or Co<:ITtcien! Cc ,
For rlexih1c conduits in lllOst inst;i1lation;" the product. r,jp, is equal
! ! to zero. As t:an be seen on the Cc COll1put~ltion g.raph, when r~, IIi equals
I I
3 r~---l'-'- zero, the coclTicient C c is equal to the ratio or HIs.
c
Replacing the C in r.1arston's clllhallKnH:nt load forlllula with the
I I c

?L'
,I -- A~ 0.1924101 Efili"lular mille-u.. . ls.
vldth')u: c.ohc ~!Oll
ratio HIS c yields:
-

15 I - I
;/If----:----L-
L B' 0.165 ma. lor s.nd ono l:rO'lel
C~0,150 ma' ler 5.,,,,.lod lop ,ol! - 0.i5
EQUATION 14
I I1 D~0,130 e'd"'o,y m~xfor cl.y
I ,I E=0,110 rna, lor salur.ted cl~y Wc = HwS c
Cd (graph on right) i i '
~__;;-;--;-----;;--;;;;--::::-:::----=-=-=-_:-:-:_~!
--:L_-.li-11 -.3
o !O 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 040 0.50 0.6 07 0809 La l.R· 1 This is commonly known as the prism load and simply stated it is
Value~ of coefficient Cd
the weight of the column or soil directly over the pipe for the full height of
the backfill. This is the maximum load that will be imposed by the soil on
a flexible conduit in nearly all cases and is a conservative design approach.
Comparison of the following earth load determination formulas
3dditional load is imposed on the conduit. This is called the "transition rela ted to il,larston's theory is appropriate:
width" and is a limiting value for calculating loads based all r.larstoll's
(EQUATION 9)
trench formulas. At transition width and beyond. the loads can be cal-
culated using Marston's positive projecting conduit or "em bankll1cnt"
Rigid Pipe Load (lb/L ft)
equ~tions. Embankment installation is realized if the top of the conduit
(Trench Condition)
projects above the natural ground surface or is in a rda tively wide trench
123
122
 CHAPTER \~ - DESiGN
IIA-,"mnOOK OF PVC PlPE

Prism Load may also be expressed in terms of soil pressure as follows:

FIGURE 9 - VALUES OF Cc
EQUATION 15
10 W
(Soil Pressure) p :::: wH :::: .......E
Be
Where: P = pressure due to soil weight at depth H,
9
I
I I I c
:2 Ibs/ft 2
3

ITJJB -0 w unit weight of soil, Ibs/ft

8 z H = depth at which soil pressure is desired, ft
~~J We = trench load, Ibs/Ut
'I Be = pipe outside diameter, ft.

6
I Calculation of soil pressure on both rigid and Ilcxiblc pipes of the
same diamcter ill tilL:' same burial (onditions displays the differellcc be-
:;:1",'
tween load on ilexibk conduit in tn:ndl :tnd Cl1lballknlt.:nt (onditions and
~, 5
load on rigid conduit in trench condition,
;
Example:
4
Pipe' aD I 2 in (nominal aD)
Burial Depth of Cover 12 n
Trcnch Width 3 n
Rankine's Ratio (kJ 0.33
Soil Density (\I') 1201b/n 3
Coefficient of Soil Friction (/1') 0.5

Rigid Pipe Load (trench condition)

oV
0123456
I I I I
,I I
8
I
9
I
10 1 _ e- 2 (0.331(0.51112/31
Values of coefficIent C(
cd = 2(0.33)(0.5)
= 2.221
Diagram for coefficicnt C{" for positivc projecting conduits.

"OU"CC: eel'l""" 8: CON\:T"uCT10N Of' l'A"lT""V 8: sTO" ... scw,,"s, "'''NuAl.l: 8: ",,"onTl' ON 2
"1'G1NCO::"I"G .. "AcT,cr; NO, 3,,7, "","flIC,..N "Oc,CTY 0,.,. CIVIl. IrNG1Nr:r:,," "Ne " ... ANUAL
0,," ,' .. ,..CT1C!'; NO, p", W"'Tr:II ,'Ol.l.VTION CONTROL l'ceC"ATloN, UU, ", Ig~.
We = 2.221 (120)3 2 2,398 Ib/Lft or 16.7 Ibs/in
(with pipe diameter = 12 in)
(EQUATION 10)

Flexible Pipe Load W = C wB B Flexible Pipe Load (trench condition)

(Ibs/Lft)
..)
(Trench CondItIOn c d d c 2
W = 2.221(120)(3)(1) = 800 Ib/Lft or 5.6 Ibs/in
e

(EQUATION 14)
Flexible Pipe Load (assume prism condition)

Flexible Pipe Load (Ibs/Lft) 2

We = HwB e W = 120(12)(1) = 1440 Ib/Lft or 10.0 Ib/in
(Prism Load) c

125
124
 CHt\lVrER \' - DL51(;:'>;
H/':,,\DBOOK OF f ;/C PIi'.E

Recent :;:~,carch confirms that in most conditions the lm\d U3 -- Continued

should. be con.iiJercd when designing PVC piping systems to 3ccommocbte
DEPTH
OF
T'(PE
OF
4" PIPE
,. Width
I
ur Trcllch (fl.)
6" PIPE
earth load. 1:-: a trench, friction forces C3.n reduce the load on the pipe l.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
coVE.R SOIL 0.75 l.00 1.25 1.5
through arching action of the soli; however, frost and water action may 136 196 2-+6 288
dissipate these forces, and in the long term the load may approach the
prism load. i: is recommended that the prism load be considered in the
12
-
Gralltllar w!o Cohesion
Sand and Soil
SaL Top Soil
68
87
102
121
91
116
133
ISS
112
141
162
190
132
164
ISS
218
173
199
235
244
275
325
303
325
379
345
388
432
Dry Clay
SaL Cl'lY 153 194 228 260 289 383 462 501
design of buried PVC piping systems. 307
The following tables have been developed for use in determining
loads on ASBI D3034 PVC Sewer Pipe. If conditions of installation are
15 Granular wlo Cohcsion
Snnd and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
68
87
102
91
116
136
114
145
167
198
134
170
196
231
136
173
202
240
200
254
292
343
'257
322
344
421
378
410
474
Dry Clay 121 161
Sal. Clay 155 203 242 275 303 410 503 578
known to qe 2 "trench" condition, then Table 18 will provide the com-
320
puted earth loods. For unknown conditions or in trenches beyond transi-
tion width, the more consen'ative prism earth loads are recommended.
18 Granular w!a Cohesion
S:lOtI and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
68
87
102
91
116
136
114
145
169
137
174
200
237
I
136
173
202
242
204
259
298
353
262
",
...... ·1

385
446
400
494
518
Dry ('by J 22 162 200
Prism earth lo::Js in !bsjlineal root are Ibted in Table 19. Prism earth loads 3;;1. Cby 15& 205 251 291 30G 433 53u 620
I 20J 207 327
in Ibsjin 2 arc E~teu in Table 20.
20 GraJ1ubr w/o Cuhesion
Sall(~ :lnu ?oii
Sal. lop 51.)\1
6~
87
102
91
116
136
114
145
169
13'1
I i..j
202
i
136
173
202
259
300
358
33'"
391
45~
.;07
·159
541
Dry Cl:ty J22 162 200 240 242
TABLE IS - EARTH LOADS IN TRENCH CONDlTIO:-;S (Lb'fLin Fl) Snt. Clay 156 211H 254 29·\ 309 43') 55 I 6·16
W, = CdWS d S, -,-,
,- 333

I
25 Granular wIn Cohesion
Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
68
87
102
91
116
136
II·j
145
169
13'/
174
203
13G
113
202
204
259
302
345
401
421
4l)t;
DEfYfll
OF
TYPE
OF
$011. 0.75
4" PIPE
LOO
.
1.25
Wldlh of "I felll.'ll (It.)
1.5 1.0 1.5
6" PIPE
..
2.0 2.5
Dry Cby
S;IL Cl;lr
122
156
I(J2
208
:WO
260
2·13
30H
242
309
362
459
477
5$5
573
6SS
COVER
oX
(;r:lnlliar \\
Sand and
Cohesion
(':~vd
5'
65
63
73
68
7')
7·1
B·l
<)·1
109
110
12;;
120
136
123
t-lf) 30 Gr:ll\ular win Cuhc~i(l11
Sand and Soil
Sal. 'J\}P S,)!l
S7
102
'J!
116
136
114
145
169
137
17'
2U3
136
173
202
20·1
259
302
272
345
4v3
3·HJ
431
496
3 Sat. Top S(,;:
Dr)' CI:l}'
Sal. Cby
75
82
95
81
86
100
86
95
106
') I
100
112
120
132
150
US
1·19
166
149
ISS
177
166
176
18·1
Dry ('klY
Sat. C];IY
122
156
162
2DH
200
260
243
311
242
309
362
464
477
60S
588
722

w"
35 Gr;lllular
Sat. 101'50;
Cohesion
Sall~ ~Illd G:'~vd
57
70
77
68
79
89
75
87
96
79
93
102
1111
liS
132
144
118
In
152
169
131
150
163
176
140
158
18·1
19J
DEl'fll
OF
TYPE
OF
8" PIPE
..
I
Width of Trench ([1.) ...
10" PIPE
• Dry Clay S6 97 105 109
SaL Clay 99 110 119 123 163 18·. \96 207 COYER SOIL l.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 I 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
,- 107 146 157 Gr;lnllJar wia Cohc:;iolJ 143 156 160 IG7 196 200 209 214
Gmllular wi; Cohesion 60 "' 81 81 129
178 Sand amI Gravel 163 177 lSI 191 221 227 238 242
4 Sand and G~.!.\icl
Sat. Top S,,::
Dry Clay
72
81
90
86
97
105
95
106
116
101
112
123
129
144
156
151
167
184
204
167
18·1
198
222
20·1
217
231
3 Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
176
193
216
190
206
230
196
212
239
204
220
244
240
257
287
244
265
298
255
275
305
260
278
309
Sat. Clay 106 121 131 137 18!

'1 5
Granular Wi;) Cohesion 66 82 97 108 123 161 ISS 203 Granular w/o Cohesion 153 170 182 184 213 227 230 244
Sand and G:-'::''id 82 102 116 130 151 193 219 234 Sand and Gr:rvcl 180 194 206 211 243 257 264 278

6 SaL Top So::

Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
92
109
130
114
127
155
131
145
168
1·14
158
182
170
190
231
216
236
271
236
252
299
271
282
31 J
J
•
Sal. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
197
212
239
2J3
228
255
223
241
270
228
245
278
266
286
318
279
301
337
284
316
348
297
321
355
88 105 120 131 j 78 214 242 Granular wlo Cohesion 168 190 204 208 238 255 255 262
Granular W,) Cohesion 68 297 301
Sand and Gravel 196 212 232 238 271 290

8
Sand and G:-J:..e!
Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
85
98
117
109
123
145
130
146
166
145
164
183
163
184
217
216
244
273
258
273
314
281
323
345
4 Sat. Top Soil
Dry Clay
Sal. Cluy
217
239
265
235
258
288
250
269
301
258
279
310
293
322
360
313
337
376
,-,
-,-
349
385
325
360
397
Sat. Clay loll 173 200 217 258 323 361 391
Granular wii) Cohesion 68 90 III 126 133 188 234 268 Granular w/o Cohesion 209 245 264 286 306 329 351 372
Sand and Gravel 244 277 295 316 340 364 389 400

10
S:llld and Soil
Sat. Top SOL
Dry Clay
87
101
120
114
131
154
137
156
182
157
176
202
169
195
229
234
262
301
283
301
352
322
362
392
6 Sat. Top SoH
Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
274
302
340
306
334
386
322
355
394
338
370
405
378
404
455
402
434
483
426
452
500
444
478
553
Sat. Clay 147 183 217 243 273 362 408 452

126 127
H/\~)DnOi)K or .pvc PIPE CHid'rEg v - DESIG:\

TABLE 18 - Continued Ti. IS -- Continu(>d

DEPTH
OF
TYPE
OF
8" PIPE I
.. Width of Trcndt (fLl ...
"iO" PIPE DEPTH
OF
T\:TE
OF
12" PIPE
. I
\Vidth oi Trend: (fl.) .
15"PIPE

_.. , ..•. _--

COVER SOfL 1.5 2.0 2,5 3.0 2.0
I 2.5 3.0 3.5 COVER SOIL 2.0 2.5 3.0 :;.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

Granl11:lr wlo Cohesion

Sand and Grave!
232
288
279
337
315
370
337
393
349
414
393
455
421
475
446
507 4 GWlIubr wla Cohcsion
Sand and G~:l\'el
~86
325
306
348
310
357
31·j
361
357
407
383
435
387
446
393
452

8 Sat. Top Soil

Dry Cby
Sut. Clay
322
358
441
374
408
461
406
443
503
430
472
523
460
5(;4
572
503
552
620
533
573
643
553
602
677
" Sat. Top 5011
Dry Cby
Sat. Cby
352
387
·U2
375
404
451
387
425
461
390
428
487
440
483
540
469
505
564
484
519
577
498
536
609

10 Grantlbr w/o Cohesion

Sand und Soil
Sat. Top SoH
245
314
350
305
376
420
349
424
473
377
460
504
3S1
465
518
436
522
583
472
572
630
515
600
656
6 Granular wio Cohesion
Sand and Grave!
Sat. Top Soil
367
426
469
395
457
504
428
488
528
~146
511
554
459
533
587
494
572
630
536
6lO
660
558
638
693
Dry Cby 404 440 493 557 572 636 690 722 Dry Cby 514 55! 594 600 643 689 i25 750
S:!.t.Oay 482 542 585 630 612 723 782 800 Sat. Clay 583 6lO 648 659 729 762 811 824
Granular wlo Cohesion
12 ~an~ <InP S~il
Sat. fop Sol!
255
332
372
320
405
456
374
465
516
418
515
568
400
505
566
468
578
640
5"-,
636
705
565
676
755
8 Granular w/o Cohl:sion
$:lnd and Gr:lvcl
Sat Top Soil
418
503
561
472
5-17
616
50S
589
651
536
636
698
523
628
701
590
684
770
612
736
814
669
795
872
- . Dry eLly 435 512 575 625 635 718 773 820 Dry Clay 612 673 734 i63 765 84:! 895 926
Sat. Clay 518 613 666 708 757 825 872 924 Sat. Clay 705 762 796 8·19 882 953 995 J062

1'"
Gr::nubr w/o Cohesion
S:lIld :JnJ Soil
5:1 t. Ton Soil
260
349
397
335
436
492
400
512
572
457
572
635
.;! ~~
542
DII'
499
632
710
571
7lO
790
625
766
1163
10 Granu!:Jr wio Coht:\lon
Sand :IIHl Soil
Sat. Top Soil
-157
552
61 ?
523
62~
701
5M,
6'13
746
618
718
:sUI
564
()9()
771
65-\
iRS
Ii 7(,
7013
04 2
933
772
1-;9:-:
lOtl!
.l. v Dry CI:;~ ·168 571 642 6S4 7Lli.l 797 7t.l() 9·13 Dry Cby MiS 765 043 ~65 857 95il 1020 1002
Sat. Cby 558 683 772 830 820 955 1023 II{lU Sa I. Clay 7% Kg2 927 975 90S 1102 1159 121B

18 Granllbr w!o Coht:~iull

S;lOd :ll1d Soii
S:lt. 'lop Soil
265
3-19
397
3·\0
436
500
417
520
577
479
595
662
425
54S
626
521
650
721
599
).13
827
669
~1~
913
12 Gr:lIwbr "Jll Cuht:\llln
~:llld :ll\d Su!1
Sal. 1 up Sell!
479
StJo
6(l2
561
673
777
627
75·1
X·11
670
~4)
tlU:>
599
73S
K!7
701
X-IJ:
953
7b·l
9-1~
lu51
X-Hi
1006
1129
Ory (by 7J') 9b:5 924 IU52 II-IX -,-
I")')
Dry Cby
SaL Cby
468
564
579
690
673
H07
7,17
902
)'.
-'
~(,2
042
IOOg
933
1127
1017
1199 S;Il, ('by '}()2
X42
97H
9-1 I
10SH 1114 1127 1222 I ,-
~,"':'
. 1392

?0 (;rallubr w/o C{lht:~ion

Sand :l/hl S~)il
Sat, 'I up Stlll
265
349
397
347
43"
SOX
425
529
5%
490
6(j{,
6HO
435
56i
63:-
531
622
7-15
612
757
l'SI
6 1J(J
X51
951
15 (;rallllbr \\'0 (,ulll-',lull
S:Hld and Sod
Sal. 'J up SIll!
502
(l2X
70,1
59()
73,
t:27
UX5
till'i
l)2(,
750
qPj
'11}~
()27
it;5
goO
7·1i)
922
103-1
:-157
]{13:'
1152
937
1129
12·17
~ Dry CLl) ·16K .596 7U4 7X) 7,\5- l'HO 979 1057 Dry (,b, H2O 924 1053 1114 IU25 1155 12K:' 1392
I)\)$ 1050 1177 1276 S:lt. ('by 9XI 1127 1193 12' Ji.l 1227 1·109 14(/2 161 J
S:ll, ('by 57ll 716 B·lll 941

18 Granular W\l (\lhcsioll X03 (,JX ?HI }i!)() IUD·I

510 625 719
25 Gr:lllubr will Cuhl,'~ioll
S,lnd ,md Suil
Sal. '1 up Sod
265
3'19
397
35·\
449
521
,134
54!}
635
SIO
640
727
4-12-
56\
651
542
685
79·1
I) 31
638
799
909
729
900
1009
Sand and Soil
S:lt. "lop SOlJ
Dry Cl:.ty
()5 I
751
869
?HU
1'65
1010 1120
H0:!
992
9S2
IUIJ6
1~21
XI3
938
1086
975
10S1
1262
1115
I J:.l()
1400
1227
1370
1526
Dry Cla~ 471 620 745 857 775- 1071 1107
S:ll. CI:I} 597 760 895 1021 950 1119 1276 1412 Sat. Clay 1034 1210 1353 1439 1293 1513 1691 1798

30 Gr;lI1tl!:lr w/o Cohesion

Sand :lnd Soil
Sat. Top Soil
265
349
397
354
449
524
442
561
645
520
657
762
44:
56l
655
553
701
S07
650
823
953
7·14
936
1061
20 Granubr wio Cohl:sioll
Sand :llld Soil
S:lt. Top Soil
520
657
762
638
794
895
734
909
1021
K2K
102 !
1141
650
822
953
797
992
1118
911)
1136
1275
1035
1276
1426
Dry Cby 471 620 765 894 775 956 1117 1250 Dry Cby 894 1056 1175 1268 III 7 1320 1469 1585
Sat. CI:IY 603 787 939 1074 983 1 J 72 1343 1509 Sat_ Clay lO74 1260 1412 1532 1343 1575 1765 1914

25 Gr:uHllar wio Cohesion

Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
530
673
781
650
822
953
959
1091
765 875
10RO
1211
663
842
%8
813
1027
1191
957
1199
1363
1093
1350
1514
DEPTH
OF
COVER
TYPE
OF
SOIL 2.0
12" PIPE
2.5
.
3.0 3.5
I
Width of Trcnd: 1ft.)
2.0
15" PIPE
2.5
.
3.0 3.5
Dry Clay
Sat_ Clay
930
1140
I J 17
1343
1285
1532
1328
1694
IIG3
1425
1396
1678
1607
1915
1660
2117

Granu!:lr w/o Cohesion

Sand and Gr;lvc!
235
~65
240
272
251
286
257
291
293
331
300
340
314
358
321
363
30 Granular wlo Cuhcsion
Sand and Soil
Sat. Top Soil
530
673
786
663
842
968
780
986
1144
893
1123
1273
663
842
982
829
1052
1209
975
1., ......
-"
1429
1116
1404
1591

3 Sat. Top Soil

Dry Clay
Sat. Clay
287
308
345
293
318
358
306
335
366
312
338
371
361
386
431
367
398
448
383
409
457
390
423
464
Dry Clar
Sat. Clay
930
1180
1148
1409
1340
1611
1499
1810
1163
1475
1434
1761
1675
2014
1874
2262

'.{ 5
oJ
Granular wlo Cohcsion
Sand and Gravel
SaL Top Soil
255
292
319
273
309
334
275
316
341
293
334
357
319
365
399
341
386
418
344
396
427
366
417
446 !>ounce, CC"TAIN-TCCo c,:O""OflATIOtl.
• Dry Clay 343 361 376 386 428 451 469 482
Sat. Clay 382 404 418 427 477 507 522 534

128 129
 CHAi'TE1~ V - DL~':;lGN
iL\ND[;OOK or: PVC PIPE

TABLE 19 - PRISM LOAD (LB/UN HI TABLE 20 -PRiSM LOAD SOIL PRESSURE (psi)
W, :wHB , P : wI-!
3
Soil Unit Weight (lb/ft )
Height Pipe Diameter (Inches) Height Pipe Diameter (Inches) Height of
of Soil ot' Soil
Cover (ft) 100 110 120 125 130
Cover \\'t. Cover Wt.
l
Feet Ib/ft l 4 6 8 10 12 15 Feet Ib/ft 4 6 8 10 12 15 1.67 1.74 1.81
2 1.39 1.53
100 105 157 :no 263 313 383 100 527 785 1,050 1,313 1.563 1,913 2.08 2.29 2.50 2.60 2.71
3
110 116 173 231 289 343 421 110 580 863 1,155 1,444 1,719 :U05
3.33 3,47 3,61
3 120 126 188 375 459
15 120 632 9..; 1 1,260 1,575 1.876 2,275 4 2,78 3,06
252 315
130 137 204 273 341 406 497 130 684 1,0201,365 1,7062,0322,487 5 3.47 3.82 4,17 4.34 4.51
4,17 4.58 5,00 5.::'1 5,42
100 141 20 9 280 350 417 510 100 562 8371,120 1,400 1,667 2,040 6
110 155 2~O 308 385 458 561 110 618 920 1,232 1,540 1,834 2,245
7 4,86 5.35 5.83 6,08 6.32
4 420 500 612 16 120 674 1,004 1,34'f 1,6802.001 2,448
120 169 251 336 6,67 6,94 7.22
130 183 272 364 455 5o.l2 663 130 73u 1,088 1.456 1,8202,1672,653 8 5,56 6,11
10 6,94 7.64 8.33 ~.68 9.03
iUU 176 262 350 43g 521 638 100 597 889 1,190 lASS 1.771 2.163
657 978 1,309 1.636 1.9.11) 2,JH5 ~.33 9,17 10,00 lU..+2 10.33
5
110 193 288 3B5 4~ I 573 702
17
110 12
12u 211 314 ·120 525 625 765 120 71{, 1.067 1.428 L7ES 2.126 2,601 10,6') 11.67 12.15 ! 2.6·+
131) 228 677 1)29 130 776 USb 1.547 1,934 2.3U3 :2,819 14 9.72
340 455 569
III I 1.1 I J 2.22 13.22 LU:;9 14..+-+

6
lUO 211
110 232
314
345
·120
462
525
57H
625
GEl::
765
~ .
,,-"} I~
100
110
632 9·:1 1,2601.575
6 il6 I.U35 1.3i:i6 1,733
7S!) 1.13(1 1,512 1,l:i9U
U;76
2.U63
2.251
2.295
2,525
2,754
I~ 12.50 13.75 15,00
16,67
15.63
17.3(l
16.25
18,06
120 253 377 50·: (,)0 750 911:; 120 20 13 .~() 15.28
130 27·1 ·lUK 5·t6 6H3 SIJ 995 13ll h21 1.2:;.; 1.63tl 2,U·lh 2,.130 2.9l'1.: I <} ,10 19.06
00 15.2S 16,~1 I t:.33
l(Hl 2·16 36t> 4 i JO 613 729 H93 1{l0 66., 9')·1 1.3311 I.M13 l.lISt! 2,423 Il).67 Ig ..B 20,00 20.03 21.67
~4
110271 ·103 53lJ {,7·! S02 <;1'\2 lill 73·1 I.U 1}.; 1:163 I,S:.?') 2.ln 2/l(1{1
7 1'1 ;.;uo 1.I~l2 1596 I/J'}$ 2.376 2.907 26 1::;,0(, 19.X(l 21.67 22.57 23A7
120 295 ·131) SoH 735 H75 I,Oil 120
IJU 311) ·176 637 '/'16 ')·IH I,ltd 130 h67 l,l')2 1.72\) 2.1(,\ 2,57.1 3.150
19 A·t 21.39 23.33 2·i.31 25.20
2~
702 l.iH(, 1,·100 1,750 2,00,1 2',550 20.X3 22.92 25,00 26,04 27.0X
, IUn 21\1 ,118
I III }O')
·160
\,;0 337 502
5(,D
616
672
700 H3·1 1.020
770 lJl7 1.122
H40 1,000 1.22·1
20
100
110
12l!
7731,1501.5·10
1)--12 1.255 \.600
1.925
2.IO{)
2.292
2,501
2.BO(,
3,0('0
30
35 2·+.31 26.74 29.17 30.3t:
34.72
31.U(l
3b.ll
130 365 544 728 910 1.0B.:I 1,326 IJU 9131..1(,0 I.H20 2,275 2.70 ') 3,316 40 27.7'<) 3U.Sb 3333
Ion 316 471 630 781\ 938 1.141:\ 100 737 1.090 1,.170 1.038 2,13R 2.678
llQ 3·18 SIB 693 866 1.032 1.263 ll(l 812 \.208 1.617 2.021 2.":072.946 Live Loads, Underground PVC pipe is also subjecl to live loads from
9 21 HS5 \.311'\ 1.764 2.205 2.626 3.213
120 379 565 756 945 1.125 1,377 J20
130 .:Ill 612 8191.024 1.219 1,492 130 958 1,42S 1.911 2.3H9 2.H45 JA82 traffic running over highways. railways. or airport runways. and from other
100 351 523 700 875 1.0·12 1.275 100 772 US\ 1.5·:0 1.925 2.292 2.805 superimposed Iivc loads applied to the surface and transmitted through the
110 J87 575 770 963 1.146 1 A03 110 S50 t,265 1.694 2.117 2.522 3,087
10 120 421 628 840 1.050 1.250 1,530
22 120 927 J.38\ 1.8432,310 2.i51 3.366 soiL Live loads have liltle efl'cd on pipe performance except al shallow
IJO 456 680 9101,1381,3551,658 130 1.004 1.496 2.002 2.503 2.98U 3,648
depths,
lOa 386 575 770 963 1.146 IA03 100 807 1.203 1.6102.013 2.3972,933 Calculation of live loads can be accomplished with reasonable accu-
110 425 633 847 1.059 1.261 1.543 110 889 1.323 1.771 2.214 2.636 3.227
II 23 racy using a theoretical approach known as the BOllssinesq solution. This
12U 463 690 924 \,155 1.375 1~83 120 9691.4441.932 2.4152.8763.519
130 502 748 1.001 1.251 1,490 1.824 130 1.049 1.564 2.093 2.616 3.116 3,813
approach assumcs (inaccurately) that soil is a semi-infinite elastic and iso-
100 421 628 840 J,050 1.251 1.530 100 8·12 1.255 1.680 2,100 2.501 3.060
110 464 690 924 1.155 1,375 1.684 110 927 1.381 1.8482,3102.751 3,367 tropic medium and allows loads on the pipe to be determined by the dis-
12 24 120 LOll 1.5062.0162.5203.0013.672
120 505 753 1.008 1,360 1,500 1,836 tribution of stresses present at the surface, Even though soil does not fit
130 548 816 1,092 1,365 1,626 1,990 130 1.095 1.632 2.184 2,730 3,251 3,979
the criteria required by the assumptions, experimental measurements con-
100 456 680 910 1,138 1,355 1,658 100 878 1.308 1.750 2.187 2.605 3,188
110 503 748 1,001 1,251 1,490 1,824
35
110 966 1,438 1.925 2,406 2.866 3,508 firm that reasonably good results are obtained when the Boussinesq solu-
13 120 548 816 1,092 1,365 1,626 1,989 120 1.053 1.5692.\002.6253.1263.825
130 593 884 1.183 1,479 1,761 2,155 130 1.141 1,7002,2752,8443.3874,145 tion is properly applied,
100 491 732 9S0 1,225 1.459 1,785 NOTE: Calculations b<lscd on :lctual OD The distribution of a surface live load to any' horizontal plane in
110 541 805 1.078 1,348 1,605 1,964 from TABLE I ASHI D3034.
14 the subsoil is shown in Figure lO. The graph in Figure 10 compares the
120 590 879 1.176 1,470 1,751 2,142
130 639 952 1.274 1,593 1.896 2,321 Boussinesq projection or live load distribution with actual measurements

130 131
 HA;\DBOOK OF f'\C PIPE CIL\F'TU: \" - DFSiG>~

of live load distribution. The intensity of thG live load on any plane in the The integration developed by Hoil Cor Cs is used for ca!cubLing COll-
soil is greatest at points directly below the applied surface load and de- centrated loads (such as a truck wheel) and is given in the following form:
creases radially from that point.
EQUATION 16

~~~~;~~;~=~~-T--l---i--r--T-l'
FIGURE 10 DISTRIBUTION OF SURFACE LIVE LOADS
6.0 r--a-o,; I PF'
W,e = C'L
I I-~' ' Where: W,e = the load on the pipe, Ib/unit length
, I I I I
. P = the concentrated load, Ibs
50 • i Ii
I
ii F' = the impact factor (See Table 2 I)
\---'---\--i---+--_-----1,---r---j L = the effective length of the conduit (3' or
. ! I less), ft.

i-~~-_~,,_.-'~i_--I;L:OU-"-lnt:->,q-,-",.-"~_'-._-_~-._-_~__..._.._'. __
C, = th~ load coefficient which is a function of
":: 4,0 B)(2H) and L/(21I), where:
H = the height of the fill from the top of
I the pipe to ground surf;.H.:e, ft.
, 3.0 f~--.~." Bc = the diameter of the pipe. ft.
_ ..__J._ .. The intt'gration developed by Newmark 1'01' Cs is lIsed ror i.:akubting
~,
" 2.0 ~-~;'
\ distributed loads and is lliVl.:n ill the following form:
I •
EQUATION 17
I I
I i
>-i
i ir'L~-ll ,--_---1---
, . ,
Wcl=CpFB
I I i , , e

1.0 I i 1 ! t
•, Where the only new term is '"p", which is the intensity or the
•
<:Ii 0
distributed load, lb/ft' .
• C, . the load coefficient is a function of D/(2H) ancI iIl/(2H)
where D and ill are the width and length, respectively. of the
o 0.2 0,4 0.6 0.8 1.0
area over which the distributed load acts, ft.
Fraction of wheel load transmitted
to culvert
TABLE 2 I . IMPACT FACTOR (F') VS. HEIGHT OF COVER
Distribution of surface live lauds vs.loads on a plane at depths of cover.
Installation Surface Condition
Boussinesq solutions \'$. actualmeasuremcnt. Taxiways, Aprons,
Height of
"OURC.:: l"IG\JRC :~.:~ ""TATIC WHCtl.. l..OAO::; TRA"::;MITTCO TO ... : FT. x ll·"T. G lfl. ,;>,:<,:TION 0'" CUl..VCRT",
". G9: 0" ~<::Utfl:.-l:JUNQ, TH-IRO coiTION, "Y M<:Rl..1N G. ,,"AfiGl..CR IINO RIC><ARO l... lJANOY,
Coyer, ft, Highways Railways Runways Hardstands, Run-up Pads
CO"YflIG><':" U5t, it!
Ino DY INTtRNATlONAI. T£XTUOOI< CO. COf"VnlGf<T ,i;., \9n 11 .. I"Tl.:XT PIlC::;".
INC. Rcr;<I"TCo UY f'r.:flMI"",ON or- THOM"" Y. cnOW';l..l...INC.
o to I 1.50 1.75 1.00 1.50
1 to 2 1.35 * 1.00 **
As in the case of loads resulting from fill material. equations have li<*
2 to 3 1.15 '" 1.00
been developed for calculation of live loads using the classical Boussinesq Over 3' 1.00 * 1.00 **
solution, They arc in t\VO forms: one for concel1trat~d loads and one for
* Refer to data al'ailablt.' from Amcrican Railway EI/gineering Associatioll (AREA)
distributed loads. ~'* Refer to data [JI·ailable from Federal A I'ialioll AdminiSlralioll (FAA)

132 133
 CiiAT'TLR \. - DL:S1G>:
HAj..,'DBOOK OF PVC PiPE

The values ofC s can be determined by use of 'I' able 22: FIGURE 12 - COOPER E-80 LIVE LOADING and for ruH\vay traffic.
The H20 live load
TABLE 22 - VALVES OF Cs assumes two 16.000 lb.
Values of Lond Coefficients, Cs ' for Concentrated and Distributed concentralecl loads ap-
Live Load iloplied lhrougrl
Superimposed Loads Vertically Centered Over Conduit* three 2',,,; 8' areas on 5' center I J"-;:; plied to two ] 8" x 20"
~J
fl-
2f-f
or
U
2f] or 2i!
L
-r
I (Load distributIOn deWrmined
by Boussinesq's FormulllJ
Dead LO<ld
areas 1 one locateu over
the point in question,
!!c-
2}/
0.1 0.2 , 0.3 OA 0,5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 IS 1 2.0 5.0 a:
w
120 lb/cu ft
and the other located at
>
o
Cooper E80
1
0.1 0.019 0.037; 0.053 0.067 0.079 0.089 0.097 0.103 0.108 0.112 0.117 0.121 0.124 0.128 Live Load Plus a distance 72" away. In
0.2 0.037 0.072 0.103 0.131 0.155 0.174 0.189 0,202 0.211 0.219 0.229 0.233 0.2.\4 0.248
u
u.
o
50% Impact !7 this manner, a truckload
0.3 0.053 0.103 0.149 0.190 0.224 0.252 0.274 0.292 0.306 0.318 0.333 0,34-5 0,355 0.360
OA 0.067 0.131 0.190 0.241 0.284 0,320 0.349 0,373 0.391 OA05 OA25 0.4 4 0 .454- OA60 °1 f-
I of 20 tons is simulated,
<:J
0.5 0.07910.15510.224 0,284 0.336 0.379 0414 0.441 0.·163 0.481 0.505 0525!O,S.W 0.543 W
The Cooper E-80
0.6 (l.U};') 0.174 0.252 U.320 U.379 0,428 OA67 0,490 0.52·j 0.54.1\0.572 0.596\U.613 0.624 I
0.7 O.Ot)7 0,1 }}91 0.27·: a.3,1t; OAH 0.467 0.511 0.546 0.5l:i·1 0.597IO.62S 0.GSiJiU.f,7-i U.688 live load assumes 80.000
0." 0.103 0.2021°.292 0.373 UA-II 0.499 0.5·16 O.5X-l 0.615 IJ .6391 U.6 74' 0 .70)i".7 25 0.740 pounds applieLi to three
0.9 O.iDS 0.211 fU06 0.391 0.·j63 0.524 0.57·\ 0.615 0.647 0.673 O.71l O.741!O.7{;(J O.7~4 2' x 8' ~lft::as
on 5' cenkrs
1.0 U.112 0.219 0.3111 OA05 DAn 1 0.544 0.597 0.639 0.(173 0.7UI 10.740 o 77-tliJ.b'[Jo O.~16
1.2 0.1170.2290.333 0.-125 a.S05 0,5 72 u.62H U,(l74 0.711 O.7.1U\u.n.) o.B~ol[l.n·i9 U.l\&h 1000 2000 3000 4000 such asmight bc C11-
1.5 (J.l21 O.23S ll.345 O,.i.to O.5~;; 0.5% 0.650 0.7U3 (l.7,1 ~ 0.77-1 (J.il~O n.otj;u;(J.! 0.916 VERTICAL SOIL PRESSuRE lL8S/FT l
z
cOll11tL'red through live
2,0 0.1240.2·1,10.355 0,45·1 0';;·10 U.{d 3 u,(l7.: 0.72:\ {I.7M, o.X(lOIOJ;·19 O.b:"-i U.9.Hl 0.9:'& "DUlle" ""''''',e" .. "'0" ..... 0 <i ... ,,", ... 1",,,,,TuT<:.
",,,,,,,,,<"Torl.o.e. loading l"rom ~l locolllo-
~JJlJlIJt'Jlr{, cOl'fficlt'TlH for solulion oj lIo/l's IIlld A'l'Il'Il1r;r/; ',~ il/((';~mtwlI OJ till' HOIlHII1I'$/f t'tflU/tlOn
for I'cni('1I1 srr('S.~, tive with three 80.000 poul1d axle loads.
"ou"C" .. " ""a, h <:O .. "T,,,,<:TlO" ,0>', "1\"IT"" ...· t,<, "TO"'" ~"w .. "...
., ;'i<.,''''''
'MA""""" n ""rOllT" ,,,•
·'M",,,,,,, . .
~_'tI';,c:. ',.,,',,'(:'1',(:.-:' i,-o~' ',;",' ;;""i', ,;'j<;''' ..- I>OCI" T'v' 6,' 'C'Vl ... " .... I.. "" "" ,,'H>
As call be seen ill both or the graphs. as the depth or cover increases,
0 .. ,·""eT,C" NO.9", WAT"." ,·0...... U... ,0 .. (;0""'''01-. "" U.. ""TlON. lU •• ", '0.. till: influellce or thL' live 10~ld diminishes rapidly, especially when (,olllpared
As l1lcntioned prL'M to the earth loading. The il1l1uence 01" live loads 011 PVC pipe as projecled
FiGURE II -- 1120 IIIGIIWA Y LOADlNG
viously, the illrJUL'nl.T of for highw"y. r"ilro"d. al1d "irport insl"lI"tiol1s is dd'il1ed il1 T"hle c3.

16 O---J-r-- j - _._- live loads on the perform-

ancc of I've pipe is only
TABLE 23 - LIVE LOADS ON PVC PIPE
" 0--
Live load applied on
.L-.L-LAL- significant in shallow Height Live Load Transferred to Pipe. Ibjin" Ilci&ht Live Load Tran~fcrrcd to I'lpc.lh!in"
of of
assumed are.J 01 36 x 40 lli~hw<lY Railway t\irport
illw 12 usually 4 feet depths. Coyer Highway Railway Airport
,
Cover
(ft) H2O' ERO'
,
Dead load
(fI) H2O' E80'
(1.2 Ill) and less for high-
120 Ib/c". IL~-A-"L-I_-II __
~ 4.17 3.06
a: 10 way loads. For railways.
I 12.50 14 * 2.29
w 2 5.56 26.39 13.14 16 * 3.47
>
o this influence is not im- 3 4.17 23.61 12.28 18 * 2.78 I.~I
u 6 4 2.78 18040 11.27 :20 * 2.08 1.53
u. Jlortant except for depths 22 I .9 J 1.14
o 5 1.74 16.67 1O.0~ * 1.05
f- 6
I
less than 10 feet (3 Ill). 6 1.39 15.63 8.79 24 * 1.74
<:J This is graphically demon- 7 1.
1 '1'1
__ 12.15 7.85 26 * 1.39 *
w .
I 4
To!alload
8 0.69 lUI 6.93 28 * 1.04 *
strated by the graphs in 6.09 30 '" 0.6~ *
live + dead
10 * 7.64
2 Figure II and Figure 11. 12 * 5.56 4.76 35 *>;: * *
Both show the total load
40 * *
Simulates 20 ton ;ruck traflic + llllpacr 2 Simulates 80,OOO.lb!J't rai!l\'ay load + impact

500 1000 1500 2000 calculated on a pipe ex- J 180,000 lbs. dl/altandem gear assembly 26 inch spacing berween tires alld 66 inch ct'lllCr·to-
cel/ter spacing between fore and aft rires lIlIdcr a rigid pal'ell/ellt 12 il/ches t!tick + impact
VERTICAL SOIL PRESSURE (LBS/FT:) posed to li"e loads and * NCf;/{gible lil·c load illjl!/Cllcc
"",":><IC"" IRON 1',"0
~"'U'lC<;:
WASHINGTON, D.C.
... ~ro:o: earth loads 1'01' highway
I"~TIT'-'T"'.

134 135
1l,\:'iDBOOK Of PVC PiPE ClL\FrER v - DESIGN

FLEXIBLE PiPE THEORIES

r = IvIean radius of pipe, in.
Introduction. A flexible pipe may be defined as a conduit that will
t = Wall thickness. in.
detlect at !east 2 percent without any sign of structural distress such as in-
jurious cracking. Although this definition is arbitrary, it is widely used. For PVC pipe with outside diameter controlled dimensions (rather
A flexible pipe derives its soil load carrying capacity from its flexi-
than l.D.) this results in the equation:
bility. Under soilload 1 the pipe tends to deflect, thereby developing passive
soil support at the sides of the pipe. At the same time. the ring deflection EQUATION 19
relieves the pipe of the major portion of the vertical soil load which is then
carried by th0' surrounding soil through the mechanism of an arching action
E
over the pipe. The effective strength of the pipe-soil system is remarkably PS = 4.47 (DR _1)3
high. For exampk, tests at Utah Stak University indicate tll:lt a rigid pipe
with a thr~t:-cJ~t: bearing strength or 330U {bjrt (-.to.!5 k?\/lll J buried in \\'ht.'r-.: : DR = Dimension ralio or SDR
Class C bedding will rail with a soillo~Jd ur 5000 Iblft (~2})5 kl\/'m l. Ho\V~
L'ver. under the ith,.'ntical soil conditions and luading, P\'C SeWL'r pipt,; with ~l The resulting PS values for various dimension ratio;.; of PVC pipe arc
minilllum pipc stiffness or -t() psi deflects only Sf,;. Thi~ dL'1kLtiOIl is far as shown in Table 24.
hl,.'luw tllat whh:ll L·otdd ClllSL' lblllagL' to the PVC PlP~' \v~d1. Tilus, in this TABLE 24 - PVC PIPE STirFNESSES (1',1)
e:-.:aml)!C tilL' ngid pipe has faik-d but tilL' nexibk- pip,-' h:1S lh:rlorllied StlC-
CL'ssrlllly, providing ;1 factor or sakty t:rL';ltL'r than (d. or L"lwrsl..:. in n~lt DR or SI)R Min, E :: ,lOO,OOO psi ~Iin.
.,
F'" SOD.DOO psi
.'.
pbk or thrl'I..:-L'dg", IO;ldinl~, tll,,' rigid pipe will support lllllL'1! lllor,,' than till· "
'r.:. 2(\

·11 2:-1 35
l'kxibk pip.. .·. This allolll~lly tL'IHls to llliskad ll1~IIlY wOllld·he l"ll'xibk pipl' 35 ~I(\ 57
users hecatls\,: they rl'bk low Ibt pbte supportil1 b strl'll~th ror lkxibk pip\.' .'.' .) 52 65
to the ill-soil IO~ld c;lp~lcity. Flat plate or thrl'L'-L'dge IU~lding is an appropri- 325 57 71
2h 115 14-1
ate l1leasure of load bL'aring slrcngth for rigid pipes but not ror nexibk
25 129 161
pipes. Scc Figure 13 for typical pipe stiffness test results.
The inherent strength or flexible pipe is callL'd pipt: stilTnL'ss whil'h is
cI 23.:1 292
I c·,· 364 455
measured. according to AST,1 D2412 Standard Test ,kthod for External 17 437 546
Loading Properties of Plastic Pipe b)' Parallel-Plate Loading, at an :lrbitrary 14 ~15 1.019
datUIll or 5~:; dellt:ctioll. Pipe stiffness is definl-'d as: 13.5 916 1.145
~Ol)"C:l:' o::T"Vl. co •.,'O""T10N

EQUATION 18 Because a llexible conduit interacts with the surrounding soil in

supporting the soil load, soil properties are very important. Just as bedding
EI 6.71 EI 6.71 Et 3
PS = F/ioy ;;;, 0.149r 3 =.~ = 0.559E(fl3 is important in limiting soil pressure concentrations on rigid pipes, soil com-
r3
paction or soil density is an important parameter in limiting ring deflec-
Where: PS = Pipe stiffness. Lbs/Lin. or (psi) tion in flexible pipes. Thus, soil and soil placement, as well as pipe proper-
F = Force.lbs./Lin. ties, are important in the design of a flexible pipe installation.
ioY = Vertical deflection. in The manner in which flexible pipe performance differs from rigid
E = ,lodulus of elasticity. psi pipe performance can be understood by visualizing pipe response to applied
I = i'doment of inertia of the \vall cross-section earth load. In a rigid pipe system, the applied earth load must be carried
per unit length of pipe, in 4 Lin.::= in 3 totally by the inherent strength of the unyielding, rigid pipe since the soil

11< 137
 HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE CiL\.t'TLR V - 1>.1:S1(;:'

FIGURE 13 mechanism from the combined strength provided by the pipe-soii syslem.
TYPICAL PIPE STIFFNESS TEST RESULTS Spangler's Iowa Deflection Formula. M. G. Spangler l a student of
PIPE STIFFNESS VS. PERCENT DEFLECTION Anson Marston, observed that a theory of loads on buried pipe was not
70 adequate for l1exible pipe design. Spangler noted that f1exibie pipes may
provide little inherent strength in comparison to rigid pipes, yet when
buried, a significant ability to support vertical loads is derived from the
passive pressures induced as the sides of the pipe move outward against the
60 8 s:.:e~".,.;e;:-r!i;ii~~;;i;~f=p.:,~}}
Pipe earth. This fact coupled with the idea that the pipe deflection may also be a
PVC Compound: I2454B basis for design prompted M. G. Spangler to publish his Iowa Formula in
1941.
Spangler's first step was to define the ability of a flexible pipe to
resist deflection when not buried in the soil.
Applying the elastic theory or Ilexure to thin rings ror uellections
studied which \vcrc in the range of k's~ than about lO~'L. he L'st:tblished the
following relationships:

EQUATION 20

3
flY = 0.149 Wr
EJ

EQUATION 21

Wr 3
flX = 0.136 El
EQUATION 22
5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
% PIPE DEFLECTION

fl X = 0.913flY
at the sides of the pipe tends to compress and deform away from the load.
In a flexible pipe system. the applied earth load is, in large measure,
carried by the earth at the sides of the pipe, since the flexible pipe deflects Where: flY and flX = the vertical and horizontal deflections
away from the load. That portion of the load carried by the flexible pipe, or diameter changes, in. which are de-
assumed as a vertical vector of force, is transferred principally through the rived mathematically for ovalization into
deflection mechanism into approximately horizontal force vectors assumed the shape of an ellipse.
by the compressed soil at the sides of the pipe. Through the deflection W = the load on the pipe per unit Iength_
mechanism, the distribution of earth load is carried principally by the sur- lb!in
rounding soil envelope and to a lesser extent by the flexible pipe. The E = Modulus of elasticity of the pipe mate-
strength provided by buried l1exible pipe is derived through the del1ection rial,lb!in 2
11;9.
139
 l
CH/;.vn::r: / - DESIGN
Uj\NDBOOK OF PVC PuYE

determined theoretically by Spangler and published in 1941. In 1955,

I Moment of inertia of the wall cross-
section per unit length, in4 /Lin ;::: in 3
r = I\'1ean radius, in.
Spanglc::r's next step was to incorporate the effects of the surround-
ing soil on the pipe's deflection. This was accomplished by assuming that
Marston's Theory of loads applied and thai this load would be uniformly
distributed at the plane at the top of the pipe. He also assumed a uniform
pressure over part of the bottom, depending upon the bedding angle. On
the sides, he assumed the horizontal pressure on each side would be pro-
portioned to the deflection of the pipe in the soil. The constant of pro-
portionality was defined as shown in Figun: l4 and was calkd the modulus
or passive rc::.istance of the soil. The modulus would preSlllllJbly ht: :J con-
stant for a given soil and could be llle~lsllred in a simple bb tesl. Through
~lnalysis he derived the Iowa Formula:
Reynold K. Watkins, a graduate student of Spangler"'s, was investigating the
modulus of passive resistance through model studies and examined the
Iowa Formula dimensionally. The analysis determined that e could not
possibly be a true property of the soil in that its dimensions are not those
of a true modulus. As a result of Watkins' effort, another soil parameter
was defined. This was the modulus of soil reaction, E' = er. Consequently,
a new formula called the Modified Iowa Formula was written:
EQUATION 24
,
KW 1'3
.1X
DL EI + 0.061 E'r3
FIGURE 14 - BASIS OF SPANGLER'S DERIVATION OF THE IOWA FORMULA
FOR DEFLECTION OF BURIED PtPES

EQUATION 23 (EQUATION 23)

I<W, 1'3 rOT J\l l()/\D IN

3
D L I<W,r

orrmmrnnJ
6X = 4 6X =
D L EI + 0.061er EI + 0.061er 4
TilE IOWA FOR:\1ULA
Where: DL = Deflection lag ractor
I< = Bedding Constant I

\IV ,

A:
= Marston's load per unit length of pipe. e = 2h/6X
Ib/Lin.
= Mean radius of the pipe, in. 21' = D = Pipe
.~-
l'
Diameter
E = Modulus of elasticity of the pipe mate-
rial, psi
I = Moment of inertia of the pipe wall per , K =Bedding
unit length, in 4 /Lin ;::: in 3 Constant
e

.6X =
= MOdulus of passive resistance of the side
fill, Ib/in 2 lin.
Horizontal deflection or change in dia-
meter, in.
," 2
~ illJ]]J~ 6X
,
D = Deflection
L
Lag Factor
EI = Stiffness
Factor
(related to
Equation 23 can be used to predict deflections of buried pipe if the Pipe Stiff-
three empirical constants IC DL • and e are known. Table 25 contains a list ness)
500''':1:' oTAH :l;TATI: urovt:JnaTV
of bedding factors, 1<, dependent upon the beddlng angle. These were
141
140
 H:\..'\:DBOOK OF rvc PIPE ClL\YTL\< ',' - D[51(;i',

TABLE 25 - VALUES OF llEDDlNG CONSTA.l'1T, I< TABLE 26 -AVER.4GE VALUES OF MODULUS OF SOIL REACTION, E'
(For Initial Flexible Pipe Deflection)
BEDDING ANGLE (DEGREES) K
'IE' for Degree of Compaclion of Bedding,
1, In pounds per sQuore inch
o 0.110
Slight, ~-t-e. 1 High,
30 0.108 <85% 85%-95%, 'I >95%
45
60
90
0.105
0.102
0.096 5011 type·pipe bedding material
Proctor,
<40%
relotive
Proctor,
40%-70%
relative
I Proctor,
>70'\b
telZltN8
(Unified Classification System") Dumped density density denSity
120 0.090 11) 12) (3) (4) (5)

180 0.083

"'"
Fine.grnineJ Soils ILL> 5U)b
Soils with medium to high pla'iticity No data :lvuilablc: consult <l comp<:tenl

Two other observations from Watkins' work arc or particular note:

(1) Thde is liItle point in evaluating E' by':l model tcs.t and then using the
CH, MH. CH-MH
Finc.gn,incd St,!I\ tLL < 501
Soih \~llh m~JlUm to no pb~lll:it~ CL, M1..
,oil, T""'
,
" °r~i" ~-
modulus to prcJict ring lkrIection. Tht.' modd gives rin:! ~knt.'l'tion din:ctly. :-'l!.-CL, ~~lth !c~'i th'H' ~5~, co"r_c_p,\incl!
p<iftidc, _ i 'iii 1 =(;0 I ";PO 1 ln'
(2) Ring tkll:.:..:rion Jllay not be tile only performance limit. rlllc.gralllcd Stllh (1.L " SIl)
Soil, ~Iilh meJlum to no pb\ll<:lt~, CL, ~1I ..
1'tlany r::::sr:arch r:ITorts have attemptL'd to measure E' without SUCCeSS. ML.CL. \~'lh I1wrc th.m ~5(; Co"lw'gr'lI11c.l
The most lJ:icful method has involved the llleasure or ddkctions p.,rlll::1c, 1110 _\00 1.il\Xl :ow
Co;tr\C,;':l'IHlCd S<1lh II llh hnc,
for a pipt.' unJa which utileI' conditions Wt.'rt.: known followed by back· (/\1. (lC, S\L SC' 1,;tlOI.\lI\, 111Orr: t!L,n I~'; f~ \---.1
calculation through tlit.' modified Iowa Forllluia to lh:terlllinl' the L'Orl"l..'c£ CtMf'iC<gf;IlI1CI! Sl"h "'lh LIllie 1'1 :--;ll hnc'
~_(lm ,(U)
GW. (iI', SW, S/" <:llnl'lIl\\ ic" Ih"n I~'; IIIH.'I ~(H) I JKl\l
valuL' of E'. This n;quires assulllptions regarding till' lU~ld. bt:dding factor
-"---~--

and tlt.:rJection bg factor to he ust.'d and has led to a wid:.: range: of fl'portL'd
Cfll\h~'d nod.
AC'lIr;lCy III 'Icrm, "I l'e;~~lii"t:t· IkllntIlUl"
l.ll\!!.- _.1:.1111\1
~ .;.: .,
;JI\)) 1 r~.-
•p ,

values of E'. 'ASl!'>1 DCII~n;,IIl'n (),?·n0:7, U:-iHI{ IkllFll'lllOl1 r,'i

One of the most reccnt atte:mpts to acquire information all valucs of
E' was conducted by Amster K. Howard, of the UniIed States Bureau of
Reelamalion. Howard reviewed both laboratory and !idd dala from many
sources. Using information from over 100 laboratory and neld tests.
Howard compikLl a table of average E' values for various soil types and
densilies (See Table 26). He was able to do lhis by assuming values of E'.
"1.L '. 1,lqUIJ hnlll
'Or allY huruc,hnc Inll bl'plllllllt: \\l!h une ~,r the\e 'yml'uh he, tiM·(iC. (iC·SCI
dF('r ~ Ir, 'l~~tlr'l<:y anu pfCUICICd def!c<:lllln of y;. aclu'll ueflC'ctH'll \\11\,1\1 be l'el'I{'cfl ~', ,Ind
4':; .
NI,tc: Vallie, ;lrrhcablc only for ftlh !c..\ tlMn SO ft (IS Ill) T;II'!c dtlel 01'1 Include M'\ .."Iel}'
f:lctor. For u..e III rre~hetmg lm!i,ll ddlc<:lll'n.. only, arpropfl:llc DdiL'UlUn LIfe I'aewr mu..l Ix' .. rr hed
fOf lon!:.term dcf!c.;;lion." If bnlJmg. fillh Illl Ihe (ll'rdcrhne b~'lwcell IWI' eomr;lclwn calq::<'[II:_. leiccl
lower E' v;,II1C Qr average the (wo valuc" f'cr<:cnt:lr.e I'fllCt~'( balcll on 1;lborall'ry m:I\HnUl1l uri
dcn~ilY from leq ..tandard .. u'iillt: ;lbout I::.SOO f1·lb/cll ft i5')l'\.OOO Jim') (,\STM D-6'-K. ,·\ASHO
T-99. USBR DCSlt:n:llion E-Il) I p.. i '" 6.9 "Stm:,

,
K .clnd Wand then back-(:alculating through the I\loclified Iowa Formula to
calculale a theoretical value of deflection. This theordical deflection was
then compared with actual measurements. By assuming the E' values of
Table 26, a bedding constant J( = 0.1, and deflection lag factor DL = 1.0,
Howard was able to correlate the theoretieal and empirical resulls to witltin
± 2 percent deflection if he used the prism soil load. This means that if
theoretical deflections, using Table 26, were approximately 5%, measured
deflection would range between 3 and 7%. Although the vast majority of
data from tltis study was taken from tests on steel and reinforced plastic
mortar pipe with diameters greater than 24 in., it does provide some useful
information to guide designers of all flexible pipe including PVC pipe since
it helps to give an understanding of the Modified Iowa Ddlection Formula.
142
-_ .. , ... _- -, -_ ....
The anI)' parameter remaining in the Iowa Formula now needed to
calculate deflections is the dellection lag factor DL . Spangler recognized
that in pipe-soil systems, as with all engineering systems involving soil l the
soil consolidation at the sides of the pipe continues witil time after the
maximum load reaches tile top of the pipe. His experience had shown
that deflections could increase by as much as 30 percent over a period of
40 years. For tltis reason he recommended the incorporation of a deflec-
tion lag factor of 1.5 as a conservative design procedure.
Time lag will be discussed in much greater detail in another section
of tltis chapter.
143
 HA:;DLiOOK OF I've PjPE CI1/,J'TEP, \' - DFSl.G;"1

Under most soil conditions, flexible PVC pipe tends to deflect into
an elliptical shape and the horizontal and vertical deflectIOns may be r-.-:j---t l
l§~ ~ 51
~-:::--G'
_ - ..::; I-
!"1~t'1C';
considered equal for smaH deflections (1'». Since most PVC pipe is de-
I I
(") M 01- r-..: v1 M
r-O'r-o
<",i
~ 'r~
I
~Mr---q-\

~~~
7,nltl-
scribed by either pipe stiffness (F/I'>Y) or outside diameter to thickness <.r~ ~ ('! -:j qt-:"1~

~
1- _ ....... - , ;::;~;::;::3 '-.D '" rf) ('I
ratio (DR), the lowa Equation (24) can be transposed and rewritten as (,l-~ -,.......,./" ,.' 0
~ .:;>, "T r"', ~
c:
@ji
I'
foHows: "7 ('1 - c ::.q,..-! ;,.,q c; rr~ q r'1
EQUATiON 25 EQUATION 26
1 ....:....: ....: "":1 ('1 01 .- .... '" "'7 r') "I

I"'"1"--
,..,!
__ q C';
-: _ 0
('1 ('1 V
t;~
01 ('.1
"1~~q
c.. co

%~­
Dl K1'(100) I'> Dl K1'(100) I '"
('1 ("'I >n ,.." ,,1 01
D - %0 ; + 0.061 E' c- ltl .... Xl 0' r') r') cr , ';;;
0.149 / + O.OGiE' [2E/3 (DR - 1)3] -
-: c: C\
X;i -.t:q~~ -:t-:~q Co
< uY u -00 ,,' f'1 . - 'n P') f'l f'1 .:0
> ,9
Where: 1'; Prism Load (Soil Pressure). psi ""'" ...:;;...:::;!;;'
Y:l1-'C
:;>,:=-C\(;'.
::.q tr: f'! q
-
qoqq'r:
7) rr, \!)

6
~

~ ~ ~I010 ;; ~ ~ ~;J-\0 I~., ~ ;; d

t--~
''0
"T f'1 <"I
" 'J
0

The above equations lllay be used in conjunction \vith the v;dut.'s for 0"
0 0
",-' ':;:: 0
~
"
~

the empirical const~.1llts E', DL and K. The roJlc)\ving cX:lIllpk illustr:ltes - a rl - - rr, r l _ "~
"-
~;
Uo ~
_ ,r'il.,;ll_ - 't ~
:r.

~~
'l:J r')
:;. "'"j . . . '~.
""
their tlst.'. 'r. ("I 0
~
)Ci~t"":"":'-:
~
'J

Example: What is the dcllection of a DR 10 PVC pipe ii' buried on a ;3:"

-<3
--l <':)
,.-, .,
:;.fj
-:;
"o
f
~ "
flat bottolll trench in ;1 rille gr:lined soil with unit weight or
120 Ibs per fl 3 ~"'
~ "
r~:ulo
:t;'
,.-.,,-)1 ~'
-ra'"
r; r i . -" -J
0-=
o
:=)"::;
::: "
C"
:Illd with liquid limit k'ss than 50'/; if the depth or buri:li is 10 ker.l ='"
:::::-0
::>=
,..
.:::
_ -.=,
'f~ "":
:; i
~I'I" ..~ ..:)
~-'ir! q :.(; 1-:
rl
:; 1
~I'.!;I
<:.l'~
_
'::'.
'r, -t
rr~ q
'C
J
'J
~
"
....J
~
0
"1' " L,
'J
~

From Table 2(l, E' :;; 200 p:d and iJH.:orporatin~: :1 lkdditl~ (OIl:<'{;II1L '" o" ::::: 0 0 0 C:i- -
~I:':> 1-
0 a 0:
LOj_ 0
rl_ - -

I< :;~ 0.1, and the prism load ;IS :1.<;sUIlll'd in tilL' dcriV~l!lol1 ol'T:d11c 27 :I!Ollp
tz..
0:::
r-I "i (", 0'
'f.
~"',rIO:?
_'-:"":0(..
-r .r,
-.=,rICN,r,Nr-.._JJrl
f.! ,,.,

-
i!
" " a: II
""
--:'~I'~' -"
U)>,
. . . .b~
witll a deflection . f:lctor or 0 L :::: 1.5, tilL' rollowin~ , results :lre tkrived: Z~ :iri S w w 0
() I rl -
0- ~ 0
.
0:: 'r. :J 'I", :::
'r_ 'r: -t: "i. r", 'f,
I-:~t":~
I ' ' '1 -r
rr!
~:§ 1_ .-.,,..., n rl
:0 :0 0:0
u::r::
.
'"",,,,
f-I --c--c-::-I
0'1 10 -r.......
'n -r .rr
'0

I"": ~
o
1'; wH
t>
% i); --
Dl K1' (100) -'0 ~ I:;; ....: ;::;
....: ::1'
....:
-0 .-,
.:) -
, ..., ... ; r I ~
f- .~
'..0
,r~
,r,
'':
"·1
~

"
[2E/3(DR - 1)3J + 0.061E' "'~
0'"
oS "' ~ I x., ':> ,r'l .... rl '..0 'V
'r, 'Ii r- -t
q-r:q~
° ~
1; ~ 6 ;. :;-
~cioo
'l) ,.:;,

rl - - 0
",.
1---1=
l' ;
Ib 1 ft2
x 10ft x 144 in2 ; 8.33 psi
f-<~
-<"" o 1__·:>r')~1
I~ l~ ~~, '" " -r-; w
120 ft3
-'=
;:) ,8 ;,.
f8 i:::::=1 r')"'lrl-
~,
>Q
::::::
tn r') 01
'r~
~
(!)

-:- ~, "1'1
u-
-'u o ·r,
-r t-- :,0""''''''' -0''$
o "1' C' r- >,
0
r') rr, :?r-:~v:
2E -<2!
U~
~
1---1= Ii :=560 71
OJ 0000 ri""': 0 0 ..Q

S +
0

3(DR - 1)3
2(400,000) ; 54.28 psi
3(18-1)3 1°
C',
t--
o
i3
r') 01
' . . '
I-·~r-'n

I_,
01 'Ii
-t
v;.-7
0' 7
r..) 0j r,;
o
t--
-;t
o.~~r..)
'n
'n ltl
r-
C',
-:;
"
E
~
+ ':?
-
N
o
- : ;;;1 r l -:T rf') t--
z
0 .~ 0-
~

% Ll _ 1.5(0.1 )(8.33)( 100) '"-' ~ ;~6;

-O'I-'-.D
-ciao
r')"':::;-o-
ri ~ - ci r::::
C
~
-" a:
I

D - 54.28 + 0.061 (200) 1.9 percent ;:;'" 1

i
-<
::>
cY
0 0
• I
'" "
"0
E?
w
For the general case, live loads should be added to the earth load to
~ I ~ C " N
;: g 21':0 O'~~
°o 01
determine the total load at the depth being considered. o-lI"::8'O
>
0
.,t
0000
0000
-;t I- 0 "'1°
rooooo
>,l-;tr-O
000
0 "
"'I:"
... -:> "'1 01

In Table 27, results of calculations of deflections or buried A\V\VA

-=l::n..J.::: ~
ill w W
I
r-
C900 DR 14. 18. and 25 PVC pipe are presented for cases where either
'(;)
:::
j
I <11 0
I
highway or railway loads an: present.

J44 145
HA..E\;D8(}OK OF PVC FiPE CH\FrER - DESiG:';

DeflectIon Lag and Creep. The length of time that a buried ncxible FIGUH.E 15 - STRESS RELAXATION CURVES
pipe will continue to deflect after the maximum imposed load is realized is
limited and is a function of soil deilsity in the plpe zone. As soil density at
90
'~ I I I
I
I I''!!
I
the sides of the pipe increases, the time during which the pIpe will continue
to deflect decreoses, and the total deflection in response to load decreases. ~
;;-
eo. 0
1------- ;--.. !-u. I ,
12in.di.

)~ r I I
II I1
' I 1

~o t-e111i
I , ' , I
In fact, afwr the trench load reaches a maximum, the pipe-soil system "' I I 00 I I
0

continues to dellect only as long as the soil is in the process of consolida-

tion. Once the soil has reached the density required to support the load, the
"~" 70 J
!I I III!
pipe will not continue to deflect.
. The full load on any buried pipe is not reached immediately after
8
H

5
I I II! i
I II i
installation unless the final backfill is compacted to a high density. For a
"
w
~ 60 In I I II
llexible pipe, the long-term load will not exceed the prism load. The increase ~ 'I~ '--.a. n
J lJ ill. ditl. II1I 1

111 load with tir:1~ is the largest contribution to incrcasing lkilcction. It

fT I
-rTF! 0 I Ii
should be consiJ-.:rcd as load lag, and should not be includt.:u in the de-
10 1~ ~
flection lag fadar. Therefore, for dt:sign. the prism load should be Llsed.
(hou,r.j
thus effectively compensating for the incn::ased trench consolidation load
Wilh time and r::suiting increased defkclion. Load as;1 function of time for a constant ring deflection of 20 percell!.
Creep is normally associated with tht: pipe malL-rial and is lh.'fined as SOU"':;,,, UY"" "TAY" UN'V""",TV

continuing deformation with lil1le when thL' m;lterial is subjecled to;1 COll-
stant load. rvlo~i. plastics exhibit creep. As lemperature increas::s. the cn.::ep FIGURE 16 - PVC 1'11'1' CREEI' RESPONSE
rate under a J;iy;,;n load increases, Also. as slress increas:.:s, tilL' cr:.:ep f'ltt.:: for
n gin:n telllpefolture increases, I\s PVC cret:ps. it also n:bxes with time.
Stress relaxation is defined as the decrease in stress. with time. in'l material
IJ I !JL~ 1.:Li I,,_,IJJ[I[-o
I Illt±j,
I rnTI-"~=[H_
--1--1 1

~---,! 1·_··--·_·_-1-
7.0 I
held in constant deformation.
;;::to= I " L 'U_IJ J_ I
Figure 15 shows stressTelaxation curves for PVC pipe samples held in
a constant dell,ction condition. It is evident that PVC pipe does relax ! Y l---l - I 1 I rI
I --
._-j
11--- -1,- -UlJ
.-"-1 I '
, L'
~II
d
stresses with tim>::.
~
I f ! II I w ys; ' /'

! )~llTI1t±J::11
: J-
Figure 16 shows long-term data for buried PVC pipe. Long-term E 6.0 --'I' '·'-L _ , I ' I " eo, n
_ I ,
dellectioll tests were rLln at Utah SUIte University by imposing a gi.ven soil
I
load which was held constant throughout the duration of the test. PVC
pipe material cr~ep properties have little influence on dellection lag, but
soil properties such as density exhibit great inl1uencc.
"
>
~la 5.0 i
I
I l-W~I
:
I
j 1+1I !
The theorolical strength properties of PVC pipe vary with tempera-
ture, (see Chapter III - Thermal Effects, and Chapter V - Hydrostatic 10 100
Pressures). For nexible pipe considerations, the approximate relationships ?H~S (houl:s)

of pipe strength properties vs. temperature are shown by curves in Figure 17.
Time VS, vertical ring deflection for three soil densities,
Temperature controlled tests of buried PVC pipe were run to deter-
as % of Standard Proctor Oensi ty.
mine the temperature effect on the long-term behavior. Data from these
tests are given in graphical form in Figure 18. The following procedures SOUfH:r:;: UTAH STII,T<;; VNIV<;f<SITY

146 147
IL,J'{DBOOK OF l'VCPIPE OFd'l - l.) .;,iU.,

FIGURE 17 reached. At this point the low., Well as the tempemiHl\:; \V:1:; hdd con-
APPROXIMATE RELATIONSHIP FOR 12454·B PVC stant, ancl the resulting time deptmdent deflection was determined. The
FOR FLEXIBLE PIPE STRENGTH PROPERTiES VS. TEMPERATURE starting deflections are somewhat arbitrary. Four of these tests were
r---11 begun at about 4.75(% deflection and two \vere begun between 9 and 9.5%·

140-1 _
II
~j
I
UPPER RECOMMENDED UNliT

- I - 1- :1- ,- Jl- __ L
, /
l
. ,-
deflection. The loads required to produce these deflections were different
in each case. It should be noted thut for the temperature fUnge tested, an

,,
equilibrium state is reuched, and the pipe does not deflect beyond that

r- I
I /
point. The limiting deflection and the time required to reach it ure brgely

120~
!l 1 controlled by the soil density. However, it is interesting to note Figure 18
'! I I l/
~, II vOl i ~'?-""" / I i for tests at different temperatures with the same soil density:
~~
V/
0 ~'/ I .,."' I ,

I
I

I
I II !Jr-jf":_c-~~,0
I.
It..... /
~
~
0
'<."':3
,0' "."

,1",'''-.
"
"

I
_ The equilibrium deflection is slightly larger for higher temperatures
because the effective pipe stiffness is lower.
-..J'j 1 ~0~" ,'V I' _ The time for equilibrium to be reached is sharrer for higher temper-
I b0 I i 0:,..0 ,," ~I I
100-1,

~-J
;I
I_ _,2
~~ JL_ /~
..:r j
/
,,0~":
"."
. 'i
I

'
I atures since the soil~pipe system can interact at a faster rate in achieving
cq uili bri tllll.

:;- I
1,.' /.
' ' ;r" ' - 1 ' ',
i
FIGURE 18
w
IT:

...
:>
no ! i ,\ "I, / / I I TI~IE DEFLECTION CURVES
, \ 1/' 'I' ' I TEMPERATURE CONTROLLED SOIL CELL TEST
"
IT: ,,,' i l l
~

...~
73<1
-1'~1\'~.I,[. - I I_-t u~ll~

,k-~~ i'g~
·;'·-~>~-~l
I
L~-,
j
\ !

~
i / / /'A
GO
. \C:c I
I1 I~(~ I
I 1
.
,'
-c«' .0
\:/','-t" '7
I·/ / '\./.
-------';-7.-. . ~''',' ,'
/,0
;>-
'
! I - _.. - - - - -I j - - t ~ "t=±=±=j
:
I 1
.."
\c:-~ALU,sv"RnViDEL
/ (.... / ' . \ I
40 I I, \,"'j>;;:;
\J >;'/"
I
I

_~;,.~
','..- DUE TO CO":OU"D'''O I
t
I J~~:;;?
\ ~// /"
I i
I
-~
;; , , '

6~~ ~.~ 50\ '-¥:::::::::r-

m, ",',
--
1m, '"'
o.
'I
I
20 [
120
I I I I
II I Ii I I I ',0 y,c::= 1 1
100 80 60 40 20

% OF 73.4'F PIPE STRENGTH PROPERTY ~SO

SOUllct;: !':1'HV<. COIlI'ORATION

" '00 ISO 200 250
'" '" '00
£Lh?SI:P n~.£ (hour,,)

were used in conducting these tests, The pipe to be tested was placed in Time deflection cunres for buried PVC pipe (temperature controlled)
the load cell, It was then embedded in soil which was compacted to the for three soil densities, as % of Standard Proctor Density
specified percentage of Proctor density_The load on the soil was then
increased until the desired starting vertical clel1ection of the pipe was ,;ounct:: UTAH ,;TATC U'''''CR5,TV

148 149
 CHAPTER V - DESIGN
HA..." iDBOOK OF PVC PIPE

FIGURE 19 CELL CROSS SECTION

TIME DEFLECTION CURVES

EMBANKMENT TEST

fI~q • ,: ~,j

fl~q • !, ",;
8'\ r ..:pr :,,~"tv

~.\\ ~r~<t~r !'<n":i

' 1-
1/
.\
U~III ~
\.\
0)
I
lin
fit)' • H ""
%\ rr":to< o,n,HY I$i
~--
-0'k'/",{~=
--l.J'U''~~';-lil~
_.-.. -- Ii
Ii 2 FT.
SEALED
DIAMETER
OPENING

1\_.-
?\\ r,oHO< N'·-'"
fl'.'· • ~~ -"

,,,. ---- c, I
PIPE 51::(
~~ 1<<: 0/ <O\H t
\ .... ~< ~~" "." •. , • l~l n .. i' TESTED

(i)j'"
~". 2":" NOM.
01';·'.1[1E H

'-'c, ~ _ _--,'-_ _ ~~ _ _- '_ _ --,~ __ --,~ _ _--,'-_ _- '_ _ --,~

o ~~ lrn r,O" '0" ,~"o ,;<'" i'." 1< ,....,

1 ,~. (ll"",,)

DcOcction as a function of time for PVC pipe buried in an embankment.

$OU"Cr., UT" .. I'T"'TI: u""vrarr.lTV

sou"C<:' uT"" ".,. ... T.: u""v.: .. ,,'TV

The above described'iong-term tests were carried out in a soil cell.
The imposed load on a pipe in a soil cell is almost instantaneous due to the
Extensive research has established that any buried llexiblc pipe, (c. g.
fact that the loading plane is only about 30 in. (760 mm) above the pipe.
steel. fiber glass, plastic) will continue to delleet as long as the soil consoli-
This provides a significant advantage over tests in either trench or embank-
dates. Thus, as previously stated. the creep properties of pipe materials have
ment conditions. In both the trench and the embankment, it takes sub-
little effect on the long-term delleetion behavior of llexible pipe when
stantial time for the full load to reach the pipe - as much as months and
buried in soil.
years have been reported. When long-term tests are carried out in trenches
Watkins Soil Strain Theory. A number of variations of Spangler and
and embankments, the change in denections with time is due to increasing
Watkins' Modified Iowa Formula have been proposed. All of them can be
loads and soil consolidation. Figure 19 shows long-term dellection curves
represented in the simple terms:
for PVC pipe buried in an embankment. The change in denection with res-
pect to time in this condition is greater than that measured in soil cell tests.
EQUATION 28
Again, this is due to the increasing load with time in the embankment,
whereas the soil cell tests are constant load tests. The equilibrium denec- Load
Deflection =
tions being approached by the curves in Figure 19 :ire the same as those Pipe Stiffness + (Constant) (Soil Stiffness)
which would be obtained with much less time delay for the same pipes sub-
jected to the same loads in a soil cell.
«0 t51
ilA..NDHOOK OF PVC PIPE C{-IAPrER \/ - DESte;>:

Upon analyzing data from many tests. \Vatkins. ;''/fote the 10\va For- In tiils form the above equation represents :1 simple relationship
l

mula in terms of dimensionless ratios as follows: between two dimensionless variables: ring deflection ratio J1~ and stiff-
ness ratio Rs - Figure 20 represents the design curve which can be used tor
EQUATION 29 predicting ring deflection. It is based on current theoretical as well as
empirical data generated in Europe and America.
y PR,
= FIGURE 20
D , ,+B
EAR
RlNG DEFLECTION FACTOR
AS A FUNCTION OF STIFFNESS RATIO
i Where: P = Vertical nominal pressure at the level of
the top of the pipe, psi 1.0
R, = Stiffness ratio. This is the ratio of soil
3
stillness E s to pipe ring stiffness EI/D .
This quantity includes all properties of ~ I
C 0.8 I I i/ JI
materials, soil as \,,'ell:.I$ pipe. .2 ....
~
•E
i5
Since for a solid wall pipe or constant cross-section, I = (3/12. then
<;
g 06 -----~ .. -- I
~
EQUATION 30 o
I~ ,f>II[S$U.'l(

"E
R = 12 E, (D)3 ';;
o
iii! !
, E (t) ~
o 04 ,~;t:.?"
TT:;;-r-r ..• I

Where: E, equals slope of the stress-strain curve for t1Je soil

at the load in question in a olll'-<.Iimcnsional consoli-
C'

el w
~ 0.2
!

O
('!.Ifill'
fl.'SnFFNQ.SRU10' ...l.::-1
•
t
"

El/0
dation test. E~ '~J{'SOlLSTln'}lESS

E I/D1"lII'lG STIFFNESS

E, = Pie
e = Vertical soil strain o
A,B = Empirical constants which include such o 50 100 150 200 250 300
terms as D and K of the Iowa Formula
L
R s Stiffness Ratio (Dimensionless)

Through transposition, equation 29 can be restated: SOURCl'i:: UT ...... 5T .... TE: UN1Vl::IVl>I'TY

EQUATION 31 In most flexible pipe installations, the pipes are relatively flexible
compared to recommended side fill. Thus, the pipe follows the soil down
:!... = R, and the deflection ratio approaches unity. The stiffness ratio, R" is usually
De AR , + B greater than 300 which is to the right of the plot of Figure 20. Even if R,
is usually greater than 300, it is eonservative to assume YjDe = I. So the

152 153
 CHAl'TER \' - DESIGN
HI..."'~DBOOK OF PVC PIPE

Empirical Method. Each of the methods discussed so far for deter-

ring deflection becomes:
mining load and deflection has a theoretical basis~ and, except for the prism
EQUATlON32 load theory all require experimental investigation to determine the un-
I

known constants, In the past few years, techniques have evoived whereby
Y/D = e
a model or prototype pipe is tested until failure occurs, and the total per-
This demonstrates that flexible pipe is deflected down about as much formance of the pipe is studied. Suppose a pipe is to be designed with a
certain earth cover in an embankment. Without a pipe in ploee, no arching
as the sidefill settles.
The vertical soil strain in the side fill depends upon the soil compressi- oceurs, and the soil pressure at any height is easily calculated (the prism
bility and the nominal load. From the soil mechanics laboratory come theory load at that depth). When a flexible pipe is in place, the static pres-
cun:es such as Figurc 21 which relates the strain to the soil pressure. sure cannot be greater than the prism load pressure applied. Trying to cal-
culate this actual pressure has frustrated researchers for years. If a pipe is
installed in a prism loaded condition (e. g.• soil cell). resulting deformation
FIGURE 21 can be monitortd \vithout the need to calculate actu8.! static pr('ssure,
CONCEPT FOR PREDICTING SETTLEMENT OF SOIL This procedun.: has been llsed with gn.~at success at Utah State
BY MEANS OF STRESS STRAIN COMPRESSION DATA University under the direction of Reynold K. Watkins and at the United
FROM FIELD OR LABORATORY States Bureau of Recl:Jlllation under the direction or Amster K. Ho\vard
as well as atllt;r places, Data obtained in this manner can be used Jirectly
P A"oreo__ IP
:
in the design of pipc~soil systems and in the pn:diclion of ovt:r~~dl perform
(~:b~'1
M

r-l-
:I
I . --
-----r:
I " -!l-A-'
...J I
/
.•. ;;.': 'f> .',.,

:...:)',;:':~
-J,.-
ancc. The possibility of buckling. over-ddkction. and wall crushing are all
evaluated simultaneously by actual tests. No at tempt to expbin the pipt.:-
n I ,,:.:t'I/~~1
"H
~'/ ;'::;''17/'$;
<J
<:-
!
i I soil interaction pht:llomcnon is necessary in the use of this method. and the
end results leave nothing to be estimated 011 the basis of judgml'nt.

~I
~/~?'- ~
\~i?;,\,; ..
// For example. if tests show that for a given soil compaction at 25 feet

J
1...J' E'=soil sliffness
WI'"' b' / /
[S.-
VI; I;.;:!L~
" provided that enough empirical test data is available. In collection of this
£=L\L/L
To use soil strain to predict pipe deflection then becomes a simple
exercise. The ratio of pipe deflection to soil strain can be determined from
Figure 21. This value will usually be unity for most flexible pipe installa-
tions. The load on the pipe is then calculated using the prism (embank-
ment) load theory, and the soil strain can be determined from Figure 22.
A series of simple laboratory tests can be made, for the soil to be
used as embedment, to generate curves similar to those of Figure 22. How-
ever experience has shown that data defined in Figure 22 is representative
of most soils, and can be used for design. Thus, it is evident that soil den-
sity is the most important parameter in limiting pipe deflection.
=slope of seconi eriE
_ Thus, a pipe installation can be designed with a known factor 01' safety
SQURce: UTAH STATE UN,vttl'$ITY
(7.6 m) of cover. a Ocxible pipe deOects 3%, and in every other way per-
forms well, the actual load on the pipe and the soil modulus are academic.
data, pipe was installed in a manner similar to that used in actual practice
and the height of cover increased until performance levels were exceeded.
The procedure was repeated many times and a reliable empirical curve of
pipe performance vs. height of fill was plotted. The use of these empirical
curves or data eliminates the need to determine the actual soil pressure,
since the pipe performance as a function of height of cover is determined
directly. Equally good empirical approaches to study of the deflection
mechanism are
- the study of actual field installations, or
- the simulation of a large enough earth cover in a soil test box to exceed
the performance limits of the pipe.

1 <4 155
HA..;\DBOOK OF rvc PIPE
CHAPTErt v - DCS1G:\

FiGURE 22
Asbestos-Cement Pipe (AC)
PLOT OF VERTiCAL STRESS STRAIN DATA FOR T'{PICAL TRENCH
BACKFILL (EXCEPT CLAY) FROM ACTUAL TESTS Corrugated Steel Pipe
Ductile Iron Pipe
4000 I I 'I i I Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Pipe (FRP)

.-
N
u..
Polyethylene Pipe (PE)

--:3 3000 1-1- - - ' Note: Probable error is about

half the distance between
Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe (PVC)
Reinforced Plastic Mortar Pipe (RPM)
Steel Pipe (CMC-eML)
e:::> ndpcent lines.
~
~
Substantial data is available for PVC sewer pipe made in accordance
'!'": 2000
co"'!>
~~p
SOil if
I'
---~77'-c-
/ l ~. with ASTM D3034 with minimum pipe stiffness of 46 psi and has been
o compiled by re>":lrchers at the Buried Structures Laboratory. Utah State
C"
University, Tbe f';SUltS of many mt:~ISlln:l1l.:nts are categorized in Table 28
".,
.<.>
~ 1000
according to soil type. soil density. anti height of Cover. Ddlt:i..'tiollS pre-
sented in Table: .:'8 n:prL'scnt the largest ddlt::ctiol1s cncounkn:d under the
conditions sp::dfied, D:lt:l presented in this manner is tk~ignt:J to provide
"
0..
a great dL':.d of il.:xibilily to cngillet::rs, lls lise in most caSes will show th:lt
o several 1'Ilginccnng solutions may bt: availablL'. and L'conomic inputs ma)'
suggest ':1 prop-.=r solution.
o 2 3 4 5 6
For example, SUppose PVC Sewer pipe (i\STM D3034 DR 35) with
~s Vertical Soil Strain (Percent) a minimum pip-: stiffness or 4() psi is to be installed where till' n'.Ilivc 50]1
';OU"<:u UTAH lIT"T'" Vt"V~r""TY
is a Class iV cl:1y, Ninety percent or tile line will be at depths as great as
20 feet. i\ccording to Table 28 the n:ltivc Class IV material could be used
To avoid the proble11l of having to establish design data for the for that portion of the pipeline with less than 14 feet of COVer if mmpaeted
infinite variety of installations and bedding conditions that are found in to 75W or St~lrld3rd Proctor thereby insuring maximum deflection less than
the field, the following design bases have been chosen: 7.5%, Howc\'~r. ground water conditions may make compaction difficult.
even il1lpossibl~. or may result in subsequt:nt reduction in soil strength,
- The embankment condition is selected as critical. (The results are con-
If this is the cuse, Class 1. II or 1lI material may be imported and useel with
servative for other than embankment conditions.) appropriate emb~dment procedures to limit maximum clerkctiOll to 7.5%.
-- Time lag or settlement of the embankment is included by designing for The choice will be based on availabitity~ convenience and eOllsequently on
ultimate values of deflection. cost. For the deep portion of the line, Class III material compacted to
An added advantage of tllis system is that performance limits, such 85%, Class II material compacted to 80%, or Class I material without com-
paction could be used successfully.
as ring crushing, strain and wall buckling, can be analy'zed, as well as ring
deflection, by means of a single test. Dni-Bell manufacturers have generated
such data for their pipe products. The use of such data may be considered
the most reliable method of design and is recommended when available.
Some of the pipe products for which empirical test data have been deter-
mined are as follows:
156
157
HA!'iDBOOK OF PVC PIPE CHAPTER V - DESiGN

01 "" 0 =
N 10) co "'I;'}; "'161°
-.0 ..?,::C ..0 r....: 0
:S §
6 ,,,
>
>
Performance Lilnits. Performance limits are established to prevent
those conditions which may jeopardize the effective operation of a pipe,
M

00 ,i
....:

00 N .'
"j

('I 0 -:":'"
V;'{M 0 M -:"jJ;'0"
=
-5 r-::e ,,, line. For PVC pipe responding to external loads these may be enumerated
Nl"";
V')

"":??"i0;r;ir--:...o"ci"; ~
as:
!, ..,:' ~+;:f-::;~.s;
~

.:e :z" ,~
""II ":.... '"' I I 'x > Stress
:r-: ..., "< :-:l C! 'c: C! C!
.- f' ('1 f~r~ ~ ~l " .:e
c.. ",
1"'1 If) If)
c" ;, Fatigue
p
. .,. 'I--':;;-~ 1;; 1' ",°1 "'[0:1; :'1 '" [,,; I'd " o ~
~

, Deflection
Z
~ I~ r...: .-: l.";f:~i~. ~[~ ~
"'u .g=
("'I

,,"
.~
Buckling
~
""" ..s ;~ ~~ g Wall Crushing
"'
~ Cl
t::l
'0. 3
~
r-~

.~ ~ Longitudinal Bending
~
~
c..
Cl
Z
-g
:::..; Strain
~
'" ~ ~..,), §0
'"
~
" 2 ,2 The slress performance limit describes any internal pressure applica-
"', ~

o .g l-o

:>:
:::: u ~
2:' ~·o tion in which the hoop stresses in the pipe w~11l due to applied pressure
:s 0'" .5 ~" '5 exceed the design strength of the pipe. This is described in a previous chap-
o'"
.~ :5 o
u I- ~ ter and can be expressed as:
>
c.. " r, ~''::
% r;
u.. Vl
o Vl 2 -:::~ EQUATION 33
Vl
Z
-::
-'
u
E -,;:>"-,, "3-5 '~ ~

o .:.:; ::
a = eE
;:: -'
c'- .~ ~'~
u (3
~
"'u..
...l
Vl
Vl 5)
.;;;
~.g
~-:::
Where: E = Modulus of Elasticity, pSI
a = Wall stress, psi
"';;:Cl ~

]
2=

;'- ~~
- e = Strain, ill/ill
:>: .::; 1- ;: §
"'vl- "
~~=
Vl
~.¥t The fatigUe! performance limit is also described under a previous
,.-,1 "
Z I 6 ~S!<:.) ';;;-:;
heading. It refers to the fact that most material call fail at stresses lower
I r~ ~ 1"!
o
...l
:2 ::7,,\
> . . . . ~, -:;0<:.) 0
than the strength of the material if a cyclic stress application Occurs at a
;:0
:;
0....
t:: .... :-,
"'zu;:::; t?t':t~t~t::'?t~t~t~t'?
OOO'r"llf)lf)lf)'r"l'r"l
o?'-~
:: ",....
;.;.::J>,,,,:::.!:.)
=>.
::: '" sufficiently high frequency and magnitude on a continuous basis over a
X -'0-
~ :::: ~
0\ 00 G'. oot.-\O cot.->,,:) ""' .... ::: .....
Z .3';:; 0
-
";::: ""=I period of time. This phenomenon is illustrated by taking a paper clip and
<
;;: 1
00...)1
1
'-"... '" ~
::;::5"OiJ ,,'= ~=:~~ bending it back and forth several times until a fracture of the material
~_~C .J <:.) ...... "
- " occurs. Only under extreme live loading conditions at very shallow burial
> >
'"'"

-' -_ ==
_ _ U.2C t!
'.' -:::'w ~ ~ ~
..2 0 depths is consideration of this performance limit meaningful for buried
'"
'"...l II t.I)
t.I)
<
CIJ
tI)'
<
V'l CIJ CI)
CIJ
~
::::;';';::0'0
-v:,..,
..o"'=':
--' PVC pipe.
"' f-<
Z
~ 0
Z
cj -1
<
CIJ
~
<
tI)
....J
...
....J
.... :::;;:)- .;.;:: <:.)
'-,-~~_l-o
~0'-';::"'=~
'"<
I-
~...JC:
0;$<
U U U U :.n.&-o.3~-::;~
:.;; :::...3..:2:.:=,3 (3
A deflectioll performance limit for flexible pipes was established
shortly after publication of the Iowa Formula. It was determined that
~X~ Z '- U..2:-:·::;~
;:;1==] 'O"E~ ~ ~O:;C~-;,g Corrugated steel pipe would begin to reverse curvature at a det1ection of
~:;;:n .=EE;:i'E .!:~ . ~ .... ~-5.s~~gc;
~.<':. ~ ~ >. a 2
f-<
tI)
,..;
U
:.J;:l;:l
~ c o::.ll
::::lee
=..
tI):1

r:r.J
r.J;-
c.~":'
.:::
:::..:3
·.... U
._:::.,
;.,..
:n:.J:} ...... :::
:=.Q;:jU'-0""=1
U) ...... "0
;.;J::::::: "0 :.>::; about 20%. Design at that time called for a limit of 5% deflection, thus
< S::..?< £"'3 ",=,~ :n Ul""'....... 0";:: -;;,=.3 providing a safety factor of 4.0. From tillS early design consideration.
r::::l 0::: :::
.;.::
~
u ~::;
r.r.
....
0 WZ ~ ":J.::;
::;:.us.::J,.....l years of engineering practice have lecl to the arbitrary design limit of 5.0%
....: N ~.¢
det1ection. TOday this level is readily accepted by most designers of
1<0
H/iNDIHJOK Of PVC l)IPE CHAPIER V ~ DESIG~

flexible steel pipe systems. PVC pipe, having a DR of 35, reverses curvature . , . unit lateral contraction
Where: v POlsson s RatiO :::
at a deflection not less than 30%. Application of a simiiar rationale results lInit axial elongation
in a safety factor of at least 6.0 for the 5% deflection limit. At 7.5% de- ; 0.38 for PVC pipe
flection limit, the safety factor is 4.0. In system design, the 7.5% deflec- OD ; outside pipe diameter, in.
tion limit for PVC pipes with DR's greater than 14 may be used with sub- D m = OD- t ::: mean pipe diameter, in.
stantial safety, when considering that most soil or structural designs are
developed with safety factors of about 1.5 to 2.0. Since the mean pipe radius (r) is equal to Dm /2, Equation 36 can also be
The buckling performance limit may govern design of flexible pipes expressed as:
under condiliQns of internal vacuum, sub-aqueous installations. or loose
soil burial, if the external load exceeds the compressive strength of the
EQUATION 37
pipe material. For a circular ring subjected to a uniform external pres-
E I t \3
sure or internal vacuum, the critical buckiing pressure (P cr ) is tkfinL'd by' P" ; ••• 0 ( - ,)

Timosllr.::nko as:
EQUATION 34 When pipes art buried or an: installed in such a manner th~lt tht' sailor sur-
rounding IlH:'dium provides some resistance a~ainsl buckling or deflection.
P ; 3EI the buckling pressure (p b) ill tilL' soil has bcen found by the Scandinavians
" ,3 to be:

Where: r :::: rvkan pipe radius. in

EQUATION 38

With tlll' Moment or Inertia (I) defined as t

3
j12. 1·.qU:ltioll 34 lK'COIllL'S: Ph = 1.15 vP:"E'
EQUATION 35
Where. E' = "Iodulus ol"soil rcaction, psi
2E 2E Pb :::: buckling pressure in a given soil, psi
P"
(0o;t) (DR - 1)3
Example:
A DR 18 PVC pipe with a 400,000 psi modulus 01" elasticity is to be
Where: E ; Modulus of elasticity (400,000 psi for PVC 1120) installed as a well casing ill which the confining medium will ofTa no shear
DR ::: dimension ratio resistance. What is the critical buckling pressure (P cr ) if ol1ly atmospheric
pressure were to exist on the inside of the pipe'?
For long tubes, such as pipelines under combined stress. E is replaced by
E/(l - v2 ) and the critical buckling pressure is: 2E 2 (400,000)
Pc, 190.2 psi
EQUATION 36
(1 - v 2 )(DR - 1)3 [1-(0,38)'] (18-1)3

Pec
2E
(1 - v 2 )(DR _1)3 - (1 - v2 ) OD-t
2E ( t )3 Example:
lf a DR 35 PVC sewer pipe with a 400,000 psi modulus of elasticity
;
2E was confined in " saturated soil providing E' ; 200 psi, what height (H) of
(1 _ v2 )(!}-)3 the saturated soil which weighs 120 Ibs/ft l (w) wouid cause buckling')

160 161
H:\.i"\DilOOK OF PVC PIPE CHAPTER V - DESIGN

For this case the performance limit in ring compression may be calculated
2(400,000) 23.8 psi
Por as follows:
= [1 - (0.38)2] (35 - 1)3 =
Example: A PVC Pipe (0. D. = 8.4 in, t = 0.240 in.) is concrete
Ph = 1.15yz3.8(200) = 79.34 psi = 11,425 psf At what vertical soil pressure or depth of cover could one expect
failure by ring compression?

H = P/w = 11,425/120 = 95.2 feet PD

- .....y..- P = wI-! = u c 2A
Uc - 2A y D
i
Therefore, the safety factor for the critical failure mode by buckling of
Conservatively assume U = hydrostatic design basis or hoop tensile
DR 35 PVC pipe is ample since sewer pipes are rarely buried in trenches c
stress = 4.000 psi
deeper than 50 feet.
Research has eSlablished that flexible steel pipe walls can buckle at
deflections considerably less than 20 1 ,: if the load is large and the soil 4000 (2) (0.240) = 2281b/in 2
Py = 84•
surrounding the pipe is extremdy compacted. Based on these observ:ltions,
H. L. While and J. P. Layer proposed the "Ring Compression Theory" for
the design of buried llexible pipes. This theory assllmed thal the backlill I' 228 Ib/in 2
was highly compacted. that dellection would be negligible, and that the I-! = ..Y. = x 144 = 274ft
w 120 Ib/tt 3
performance limit was wall crushing. The design c01H.:epl is expressed by:

EQUATION 39
PyD Yield Stren"th
0=--= . Longitudinal bellding of a pipeline is usually indicative of less than
c 2A Safety Factor
Where: ac = Compressive Stress, psi
P = Vertical soil pressure on the crown of the
y (See Chapter V - Longitudinal Bending, Joint Dcllection, and Support
conduit, psi
D = pipc diameter, in.
A = Cross-sectional area of conduit wall per unit
length, Unit length x t, in"
t = Wall t11ickness, in.
White and Layer assumed the vertical soil pressure (I' y) to be simply
the prism load or the unit weight of the soil times the height of fill plus
the influence of surface loads at the level of the top of the pipe.
Tests conducted by several researchers have confirmed the validity
of the Ring Compression Theory as applied to flexible steel pipe when the
soil can be assumed to be rigid. These assumptions apply reasonably to
PVC pipe when held rigidly, as in cases where the pipe is concrete cradled.
The previous example easily illustrates that ring compression is not
a governing factor in design of either sewer or water PVC ripe systems.
satisfactory installation conditions. Unlike "Rigid I'ipcs," PVC pipe will
not brcak in nexure but will dellect out of round circumferentially and
possibly buckle if the pipe is bent longitudinally to a very short radius.
Spacing.)
Strain limit may be considered a performance limit in isolated
circumstances where extensive strain in the pipe wall can be anticipated.
However, research completcd and reported substantiates that buried PVC
pipe is not limited in usc by definablc strain limits. Essentially, field expe-
rience has demonstrated. for buried PVC pipe, that the strain condition is
infinitely less critical than other performance limits.
Within the last decade, methods for strain limit design of buried PVC
pipe systems have been proposed in the effort to permit design based on
conservative parameters derived through short term testing. In such short
term testin~, the attempt is made to determine critical strain which can be
defined as the maximum possible completely reversible elastic strain. This

1<" 163

HANDBOOK or: pvc 1'l1'E
strain limit is typically determined through uniaxial tensile creep testing.
Strain iimit design involves tile effort to prevent strain in the wall of
buri~d pipe which exceeds the defined critical strain limit. This design
method is invalid for design of buried PVC water and sewer pipe systems.
Tests conducted on PVC pipe demonstrate no significant variation in im-
pact strength. long-term hydrostatic strength. cyclical pressure resistance,
and pipe stiffness after the pipe was subjected to stmins in excess of de-
fined critical strain limits,
Research on strain limit design for buried non-pressure PVC pipe
(e.g.. PVC sewer pipe) has demonstrated that:
u ThL' llni~lxial tensile creep tests upon \vhich strain limits su~gL'sted
in the: past have beCll based. bear link rdl'vancc to tilt: nc;\llr~ll
slrcs~ relaxation condition encotillterL'd by burk'd nun-pressurL'
I)llk'.
• J)cJlL'(liol1 limits which would rt.'blL' to str~lill limits dcterrllilll'd
t\lroU~~1l more applk~lhk L'otlstanl str;lin ksb would far L'xcced
current indtl:-.lry aCL'l..'plt.'d kvds of perlllissibk ddkctioJl.
CHAPTER V - DESIGN
Note: Equations 40, 41, and 42 have been eliminated in revision to
Handbook First Edition, Third Printing.
LONGITUDI1\AL BENDING
The response of PVC pipe to longitudinal bending is considered a
significant aclv;.mtage of PVC pipe in buried ;Ipplic<ltions. Longitudinal
bending may be clone deliberately in PVC pipe instal1:.Jtions to makL.. changes
in alignment to ;l\·'oid obstructions. or it m:1Y also occur in rL"SpOIlSe (0
various ullplannt.'d L"olHlitiollS or unforescen changes in conditions in the
pipc soil systclll stich as:
- Differential settkllH.:nt of a !1l~lllllOk valve, or structun: to which
the pipe is rig.idly connected.
- Uneven sctUelllent of tile pipe bedding.
- Ground movement associated with tidal orground water conditions.
- Erosion of bedding or foundation material clue to pipeline leakage.
- Seasonal variation in soil conditions due to changes in moisture
content (limited to expansive or organic soils).
- Improper installation procedures, c. g., non-uniform foundation,
unstable bedding, inadequate embedment consolidation.
Through longitudinal bending, PVC pipe provides the ability to
deform or bend and move away from external pressure concentrations.
The lise of flexible joints also enhances a pipe's ability to yield to these
forces, thereby reducing risk of damage or failure. Good engineering design
and proper installation will eliminate longitudinal bending of PVC pipe
from being a critical design consideration.
Allowable Longitudinal Bending. When installing PVC pipe, some
changes in direction may be necessalY which can be accomplished without
the use of elbows, sweeps, or other direction-change fittings. Controlled
longitudinal bending within acceptable limits can be properly accommo-
dated by PVC pipe. Longitudinal bending of the product is accommodated
through a combination of joint deflection and axial flexure of the pipe.
H/\...t\DUOOK OF .PVC PIPE
GL\J'TER .- DESIG~~
Permissable joint deflection may be significant when g:1sketed joints
which are designed for that purpose are provided on the PVC pipe Solvent T = temperatme rating factor (see Chapter V _ Hydro-
cement joints provide no llexibility, Depending upon pipe size and joint static Pressure Capacity vs. Operating Temperature)
design, the deflection per joint for gasketed PVC pipe joints in the un- St = HDB/2 = tensile stress from longitUdinal thrust,
psi
stressed condition varies from about one-third degree to 5 degrees, Joint
detlection limits should be obtained from the manufacturer for unstressed Note: The longitudinal stress from thermal expansion and con-
traction can be ignored in buried gasketed joint piping because of
joints and for joints which are stressed to the permissible amount without
leakage. relaxation of the soil restraint over the length between joints.
Longitudinal thermal stresses should be considered in restrained
Mathematical relationships for the longitudinal bending of pres-
pipes such as lines with solvent cemented joints and restrained and
surized tubes have been derived by Reissner. These relationships compare
supported piping, (See Chapter V - Allowance for Thermal
favorably to those of Timoshenko and others, One critical limit to bending Expansion and Contraction),
of PVC pipe is long-term nexural stress. However axial hendll1g causes a
l
Using Equation 43, the maximum allowable bending stresses (Sb) for
very smal1 amount of ovalization or diametric deflection of the pipe.
pipes made or PVC 1120 pipe at 73,4 F (23 C) arc given in Table 29.
PVC 11 eO pipe has short-term strengths on ,000 to 8,000 psi (48 ,e6
to 55,16 MPa) in tension and 11,000 to 15,000 psi (75,84 to 103,42 MPa)
in llexure. The long-term strength of PVC 11 ~O pipe in eithl:r tClIsion, TABLE 29
compression, or flexure can conservatively he assumed :IS l.:qual to the ALLOWABLE BENDING STRESSES AT 73.4 F
hydrostatic design basis (I!I)B) 01' 4,000 psi <:7.58 ~IPal. Applying a e: I
safety fador results in an allowable long-tnll1 tensilt: or l"JcxlIr:d stress equal
to the recommended hydrostatic d"si~n stress (S) e,OOO psi (13,7') Ml'a)
Prcssure Class Pipe = [4000 _ 4000]!.J! = 800 psi ( 5,5eMPa)
:2 2.5
for PVC 1120 pipe at 73,4 10 (23 C), Tilis e,OOO psi (13,79 ~ll'a) allowable
long-term nexlIral stress TllJy be llsed for gaskcted joint pipe which is frL'c '
Pressure Rated f 'Ij)e = 1400
. 0 - "'2 1.0 =
4000] 2,0
1000 psi ( 6,89 MPa)
of longitudinal stress from internal pressure longitudinal thrust. llowever,
when the joints arc restrained such as in solvent cementing without snaking
the pipe in the trench. the end thrust from internal pressure imposes a Non-Pressure Pi pc = [4000 - a ] ~:~ = 2000 psi (13,79 MPa)
longitudinal tensile stress equal to one-half of the hoop stress, Thcrcl'ore,
r
the available conscrvativc tensile stress for bending is 2,000 - (e,000/2) = Note: D1/Je t"!1cc be/wee/1 allowable bending stresses [or Pressure Class Gild l'rcswrc
Rated Pipe !cfatcs fo difference itt selectcd factors alsafcty.
1,000 psi (6,89 MPa),
From this rationale the equation I'or allowable bending stress (Sb) is:
The mathematical relationship between stress and moment induced
by longitudinal bending of pipes is:
EQUATlON 43

T EQUATION 44
Sb = (HDB - StlT

Where: HBD = hydrostatic design basis of PVC pipe, psi (4,000 for
M = Sol
c
PVC 1120)
F = safety factor (2,0 for pressure rated pipe, 2,5 for
Where: M = bending moment, in, Ibs,
pressure class pipe, and 2.0 is suggested for 110n- Sb = allowable bending stress, psi
C
pressure pipe) = OD /2 = distance from extreme fiber to nelltwl axis, in,
166
167
 CIL\FTER V - OtSlG:~
HANDBOOK OF pvC niL

EQUATION 45 EQUATION 49

~ ~~ (OD4 _ D;4) ~ 0.049087 (OD

4
I - D;4) a = {3/2, degrees
4
:= moment of inertia, in
Where: L =:; pipe length, in.
A = offset at the end of the pipe from the tangent to
Where: OD ~ average outside diameter, in.
the circle =
D., ~ average inside diameter. in.
aD - 2t nom., where:
t . == t . + 6% tmin. nominal wall thickness,
=:; EQUATION 50
nom min
in.
t. =:; minimum wall thickness, in. A = 2R b (sin {3/2)2 = 2R
b
(sin a)2
mm.

Assuming that the bent length or pipe conforms to:.J circular arc after Assuming that during illst~llJatian the pipt: is kmporarily fixed at one
backfilling and inSlJlIation. the minimum radius of tilt: bt:nding circle (R b ) end and ~Jcts as a c:Intikvcrt:J beam, Iht:n the lateral force n:quirt.'t.I at tilt'
can be found by Tirnoshenko's equation: free end to :Ichicvt: the affset (A) Illay be determined by tht: equation:

EQUATION 46 EQUATION 51

EI . P = 3EIA
- In.
Rb ~ M' L3

Wilere: P ~ lateral offset force, Ibs

Combining Equations 44 and 46 gives:
E ~ modulus of tensile elasticity, psi
I = moment of inertia, in."
"EQUATION 47 A = offset at free end, in.
L = pipe length. in.
R ~ EOD
b 2 Sb
Longitudinal bending of PVC pipe without allowance far joint de-
fiection should not exceed limits given in Tables 30 tllrough 33. In the
The central angle (JJ) subtended by the length of pipe is:
tables, limits of longitudinal bending are expressed for appropriate pipe
lengths as follows:
EQUATION 48 - Maximum bend allowable defined in terms of minimum bending
radius, (R b )
~ ~ 360 L ~ 57.30 L
- Maximum pipe end offset from the tangent to the circle (A)
27TR b Rb
- Angle of longitudinal deflection from a circular tangent by pIpe
bending (a)

Where: Land R are both in the same units, and the angle of - Lateral offset force to effect bending (P).
b
lateral deflection (a) of the curved pipe from a tangent The mathematical relationship between the bending deflection angle
to the circle is: Cal, the offset (A), the lateral offset force CP), and the minimum bending

168 169
 ....,
~

g~C\oC\
N i...J t.J ~
Vl:t:38
I..) _1
10 W
",en'"
W..JOo. CO QO 0-.0
W tJ W b
VJ~~2S

t-J t-":' tj IJ
b ;:; o gs
v.
w w
NW'o.t:.
--.laJ '...
...,..
J"-V10\DVlt...JO ....'
tv bov,t.J
g;g;g

TAIlLE 31
ALLOWABLE LONGITUDINAL BENDING
FOR PRESSURE RATED PIPE (A51M D2241,SDR.PR)
IN 20 FOOT LENGTHS
(Cell Classific:1tion 12454B, PVC 1120.Sb :: 1000 psi. E= 400.000 psi

NominJI Size, Ill. IV: 2 3 4 6 s 10 12

SOR 21
00, Ill. a.H'W 1.050 l.'){){) ~J75 15()il ~.625 10.750
t ncm ' in. 11.75U
0,064 0.067 0.0:15 0.12:0 o I·IS 0.::'.::'7 0.335 0.435 0.5·12 O.M2
Dpin. 0.712 0,916 1.710 ~.lJ5 ._ I·lt>
·lO,11l 5.955 7.755 (].660
I, in:' 0.012 O.O~5 lU2U 051~ ~ ~ <;'\
11,.166
3~JH ().I. I I };;KI ·1'18.1'\
M. in.lbs. 28 46 230 -156 ,.It,D .UUU \),910 21,lL!2 42,436
Rb , in. (min) 171 7U,'!OO
217 3:~U -175 900 I.J~S 1,725 2,150 2,550
Rb • ft. (min) 14.3 IB.1 J 1.9 J'r6 75.0 IlO.O 144.0 179.0 213.0
(3 ucgrccs 80.0 6·1.0 .'16.0 ~"'() lOA
ur.kgrccs S.o 6,.1 5.'1
40.0 32.0 I~.O 1·10 12 U lu tl 7,b 5,2 4.0 3,2
A,ill. 141 [ 22 2.7
73 56 31 22 17 13 II
P,lbs. I I 3 Iv 20 60 140
[brio RbfOD 100 260 430
200 200 .::'00 .::'00 200 200 200 200
SDR 26
OD,in. 1.050 I,YOO 2..3i5 _'5\'i.1 ';.500 6.625 8.625 10.750 12.75(,
t nom ' in. 0.064 0.077 0.096 0.117 lU4:- OJ 83 0.270 0.352 0.-1]8
O;,ln. 0.922
0.519
1.746 2.1 S3 26-1.1 32l-l -l,D-l 6085 7.921 9.874 11.712
1,11l4. 0,02·\ O.PU l}t,\ 7 .::' 1 ~.s .::'1~(, 7S.42 lSS,()
M. in.lbs. 44 1\)2 373.6
,~16 .::' .57,1 K,~ ~x 18,184 35,1,1.1 58,602
Rb , in. (Illin) 21H JKI 575 ')tlD 1,325 1,725 2,150
Rh , ft. (mill) [8.2
2,550
.lUI 3'1,7 >1, ,'I 750 110.0 [·";,0 179.0 213.0
(1 degrees (d.D J(d) ~K () ~l
Cl dCl',ll:CS
(J
I".' 10,.1 8.0 6 ..1 SA
.12.0 ]1'10 l'I.U 1'1)
A,ill. -l.U J~~ 2,7
122 73 St,
P,lll\, 17 13 II
2 (,0 120 220 36()
ItHin Rl/OD zoo 200,0
20() 20U 200
EA:·1DnOOK OF PVC PIPE CH..\.!"TER V - OESIG;.;

TABLE 32
o ~ 00
~
r;
- -
<'f. :::; C': "'j- I"- ° ALLOWABLE LONGITUDINAL BENDL"JG FOR DR35 SEWER PIPE
r<
('10 _
o ~
0 0 ...-i""; I"j
~
~

- 00
0 0
IN 12,5 and 20 FOOT LENGTHS
_ 'n 1;'1
(Cell Classification 12454, Sb =2000 psi, E =400,000 psi)
ff', ,..,
'0
t;;1J' ri
~

o _ 00
.,..,
r; ''1
~ "'1
\t". --r
C; ""1", I"!
Nominal Size, In. 4
I 6 8 10 12 IS
~I -
000""'..,.0"'':;;<'""l,...-.,00
'n r- - :.0
_ :;:)
r·,
I"-
~
eO
-I"i
<I)

12.5' lengths
" 00, in, 4.215 6.275
,.., -
1"1 :.0
("'",
~
8.400 10,500 12,500 15.300
~ r! q
::(l
-: q q c; t norn ' lD. 0,133 0,191 0.254
00 ° 00 ..,. 1"1 .,.., ~ 00 ~ ~ :;:) 0
0.318 0.382 0.463
~ ·..ooorl<T
00. 1'-. -
~ -
-
-"
0 .;::l
Di , in.
3.
949
1 5.893 7.892 9,864 11.736 14.374
I, in 4 3.555, !6.91 53.97 132.0 267.2
II 85,504
.= ,..,., I 594,4
"r, _ :::- :;;
c-rr, M. ill. Ii);, /3,371 I IU,776
:;~,_,r,
25,700 50,284 1155.3%
..:;, ::: :; ~: S; ~; ~ ~ or. ;: ,7 ;:'
I~
Rb ,lIl.(nlllll 422 621)
i
r--. ,~. _ r', 84U
o _ 1,05U 1.250 1,530

if-~::>
Rb , ft. (!llllll 35.2 52.3 70.0 87.5 104.0
~. :; '.I: or. 1 128.0
-r :::. ". ~ ucgrc(':, 2004
~ g _ r o
I ! 3.6
- 0
- 10.2 8.2
,~, ~,
~,

6 -, ':" ,~; 'r,

6.8 5.6
~ ~
"'T ·f
::. " - ;;, i, a J('grl'l'~ 10.2 6.g
::::: n - 5,1 4.1 ]A 2.8
~:ii. ~ A.in. 27
I
;::'- .:;: 18 13 II 9 7
"0
eJ z;:;
;.:,,; ,.., §~ ~
v,
::._ ~.'
r,
.-! P, ih" 40 110 250 520 860
::l '::::::::'</1 ",=,-.-·t ? '",~', ;: ; ~ ~.'
1ABO
·2
u
g
~;:~~
~:? ~
5:30
U).ll 1_+ 1
I
;;
_

I
R:lIIO

20' length:.;
Rb/OD 100
I
i
100 IOU too IOU IOU

I :::: .... :::': 00. ill. 4.2151 6.275 8AOU 10.5UO 12.500 15.300
.... ~~g ~ t nom' ill. i
M 0;;<\.1..>
" Q,133! 0.191 0.254 0.318 0.382 0.463
~ ~3g ~ I I I Di ·lI1· 3.949 5.093 7.892 9.864 11.736 14.374
;.! =;;~:;;Il I. in:' 3.5551
1
16.91
r: 3:5 ;:; 53.97 132.0 267.2 594.4
S~
r< M, in.lbs. 3.372 I 10.776 25,700 50.204
~I
85,504 155,396
~~ ~ II I Rb • in. (Illlll} 422 628 840 1,050 1,250 1,530
23 .~ Rb , ft. (ll1ill) 35.2 52.3 70.0 87.5 104,0
"" o•
128.0
f3 degrees 32.0 22.0 16.4 13.0 11.0 9,0

~I a degrees 16,0
! I A,in. 64
11.0
46
8.2
34
6,5 5.5 4.5
27 23 19
P, ibs. 20 70 160 310 540 980
ROlio Rb/OD 100 100
I I I,I;
< SOURCE' "'''''''v, ~~ .. ~_ .. ___o "
100 100 100 100

;,;1
,,
<

H g
.;.~§~~
-- Q~
"
i .0 .......... <.> OJ .ll II

"''6 g~ ....§ ,5._~5...:::2:i. a:.5:0 a:~:o t ~ «.s. g. ~

<
~o -0 <:::l.. Ij c.. ::::
i ;;;
E\~<Dg()OK 01; PVC PIPE
- DF:S1C>;

TABLE 33 radius (R b ) are defined in I 23. Longitudinal bending limits given in

ALLOWABLE LONGiTUDINAL BENDING FOR DR 35 SEWER PIPE 30 through 33 are calculated without allowance for joint deflection
IN 12.5 AND 20 FOOT LENGTHS and without consideration of the stresses irnpuseu upon the joint. Because
(Cell Classification 13364 with E ~ 500,000 psi and of the characteristics of a particular joint design, it is possible that a manu-
consen'atively assuming Sb ;: :;:;: 1,600 psi, since no RHDS is available, facturer's recommended bending radius may be greater or l:::sser than those
but short term tensile strength is about 15% lower than tabulated. Several manufacturers currently recommend a bending radius
Cell Classification 12454) for pressure rated pipe and non-pressure rated pipe of abollt R ~ 300 D to
b
avoid joint leakage from stressing and distortion of the bell joint.
Nominal Sizc~in. 4 6 8 10 12 15
FIGURE 23 - PVC PIPE ALLOWABLE BEND
12.5' lengths
00. in. 4.215 6.275 8AOO 10,500 12.500 15,)00
CALCULATIONS MADE AT 73.4 F (23 C)
0.332, 0.463
t nom ' in.
Dj,in.
0.133
3.').l9
0.19\
5.843
0.25·\
7.392
(! "i 8 '
9:~64l Il.i36
I
1·\,374
I, OD
~ I ,PI
Di/,_~ I
L 1ll. 4
M. ill.lll:-.
RlI , It). (llUIl)
2.69H
3555

659
16.91
B,62\
9So
53.97
20,56(1
1.31;
132.u
4U,227
1.(l41
I 267.2
6:-i.4U3
1.95.3
59·1.4
124,317
2,391
t------. - f-------
.I - - -_- -
--... j ~X
__ -- - r s -;-
~.~ ,:}
a 0 0 "Min,,

Rb , flo (llllll) $·\.9 ~ 1.6 IO'J.U 137 -11

5.2
1(,3.0 199.tl
3.6
! -
_--...1 - . . . . .- _, '-. ':
-...........:: I' ~
P A
~ dl·!Ht.'t,.'~ 13.0 H.l:i 6.(, 4.·1
', !,n
R
h r------
--.........
c
- "/
'::>' ,,' I
--- -
I
(L dq!rt:c~

A,ill.
(l.5
17
·i,.l
12 9
3.3 2.&
7 (, ; f j ---.~ ~_-L
:10

'------fIJ .
P,II". IO{l 22u -l2(l 72u 1,330

Ralio Rb/OD 156 156 156 156 156 156

:;0' lengths

~.
00, in. 4.215 6.275 SAoO 10.500 12.500 15.300

t nom ' in. 0.133 0.191 0.254 0.3\8 0.302 OA63

3.949 5.893 7.892 9.86·1 11.7 36 14.374 (EQUATION 49)

~ ~/2
OJ,ln.
4 53.97 132.0 267.2 594.4 a / EQUATION S2
L ill. 3555 16.91
12UI7
L -- -Rb 7T a
M, ill.lbs. 2,698 8.621 20,560 40,227 68":03

Rb , in. (min) 659 980 1.313 1,641 1.953 2.391 90

(EQUATION 48)
R b , ft. (mill) 54.9 8t.6 109.0 137.0 163.0 199.0
180L
I ~ degrees 20.8 1·1.0 IDA 8A 7.0 5.8 ~ ~ -
1iR b
EQUATION 53
a degrees lOA 7.0 5.2 4.2 3.5 2.9 d .~ Rb cos p/2
A, in. 43 29 22 18 15 12

130 260 HO 780 EQUATION 54 EQUATION 55

P,lbs. 20 60
Ratio Rb/OD 156 156 156 156 156 156 Y ~ Rb - d c ~ 2R b sin ~/2
~OVRC(;: l':T .. VI.. COflPO'l
._...
(EQUATION 50)
A ~ 2R b (sin P/2)2 ~ c sin p/2

174 175
 CHAPTER V -~ DESIG~~
HAI-;J)BOOK OF PVC PiPE

Load appJjcation at 73.4 F (23 C) required to efrect maximum allow- When desired change of direction in a PVC pipeline exceeds the per-
able longitudinal bending in PVC pipe is given in Tab!cs 30 through 33. It missible bending deflection angle (a) for a given length of pipe. the longitu-
must be emphasized that longitudinal bending of PVC pipe effected through dinal bending required should be distributed through a number of pipe
mechanical means must be considered bad practice and cannot be recom- lengths. (See Figure 24 - iVlultiple Pipe Bending.) Calcubtion of required
mended. distribution of longirudinaI bending in PVC pipe is demonstrated in the
following example.
FIGURE 24 - MULTIPLE PIPE BENDING Example:
- Pipeline using AWWA C900 8" PVC DR 18 pipe in 20 ft.lengths
EQUATION 56 - Desired change of direction is 10°
- End deflection of one 20 ft. length
A, = Csina
c
See Figure 23 ~Illd Table 30
EQUATION 57 0
I a::: 3.0 pL'r pip... length. maximum end ddlccrion
Rb = 2.263 in. or 180 ft.
,1< A
2
= C(sina + sli] 2al
I :.4 each S" x ~O' knglhs ~lt 2.5
0
arc l'I:quircd
I
I\C EQUATION 58 C '" 20 n.
la
I A3 C(sin (L + SII1 2a + sin 3a) - Rcsuh:lllt toral oJ'C"el Cor till' pipeline OVL'I" ~~ pipe kngths:
I
I
J- --, EQUXfIO:-I5 9 Ax -- -'(). 'S"I•. Sill
(SI1l -.~ ' ( _' X _,-°)1
. .:-. ' ( ' X _..
•. SUI,) ' S "• P
.\I!II'' X _'S"j
..
I A1]\
I 'I At; ::: C(SiOCL + sin 2a + sin 3a + SIlJ 4a) = 2010.0431>'" 0.OB72 ... 0.1 305 .. 0.17 .1(,j
1 , \ \c. = 2010.-1340)
1 I
I 1 \ 0-
EQU,\TIO:-l 60 = 8.7 kd
J ,\
I _1_.1._
:- A, \ An C(si,1CL + sin 2a" ... sin ned Performance Limits in Longitudinal Uencling. The pcrfornLlllce limits
I~
I \ ,\ for permanent longitudinal bending in a buriL'd PVC pipe application must
, 1 ,'\c. not be confused with the coiling limits cstablished for temporary coiled
,
1
I
\ ,()..
storage where the bending stress approaches the short term tensile stress.
I _ _1 _ _ ..\-
1-- - (See Table 34 - Longitudinal Bending Stress and Strain.) Coiling of unplas-
1 A, \ !idzed PVC pipe is not a common practice, but may be permissible for small
1\
I
1
I ,"'..v diameters where the minimum bending radius ratio (Rb/OD) is not less
1 ,
1
_____ 1 ,'Y' than 25 and tile bending strain (E) is not greater than 0.020 inches per inch.
1 /
A,- - - , Bending Srrain. Longitudinal bending strain (E ) and longitudinal
, ," "" "
I
\
, bending stress (Sb) for PVC pipe at c1ifferent c1egrees of axial tlexure are
, tabulated in Table 34 from the equation:
I
1
EQUATION 61

E = Sb IE = OD/2R b

176 177
 il,',.I<PHOOK OF l>VC l';i'L CH.·\fTER V - DESIGN

TABLE 3~'r
with>' and (A, a Z ) defined as:
LONGITUDINAL BENDING STRESS AND STRAIN IN PVC PIPE EQUATION 6S

Bending R2dius Elastic Bending Strain. Bending Stress,

Ratio, Rb!OD Modulus, E (psi) E (in!in) Sb (psi) 12 (1_v 2 ) PD m 3
>. ~
25 400,000 0.0200 8,000 8 Et3
50 400 .000 O.OJQO 4,000
lOa 400.000 0.0050 2,000 EQUATION 66
156 500.000 0.0032 1,600
200 400,000 0.0025 1,000
25Q 400.000 0.0020 800 :; -'!.- f 18 (1 2
_V ) )
o
__
m_
4
300 400,000 0.0017 667 (A, a 2 )
500 400,000 0.0010 400
16 l 12 + 4>' R2 t 2

Where: Om = mean pipe diameter, in.

Bending Ol'a!i:a!io!l (dia!ilL'[ric or ring dc/h'uiul/J. As ~l thin tube is v = Poisson's Ratio (0.38 for PVC)
bent longituJl!1:J.lly, it will OV:J.!ize into an :lppro\!Ill:lrdy' ellipric~d shape. P = internal pipe pressun:, psig
Th'LS efft:ct lus been ignored as insignificallt in previous L:akulations 011 E = modulus of elasticity, psi
longitlldin:.Ii b::nding. Ring dL:rJection is uSLl~dly L:xpressl.'d ~IS. t = pipe thickness ,in. (use t nom. = 1.06 x t)
R = bending radius of pipe, in.
EQUATION 62

Example: Calculate the percent ring deflection which results from

Deflection =/5 =-"o or
bending a 15" DR 35 PVC sewer pipe with a 400,000 psi modulus of
elasticity to a minimum bending r"dius of 1 00 times the pipe diameter,
as shown in Table 32.
EQUATION 63

% Dellection = 100/5 = I 00 ~ Since P = 0, >. = 0 for sewer pipe and:

\Vherc: D. = the reduction in diameter. in. (A j a2 ) = ~ [18 (1 _638 2)] ~

0= diameter, in. 16 12 + 4>' g2 t 2

1 [18 ] (15.3 -0.463)4

The mathematical relationships for thin pressurized tubes between = - -
16 12
x 0.8556
(1530)2 (0.463)2
ring del1ection and axial bending have been derived by E. Reissncr as follows:

0.080212 (48,460)
EQUATION 64
= 2,340,200 (0.214369)

_ LI _ 2) [2 71 + 4>' 2 ] = 0.00775
8 - D - - (A, a '3 + 135 + 9>' (A, a )

178 179

Ji;L;Ckt0W:""Z. ,,; ,hGW,"

 GU,-FTER V - DESIGN
\\A;mnOi)i~ UF PVC PIPE
1r
~ ~ recommended maximum bending (minimum bending radius) for 4 to 15"
I .1
Ii =
_. 2 ( 71 + 0 ) 0 00
-O. 0 07/)l3 +\135 + 0 I.. 77)1 PVC pressure pipes and non-pressure pipes, a close approximation of de-
can be calwlated from the equation:

= -0.00775 [0.667 + 0.004] = -0.005 EQUATlON 67

_V 2 )O 4
L:. 2 = _ (1
f.)c 0 = 0.5% Ii = - 3" (A, (t2) 2 2
16 R t
m

Om

Example: Calculate the percent ring deflection after pressurization Also obvious from the examples is that the amount of deflection
to 100 psi which results from bending a 4" DR 14 PVC pressure pipe to a resulting from bending is negligible in the case of pn:ssure pipes, and the
minimum bc'ncling radius of 250 times the diameter. as shown in Table 30. amount has ,'cry little signifk~lI1ct.: in th~ case of llOll-pressur'': pipt.'s. G;:J1-
erally, at bending r3dii of 300 times the diameter, the percent diametric
12 (I _ 0]"8 2 ) 100 H.SOO - 0.3(4)3 ring dcflt::ction from bending will be less than O.O[{; for ~dl PVC pipes
A = S (400,000) (0.364)3 marketed [Quay' in North AmeriL'a.

1200 (O.S556) (S7.2 9 2) = O,SI SUPPORT SI',\('INC

= 3,200,000 (O.o-rS23) ..
PVC pipe. When installed without uniform long.ituJina! support as
provided in :l properly bedded underground applic;ltioll. rL'quires supports
I r IS(I-v 2 ) ](4.000-0.364)'1 with proper spacing. 111 v;lriolls above-ground applications. PVC pipe is
(A
l
(t'l 16 ll2 + 4 (0.501) (3.300)2 (0.3M)2 suspended on "hangers" or "brackets". Proper bearing. and sp:.IL'ing of' pipe
supports in such an appliL'ation is required to prevent excessin: stress con-
I r
IS x 0.05561 387.2275 centration due to load bcuring. to prevent excessive bending stress. ~l!ld to
16 1.12 + 2.324 (IO,S90.000)(0.1325) limit pipe displacement or "sag" between supports to acceptable tolerances.
= Recommended support spacing or length of pipe spanning between sup-
0.0000 I0 ports for PVC pipe in above-ground applications is shown in Table 36.
=
In common practice, a support is securee! to the PVC pipe on both
sides of pipe joints with interval between support and joint not exceeding

Ii =
-O.000018r(.~) + ~I + 4(O.~81) x 0.0000181 limits shown in Table 35.
t\~ b5 + 9(0.)81)
TABLE 35 - PYC PIPE SUPPORT SPACING AT JOINTS

-0.000018 t; + 0.0000091 Pipe Length. ft. (01) Supports per Length Support Distance from Joint, ft. (01)

12i<! (3.8) 3 Ii<! to 2 (0.46 to 0.61)

12i<! (3.8) 2 I to Ii<! (0.30 to 0.46)
= -0.000012
20 (6.1) any number i<!tol (0.15to0.30)

= -0.001%
Pipe supports should provide a smooth bearing surface conforming
From an analysis of the above examples it is obvious that at the Closely to the bottom half of the pipe. Bearing surface in contact with the

180
 CHA.PTER V - DESIGN'
H..\:NDBOOK OF pVC PIPE

Three supports per continuous length of pipe - (two span)

pipe should be at least 2 inches (50 mm) wide. Supports shouid permit
longitudinal pipe movement in expansion and contraction without abrasion, EQUATION 69
cutting, or restriction. Supports should be mounted rigidly to prevent
= 0.0054 wL 4
lateral or vertical pipe movement perpendicular to the longitudinal axis Yz
in response to thrust from internal pressure. Changts in pipe line size and
EI
direction should be adequately anchored. Four supports per continuous length of pipe - (three span)
Support spacing recommendations shown in Table 36 are based on
the following design limitations: EQUATION 70
I. Pipe "ertical displacement (sag) should not exceed 0.2% of span
= 0.0069 wi 4
Y3
lenglh.
2. Pipe bending stress should not exceed vnlues defmed in Table 29.
EI
3. S3fety' factor of 2.0 is llsL'd in c~llClllation of PVC pipe support
Five or more supports per continuous length of pipe (11 span)
ft:qulrements,
TABLE 36 _ GENERAL RECO~lMEN[)ED SUPPORT SPACING EQUATION 71
FOR SUSPENDED HORIZONTAL PYC PIPE
Nominal Pipe Size
Support Spacing, ft. (Ill)
0.0065 wL 4
;,; '~.S (O}()) Y4 = -
EI
v 2.5 (O.7bl
'~,
3.0 (0.<>1)
,15 (1.371 WllerL': y .:;: i\fid-span vcrti<.:~d displacelllent (sag), ill.
IVI
1y, ,\.5 (1..17) L = Support spacing or span length. ill.
45 (1..171 E = Modulus orelaS1icity. psi
2
5.0 (1.52)
:< [ = Momen( of inertia. ill 4
6.0 (Ui3)
4 w = Weight of pipe filled with water. Ibs/Lin.
(,.5 (1.98)
6
7.5 12.29)
8
8.0 (2.44) Moment of inertia for pipe is calculated as rollows:
\0
8.0 (2.44)
12
8.5 (2.59) (EQUATfON 45)
15

O~)
Sore: Recommendations OTC COI/SCTmlil'C /0 accommodalc IIl/knoWIi l'aT/ables possible il1 jmlusrrial
or plumbillg pipil1,~ applica(iollS. Sec Appendix 3 for specific rccommcndar;olls applicable to wafer I 7T(004 - = 0.049087 (004 _ 0;4)
alld sewer pip/lit: systems. 64
PVC pipe conveying fluids while suspended in horizontal configura-
Where: 00 = Average outside diameter, in.
tion by rigid supports displays response to load which conforms to design
0; = Average inside diameter, in.
theory for suspended beams. Maximum span vertical displacement (sag)
I = l\.loment of inertia, in 4
may be calculated as follows:
Two supports per continuous length of pipe - (one span)
Weight of PVC pipe filled with water is calculated as follows:
EQUATION 68
EQUATfONn
0.0130 wL 4 w 0.01135 (3.500 2 _ 0;2)
Y, EI
183
182
 lL-\:\;:)i;OOt~ OF I've Pll'E
CIL;F'TER \- - DLSj(;~

Where: w Weight of pipe filled with Wetter. Its/Lin. Where: Sb ::::: Bt:'nding stress, psi
00 = Average outside di:wleter. in. w ~ Load.lb/Lin.
01 = Average inside diameter, in. L = Support spacing or span length, in.
Note: Derivation of Equation 72 is bas~d on the foHowing 00 = Average outside diameter, in,
specific gravities: OJ = Average inside diameter, ill.
SG pve ~ lAO
SG ll 0 ~ 1.00 EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION
2
All pipe products expand and contract with changes in tempanturc.
Normally, specific gravity of se\\:lee can be "ssumeo to be 1.0.
Linear expansion anci contraction of any pipe on the longitudinal axis
If higher specific gravities are anticipated, equation 72 should
relates to the cOefficient or thermal expansion for the specific material
be factored by the specific fluid $p~cific gr~1\'iry.
used in the manufacture of the product. Variation in pipe length due to
thermal exp:1/lsion or cOlltr:lctiol1 i.h:pL'nds on thL' cod'neit'llt of [h~f1llal
,\laXillllllll bending strL'SS in the pil)'" \\':tll nw)- be- L':dcublL'd as 1'01-
lo\\'~
expansion ~lI1d tlh:variatioll ill tl.'mpt,.T:duft: {LlTl. 11 should bl' lluti.:d that
change in pipl' dl:lmdl'r or wall tlJieknt,.'ss with pipl' material propcrtil.'s
EQUATION i3 remaining const:llll dot,.'s not l'rtl.'ct ;1 L'!lan1:!.L' in r:IIL'S or ihL'rm:ll L'xP::I.llSiOll
or contraction.
5b ~ MOD
Approxilll:!tl' COL'rnCiL'nls or {herm:!! L'xp:lllsio!l ror diCJ'crl'llt pipL'
21
materials art' \Hl'St,.'lItl'd in Tabk 37.
WhL'rl... : M :::; Iklldil1~ lllOlllCll1, ill, lh. TABLE 37 000 COEFFICIENTS OF T11E101AL EXPANSION
I = i\lolllL'nt (JI" illLTlb, Ill,l (Sl't,.' Lqtl~ltioll ~~~)
Piping ,\lall'rial (ol·rriril'nl illiin/-F !':'p:llISiUll In/iOO rt.lHH"
OD :;:; ;\vcragt,.' outsit!t,.' diameter, in.

5" ;: ; Bcnding. slrcss, psi PVC .1,0 X 1()"5 0.36

pr~ ~q) , Ilr' O.{)6

EQUATION i4 AilS 5.5 X 10',$ OJ)()

ASBESTOS CE1\IENT 4.5 X 10- 6 om
M ~ wL
2 ALUMINU,I 1.3 X 10. 5 0016
8 CAST IRON 5.0 X 10. 6 O.Oi
OUCTI LE IRON (1.2 X 10- 6 om
STEEL 6.5, 10°6 O.OS
Where. M = Bending moment. in, Ib,
CL,\Y 3A X 10- 6 0.04
w ~ Load.lb/Lin. CONCRETE 5.5, 10°6 OoOi
L ;: ; Support spacing or span length, in. COPPER 9.Sx 10. 6 0.12
Note: Equation 74 derives moment for an enJ-supported silllple
beam \vith single spall. Expansion and contraction of PVC pipe in response to chang.e in
temperature will vary slightly with changes in PVC compounds. However,
EQUATION is the coefficients defined in Table 37 can be considered reasonably accurate.
Table 38 displays Iypical length variation of PVC pipe' due to thermal
1.273 wL 2 OD
5b ~ expansion anel contraction. (See Figure 25 - Thermal Expansion of PVC
OD 4 _ D,4
Pipe.) PVC pipe length variation due to temperature change is shown
graphically in Figure 25.
184
185
 I-1Ai'l.iDBOOK OF PVC PIPE CHAPTER V - DESIGN

FIGURE 25 TABLE 38

LENGTH VARIATION PER 10 F (5.6 C) L;T

PVC PIPE LENGTH VARIATION DUE TO TE~IPERA.TURE CHANGE PVC (12454B) PIPE
PIPE LENGTH. ft. (m) LENGTH CI-IA.NGE, in. (mm)

1_1_
I .
1/ I J
! I -r------+r--
. -
1
1

i !
I 20 (6.1) 0.072 (1.83)
" i; - -I"
150
,, I ;; I ; 13 (4.0) 0.047 (1.l9)

I r-.,I .' /"'.--'--"

I'
140 ! ! i I_l__-.i i
\ I 12.5 (3.8) 0.Q45 (1.l4)
, I' i i '. ,---'--' 10 (3.0) 0.036 (0.91)

130 ' - ' . 'I,_·L-f-.'

! I 'I
!
,-----'
, ! • l I
A good rul~ of thumb in design of PVC piping systems is to allow 1/3
120 : II iI
, I
'I'
.......-,- - - ' - - - r ..- - ' -
j' I --,---
;
'
----------'- inch (8 mm) of length vuiation for every 100 feet (30 meters) of pipe for
each 10 f' (5.6 C) change in temperature.
110 - ,..--1-
--11---1,7 ,--:--' AlhHV:lllce for Thermal Exp:lIlsioll :lIld Contr:lction. PVC pipe with
IL
~
I iI
-l-~-i
iJJ
II Q,,!
0:1-
I
1
'!
i I; gasketcu joints. if properly instalku (i.e., with pipe spigot ill$erted into bell
100 - ;
joints up to manuLh:tufL'r's inscrtion mark), will accolllJ1lodak sllbs{;lIlti:Jl
--~- -if!. _.,-, .-._,'
c' ' - " - - ' - -
w
<:J
Z
1

.- --"--'-'- therJ1l:1! cxpansion :lIld cOlltractioll. If gasketL'd joints are uSL'd, within the
'"
U
90 1 Q, I 1 - - - .- , _. acccptl'd r;nlg.e of operating teJ1lpCr;lttlr~S for PVC pipe. thermal expansion
w amI contraction is not :1 signiriC:lnt faelor in system deSign. (Sec Chapter
S 80
_____ .1_/
I ._-- .' - -
III TI,,:rl11,,1 Ukcts.)
I-
~( , '
a:
w 70
_____ .!..J_.,---_._.: '---' Wilen PVC pipl' with solvent cemented joints is used. thcrlll;ll move-
., ment cannot hL' accommodated in thL' pipt.: joints: consequently the folJow~
'"
w
I-
60
'/
--r----;---'---'--- .-.--",-.-. ing consilkrations art.: required in the install:llion of the product:
,Ymall Diameter Pi/J('s n~ incll to 2.~~ incll 1lomina! diameter). Wht.:n
I I: .-- .-----;------ -------.-" instalJation kmpl'raturc is subst~llltially lower than opcr:lting tL'mp~rature

::J
50

40
L.-'-/-i-,_
/i . :
~ __ ~ __ ~

i
A~;j 'J'!n'~r31 fI;i!.'. for every .
the pipl' should if possible be installed with straight alignment and brought
up to oper3ting temp~rature, after joints ;jfe properly cured. but before
i, :
ternpNiltur'! change or 10 F
(5.6 Cl PVC pip" will expand backfilling. This procedure wm permit expansion of the pipe to be accom-
30 i---;--- DC conle", 1(3'" pee 100' 18 mOl modated by "snaking" action. When installation temperature is substantially
I
/ L_,!.;
I, pw 30 mi. ,

I above operating temperature, tbe pipe sbould be installed by "snaking" in

~J
20 the trench.
/ ':
',"
,
.;-

. Large Diameter Pipes (} inch ami larger nominal diameler). Pipe

' ! ,
!; \
10 -'--,'
I/! I I I
should be installed in str:Jlght :J.J.ignment. Before backfill to the extent thaI
restricts longitudinal movement~ the product temperature should be 3d~
0
V'.,~ I I ,,"" _ _,

0.01 0.02 o.o?, 0.05 O.OG 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 justed to within 15 F (8 C) of operating temperature, jf possible. Stresses
induced in the product due to thermal expansion or contraction for a tem-
LENGTH VARIATION, INCHES PF.R UN. !-T. OF ?!?E perature vari:Hion of 15 F (8 C) may be considered acceptable in system
design. Ho\,,'cver, wher..: the operating temperature cQnnot be cJo~eJy COil-
trolled, th·~ SlItSses re~~,l:\tln'}. fronl extreme ten:j)eratufe ch"1l112cS ~,;houi;l
;~ ';
 iLL\'Df\(FJi<. j'F PVC Pil'L

,<,'
considt.:rcd u:;ing the following equation' ,.~':;'
Wh-::fe: V , ..~'-'
~ ...
,0
EQUAT!O.~ 76 0°'<:-

S' = EC T(t, - t 0 j
,s:-OJ"
O<-'

Sf

""~
\Vhere: :; :; stress, psi c
E ;;;:: rviodulus of tensile el:J.stidty, psi .. "
CT = Coefficient of thermal expansion, in/in! f ~- ,<

t, :;;:; highest temperature, F

<i':
ta :;:; lowest temperature, F
o = 0.442,
~
"'0
'1",
EX3mpk: Calculate the stress resulting from a tl.'mp:::raturc change ~
(rom 1.?0 F [0 30 F in a restrained PVC pipe. \Vhere: 0 = flow rate,",_ '?o~
d, = pipe internaL. ~ "\
S' = (400,000)(3.0, I O's 1(120 - 3UI _ p -11. '.
S' = 10SOpsi r'" 2:::: gaug...' pressures,. 0> '- .•.
L = pipe lenuth
~ , ft . '"<r "\
HYDRAULICS C = fl O\V cae IT"iClent
. ~'
}..
i"
Flow Tllcoric...; and Equatiolls. •\I;lllY clllpirh.::d l'onHtlbs Il;lVt' bl:l'll v:0
EQUATIOi'179
L!cvc1opl..·d to provide solutioll to the probklll of now ill pJpt:s. l:qualioJlS '.r-'J,;
devciopl'd by hydr;Jll1ic enginel:rs arc lI~l'd tbily in thc solUllllll or prohkl11S '<'s-
O = 0.006756 Ccl ,2 . 63 HO.s.j ';J-:)
Cllcountl'fl..·d by water alld Sl'WCI' works I..'I\~illl.·l..'fs. Rl..'lalivl'ly kw spl'cil'ic
prob!L'llls in pipe hydraulics, such as l;lI11in;lr rio\\'. (;ill hl' solved l'lIlirL'ly by
,
'<'u

rational Ilwthcmatical means. Till' 11l:1jority of !low probkl11s n:quire

\\hnc: 0 = flow rate, GI'M \

d, = pip.. · inlernal diamder, in.

means of solution which depend to some tlt.'1!n:l· 011 l'XPl'l'illlL:llt;t1ly dl'lLT-
H = head loss, rtf I 000 rt.
mined coefficients. COI~1l110nIY used now formulas haYl' bccn developed
C = rIow COl: ITicicn t
through r:::search by Fanning, Darcy'. Chezy. Kutter. Sl..: ob..., y, Mnnning,
Weisback. Hazcn and Williams.
Equ3lion 77 provides the solution ror now velocity in a pipe line.
flow of Water in PVC Pressure Pipes. Hydraulic flow research and Equation 78 permits calculation of rIow volume in gallons per minute.
analysis haw established that flow conditions in PVC pressure piping sys-
When using ~quation 79 flow volume is again derived, but pressure drop is
tems can be designed conservatively using the HJzen-WiHiams cquntioll. more con\'~nicntly expressed in terms of feet per 1000 feet. Friction loss
Flow conditions may also be designed with marc detailed analysis using
in hydraulic now may be derived through the following expression of the
the Darcy-Weisback equation.
Hazen-Williams equation:
Ha:ell-Williallls - The Hazen-Williams flow formula is most widely
accepted and used in the calculation of pressure pipe !low conditions. The EQUATION 80
formula is used in various forms:

f 0,2083 c~Or85
01.85
EQUATION 77 d. 4.87
,
V = 1.318C(R )o.63(Sj0.5.j
H

188 189
 CIIAVfl3. V - DESiGN
HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE
L = pipe length, ft.
Where: f = friction loss, ft of H, 0/ 100ft
H = head loss, HI I 000 1'1.
Q = flow rate, GPM
d, = pipe intenlal diameter. in.
For convenience in clesign l tables 39 and 40 have been developed,
C = flow coefficient
on the Hazen-Williams formula with C factor at ISO, to provide now
capacity (GPM), friction loss (ft/ I 000 ft), and flow velocity (ft/sec) for
PVC pipe flow coefficients have been derived through research and
PVC pressure pipe products. Nomographs for solving now characteristics
analysis by various researchers including Ncak, Price. Jeppson. and Bishop.
are provided in Figures 26 and 27.
Resean;h has established that the Hazen-Williams now coefficient or C Darcy-Weisback - When, in the hydraulic design of PVC pressure
Factor is commonly defined in a range of values from ISS to 165 for both water pipe, conditions are defined related to relative pipe roughness (olD)
neW and used PVC pipe. The Hazen-Williams C Factor, Iherel'ore, has been
and Reynolds number (R, = VD/v) the Darcy-Wcisback formula provides
L'~t:\blished conservatively at C :::: 150 for the design or P\'C piping. systems. sound deSign basis. The commonly used form of the: D~lrcy-Wt:bb:ICk
lbving established C at ISO for PVC pipe. equations 77 through DO
formula is:
can ot: simplified ror the design of PVC piping systt:ms:
EQUATION 85
EQUATION 81
L Vz
h = f - ..:...L
v = ·197.7R 0.6) (Sj°,S·1
I 0 29
H

Where: hI = head loss, ft of 1120

EQUATION 82 f = friction factor
L = pipe length. ft.
Q = 66.3d , 2.6) (1'1
__ - I'~7" )0.5.1 o = pipe inside diallH.:kr, ft.
L
VI = mean !low velocity, ft/scc.
9 = acceleration of gravity, 32.2 ft/scc/sec.
EQUATION 83

1.0134d2.63Ho.5.1 Investigation and analysis by Ncale and Jeppson established that the
Q = , friction factor (f) for PVC pipe may be dcfined in the following cquation
for hydraulically smooth flow.
EQUATION 84
QI.85 EQUATION 86
f = 0.0984 d.4.87
, 1
\iT = 2 log to (R,yffl - 0.8
Where: V = flow velocity, ft/sec.
Q = now ra te, G PM Where: f = friction factor
f = friction loss, H ofH 2 0/l00 ft. R, = Reynolds Number
RH = hydraulic radius, ft.
S hydraulic slope. ftfft. The calculations for the friction factor (f) are obviously tedious. In
= pipe internal diameter. in. common practice, the factor IS established by using the 1>loody Diagram as
d,
= gauge pressures. psi shawn in Figure 28. Relative roughness (olD) is related to friction factor
1'" Pz
191
 fiGURE 26 c' FRICTION LOSS CIIARACTERISTICS OF WATER FLOW TIl ROUGH PVC rIPE
CV WATER FLOW IN GALLONS PER MINUTE

CD INSIDE DIAMETER OF PIPE IN INCHES

I ., ,,
SPECIFIC INSIDE PIPE OIA. IN \NCHE':?~?S~<~:~,~~;~, >;/!!!-~:/ / '
~~;W~;?;:Yf'~~;> I

\
HEAD LOSS IN P.S.1. " ~ @ ..
e::
y :: ....

PER 100 FT. OF PIPE g ~,,:~ 1 ~ ," ,I •..• ~ ?;

-.=;c...;..:..:..cc....:..cc...--c...----....JI".I·'f/,"'"'Mifrt·!:""',+-r-r'c;.ll...r.~t+7·~ ---·--'·-;,~_,_...LT:...:·.Lc.:T~+nLr"-t,-~~,;,I\'trH~I'I~~_----­
HEAD LOSS IN FEET
PER 100 r-T. OF PIPE

WATER VELOCITY IN FEET PER SECOND J!

'J' , jr>T1T"""""1'TI'rT'!'T'l'rl'fTrTT'lTl'T""rrT'T'j" r,,-r~T"'"""C.--·--~--~--·-T~~~""'''''''''1"'1~1·-''· ""! r,"'""r,"'r,'TI~'''''TI~1'f'T1TTT"'"T'T",-,rr' T,_~~
~ ~ :; :: ':' :: :::;;::

HOW TO USE THIS GRAPH: THE VALUES ON THIS GRAPH ARE BASED
EXAi':lPLE- ON THE WILLIAMS AND HAZEN FORMULA:
1. Seloct the dosired pip.) SlZIl {inside
di3rnctcrl. 10-,' $chc~lIJI(l A P'(~C ll.D 1 7~O'lCD
2. Determine the amount of Willer lO 40 ~)(111on por ,·",,,,t<1 $(0". 'C~ 0 (FQUATlON 80) t"' .2083
flow through the pipe. 1. Line UP tt1<!SC pou'tS ..·.,,1\ .1 $:r"'9h\
edge G) \"niERE:
3. Place a straight-edge on these two f "'friction hend in fcct 01 water pM
points. 2. RC,Jd 2.6 psi (or 6 h_) iro,n the hend·
100 feet 01 pipe
4. The point :n which the str;ligln (Jd<Je 10551inc@
dj"-·lns\de diameter 01 pipe in inches
intefSects the head loss lino 1HHI tllll 3. Read 5,33 It p(lr S(lco"d !'o'''' th(l
velocity line give these twO V:llucs velocity itne@ Q ,- Flow in g'liions pI:( rninlltc
under the given conditions. C ",. Conswrlt for lns!tlc rO\luIHWr,:, o{
pipo (150 lor PVC)

eo
CO
c.~

Z
-,
,.
-,'"'0
0
~
:0:
0- ;0
r:. '0
en
C V;
n
c
~ :::i
e'
C Z
~~ C nrn
'§- 0
"0
5c r.
C' <:
0
5' n ;:;:..
c.
'"~ "t':,·
'"
"

I
!;
"
c,
~
en
~,

I ~6 :;~
o i , r.
5'
0
:0;
I '0
" ~ 2 2
"
.
'".
~
~
~

C'
Wi
:j
"1
<
::.> ,.... 2
c::;5 C)
.~ c;
V;
~
''1
,~

, '"
, ~C 0
,-J
!"
I --,
[ C
;;'
"r;
r-

'"
c.
'S ;:: "'.
..
(2 ()
'":'j
.-
F- '"'1
I-
'.,;
S
;-.:
""
<.-G
:.<
11 \~''1flnOOK 01: PVC PlPF
C!lAf'TLR \-' - IH:S !G~'i'
FIGURE 28 - MOODY DlAGRAM·FRICTlO:' FACTOR (f) as follows;
RELATIVE ROUGHNESS §..
o ,{)-8 EQUATION 87
"'<0'" N _ 0. 0. 0
to ~ ~2; N egg g g g 8 g g
~ ~ 8 ~ q ~~ ~ ~ ~ oq 0 q q q q q", ~
l.. -- 1.<"
R
~R1§D...~
~= =-:H:rrt
u.rr.'~I-f: ~L-~]-=:~
,--:.-----
2~8::-'--'_~. I
== [E::?Jl~2ff :-
1.1= ,-1= ~ .LttL..J
I I TJ
~?'I?!:• Itg
=1--1 ~~.=ti-:::~'TI- j
=1 -'-1- O'
yT h- 0 + R,V
2',0glO (--,,- 9.35 )
f
Ig r-..........-· =t--.~ :::;:t-.~ -I-! _. ..!.-...J~ _:~ L - L..Ll
~ - -;--1--1 1 -...... -1-. -- ._, _.__• • •
=1:---
:..:r --
-I - - -
--~1'-"""- "'!
-;-c=' -. I
Q
0
1 Where: f =
~,-{HTrn' r _~!.w.f£.L 1 .:=t -r
'lW~""
I"': .CL .. .-' .... ..L .l.nl,Tc'f../ Rc =
friction factor
Reynolds Number
I .r:, ,
~mTTT--';iTn~rTr'r"l "1"" in
i~~ ~ m~~ ~ ]J~ll ~,:: =,J!-'~'.~~
II , I 'I "I' I ;--'''1111
I, "'" I :.' E = 0.000005 ft, PVC Pipe
:"._.~.
-1 ] .__.._.t#= J J1wr: I E . ~, 0 = pipe inside diameter, ft.

. §-~--..- ~-'I'I" "~'_11~E

-- - -=1.... -.. -... , -- '..
~'-;iJ' ...
:=- • _: 1.-.
: +=1- .:- :J~=':-~I . -, 1 .+J.:= -.~ --=t--=:
I
--"1
II-=:~",.
..::t:~~=-
't+. --.-
:n-·-----. ,,,,, ,I 1·-,." . - ....,.-.• Figure .29 provides valut's ror relative roughness (e/D) for various
~t<!J==:::~=-=- . -:;: .. :!':::.:~ ·--·~l:-=:"1 --. pipe producis.

,~'I! ~~---;--
__
..- .... . .•.. -
... l' -i'" 1/ •.. "f " 1°
. il· "'i" t~
~B _,:.-.----;,~ - :'... . .,. 'L, ~ FIGURE 29 - MOODY DIAGRAM-RELATIVE ROUGHNESS
~ IT--~-.;;:. ,J
/ :. t : / · .., Q -
;:\
·"I..
ill t,_
";:::C:C::':
, ....--
I Q:...•
- ...~.
,-),
..• ..,,· ... ·
., , ,
I... ,I ". ' '.
I'

'0
10 t..
0~
PIPE OllJ.'nm IN FECT. D

J~J~~l~~Jt .•~!
,.>

""-~'"
R "...•..•.. , ,t::.
... . -- .. ' • , I
I ,,,>. '"
I"
~~.!S1:-
I ...... ''''
, d ' ':.::. • • . I /'~.~'
-<' ','"' t: l.K
Wi,,',.·••·. : :9.'fi'
.w~ ,
.:..
:1>:' ~;' /
.... ::/ I
"f;~: ..I '":.~;;
" "~ ••• _.<.>.¢. ~ , , ".,., ,,~;~. ,.!
,2;'<--, ;:J I ~._ J i I
8 '''';.: , >-' I I "r>
<.l..;\..-~._•••.---'.
., ,- >1;>
0 0
'. I"
u
... ..w.
, • • • _.
' • • •

v .,.
.. .. "
.. • .~
•
III'"
.-<
'0

~~if;f:C),~~;~ E-! : :. l~. , : /:1;:;;: W~,~~~ .~~ " ". ;-; ·;~1; w~ ··-"'>".>·0:..\:~:,~t.{'h ~.~\.'~ ,.~,\.", ,.. I dr;:;, • ~ ~
f''''i~'~~'-~---V.' _. ,. .' . ~....... %J~.'_4_'
y,"" .,., •• ,,-". ::,~~: . . ~,:::! :::~: ~".""'.::,:: :::'~: 5
" I_ '_....
'I:' ,,~:,~ ."... . ., ,,_1"-1'"' ro
_l
' . .-
~~I·-I--·~~·~
. . ·t::~-\....~·~·-~·l i- -, "~ _.~~.!( 1-~
;E "
.. I P
._-~
"I~'
• - • . . ", .•••. ~~~_.- . . :::> wlo ti
~ ~1i--·-:-·~1 ;,.: I rI ,I /
i;' i :-~:--~_'-'~!'
j' ' I \ ) I I '':?
'-i i 1--0; Z
~
~~ .. I~-ii· --;n . i-' .'I " :.1;.;::
IS?~.--._.J.- -
i i'; ,,; .;- " ", i
I
~
11::J2 Z
{11/
·i·l" g
~
if;
G
i'
;. __~';Cg-~ j :1::~.: .: ~ :~:. , ... ~.:~:~~-:~~::~:=~~=~--=~;.=:~~:!:s., i:ia: ~ ~
.,,1 ~~b ..J..l~ _~. 1'_1........... _, ••• +---l __ ~ _ • • •
,_~_.~_, 1_r:::L.J", w
0...........
I ~....
....~-""- ~ ~.I I':'1' ,.. & L' , , ,-, I
~_.::-.- ~~.-. " '-'-~'-'-----'-"-'~' - ~-
" j 1 I
- .-,<>
< §
~l:r~fJ;EEf,-:;ff.i r.,;:,. ):?I.;:F~:=:~;jE;=i;~:~;=.=?"-=-d:bq . e
-'
; L..:;-,-,.~ I i..i'i~:-i-i't-}1f-t::t·,··i-~'i0 ~··~~j7~-r . -_. - --. _.- - - - -u..L.'-'j-'"

.-,--'i-+ l1i1JI[I'IQ,"--;-' 7ilTH-t-j"---.-,~-I-- i-- ;+t++

-'~;-r-'- 'il-iTti Tl'; ~ ·;-·f-i~t:-;"?~iT~-i---~-.----\ ~,-~
<,..

g W hTI-II'
,·-1-'~3~-,- :i'Q:Ii' ---iITGTi-i i-j-;~- ":1"'-[ ';"i-i";Tn
="t"f,.~±b! ....~-j'Q
·'..::LI~J:L' =:::::-U=LJJ,
I'
1-' I
a li ~. ~,..w~,c::j=r-H.,-+-cW.+I-'''':-----~'-'-~'-'' ,-
'~', . " , t-tL.i i l-Jij±H rcili " ;; rTH-L.~"i-L:d=LL
(J>C)
oqqqqq
.... <DtO <:"
q
1'1~
qq
Nit)
q q q&S
_e L·I·I_ ."
-(J>tO ~~;~~~
"'000 ~
PI?E DIAMETER IN INCHES, 0"

FRICTiON FACTOR f- ~ Moody dingram for relative roughness ns a function of dimneter

(1) 2g
for pipes constructed of various materials,
J"'_l"'n<:"'''
'~I!W
';OUflca;;: "OCIETY 01' ~n;CHA"lCAL C"Clflt;E"ll. New VO"'~•• ".Y.
TRA""ACTloNs -AsMC. VOL. cc lI94~) 1..,1". MOOOV. ,"Ounce:: A"ICHICA" ::;OCICTY OF Ml;CHAN1CA1. l:NGINCCR::;, YOnK, N.Y.
TRANSACTION';. A::;M I': , VOl.. GG (1~~4J
1.. F. MOODY.

194
195
IL\~\DU{JOK or pvc PIPE CiL\Yn:I~ \' - DESIGN

"1"'AB~
11.~ .... L E 39
FitICfiON
" '- LO,:JoS l j \-"",.
F~;;...; O\V \- "900 p~'r
n}u...... 'It '-' PIPE
'
TABLE 39 FL01V .FRICrIO~"1 LOSS, A 'V~VA C900 rvc .PIPE
4" CI (AWWA C900) DR 25 4" C! (AWWA C900) DR IS Continued
Acllltli 0.0. 4.S00 Tn .• Press. CllIss 100 Ac!t1al O.D. 4.800 In., Press. C!:Iss 150
Flow Vclndty tt>,s of PfC~S.
Flow Vc!ocity Los, of Press. nn·p
G:ll./mln. Ft,/scc. Head Drop GaL/min. Ft./s~c. Hzad
Ft'/IOU Flo p<,iilOOFt Fl.iHiO PI. p,j,'!UO Ft. 6" CI (AWWA C900) DR ]S 6" CI (AWWA C900) DR 14
20.000 0.423 0.019 0.008 20.000 OA5G 0.023 0.010 Actual 0.0. 6.900 in .. Press. Clas" 150
0.015 Actual O.D. 6.900 in., Pres-so Class 200
25.000 0.529 0.028 0.012 25.000 0.570 0.034
30.000 OJ;f\.+ 0.048 0.021 Flow Velocity lo,'. of I-'fL"" Flow V::Jocity I.o'S of l'rc;s.
30.000 0.635 0.040 0.017 Gut/min. Fl.(se<:. Hc;\d Drop Gal./min. I;:./,cc.
35.000 0.798 0.063 0.027 He;\o Drrof\
35.000 0.741 0.053 0.023 Fe/lOO FI. p,inpo FI. FCi IUO Ft. psiil(1O Flo
40.000 0.847 0.068 0.029 40.000 0.912 0.081 0,035
45.000 0.953 0.085 0.037 45.000 1.025 0.101 0044 50.000 0.551 0.021 0.009 50.000 0.596 0.025 0.011
50.000 1.053 0.103 0.044 50.0nO 1.139 0.123 0.053 60.000 0.661 0.029 0.013 60.000 0.715 0.036 0.015
60.000 .{ 1.270 0.144 0.062 60.000 1.367 0,172 0.075 70.000 0.772 0.039 0.017 70.000 0.834 o,o·n 0.020
70.000 1,482 0.192 0.083 70.000 1.595 0.129 0.099 75.000 O,S27 OJJ44 0.019 75.000 (1.8-94 0,054 0.023
75.000 1.588 0.118 0.094 75.000 1.709 0.260 0.113 80.000 0.832 0050 0.022 80.000 0.953 0.061 0.026
80.000 1.694 0.245 0,106 g(LOOn 1.g23 112\j·\ -_ ... 0,127 90.000
100.000
0.992
j,102
0.062
0076
0,027
OJHJ
90,000 j(J73 0,075 0,(>3 ]
(10.000 !.~)O5 0305 (l.ln qO,OOO 2.051 O.:;h'i O.15X
125.000 J.37S ll,J IS
JOO,OOO 1.192 (Ul((~ o.n·HI
loo.oon tJ·\·\·l 0192 0050 125.000 1..: 1/0 IU}9
I no.ooo 2.117 0.371 0.161 2,279
0(,71 0,2(1(j 150.000 1.6'\1- 0,161 O.fl70 J 5U,(WO 1.7;';:; o !(I-l
0.060
OJli'4
12).000 2.646 0.%1 0.243 125,UOO 2.S·19
(l(J·1O 0·107 175.000 1.929 0.214 (l.Ot!)
1 ~iLO()O 3.175 O.n6 0,:\·\0 IS0JllHl 3·lJ R 175.000 2.(1;\'; O.2'i~ 0.112
175,OO{j J.l}XH 1.2~ 1 0..';·12 200.000 2.:?(J~ 0,27·1 0.1 Ii' 200.(lOC)
17S.000 3.705 1.0·15 0,.\53 2.31"3 0.331 0.1·l.1
0. (,(/"I 250.000 1,756
200.nOn 4.2"1·t I.:L\lJ O.5HO '200.000 ·U5~ ...1.()(12
,..,.., 0.-:1-1 0.179 :?50.000 2.979 0.5(10 0.217
2:'iO,lIOO 5,2!);, 2.(124 O.R76 250.000 5.6(J7 _."-"
l,(j.\i' 300.000 3.107 0.500 0.251 :wo,ono ).575 0,701 0':;0·1
'()(1.0{)() (1.351 2.X37 1,22:-: :WO.OOO (I,H0I7 'YJ·l 1.·1(,1/ 350.000 3.S'ig 0.771 o.n·1 350.000 ·U7 I (}!I,I.' O.·W-I
:;<;OOO!J 1.6.1·1 35().OO{j 7. 1)1fl ·UJ(I 1.955 400.000 4·1Ot) 0,()1\l-\ 0.·121\ .100.(1)0 ·l.7(,7 I.IIJ.:
7.·lOt) :1.77·1 D.517
·moono X,·j(,R ·Un3 2.()1J2 ·100.0(1() (I. I IS '.7S1 2.5in 450.000 ·1.%0 1.229 0.5.,2 450000 ;\.31>.1 1.·1,'.;(, O.f,·L\
·~<;O.Il(lO (U2(1 (dll I 2.60'2 ·1.~O(J{j() 10.2".'\ 7. jl12 1-.111 500.000 5.511 1.·1'],1 0.(,·17 .'ilHIOOO 5.950 J,:-Ol; IJ.li'2
:'i(lO.(I(lO J 0.5~:·1 7.:\06 3.1(1"1 5(J(!.OOO 1I,·\!)·l ~,7·12 ,I.n·\ 600.000 (IJ,13 20'1."1 O.IIO(} (,OO.OO(J 7.1.<;f) '2.5.H J.()IJfJ
{,{){).11(J0 12.7nl 10.2·11 .1,.l.n WO(l(JO 1.1.(,7.1 122')1 5.10·1 700.000 7.7 H, 2,7}\'i 1.20(1 700.{JOO }; .. .:2 J, )(,7 IA<;X
7(J(1.00n 1·l.S IS 13.625 5.XlJS 700,DOO 15. 11';2 1/,102 7.0'i7 800.000 KSIR 3."fJ(. I.<;.j·l HOO.OOD IISI.: ·1.312 1.1'(17
1000.000 11.022 5.VII 2."1.1·: IOOU,OO(J 1L I ll7 6.:'i19 2.1122
4" Ci (A\V\VA C900] DR i4 f," Ci (j\W\V:\ C9(0) DR 25
Actual O.D. ,UWO In .. Pre"". Cia"" :::00
Actual D.D. 6,900 In .. Prc"", Cl:l"" 100 8" CI (AWIVA C9(0) DR 25
Flnw Vl"1il(il~' 11"" n[
Ikad
I'n'"
Pfl1\,
W' CI (AIVIVA C9(0) DR IX
Gal./mill. It./se!;', FlflW Vdodl)" 1 n,S of I'H·".
FUlon Fe Ihi'llll) 1'1. H./sec ~k;ld !)rl'l' Actual G.D. 9.050 In .. Pre"". CIa'" 100
(;:II.:fllltl.
Ft IOlln. p,ifl{lll Ft. AC!Il,d a.D. 9.050 Ill .. Pre"". Cia"" 150
20.000 0.493 0.027 0,(112 Flow VelOCIty I. I'"~ o[ l'n·\\. Flpw Vel,.,,!, l.P" pr
'25.0nO 0.616 0.041 o.rm 50.00n n.512 CUll R O.OOS GUI./min. I:L:'e<;'. Head
Ft..iH~l
Dn'l' G;ll./min. n",,;C. Ilt:.ld
I'll'''.
nu'"
30.000 0.739 0,058 (1.0'25 (,0.000 0.615 n.u:!.'> (Ulil Fl. I'"i II~I Flo FLill" Fl i'" lOll Ft.
O.S()2 0.077 0.033 70.000 0.717 0,033 0.014
35.000
o.on 0.0·13 0.768 0.037 0.016
100.000 0.595 0.017 o.or)7 100.000 0,641 0.0:0 0.00')
40,OOD 0.9B5 75.000 125.000 0.744 0.0'2() 0.0 II
1.108 0.122 0.053 gO.OOO 0.820 00·12 o.on: 150.000
125.000 (unl ll.O3 I 0.013
45.000 0.893 (),036 0.016 150.000 0.961
1.231 0.148 0.064 90.000 0.922 0.052 0.023 175.000 0.0·13 OJ1l9
50.000 1.042 (l.O·f~ 0.02l 175.000
60.000 1.478 0.208 0.090 100.000 1.024 0.063 n.027 200.000 1.122 0.057 0.025
1.191 0.0(>1 0.026 200.000 1.::~2 n.m .3
70.000 1.724 0.277 0.120 125.000 1.231 0.096 0.042 250.000 0.032
L4S9 0.092 0.040 250.000 1.(,02 0.111
75.000 I J~47 0.315 0.136 150.000 1.537 0.134 0.058 _300.000 0.0-18
1.7S6 0.130 0.056 300.000 1.923 0.155
80.000 1.970 0.354 0.153 175.000 1.79} 0.179 0.077 0.067
350.000 2.084 0.172 0.075 350.000 .., ... ,~

O.2U6
90.000 2.216 0,441 0.191 200.000 2.049 0.229 0.099 400.000 _.~--' 0.OR9
2.382 0.'221 0.096 400.000 '2.564 0.264 0.114
100.000 2,463 0.536 0.232 250.000 2.561 0.3-16 0.150 450.000 2,6S0
0.210 0.275 0.119 450.000 2.884 0.329 0.142
125.000 3.078 0.810 0.351 300.000 3.073 OAS5 500.000 2.977 0.33-1
OAn 0.646 0.279 0.145 500.000 3.20-1 0.399 0.173
150.000 3.694 1.135 350.000 3.585 600.000 3_573 0,468
0.654 0.S27 0.358 0.203 600.000 3.S-l5 0.560 0.242
175.000 4.310 1.511 400.000 4.098 700.000 4.168 0.623
1.934 0.837 4.610 1.028 0.445 0.270 700.000 4AS6 0.745 0.322
200.000 4.925 450.000 800.000 4.764 0.797 0.345
6.156 2.924 1.266 5.122 1.250 0.541 1000.000 800.000 5.127 0.954- 0.413
250.000 500.000 5.954 1.205 0,522 1000.000
300.000 7.388 4.099 1.774 600.000 6.146 1.752 0.758 1200.000 6,0409 1.4·11 0.624
7.145 1.690 0.731 1200.000 7.691 2.020
350.000 8.619 5,453 2.361 700.000 7.171 2.331 1.009 1400.000 0.875
1.292 8.336 2.248 0.973 1400.000 &.972 2.688
400.000 9.850 6.983 3.023 800.000 8.195 2.985 1600.000 1.164
9.527 2.878 1,246 1600.000 10.25.j: 3.442
450.000 11.082 8,685 3.760 1000.000 10.244 4.512 1.953 ':000.000 1.490
11.909 4351 Ui84 2000.000 12)'1 ~ 5.20-l
500.000 12.313 10.557 4.570 2.253
600.000 14.775 14.797 6.405 NOTE: Table i5 ba~ctI on HJl~n·Willial1\5 Equations,
700.000 17.238 19.686 8.522 77, 7~. i'J anti Hl. ('=150

19G 197
HANDBOOK OF five PIPE
Cll/..r'lLI~ \' - DESli;N
'fAilLE 39 FLOW FR!CTlON LOSS, AWWA C90n PVC PHi'E
TAIlLE 39 Fl.OW FRlCTlO;.; LOSS,
Continued A))'\VA C900 P\'C rIPE
Continued

8" CI (AWWA C900) DR 14 10" CI (AWWA C900) DR 25

12" CI (AWWA C900) DR 25
12" CI (AWWA C900) DR 18
Actlw.l a.D. 9.050 in., Press. Clas5 200
Flow
Gnl,lmin.
VeJcdty
Ft.ii;;e.
Los~ of
Head
Ft.f\OU FL
Prc~s.
Drop
p~ill(){1 FI.
Actual O.D. i 1.100 tn.. Pre,,::;. Class 100
Flow
Gal./min.
VC1Dcllj'
F ..hcc.
l'res~.
Drop
p~i/W(l Ft.
-
Actual O.D. 13.200 In.• Pres'}. Class 100
Flow
Gal./rnin.
Velonry
'jlt./s:c:.
Lo~s of
Head
Ft./1CD Ft.
-- Prc~s.
Drop
psl;JOO Ft.
Actual O.D. 13.200 In., Press. Chss 150
Flow
Gnl./min.
VelOcity
Ft./sec.
LOll of
He,1,J
Press.
Drop
100.000 0.692 0.024 0.011 175.01l1l O.69J O.lllS O.OOR 300.000 0.840 0.021 FI./lOO Ft. p,i/WO Ft.
125,000 0.866 0.037 0.016 '200.000 a.i92 0.023 0.010 0.009
350.000 0.980 0.027 300.000 0.904 0.025 0.0 II
150.0UO 1.039 0.052 0.022 250.000 0.990 0.0:;4 0.015 400.000 1.120 0.035 0.012
(1.069 O.OJO 300.000 1.1 RS 0043 0.021 0.015 350.000 1.054 0.033 0.014
175,000 1.212 450.000 1.260 0.044 400.000 1.205 0.042 0.018
200,000 1.3S5 O.ORB O,03S 350.000 1.3!\.:; 0,06-1- O.02~ 0.019
500.000 J AOO 0.053 450.000 1.355 0,OS2 0.023
~~onno 17:'1 0.13·1 O.05X Ann 000 l.)h.~ OiL':::'. 0.035 OJ123
600.000 ! .1') 79 0.075 SOO.OOO I.SOIi 0.064 0.02(;
(l.l X7 {LOX 1 45fUiOO 1.7S1 n 102 O.{).14 700.000 1.959 0,099 0.032
31J().U()O 2.077 600.00(J UW7 0.089 0,039
.....'"1,
_,"'l_.' 0.2·~9 (l.l O~ 500 000 l.Wi0 n 1~4 o.Oq 0.043
350.000
/,00 (100 :;,375 (11 7-) --(W75 800.000 2.239 0.127
O-lJ55 700.()()(l 2.10i\ 0.119 ~
·wn.ooo 2.770 0.:119 O.l3li
iOO,{H)(\ 2.771 0231 O.lon
lOOO.OOO 2.79ti 0.J92
O.OHJ 800.000 2.410 0.15:: (J,(lf,tJ
45()OOO 3,116 0.397 0.172 1200.000 3.350 0.269
~OO.(lOO 3.167 02'15 0,12:\ 0.117 lOOO.OOO 3.012 0.230 0.0<)9
5(10.000 3.·H.,:; O.·jli2 0.209 1400.000 3.~)J9 0.35}i 1200.000 3.61.~ 0.322 0.139
600.00(} ·U.'\5 0/17(1 0.292 IOOll.(j(l() 3,<15S {) .IM) 0.193 1600.000 4.479 0..159 0.155
1400.000 4.217 0.-128 0.1 X5
70n.OOO 4.,1.;·:7 0.ti9 l ) o.:n'l) 12(j(J.(J(){J ·j,750 t1(,~(, O.::!71 2000.000 5,5% 0.694 0.199
1MlO.OOO 4.&'19 0.54ii 0,237
1\000(}0 5.5·10 1.15 I OA'H, 1.IlHL(l()(} S."42 {l S:;2 fUf,O 2500.000 6.9')S 1.0.19 0.300
0.753 !(,{)(JO{lO (,.111 JOMI {j,161 0.454 2000.000 6.024 0.1)29 0.359
11100JlOO hq2·~ 1.7·10 3000.000 R.3'17 1..170 2500.000 7.530 1.153 0.5,13
120(I,O{jO ~, :;Wl 2.·1:\9 1.056 20()(UlOO 7.1)17 U,J::! llJl()o 3500.000 9.7'J7 1.955 0.636
O.H46 3000,OO(j 'J.{}J/i 1.757 0.761
140(l.()OO 11,(1(/': :'.2·t') 1.·lO,~ 2'i(J(UlO(1 (I),ll(l ::.; H, 1.055 4000.000 11.1 % 2.5().1
I.()!i.! :L'){)O.OOO 10.542 2.331 l.012
I(,(Ill.OOO 11 (\"/l) 4. L'i5 1.799 :HlO()(lO{l 1\)\75 :>':15 lAiR 4500.000 12.596 3.11-1
1.341\ 4000.000 12.0·:R 2.9'13 1.296
2000.000 13,:';·\'> (l.2B2 2.719 "1500.000 13.554 3.722 l.611

12" Cl (AWWA C900) DR 14

10" Cl (AWWA CCJOO) DR 14 Actual 0.0, D.2ao In .• Press. Class 200
10" CI (A \\'W A C9(0) DR 1R
FI(lW Velocity L(l~" of "rn~.
Actual O.D. 1l.l00 In .. Press. Cia"''> 150 Actual 0.0. 11.100 In., Pre",s. CIa"", 2nO G:l!./min. l·-t.hcc: }k~,d Drnp
FLjlOft Ft. p\i/IOO Ft.
l(w,of T'rc\". Flow Vth'cil) 1.,'" III l'l<:~~
J:!r>w Vc\"eiW
Gill./l1lin. FL '<.ce. Hc;\11 DH'p Ci~ll,illlill. Ft./~cc. }k:ul I1r"p 300.000 0.977 0.0:10 0.0 l3
FI./lhtl Fl. ll~if\O{l Fl ft. Illl FI. p~i,'HHl 1"1.
350.000 1.140 0.0'10 0.017
0.746 0.021 0.009 175.000 O.BOo 0.02(1 0.011 400.000 1.302 0.051 0.022
175.000 450.000 1.465 0.063 0.027
200.000 0.1\52 0.027 0.012 200.000 O.nI 0033 0.014
O.OIR 2S0.000 1.151 0,049 0.021 500.000 1.62S 0.077 (1.033
250.000 1.065 0.041
0.057 0.025 JOO.OOO 1.381 0.069 0.030 600.000 1.954 O.IOR 0.047
JOO.OOO L27f.
350.000 1.491 0.076 0.033 350.000 1.612 0.092 0.0·10 700.000 2.279 0.143 0.062
400.000 1.704 0.098 0.042 400.000 I.B-12 0,118 0.051 800.000 2.605 0.184 0.079
,150.000 1.917 0.122 0.053 2.072 0.147 0.0(,4 1000.000 3.256 0.278 0.120
450.000
)00.000 2.130 0.148 0.064 500.000 2.302 0.179 o.on 1200.000
1400.000
3.907
4.559
0.389
0.518
0.168
0.224
600.000 2.556 0.207 0.090 600.000 2.763 0.250 0.108
... "l"J ~
0.333 0.144 1600.000 5.210 0.663 0.287
700.000 2.982 0.276 0.119 700.000 :J ........'
3.684 0.427 0.185 2000.000 6.512 1.002 0.434
800.000 3.409 0.353 0.153 800.000
4.605 0.645 0.279 2500.000 8.140 1.515 0.656
1000.000 4.261 0.534 0.2JI 1000.000
0.324 5.526 0.904 0.391 3000.000 9.768 2.123 0.919
1200.000 5.113 0.748 1200.000 3500.000 11.397 2.825 1.223
1400.000 5.965 0.996 0.431 1400.000 6.447 1.203 0.521
1.540 0.667 4000000 13.025 3.618 1.566
1600.000 6.817 1.275 0.552 1600.000 7.368 4500.000 14.653 4.499 1.948
2000.000 8.521 1.927 0.834 2000.000 9.210 '2.328 1.008
2500.000 10.652 2.914 1.261 2500.000 11.512 3.520 1.524 Note:
3000.000 12.782 4.084 1.768 3000.000 13.814 4.934 2.136 Table 39 and 40 11m\' friction values are based on inside diameters calcUlated as follows:
ID ::= 00 - 21' Where: ID = Imide dktmctcI, in.
OD '" Outside diameter, in.
t' = .\llnilllum wall thickness -1- ~.~ wall thL;:ki1cSS
IlOUIlO;:lJ;:
IlTHYI. C:O'f>'OHA"lON
tolerance, in.

lQQ
 CH..\.PTER V - DESIGN

H...\.t"iDBOOK OF PVC PIPE 40 - Continued

2 liz" IPS (ASTM D-2241)
TABLE 40-FLOW FRICflON LOSS, ASTM D 2241 PVC PIPE
SDR 26 t
Flow Vc!ocity Loss of Head Press. Drop Velocity Lo~s of Head Pre~s. Drop
G~ls./Min. FL/SCC. Ft./IOO Fl. PSI/IDa Ft. Fl./Sec. FI./Wj Ft. PSI/WO Ft.
1 Yz" IPS (ASTM D-2241) 5 0.30 0.025 0.011
SDR 21 7 0.42 0.Q35 0.0l5
\-\- 0.026
Vdod!)' Loss of Hcad l'rc$s. Drop 10 0.59 0.06
Press. Drop Ft./S ec . FL/lOO Ft. 1'51/100 n.
PSI/lOG Fl. 15 0.88 0,13 0.056

0.30
0.35 2.45 0.89 0.39
45 2.65 LOO a.·i3 2.7(, J.j 1 OAS
50 2.94 1,22 0.53 3.07 1.35 (l.St:
60 3.53 1.71 0.7·4 3.ClX l.Pt; OX~
70 ·U2 2.27 0.9~: 4.2 1) 2.5 J 1.09
75 4Al 2.5X 1.12 "loW 2.X) 1.23
SO ·:.71 2.91 J.2Cl . 4.9 J 3.22 J.3fJ
333

l
90 5.30 3.()2 1.57 -T~i---.I:(W---I-.73--
4.0·;
100 5.B9 4.39 1.90 6.1.:1 ·1.S6 2.10
5.C,7
7.)·1
125 7.3Cl 6.65 2.Xli 7.Cll 1.3(, :U q
150 S.R;l 9.31 <1.0;1 9,20 HUO ·tAr.
0.57
175 10.31 12.40 5.37 10.7·1 13.72 5.9·1

3" IPS (AST;l1 1)-2241)

2" II'S (ASDI P-2241)
\ SDR 21
SDR 26 I SDR 21
SDR 26
I'r,~~,nrllp I Vch'cit V I p~" \If 1!l':\(\
Jot.flll(} Jot
1'rc..... nrpr
l'S11100 1'l-
flow
G:lls,fl\lin
I \elllCIl}'
FtS~·c.
10'" pf lle:ld
1't /Jon 1'1
I'n·..... Drop
PSI/100 Fl
I Vc1odl\
H./S,·,
1 n", of Iic:I\l
It / Hid I'l
I'n"'" DH'f'
PSI/IOO fl.
l.fl~~ (If jk;,t! I rLiSc~.
Vc!pcity l'S\!!OO ft.
Fln w
G.l!...:l\lill. Fl,/Sec. 1'\./100 FL ,, 0.02.3 O.O!O 5 0.20 (J.() I n.()()·15 0.20 0.015 O.()(l(l

0.17 0.01 0.00·. , 0.10

0.'15 O.Ot'i 0.025 7 0.28 0.014 0.0063 0.29 0.021 O,{J09
2 0.020 0.035 10 0.40 0.02 {l.OOY 0.41 0.03 0.013
0.44 0.045 0.63 O.OSI
5 0.035 0.074 15 0.59 0.05 0.022 (l.G2 0.06 0.026
0.61 O.Og \ 0.90 0.17
7 0.069 O.lt'i 20 0.79 0.09 0.039 0.83 0.09 0.039
0.87 0.16 1.35 0.37
10 0.14 0.27 25 0.99 0.13 0.056 1.03 0.14 0.061
15
20
1.30
1.73
0.33
0.57 0.25
0.37
\.SO
2.25
0.63
0.95 0.41 30
35
I 1.19
1.39
0,18
0.24
0.078
0.10
1.24
1,45
0.20
0.2i
0.087
0.12
0.S6 1.34 0.5S
25 2.16 2.71 40 1.59 0.31 0.13 1.65 034 0.15
1.21 0.52 1.7S 0.77
30 2.60 3.16 45 l.7S 0.16 0.18
1.61 0.70 2.27 0.98 0.38 1.86 0.42
35 3.03 3.61 50 1.98 0.47 0.20 2.06 0.51 0.22
2.06 0.89 2.83 1.23
3.46 4.06
40
45 3.90 2.56
3.11
1.11
1.35 \ 4.51 3.44
4.82
1.49
2.09 - 60
70
2.38
2.78
0.65
0.87
0.28
0.38
2,48
2.89
0.72
0.96
0.31
0.42
50 ~~
5.19 4.36 \'1)9 5.41
6.31 6.41 2.78 75 2.97 0.99 OA3 3.10 1.09 0.47
60 2.51 3.16 80 3.n 1.11 0.48 3.30 1.23 0.53
6.06 5.80 6.76 7.29
70 2.86 3.55 90 3.57 1.38 0.60 3.72 1.52 0.66
6.49 6.60 7.21 8.21
75 3.22 4.42 100 3.97 1.68 0.73 4.13 1.85 0.80
6.92 7.43 8.12 10.21
80 4.01 5.37 125 4.96 2.54 1.10 5.17 2.81 1.22
7.79 9.25 9.02 12,41
90 4.87 150 5.95 3.56 1.54 6.19 3.93 1.70
8.66 11.24
100 175 6.94 4.74 2.05 7.23 5.23 2.26
200 7,93 6.07 2.63 8.26 6.69 2.90
Note: Table is based on Hazcn~Williams EquatiQn 77. ?S. 79 and l30. C=150 250 , 9.92 9.18 3.98 10.33 10.13 4.39

SOURCE:' PLAliTICS PIPO! INSTITuTI::

1'1'1 TH"" 201
 CHAPTER V - DESIGN
HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE

TABLE 40 - Continued 40 - Continued

4" IPS (ASTM: D~2241) 8" IPS (ASTM D·2241)
SDR 26 1 SDR 21 SDR 26 SDR 21
Flow
Gals./Min.
I Velocity
Ft./$tc.
Loss of Hend
Ft./IOO Ft.
Press. Drop
PSI/IOO Ft.
Velocity
Ft./Scc.
Less of Head
Ft./IOO PI..
Press. Drop
PSI/JOG Ft.
\'c!ocity
FI./Sec.
Loss of Hcnd
FL/Ioo Ft.
Press. Drop
PSI/IOO Fl.
VelocilY
FL/Sec.
LOiS of Hend
Ft./lOO Ft.
Press. Drop
PSI/loo Fl.

0.009 0.50 0.03 0.013 100 0.66 0.03 0.012 0.67 0.03 0.012
20 0.48 0.02
0.017 0.62 0.04 0.017 125 0.83 0.037 0.015 0.85 0.037 0.015
25 0.60 0.04
0.022 0.75 0.06 0.026 150 0.98 0.04 0.017 1.02 0.05 0.022
30 0.72 0.05
0.030 0.87 0.08 0.D35 175 1.14 0.06 0.026 I.19 0.065 0.028
35 0.84 0.07
0.039 1.00 0.10 0.043 200 1.30 0.07 0.03D 1.36 0.08 0.D35
40 0.96 0.09
0.048 1.12 0.12 0.052 250 1.63 0.11 0.048 1.70 0.125 0.054
45 < 1.08 0.11
0.14 0.061 1.25 0.15 0.065 300 1.95 0.16 0.069 2.04 0.18 0.078
50 1.20
1.50 0.11 0.091 350 228 0.21 0.091 2.38 O.2~ 0.103
60 1.44 0.19 0.082
0.11 1.75 0.18 0.12 400 2.61 0.27 0.12 2.72 0.30 0.13
70 1.67 0.25
0.13 Ln 0.32 0,14 450 2.93 0.33 0.14 3.06 0.37 0.16
75
80
90
1.79
1.91
~.15
0.29
0.32
(lAO
0.14
0.17
2.00
2.25
0.36
OA5
0.16
0.19
500
750
I
3.26
4.89
0.41
0':';(,
0.18
0.37
HAO 5.10
0,·1.5
0.96
0.19
0.42
0.(,4 (!.fW 0.64
100 2.39 0.49
0.74
0.21
0.33
2.50
3.13
0.5.:
0.S2
0.23
0.36
1000
1250
&.51
~;.15
lA7
_._,.'l
00'
O.W; I H.50
1.6~
2,~7 1.07
125
150
2.99
3.59 1.04 0.45 3.75 1.15 0.50 1500 I 9.77 3.11 1.35 10.19 3.45 1.4()

175 4.19 1.39 0.(10 ·U7 1.54 0.G7 :WOO I 13.0~ 5.:\0 2.29 I 13.59 5.S? 2.54
4.79 I.T 0.77 .~.99 1.% 0.S5
200
1-~2.1
250 5.9g 2.6H:'---'1.16 -1.,1.)7 1.29
lO" IPS (ASTM 1)·2241)
300 7.18 3.75 1/12 1 7..19 ·LIC; 1.HO
350 g.3' 5.00 2.17 I S.7·t 5.54 2.'10 SDR 26 SDR 21
400 9.57 6.39 2.77 i 9.99 7.09 :U17 Flow f \d"n!~' 1(>\\ (,I Ik:](l Pre\;, I)r0l' Vel\'rilY 11"'\ p! lle:lu I'n"\, Dr,'l'
450 10.77 7.95 3.44 I 11.2·1 fi.~2 3.82 G:Jh./1\lin F:,Sc~. I'Ll lOll H. PSI/IUO 1'1- H.lScc. It,]\jOlt T'SJ/lW It

500 11.% 9.M) 4.tH I 12.-lS 10.72 ~1.(,4 200 a.x;; n.n27 0.012 OJH, 0.027 0.012
250 1.05 D.O·j 0.017 1.10 0.045 0.020
6" IPS (ASHI D.2241) 300 1.26 0.05 0.022 1.31 0.06 0.026
SDR 26 I SDR 21 350 tA7 0.075 0.0:1,3 1,54 0.08 0.035

FI<lW
Gah,fMin.
Vclodty
FUSee.
L(l~~ or He;td
Ft./lOO FI.
I'rc\\. Drnp
I'SljlO'J 1'1.
I \'c]ndlr
I·, ISec.
I.o~\ (,r lIead
H,/IOO Fl.
I'rcv•. Drop
1':-:;1/100 Ft.
400
450
1.61'
1.89
0.09
0.11
0.039
O.{)~0
1.75
1,97
0.10
0.13
O.O'iJ
0.056
0.58 0.02 0.009 5011 :!.lO 0.14 0.061 2.19 0.15 0.065
50 0.55 0.02 0.009
O.oJ 0.013 750 3.14 0.29 0.13 3.29 O.3~ 0.14
60 0.66 0,03 0.013 0.69
70
75
0.77
0.83
0.04
0.04
0.017
0.017
I 0.81
0.86
0.04
0.05
0.017
0.022
1000
1250
4.19
5.27
0.50
0.76
0.22
0.33
4.3fi
5.40
0.56
0.05
0.24
0.37
0.05 0.022 1500 6.29 1.06 0,46 6.57 1.18 0.51
80 0.88 0.05 0.022 0.92
D.n
90 0.99 0.06 0.026 I 1.04
I.15
0,07
0.08
0.030
0.035
2000
2500
8.38
10A8
1.81
2.74 1.19
8.76
10.96
2.02
3.06
0.87
1.33
100 I.10
1.39
0.07
0.11
0.030
0.047
I 1.44 0.125 0.054 3000 12.58 3.84 1.66 13.15 .,""
' _f
.... 1.85
125
150 1.66 0.16 0.069 I,
I 1.73 0.18 0.078
175 1.94 0.21 0.091 2.02 0.24 0.103 12" lPS (ASTM D.2241)
0.30 0.13
200
250
2.21
2.76
0.27
0.41
0.12
0.18 II 2.31
2.89 0.46 0.20 SDR 26 I SDR 21
300 3.31 0.57 0.25
I 3.46 0.63 0.27
0.37
Flo\\'
Gals./Min.
Velocity
FUSee.
Lo~;; of Heat!
Ft./IOU Ft.
J're5S. Drop
1'51/100 Ft.
! Yciocity
FI.jScc.
Lo<s or He:Jd
Ft./iOO Ft.
Press. DrDp
1'51/JOO Fl.
350 3.87 0.76 0.33 4.04 0.85
400 4.42 0.97 0.42 I 4.61 1.08 0.47 350 1.04 0.04 0.017 1.08 0.036 0.016
4.97 1.21 0.52 I 5.19 1.34 0.58 400 1.19 0.04 0.017 1.24 0.04 0.017
450
500
750
5.52
8.28
1.47
3.12
0.64
1.35
I 5.76
8.~:
1.63
3A6
0.71
1.50
450
500
1.34
1.49
0.05
0.06
0.022
0.026
lAO
1.55
0.06
0.07
0.026
0.030
1000 11.05 5.30 2.30 I 11.).} 5.89 2.55 750 2.23 0.13 0.056 2.33 0.14 0.061

202 203
HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE CHAPTER V - DESIGN

TABLE 40 - Continued The relatively small concentration of solids ordinarily found in

and storm water is not sufficient to make it behave differently
12" IPS (ASTM D-2241)
water. For this reason, sewage is accepted as having the same flow
SDR 26 SDR 21
Flow Velocity LO~5of Head Pr~ss.Drop Velocity La,s or Hend Press. Drop
characteristics as water, provided self-cleansing velocities are maintained.
Gals'/},[in. Ft./S.:c. H/IDO Fl. PS!llOO FL FuSee. Ft./lOO Fl. PSI/100 Ft. water, sewage \vill seek its own level when introduced into a pipe with
!ODD 2.98 0.22 0.095 3.11 0.24 0.10 sloping invert. The attempt to level itself induces movement of the
1250
1500
3.73
4.47
0.34
0.46
0.15
0,20 I
I
3.89
4.66
0.37
0.51
0.16
0,22 sewage known as gravity flow. For simplification in solving the problem
2000 5.96 0.79 0.34 6.22 0.87 0.38 sewer design, it is necessary to assume "steady') flow conditions even
2500 7.45 1,20 0.52 7.77 1.33 0.57 though most sewers operate with constantly fluctuating now rates. Also,
3000 '8.94 1.67 0.72 9.33 1.85 0.80
3500 10..13 2.22 0.% 10.88 2.47 1.07 long as the surface of the sewage is permitted to expand or contract,
4000 11.92 2.86 1.24 12.44 3.17 1.37 it is considered "open channel" flow. If Opt.:!l channel flow is not the
4500 13,011 3.54 1.53 13.99 :\,93 1.70
--~ condition, then the sewer is said to be flowing rull under head or int,:rnal
pressure.
At velocities above 5 ft/$t:c. (1.5 in PVC pip,-'. special consid~
!11iSL'C) Till' l\bnning Equation is based on tilt,; abov,: L"oIH..Iition of stt:ady
c:-rJtion should be given to surge pressurcs :lJld conditions. It should also flow and opcn ch;Jnnei flow for the computations illvol\'cd in dctt:rmining
be noted th:lt high velocities n:sult in high hcad lossL's. discharge or:! s,,"\ver lint:.
Gravity Flow or Sewage and Storm Dr:linage ill PVC Sewer Pipe.
EQUATION X~
Hydraulic now research and an:J1ysis h:I\'t.: establbhed tllal flow conditions
:lnd ilydr;lldic slope in PVC gravity scw::r pipin~ syskms can be tksigllcu 1.486
I.:ollscrvatively Llsing the i\1anning's equatlOll. Kuttt:r's forillul:! was accepted v = r~/~s'/~
n
~s till' proper design basis for estimation or ()peJl-e11~1l11H..'1 now in the early
1900's: however. liSt: or tile formula was dillicult. Use or ~!allJ1iJ1g's cqU<'l~ Wltel'e. v = velocity or flow, rtfsec
lion has superseded Kutter's forlllula due [0 tile equation's relativL' Sllllplie~ V is a special case or "v" rcprest:l1ting ,1 pipe
ity. The coefl'icient of rou&hnc'ss (n) lIsed in both Kuttt:r's formub and flowing rull or half rull
}'l<.!nning's equation arc essenlially equal for piping products cOilllllonly n ;;::: an empirical coefficient analogous to the C in
used in sewer construction. the Williams-Hazen formulas. Jt represents the
interior surface characteristics of the rip:: and
EQUATION 88 comes into use in dctc"rmining the frictional
Xliller's hJrlllli!{i - losses. The greater the losses. the higher will
be the value of 11.
1.81
n + 41.67 + 0.0028 I' = the hydraulic radius of the wetted cross section
S
of the pipe. It is obtaincd by dividing the cross
v 1 n ( 41.67 , I v'RS,
+ VR + 0.0028\ sectional area of the flow by the wetted perimeter
s, ) of the pipe in contact with the flow. The units
are feet for hydraulic radius and wetted perimeter
Where: V = mean now velocity, fps and sq uare fect for area.
R = hydraulic radius, ft. R is a special ease of r for pipes flowing half full
n :::= coefficient of roughness or fujI. It is equal to one-fourth tile inside dia-
Sa = slope of energy grade line. ft/ft. meter and measured in feet.

204 205
HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE CP...,-\PTER V - DESIGN

EQUATION 90 from 0.007 to 0.011. (See Bibliography items 7 and 39).

These relatively low values can be attributed to:
R = D/4
the non-porous, smooth surface of the PVC pipe
the low profile gap at the joints, and
D == pipe inside diameter, ft.
rile longer laying lengths available in PVC pipe, resulting in fewer
s = the slope which is obtained when the length of
any straight portion of a se\','8f line is divided into
The long lengths with fewer joints actually contribute to a more
the difference in elevation between the beginning
rrnd consistent energy gradient (slope), thereby reducing friction
of that section and the end of the seetion. It is
losses and providing a lower value for the Manning's n [;Jetor. The Uni-Bell
equal in most cases to the slope of the invert and
Plastic Pip~ Association recommends that the value of the i\hmning's n
the slope of the llowing surface. The units used
factor be 0.0 I0 for hydraulic design of PVC gravity sewer systems.
in obtainirfg the quotienL or slope, lllU:-.t be the
The USc of ;\iallning's CqLl~ltioll H1 design of ~l PVC gravity sewer
same, usually ket.
system is demonstrakd in the followmg e,';:lmp!e:
Ex~mpk: C~dL'ulate the velocity :J.lld quantitY of l'k)\v for 8" PVC
EQUATION 91
sewer pip,· lAST)\) D3034 DR 35) flowing hall' rull with an invert slope or
H, - H2 4 feet per 1000 reCl.
s = -L--
Product dimellsions (l\STM [)303~~ DR 35):
OlJ = 8.400 ill.
Wiler,·: L ;:::: length oj' pipe section. ft l = 0.240 in.
H 1 =: IIp·stn.~~llll pipe elevation. f! f) = lD on -2l = 7')2U
~
H 2 ::: dO\Vll-~,treafll pipe dt:\"l.ltioll. rt. lJ =
7 cpo
~.c_ = 0 (,60 n
s ::: hydraulic slope, ftift 12 .
r = cross-sectional area -;- \vdted perimC"tcr or when r = R
Although not defined ill equation (;9. it is helpful to kllow t11L'SL' (IIal r full or rull)
additional definitions: R = ~'4D
Sol,"" both ways ror example:
J) =inside diameter of the pipe. f1. ,
7fD 2 •
", ("D") for half now
d = the depth of flow. Ft. 3rea = a = -4- for lull'. ,- 4
a = the area of the wetted eross seetion flow. ft2
A = is a special case of "a" occuring when the pipe is wetted perimeter = ITD for full flow, ~,,,D for half flow
flowing full; ft2 ?
lli1!.!O
(4) D
= 4 = 0.660' = 0.165'
The value for n has been experimentally determined for all common r = Yz("D) 4
sewer piping materials. The value can be as low as 0.007 under laboratory
conditions and using clean water, or higher than 0.015 under less favorable s = 1~~~ ft = 0.004' 11 = 0.010
conditions and with rough surfaced pipe. 110st engineers have historicallY
selected n to be 0.0 13 for sanitary sewer Line when using the products 1.486 .
,. = 0.0 I (j (0.165)"' (.004)'"
avaibble berore the advent of PVC sewer pipe. Studies in the laboratory,
and more importantly in actual usc, have found the value of n for PVC to = 148.6 (0.301) (0.063) = 2.8 ft/sec. velocitv

206 ?07
HA:'1DBOOK OF PVC PIPE CHAVfER V - DES!GN

Calculation of Volume Flow Rate FIGURE 30 - HYDRAULICS U\: PVC SEWER FIPE AT VARYE~G DEPTHS

10
EQUATION 92 l if.J,-.
Q = av
09 .-.
' I "I
'
-,! , •
F,. -'I-L-+ iii
i . --~
---,- - ; -
I
.
L_r--'--i
,
I 1 I
ii"
'--1------'-1-'-1-'--'--i-Xiii
I i
~".
i
j ':"_
I'Ll
, 'I X'UL. _,_
,
.

, i I •.
'1 \ ',-,

I
i

" I j' ' \ ' "--[i--r-I-j-jI-T-~r;']~1 '

Where: a = cross sectional area of flow, f!~ --'---I-r-----i--p--i-r/rn:::(71--·-r+ H
Q
V = flow velocity. ftisec.
;;:; volume flow rate, ft3 /sec.
'10
07

fi--FFFT:: :'+-1-"--'--1/;-1
"
=,I, (iUlf>J))2 0 .PI I' t. 2 ~-i--~
a = 1.,nQ-=)
._, -4- 2)
=
' 0,):'

I-----~,
1
f
I J_l_/J!"r;j
o = 0.171 rt 1 x ~.S (Ls:..',-'
(H
= LJAS f!3 !scc
OJ
o = OAo rt 3 /SL'C or Q x o~(l.3 :: 310.0 tllOtlS~IIHI
I
gab/day u;'
- - !1 v.,,,,,l,l. ;"i'll' <kpt],
/ ...
" C()"~t~"1
For t!Jose GISCS whl'fl.' tkpth of rIow {(il 1:-> nol equ:l! to rull rio\\' (D)
'=r:::==P'r·
01

or J,.; rknv n.,Dl. sel' Fir-urI.' 30. Thl.' ~r:IJlll \'.hl\..:h rcl:tlL';-; till' ratio or v/V I.I I. i I
Clili. q/Q. rlill (or alA rulll 1<, cl/D. L'' "
be 'N'd 10 alme al Iloll-rlill rIow 0,1 U·1 u '.' 1)!:, I' I () II (!"
" 1;' 1;1

solutions. after ddl'nllillill~ thc V:dllCS at rull now. IIYOnAUlIC HAT lOS - - - "'HI -5.\_
V full 0 full
It is n:cOlllll1l'!H.kd tl1at now vdol'ity in sanitary sewcr lilll's be not
k'ss th:lIl .2 rtiscL' (0,(1 ll1iscc) for st:lr~clt:allsing action in the lillCS. SOlllC
authorities rnay reCjuirc 2.5 ft/Sl'C (0.8 l1l!s\:c) minimum velocitics, partiCll-
larly ror storm sewers, At vl'loeitics above 10 ft/st.'L' (J m/sec) special FIGURE 31 - PIPE CROSS SECTIONAL AREA
cOllsit!L'r:ltioll should be I;iH.'n to energy dissip~l!ion and erosion prevention.
When slopes exc'~ed 20 Ih.:rl'cnt, pipe anchorag.e should be considel"l'cl. To U:\OEFLECTED PIPE DEFLECTED PIPE

allow for future growth or lln~lI1ticipated flows. it is customary to size

'l~~
sanitary collection sewers to flow one-hall' fuB at maximulll design inflow.
Tables 4~ through 50 afC provided for usc in dckrmination of veloc-
ity and discilarge Cor eacil size of PVC sewer pipe (ASH] D3034 DR 35)
(r
\1 D
!,''\
'~---~~ \< r
2a 1- - 3 .'
2b

at deCined slopes ancl Manning's n Factor values. \~ jJ

As flexible pipe is deflected. the cross sectional area of the pipe is
slightly reduced. Tile elliptical cross sectional area (As) after pipe ovaliza- A, A,
tion will be less than the undeflectecl circular cross sectional area (A).
EQUATION 93 EQUATION 94

lTD: 2
A, = = 7rr A s = nab
4
 CiVdTUt \' - DESIG:-i
HA:-mBOOK OF PVC PIPE
TABLE -tl

Ac circle cross sectional :.:.r.:a. in~ REDUCTiON IN CIRCULAR CROSS-SECTlOl\AL AREA BY

Where:
A, ellipse crOSS sectional area. in: DEFLECTING FLEXIBLE PIPES
D = undeflected pipe ID. in. Deflection (~;)
~; Reduction in Intern:J.] (to>.., Section::!l
undeflected pipe fildius. in. /\.fC:lfrom Circular to EHiru:.::ol Shape
I' =

a = deflected pipe long sen)i axis. in.

5 O.3bb
b deflected pipe short serni axis. in. 10 1.431
IS 3.J·~b
Wh:':Ia comp3ring detkctecl and tltH.1cfkckJ pipe. consideration must 20 )A-" ,\
be given to the pipe's internal circul11fer~nce. The follo\ving equJtions 25 ,\.3'7,\
30 i 1.> ]...;
"pply: 3) j~
EQUATiO:\ '15

C = liD
l·\Bl.!. ·12 FLOIV ClJARACTLIUSTICS -I've SHI'Ll( I'I!'L
EQUHIO:\ %
s 2 FT/1000 FT ASTM 03034 DR 3::;
c, = 40 E(k)
PVC r-----~ ~r~filli;;---'-=[==_ll . J2.:oI1J--·--C-----n : fUJI I ;

EQUATION '17
Sewcr
Pipe 1
r-y I
I-{,)(",
(), I .\' I () I,t/Sec
i
1O{)()(;al!J);JY I I (1St"
\', {),!
--,---~- -, .._'IO(J()
."_.. . . .(dlby
_....
_,~.,'- ~-'_ . ~---- ._-_._-, _._------ -IOO(}(,aLD;n\
----j
r-~·-~- -~

\/<12 _ h2 4 L'lliU! "i(I.:~U.'() 1,2573 (/1,1502 II J .j·un tJ2.:-:k'0!

k =: 6 1.:\241 I 22.' ..'2.)() !.(}'!!? 200.()tl/2 1.·1°2": 102.71()~ I
a 8 2.21:'\l I ~!0l)Al~/K l.{Jq~l<f ·U7,77.'~1 1.:)]30 ::'(l7.(J75:\ J

10 2.5-1.1 0,SI.92,S0 2..,1 12 4 7'13.7350 2.10.'" 721.570] I

i2 2.S,\7.'! 1402J)3':;{J 12(d.o.29 0 2.3(\~-+ 1147.11oi I
C = CircLlllll"crl'IlCl' of cir:.:k.ill,
2.5<1t;(1
Where: IS J.3CJ5.,>! 2407.0(1~L? 2.97--10 2167.073~; 2,7(J~P 1970,O(17t I
D = Unddkded pipe !D. in.
C, = I\.'rimdcf of dcrkclt.:d pipe. in,
E(k) = Elliptic function of the first killd of Ie TABLE 43 - FLOW CHARACTEIUSTlCS . PVC SEWER PIPE

Cross sectional aren of del'lected PVC pipe is calculated based all the S = 3 FT/1000 FT ASTNl 03034 0 R 35
assumption that the perimeter of tht: dcrIect(.'o pipe and the circumference pvc r~----~ :::--00--,j -~----------,_!
n ::: 0.009 Jl ::: 0.010 -- - - - ' --
of the undel'lccted pipe arc equal (C = C, ). Calculations involve a trial and Sewer \. I Q v Q v ' I
error computer solution, Cross sc:ctional afC~ r~duetion in deflected PVC
Q
Pipe Ft!Scc l 1000 Gal/D:Jy Ft/See 1000 Gal/Day Ft!Scc 11000 Gal/D:J.}"!

pipe is shown in Table 41. 4 UlJO I 94.1015 1.5399 84.6914 1.3999 II' 76.9922
In using Table 41, two additional factors should be considered:
Flow capacities arc greater in PVC pipe by comparison with
6
8
2.2340
2.71-W
I 273.5144
595.7340
2.0106
2.4426
246.1629
536.1607
1.8278
2.2205 I
223.7845
487.4188
many other pipe materials because of PVC pipe'$ better flow coefficients. 10 3.14Q3 J 1080.1378 2.8344 972.1240 2.5767 ) ~S3.74t)J

When considering dcfkcted pipe 1!owing parti:.lllY full. open 12 3.5362 /717,1220 3.1826 1545.4196 2_0933 i 675.2c~56
15 4.04S2 2(l'+() ,0 1.:W 3_6434 2654.1125 .. ,I"__ I ":"i!':')j':'))
_1.. .. - ---
channel now throug.h all t:lliptical cross section will be better at S0111e
depths and poorer at otller depths due to variation in the hydraulic radius.
 GL". iTER V - DESiGN
HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE
TABLE ~1

A :;:: circle cross sectional ur2~1. in

2
When;:
, REDUCTION IN CIRCULAR CROSS·SECTIONAL AREA BY
A :;:: ellipse crOSS s'ectional arta~ in:: DEFLECTING FLEXIBLE PIPES
,
D ~ unclef1ected pipe [D. in. Def1cction (~:)
~;Reduction in Intern:!) Cr0i.~ Scction:!l
r :;:: un deflected pipe radius. in. Area from Circular {O EUi;'tic:!.l Sil:lPC

a :;:: deflected pipe long semi axis. in. , 0.3bb

b :;:: deflected pipe short semi axis. in. JO J .-1-31

J5 3.14(,
WileTa comparing deneded iJnd lIIHJefkckd pip~. consideration must 20 5'-+7.;
be given to the pipe's internal circumference. The following. equations 2~ "j7,')
30 iL:-]";
~prly: 3:' j ~ - (,1

EQUATIO.\ 95

C = iiD
T,\BU. ·12 FLOW CIJ,\I(ACTUUSTICS . PVC Sl:\\'U( I'I!'L
EQUATION 96
S 2 FT/lDOD FT ASTM D3034 DR 35
c, ~ 4" E(k)
PVC ~;; - ~O.()(jll-~[=-=--- I: ~~O.OI[J -==i----I1-·-(~~
I
~r--'-0.', I 1""0 '::" IJ", _ _ !.-I/,s_,-,-J ..!.'!"lI...'.::"f.!'.:"., L_'_{'~:'_c _ woo I
Se\\cr \ f II V ()' \ ()
E()L!ATION ')7
(,.t! 1>,1\

j-;;-"-':'-
\-'(1" - hO-
4 J 'I
1..\'d (I •It\ "
X.\.'(l lS-"
!._. I.) (1 q .J.;:;..,
0._ I J .hA
1'1 1 ~S
(l_.XtJ.)" I
6 1:-:.2 \ I 22.'.\2:'(JI.Cdl? 200.<}OJ2 !·IQ2"': 1::'-:2. 7 1<1;j
k '" a 8 2.21 \l I ~i0 A!~IK l.(N-li.f ~i37.77_'~1 1.0130 _'<17. Q 7::'h)
lO :.:.)~ (is .92,SK2 ..1J"12 7{)3,735() 2.1O,W 721.57:>] I
Where'. C ~
CirCLllllfl.'rcllCt· of cir\.:k . Ill. 12 2.o,\ I !-fa .U.L~q 2.5()?\(l J2(d.829 0 2.362"+ 1J·+7.11Si I
15 3.30 240 .(;(>42 2.97~I::; 2167.0730 2.70'+"; 1970.0671
D ~ Undd'keted pipe [I). in.
C, ~
Pl.'ril1leter 01 den'~(lL'd pip:.', in
E(k) ~
Elliptic function of the first kind of k TABLE 43 - FLOW CHARACTEIUSTlCS . PVC SEWER PIPE

Cross sectional area of dcnectcd PVC pipe is calculated based on the S = 3 FT/lDDD FT ASTM 03034 DR 35
assumption that the perimcrer of the dctlect\.'u pipe and the circumference pvc
of the undeflected pipe are equal (C ~ C, I. Calculations involve a trial and
n :::: 0.009 11 :::: 0.010 IJ :::: 0.01 J
Sewer \. i Q V Q V' Q I
error computer solution. Cross sectional areu r~ductio!l in deflected PVC I'ipe Ft!S~;: l 1000 Gall Day Ft/Sce 1000 Gal/Day FUsee! 1000 GaljDart

pipe is shown in Table 41.

In using Table 41. two additional factors should be considered:
Flow capacities arc greater in PVC pipe by comparison with
4
6
8
1.7110
00'
_._~h'0
2.7HO
II 94.1015
"7' 'I ""t'4
"- ..).)
595.7340
1.5399
00106
- •..'

2.4426
0
04.6914
'616 0"'- 9
"'-'T.'

536.1607
1.3999
1.<.>_/u
C'O-C'

2.2205
I 407.4188
-_..).78"
'I' 76.9922
0,' i. r)

many other pipe materials because of PVC pipe's better Claw coefficientS. 10 3.J4Q3 10S0.1378 2.8344 972.1240 2.576;) SS3.7..~91
When considering deflected pipe nu\ving partiallY fulL open 12 3.53(':: I 1717.1229 3.1016 1545,4196l,0C)33 1 675,2·~5()
IS 4.04~2 :(l..t().OlYJ 3.643~1 I I
channel now through an clliptical cross st'l.'lion win bc bettcr ~lt some
j 2654.l125 3.3122 2";12.8255

depths and poorer at other depths due to variculon in the hydraulic radillS.
 CHAPTER V -~ DESIG:<
iL\:";DBOOK OF PVC PIPE
TABLE 47 - FLO\\' CH.·\RACTERISTICS ~ PVC SEWER pl.r'E
TABLE 44 _ FLOW CHARACTERISTiCS ~ PVC SEViER PIPE
S 7 FT/1000 FT ASTM 03034 DR 35

..
=
ASTM 03034 OR 35
S = 4 FT/1000 FT
~'---R-- _.~
0.010 n:: 0.011 I
I PVC L
-=;

n ; 0.009~n = 0.010 ! n = 0.011

~
! s",,, ! FUSee ) 1000 GallO:!.} ! Ft/Sec ! 1000 G:lI!D~,y
Q
I
'V
FUSee 1000 Gal!D:.Iy
Pip;,; I V
FtlSee
\ Q
1000 GallO;!)'
V
FtjSee
Q
1000 GaUD;!!
V
Ft/Sec
Q
1000 Gat!Day I I ( r i
I- 1- I
~
" ." 143.7':;25 2.3522 J 29.3682
83.9U29
;
_.01.' 2.13S-t J17.6075
~', I 1.9757 103.659\ 1.7781 97.793.1 1.010"; 25gA041 3.412 417.0001 I 3.071 3 376.0201 2.7921 " '1 . > ; ... ~

~~: .~-:~._ i
D 2.5796" 315.8272 2.3217 2b-\.>~~5 2.110G 562)';227 8 ' -L145 (J09.99~,S
I '-L3295
3.731 I 818.9990 3.3919 ;..,...,.).,. ,) I
b 3.133S 6S7J::945 2.820~1 619.1050 256..+0 102UA655 101 "
4.810 {)-t9.9377 1484.9"+39 3.1.)360 13';'9.9490 I
III i 3.()365 12-\7.2357 3.2728 I 1122.5121
2
.(l753 lb22.2(}Jl.) 1"1 5.401 622.9()39 I 4.3615 2360.6()75 4.-;j'-)6 21-1-o.CJ61~1 !
! ," \ .I{)",)"n ~)}(){.l 15 II
.L_ )[).1, .(J(J 31 !
, ~'.5(,:;.) l
j ;~ I :',-~~, ~'~~"''-' I ~.~~ ,,'-:'~~, -::.~:<,.
ItlS')7 .... tF! ,-;'::;0 1-::'>..;.1JQ,u S.(j:--;q·~
I "
,_.:...~1_.:.:•.:::.t.'-14'-":J~.,..:.I:::.O.,_ .. '" .. _0,0
I _,,Jp-,,,U)
I I .).,,_,~'"'
'_ 27S(l.O(l)to i 8.iSJ 40:;~L~23S I 3l\~·~,.(,):\1) "

TABLE ~, . FLOII CIlARACTLlUSTICS . PVC SEWER PIPE

T,\l1LE 45. FLOW CIIAI(,\CTEIUSTICS. !'\"C SEWER PIPE
s 8 FT/1000 FT ASTM 03034 OR 35

j
0
ASTM 0303/, DR 35
S • 5 FT/1000 FT
··-·.·---------·I l l ". .-- -i - -.. PVC L- " U.ooq 'l_--~u.(;-l(-'---f----I!;: (Ulll I
~t.\\l"t
I'\'e
0--- ~-l--'--(~~--··-~"'-v-'-'-"'~~---,,-
II ; O.OOl) O.IlIU Ii D.OIl Sewer i Y o ~
1 -,--
IVI
I
(l
1·!/Se1."!~ (;aliJ)~t_lt~~[
()

Ij"':"...I.~:J "~''.'''I!IJ''Y __I,!S'~'.._\....J.I"lIl'~,II".'...'\ _J..'!:"~"~ ~~~'.!.:~.f.i)".':. Pipe! r C'Sn 1000 (;;I!'lby

I : I
IO{)O (;;ll/!J;IY.
I
1.~07~
4 2.7()-lO 153.(11l72 I 2.514() I 13S.300·12,,;;-'{lU I 125.7277 1
I:, 2.20SS \.,1.,11,,1(, \.<lSSO IO'l..'.",[!\ qq ..N(17
6 3.()~1~1 -~,.j(l,(,,171 I 3.2:-;33 ·101.W;2-1 2.i !0-1S 3bS,-L\S(l I
"
1\ 2),:--:.11
.5037
3S3.i05tl
7('<I.CIX"~
2.5 0 57
.>.1533
317.7°5(1
(,<l2.ISO';
2J5Q-2KS.QO.\S
2.,,,,,,7 (,2".2"50
S 4.-131il W/2.S2 W;' I 3.9}-\t\7 I 07S.S·f(,7 ::.(12(,] I 7 ' !5.\lS!{l'
10 'II')
_. - _ "'·"l'')7(
{(L'.\l. I ' 1('11.,.::;11')(.'7"711.'
~. 1_<,'_ • V ., ,J "1',')"'''''
~._, I! 1'1"1'::;''''1
-+-t.'. _,{l_
\. 1 .Ol157 lY).LcI5\() 3.(}591 1255.0(J(1! \ 3.32(15 J j ..lO.()152
12 5.774 MP.U(ll1~ 5.1973 2523.f15 i /7 4.7247 22li-L236! I
I .5(,53 22 I (,JIO')J ,1.1007 1'1'15.\2S2 i
3.7352 IS13.752" 1S (l.blO 0JS.71 0 5 5.()·19(1 -.!33,.f.J477 5.4007 _N~O.Lql
3~07.160()
1
1 .2262 -L7036 3.+2l1 ..Q.+) l . L27C,O 311 . \5 ..\95

TABLE ~9 - FLOW CHARACTERISTICS ·\'VC SEWER PIPE

TABLE 46 _ FLOW CHARACTERISTICS. pVC SEWER PIPE
S = 9 FT/1000 FT ASTM D3034 DR 35
AsTM D3034 DR 35
S = 6 FT/1000 FT
n - 0.011
PVC II ::: 0.009 I n ::;: 0.010 II - 0.01l
11 :: 0.010 Sewer , Q V Q \ Q
11 ::: 0.009 V Q \ !
\ PVC
1 Sewer V Q V Q
1000 CaliDa)" FI/Scc I 1000 GallD~\Y Pipe FUSee 1000 GallDay I FtjSee 1000 Gal/Day Ft/Sec 1000 Gal/Day
FllScc

;6~~S8~ I ~.66~1
! Pipe Ft/Sce 1000 G"l/D"y
108.8834 4 2.9635 146.6898 2.4247 133.3543
~ I 2.1777 119.7717 \ 1.9797 6 ,,70.1408 ,.48~5 387.606 I
2.4 I97 133.0797 316.4791 3.8694 426.3667 3.1659
'I 386.8078 2.8434 348.1270 :2 .5S.i9
8 ~.7007 1031.8417 ; 4.2307 928.6575 3.8"16 I 844.23-.!1
3.1594 3.1403 689.3143
; D \ 3.4543 758.2-1,57 10
\ 0 , 3.8381 8~2.4952 3.6~40 I 12~9 .8099 5.4547 1870.8535 j 4.9092 1683.7681 4.46:::9 1530.6983
137~L79(fl
i 10 I 4,4538 1527.5455 4.0084 \
4.500 fl 21 35 .553~~ 4.09 I 7 1986.8668 12
15
I 6.1250 I
I
2l)74.J615 I 5.5115
5107.8419 I 6.3105
2676.7463 5.0113 2433AOc.j9
5.0010 2420.3927 4.684 I 'I 3412.2563 I 7.0117 4597.0577 5.7363 4179.1434

W 15 5.7250 4170.5354 5.1525 3753.4S19

 lL\t\DHOOK OF I've I'Wl CHAf"ILI-: \' - DLSiG:-';

Tt\BLE 50 -- FLO\V CHARACTEH..ISTlCS - PVC SEWER PiPE given 8_pplication:

Integral Bell Gilsketcd Joints: General Slk'cifit:ation provided
S = 10 FT/1000 FT ASTM D3034 DR 35
in UNI-B-l
[PVC I n = 0:009 I n '"- 0.011 lntegr;:d Bell Gaskctcd Joints and CoupLlngs -~ Pressure:
!$.:wer i
~'.
v I Q -I
\ r-- Q L'N!-B-l (part). ASTM D3139
i h' ! J.-.
-I • 1000 Gal'DJV
; . F1'S~C I 1000 Gali£hy
Integral Bell G3sketed Joints and Couplmgs >':on Pressure:
I
~ J 3.123S 171.8051 2.Si l~ 154.62·+5 2.5550 I J'+O.567i:l U:\I-B-l (purt), ASTM D3212
6 I 4.0787 499.361j7 3.670f) ¥~.f9.-L';110 3.3372 40S.5727 Solvent Cement l3ell Joints: ASTM D2672
! 8 j 4.9550 1007.6567 ~L4595 97o.S Q I(j ..LOS";l 089.9009 Soivent Cement Couplings: /\STM D3036 (sch::duk 40 :lI1d
j 10 ! 5.7423 1972.0527 5.17.:iX 77-1.:)";75 ..} 70";'~ I J(\j3A977 c- c,
ol,)1
lULl:::
I -
6.4563
... , .
3135.0415 S))J(J&
<:; {)
S21.53 7 4 5.2024 'I 2505.0339
- j ,,)~(
;!) 7,.);)Ju C;"'j~t'
.,)0-r,l..hd 6.6.1 -\<:;7~':
,1)..,-., __ ..,..' ---,~
b.O", J ¥1-tO~._O,-> Selection. Sckction or propc-rly designc-u linings 1'01'
~yst,'r- ~'.r'plk:ltions l:; l\'ndc1'l'd difficult in tk:t lIl:l1lY ;'Htin);!:'. ~lrt.:
manuL,:iUrcc! La meet proprktary spccil'it.::JtiuJl';, III t=';,:ncr:d, :\ST\1
.:\PPL1C:\TiC)i"\ Pi{I.C:\UT[O~\S staJld~;rj,; :trl..' onl::.' :IV:Jlbbk fur SL'WL'r pipr.: filling" :!Jld ::,;:Ldl dialllckr
In the tksign or PVC piPlilt: :-,y:.tl.'!ll:', ~:~',:eptt:d
jlL!<.:'liCt· till-tales schc-uui-: ~W and SO filling:,. With SU III L' PVC pipt' prudtlCh, ,l-'ooli
\,.·{Jllsldl'falioll or par:llllt'll'r~ :ll1d tkSl;'::J ,.:ol1dillUn" prcs:.:ntt.'lJ III
thb lbnd- pcrfornullce C;111 lw obt:lilll..'d with non~pl:ts{it- J'llllllgS !c:; .• l::l~l IrU!1
buok. DJrfc-rL'llt piPlll).!. Illatt'ri:ds, oi l'O\llsl', dl:.l)L!y SI,;!illt'h::lI11ly diflt'!"l.'lll I-Jllin;-, Oil A\I'\\'A C'JUO PVC pipe J_
rl.'\pUllsC:i to aj!grL'ssivt' l'Xj10\1lJ'L'S, strl':-" applli,::dIUll, :llld :-tr;!!ll condillo!ls, PVC !\lUllkip:tl \V:ltL'l i\bill: C:lSt iron flttln).!.\ Il); ('I dJJl1,,'!!-
}-';llllillarily wIth :! SPI'(iJ'IL" piping prodLh:t lt~~ qu~!lltlt:", typic:d I'I'SpllllSI.'S, """ .. d pipe. AIVW,\ CI lU
:lnd pn!orm;IIH.T is, Imkc-d, illlPO!"l;!l1l to tilt' l·fl~~illt'l.·r :l~ hl' lIt'slgns a P\'(' Pressur:.: Pipe: brgl' diallll'kr !Ittinl~~ \l'L'lll:lIlt1Ll(-
piping ~.;ystl'lJl using a sp{:ciric product. tUft'r':> spcciricatiollS (-f" to 0" 1l01111na! di;lllll'tLT)
To aSSIst tile l'llgilll:n ill the (!t.:\ii:n or P\'(' pipillt.' ~y~k!lls. :1 gl'IlL'l"al PVC Pressure Pipe: small dialllL'tcr nttJn~~ sec schedule-W
sumlllary of n: co III JlH.'m!L'd :Ipplicatioll prL'c:llltl(1llS is jll'oVH.i',:d. :lnd ~O spcciflcatiolls bl'low
Product Selection PVC Pipe. Schedule 40: AST:\! D24(,(, (1/0" [0 0" llollli",,1
Pi/h'Sc/ccIUJlL PVC pip:.:, ;l':':! lksiJ;!l;".'d produ\.'t. rnw:t be ust'll in di~l!l1l..'t('r)

the proper application 1'01' WlJil'il it is desi::!ll'll. Insul't' LlI:lt the PVC PVC Pipe. Schedule ~O: ASTM D2467 (1/0" lo~" 1l0mill,,1
pipe product to be used lws a Spl.'-:iril' produ,,'t specification: di:imdcr)
PVC ,lunicipal Walcr ,bin: AWlr,-\ C900 I've Sewer Pipe:
ASTM D3034 (4" to IS" Ilominal diameter)
Gencral Purpose PVC Prt>ssuJ'c Pipe: f-\ST~I D:2241 (pressure PVC Sewer Pipe: 8 in. and smaller diameler fittings arc
rated), CSA 13137.0, CSA BI37.3 normally injection molded while 10 in. fittings and larger Sill'
General Purpose PVC Pipe: .'1ST,,] D I 7S5 (schedule rated) may be either fabricated or injection molded, See manufacturer's
PVC Gravity SelVer Pipe :md Drain Pipe: ASTM D3034 and sp::ciflcation. Note: Consult carefully with manufacturer before
UNI-B4 llsing fabricated fittings in pressure applications.
PVC Telephone Duct: 1\DIA TCIO. AT 8546 A!l/-,urtcllollce Scleclioll. Air and vaCllum release valn::s, pressure
PVC Electrical conduit: NEMA TC6: NDIA TCS, UL65], relief v:llves) gate and butterDy valves, air vents, adaptors, castings)
CSABI96.1 etc. are available in great variety. In many instances manufacturer's
Joint Selection. The vast majority of sy'stem failureS experienced specitlC3.tions are required,
through the years are attribukd to joint fJilure - improper assembly Aggres.she Environl1lcn ts
or design. Insure that the proper joint design is specified for t11t~ Chc,',':ica/. In both above ground and ulH.kr-ground applications,
214 215
 ilA~-tDSOOK OF PVC PIPE
specific exposures to chGll1ical agents should be.: consid:..'n~d. (See
Chapter III - Resistance to Aggn.:ssivc EnYironments.l
Corrosion. Corrosion, due to aggn:.'ssivc soils. nggrt:ssive water,
or electrolysis, is not a design consider;'llion.
Tempera/ute. PVC pipe is rat~d ror p~rforrnancc at 73.4 F
(23 C). When operating temperature higher thun 73.';:]. F (23 C) is
anticipated, PVC pipe response to thermal t'ffcl..:ts must t,e properly
factored into SySt8r11 design. (S~c Chapt':.'[ III - Th~[l11a! Effects and
ChuQtcr V - Static and Dynamic Loadings.) When the PVC pipe is
to be used in above~grol!nd applicmions at low rcmperatures [at or
below 32 F (0 C)l, protect the product from imp:t:.:t dam~lgc. Allow-
ance should be.' made in dt.'Si~Jl for t'\pan:;ion :lnd conl.raction if
substantial varbtion in 0l't.'r:ltlll~ li...'mp-:rJtUl\::-' . . ;±!l hI.: antil'il'~llt'd.
As willi urIlL'!' pipe prodLlch. PVC pip;: should lh:: buried below tile
frost line.
l1io/ugica/ .-1 (tuck. This :lggr-.:sSIYt' t'xpo:;ure I" nol :t L1t'slgn con-
sllkralion.
JI'nlfhcriJlg, \Vlll'll PVC pipL' is u\cd In !'nl1l:11ll'nt :llH1Yl'-gl'Ollnd
applic;ltions, COl1SillL'r proklting tlll' l)l!,~' IrOlll ulir;l-\'jp!l't r;llli;ltion
Is unl igh I),
/lhmsi()/I. Although not a SlIbst:li1Ii;d l·OIl\IL! .,:r;llioll 111 system
design. allow:llll:e for \',irar SllOUld bl' 11l:!dL' wilen l'Xtl'l'lllC ;l!H:lsion is
:nlticipated (e.g., solid material transfer s)·stl'nlsl. i~orl1l;lI usc or
ckanillg toob need not be considercd a Si!;'.lliric4lnt soun:\,;' or abrasion
in the design of sewer or dr~lI:np,: Sy'SIt..'llb.
Design for Stress Application, Sys!cm tk::.ign must definl' a PVC pipe
product specifically manufactured to accol1ll11oJak allticipakd stress appli~
cations. Consideration must be gin.:n to planned stress conditions,
S"'ess CUlIdi/iollS. PVC pipt" ill ulllkr~groL1nd appliccltions can be
exposed to the following stress applications:
Flexural Stress due to earth loading
Flexural Stress clue to live loadin;
Bending Stress due to beam loading
Bending Stress clue to curved alignment
Compression Axial Stress due to thrust under pressure or due
to thermal expansion
- Tensile Axial Stress clue to tlirust uncleI' pressure (solvent
cement joints) or due to Ulermal contraction
Shear Stress due to e\tt'rnal loaDing at rigid structures or at
216
C£' \l'TER \' -. DESIGN
br~Jnch connections
Hoop Tensile Stress due to internal hycrostatic pressure
Hoop Tensile Stress clue to internal surge pn:s:;u[C
Hoop Compressive Stress due to cxternJI prt.'55ure
Hoop Compressive Stress due to intern;;! \'8CUUJ11,
PVC pipe in above-ground applications can b::: exposed to most of
the J.Dove listed stresses plus some or all of the foliowing Stresses:
Bending Stress dlle 10 vertical displ:Jc.:merH perpendicular
to the pipe axis (sag)
Bending Stress clue to displacement p:::rp:.:ndic'ubr 10 the pipe
:l\is dlc:cku by thrust under pressure
Sh~ar Strl'~~; at pipl' :..;upports efJ't.'ctcd p~ cor::::.'In;,:u weight or
p:p;,: and com'l'Y'l'd fluids
Flexur:d Stress dUL' to imp:!c( IO:lding.
h\·xurill.r.;trt's,\, f)CSh:lf, PVC PJPL' lksign for :lb()',~'-.:;r(JLll1d :Jppli-
clIio!l:' rt'l:JtC\ prilll:lrily' to pip;,: stilTnl'ss ;,ll upn:ltn; tl.'lllpcr:ltun:.
In b~'iuw-grolllld :lppliC:!liollS. tit-sign llltlsl rcL!k to Pi;":..: sl.ifinl'sS :lnd
soil L';ldioJl, (SCl' C!l:Jptn V I.'iLxih!c Pipe Thl'()rJt':"i Till' el'rl.'l.tivl.'
strl'i).:. .:th or a pJpl..·-soiJ system using lkxibk 1'\'( pipe :;:1' l.'xt.'l'ctb the
strl'!l~tll pw\'jtkd by mallY rigid pipe products: hOwl..,:...·!'. the rolJow-
ing prl'C;lutiollS are n:cOIllIllClldcdin sysk/ll tlL'::'lgn'
PVC pipe must provide sulTicienl piPl' stiffncs\ to assure COll-
Shtt'llt pipe-:ioiJ Systelll performance. In P\T gra,.!ty seWer sys-
tl':ns. minimum pipe stillness should be 4(1 psi unks5 spel'ific
d c si1!1l consiJerations arc provided.
Sufficient soil dCIlsity must be provilkd in PJr:..... embedment
l
tl 3ssure adequate pipe side SUpport. (Set' Chapter VI _ Installa-
[JOn 1.
- Critical soil densities must be provided in the !launching
Zon~.
- Uniform longitudinal support must be provided by pipe bed-
ding.
- Select embedment materials to provide long terEi soil support
strength and preclUde migration of finc grained soil into coarser
cmb~dment material, thereby effecting loss of soil density and
pipe sicle Support.
- At elevated temperatures [over lOa F (3S e)], PVC pipe pro-
vides significantly lower pipe stiffness. Pre-cau.tio::5 should be
exercised during installation.
217

H!u'\DHOOK or: PVC PiPr,
Bending Stress Design. PVC pipe di~l'!:ly~ S!i;l1ificant ad\'~lnt'J.g,e
over man)-' other pipe products in its response to bending stress. The
product will bend rather thun break. Howev::-r. the follo\'/ing pre-
cautions are recommended in system clcsif.n:
In above-ground appiicatiolls, provide- prop\2r supports at
correct spacing. (Sec Chapler V - Support Sp~h.:ing,)
In above-ground applications, insure th~lt hc:avy appurtenances
(e.g., valves, pumps, etc.) art: supported inJ:.:pendently in the
s9stcm design.
In be1ow-i;,round 3pplication:~. insure tint foul1cb!!on (when
required\ ~ll1d bedding provide s{~\bk'. unironn !ol1gilthJilwl sup-
port.
Cumpressil't' ilnd Tensile .·1.l.!ul S'll't'S> Dt's!.;;'; lh:si~!11 to :l\' ..... OJ!l-
lllOdate compression ami tCllsion ill :!\l;d :!ll,::n:ncnt b nul l:ritical
unkss subSlal1ti~!l V~lrj:l[ion JlJ opl'ratl!l:_' tt:Jllpn~dUrl' L~lll h' :lllliei-
P~!!l.'ll. Whell t:xtrelllc kl1lpl'rattlrc V:lfJ:tlJul1 jllLh! bt' ~1((()llliYl\Hb[l.'d,
C:\l"rciSl' tlie following prcclllllons',
In abo"l'-grotlnd app!lcaliolls, IlhlllT til:!! plpt: suppurts do
not n:strict lon!,:itudinal plPl' mO\'L'Jlh:nt.
In below-groulld applic:llIOllS, Whl'J] lhill!,: llll.'l!ltllll [0 l:ll'b,c
di:lfllder pipe C; ill, "Illd br~r..:r llomi!1~d di~lil1l.'!t:rJ. prnvidl' aliow-
ance for expansion and contnlction wIth gaskl't jOlllts.
In below-ground applications. Wlll'll using small di:11l1ctef
pipe (2\12 in. and smaller lHJllljnallii~nnt.'ter),:.!C(()fllllllHl:tlr..: ~xpan­
sian and contraction with gasket joints if possible. \Vlll'll using
solvent cement joints, "snake" pipe in trench, (Set: Chaptl'r V ,-
Expansion and Contraction.)
Shear Stress Design. PVC pipe provjdes sig,nificant protection
against shear breakag,':.;. When exposed to shear streSS, PVC pipe will
normally deform rather than fail in sh~~tr. To accommodate shear
forces, the following precautions should be c:\crcised:
In above-ground applications, insure proper support configur-
ation ancl spacing. Avoid substantial external Ioacling on the pipe
adjacent to a support.
_ In below-ground applications, provide proper bedding and
haunching at connections to rig.id structures.
_ In belo\'l'-ground applications. prevent settlement or shifting
of rigid structures to which PVC pip~ is attached.
In below-ground applicatioJls~ provide proper bedding and
218
CTiAPTER V - Df~SIGN
haunching at branch and risc conn~ctions.
Hoop TCll.'i'iic awl Compressi!'£.' Slress Design. P\'C pipe clt:sign
fa ;:li;COmmoaatc hoop stress is b:'L:icJ on the ISO R-161 Equation,
(Set: Ch:'lIHcr V . - Internal Hydrostatic Pr;:ssurc.) In design. it is
ess~:.'nti:tl 0131 the correct PVC pip'c compound unci di:1h:nsion r:'ltio
aft' SJ1~cificd. The following precautions are rccommemL.:d:
Select f:J.ctor of s:d'ety for hoop stress application based on
long-term { ! 00.000 hour; stress data.
(For pressure piping syskmsi, Sck'ct PVC ptpl.' compounu
wi!J;.:h provides minimum tcnsik strength or 700CJ psi (48.3 .\lP~t)
~1'~ di...'fJJji,:\~ in cell cJ:!\sificatJo:L (S,,;,: Chapter Ii ~ j,\-J~jkn:d
IJJup,~·nJt.'", I
1lUI pr'..'sstJl\' plPIJlg sysll.'llbl. IJ\\lll\' tlt:Jt ll]j:umUlll hydru-
S(;I[1I.: lksJ~:11b:1Sis (1IOB) prm'idl'd by [lit.: PVC J1Lt\'.'n:d is 4uOO
{~7.(1
\!Pal.
\Vii;.'!! :mlj(ip;j[i!l~ Sl'Vl'l'l' surge (OndllJUlh ~t!L']l :1', III sC\vd~'e
luI',,·:..' lli;llll:-' ;llH] SCHill' llllllliclp:d w:lln 111:1111'., jllll"h.k !ll'l'L'Ss:!ry'
sur;:'~' ;dlp\\;JrHY, The design oj :\ WWA ('(lOU JlhiudD :1 suq!L'
:J11ow;1l1Cl·.
In pressure piPlll~ systellls, provide propn alr fl'lll'l' v;lives
at ill;"':!! points to prevenl surge rd:lll:d tOl'nU:lpPl'd ;ur.
In prl'SSU1\' piping sys{eilJS, provide prl'~;":llrL' rt.:ll:...'J' valvcs 10
lIlSUf,.' that maximum rated opL'r~llilJg pn'::';SUl'e IS not l':\cl'eckd.
III 1'1\'SSllre piping :-;ys[ellls, proriJ...: vaCUUlll rcll:..'f valves to
prl'v;'.'!1t \'~ll,"llllm dcvl'!opnll'nl under l':\tr<1ordinary conditions.
fFor pressure piping syskms.) At anticipalt.:d oper<1tinh~
temperatllrl'S above 73.4 F (23 C). apply' the approp,iate design
pressure dL'rating faclors.
lmpdc{ Stress DeS/~!;JI. Although PVC pipL' provide~ Sif:llificantI,Y
hh;her impact strength than most competitive pipe prodth:b, nonll:Ii
care must be exercised during installation and in the operation of
exposed systems, particularly at low temperatures, [0 aroid impact
damage. Th~ following prec~llItions are recommended:
Exposed PVC piping systems operating at temperatures
belo\\' 40 F (4.5 C) should be protected from impo,t damage.
When impact loading of PVC pipe must be accommodated
in sY'stel1l operation, specify hiL!h impact stn:ngth PVC pipe.
(Sec Ch:lj"Hcr II - PVC I\btl'rials.) Consult with !llJnUfaclurcr.
When installing PVC pipe at low tell1pcratures~ avoid impact
0'0
 Cl!/..FTER V - DESIeN
H ;\NDDOOK OF PVC PIPE
action due to frost hem'a] '.vill not cause brc<ikag:; common to many
dam:.l.ge. pipe products.
Design for SI/'{/ill Accommodulioll. PVC pipe is not considered
111:-:;h lVater Table or Wet Conditions. PVC pipe is well suited for
a strain sensitive prout!ct. Accomlnod.8.tion of strain through creep
use when buried below the anticipated ground water table. The fol-
is a natural function of polyvinyl chloride. When designed properly
lowing precautions tirc recommended:
for a glven application, PVC pipe will exhibit strain through creep
If possibk, de-water the trench before installation to provide
which stabilizes with passage of ;tnlC. resulting in the effective
proper working conditions and stable trench conditions.
termination of increase in strain. When installing PVC pipe under water, insure proper pIpe
The product's c"pability to respond to stress application with
embedment.
controlled creep provides significant benefits. The advantage gained
When PVC pipe is installed below anticip:ltcd water table,
is similar to the advantage provided by the willow tree flexing in the
s~kct only imported bedding :'!11(.1 !launching mah.'ri~l!s rh:'it arc
wind storm rather than falling with the stronger but more rigid oak
compatible W1111 the ll~ltivc soil tilUS prevcnting migration into
(JW which cannot yield to the force 0' thc' storm. Str"i" is" naturai
the voids 01' tllt.: cmb~dlllellt or trench soils, thereby destroying
response of pVC pipe under stres;. Stuin" related to long!tudinai
pip...: side support.
bcndmg and pipe deflection in response 10 external load 'Ire tlle
PVC pipe is buoyant. The PVC nntl'ri~J is heavkr thall w;.Ht.:r
prim"'Y s\rain design considerations. The following precautions
(Specific Cravity 1.40): howl'vcr, till' pIp': witl fl.':ldily float if
arc rCl:omnH.:nded: not filled with wakr or wl'ightl.,'d~d{lwn \vith badJill lllateri;.\l.
Do 110t attempt to prt.:vt.:llt controlkd ddkclion ill a huried
Prevent loss of COJllplL'kd pip:..' embedment through notation of
al'pIJcation. Deflection is essenld !lJ Ihe 10lld bClIring mechan-
til<.' pipe whell llsing flooding or j:..'! ting Illdltods for soil COllSU-

ism. lkrkction is norlllally not a d~sii~ll

considcr:ltioll ill prn;surc
lid;ltioll. Sand bags ill;l)' be llsed during instaibtioJl to prt.:vent
pipe flotation.
pll'rng systems due to the relat!';dy shllllo w burial depths and
J/(J!l//(J/c COl/l1ee/iolls, PVC gravity sewer pipe with inkgral bell
high pipe slillness provided by p,,,,,,,c ratcd I've pipe (c. g.,
gaskckd joints C.:lll easily lilllit ground water infiltration to 50 gallons
~ravilY
Pressure Class 150 A\V\VA C000). per inch of diameter per mile per day (4.6 l/llllll of diamcLer!
Deflection in PYC sewer systems (ASTivi ))3034
km/Ja;.·): however. proper manhole connections arc essential to gooel
DR 35) should not result in prociuet failure tit levels under 30c;.
1 system performance. The following precautions arc recommended:
Recommended maximum cktlcction limit is 7 /:<'; for I'YC
Insure stable foundation and bedding for the manhole alld
sewer pipe. In systems using ASTivi D3034 DR 35 pipe, the
connecting pipe to prevent shifting which could impair Connec-
factor of safety against failure in ddlection exceeds 4.0.
tioll integrity.
General Design Recoll1m e ndations Usc a water stop gasket produced from clastomeric material
Frosl Pel/elratiol/. pYC water pipe in buried applications should
that prevents leakage while permitting longitudinal pipe move-
be protected from freezing. Insure that the prodUct is buried beloW
ment.
the frost line anticipated. As with other piping materials, PVC pipe
Use a non-shrinking or expansive type grout for making con-
can rupture wilen water freezes in confined conditions (e. g., valves
nections of pipe and waterstop to manhole walls.
closed at both ends of a filled line). When thawing frozen PVC water
Serrice alld Laleral COllllecliol/s. PVC pipe affords ease in mak-
lines, avoid damage to the pYC pipe with excessive heat. Do not
ing line conn'~ctions. The following precautions ar~ recommended:
expose the pipe to open flame. Frozen lines may be thawed with
- 1.n gravity sewer lines. use proper fitting or saddles at service
steam jets; however, the lines must not be under pressure during the
linl:. branch) or lateral connections, Cut hoks in the sewer main
steam thawing process. Increased earth loading from frost penetra-
line: with a sharp hole saw or cutting tool.
tion is easily accommodated by PVC pressure pipe. Beam bendins
221
220

JU,,!'iDDOOK OF PVC PiPE
At aU brunch, service, and l:1teral connections in both non-
pressure and pressure systems, provide proper beddi.ng and
haunching to prevent excessive shear stress.
Service line connections into PVC pressure pipe may be
accomplished with tapping sadJL::s or, in certain products,
through direct tapping. Sec mrii1ufacturer's specifications for
tapping saddles; insure proper design for PVC pipe. Direct tap-
ping of PVC pipe is limited to heavier wall sizes of AWWA C900
i~ipe product. Refer to pipe manufacturer's recon111lcntlations.
(See Chapter VI - Service Connections.)
Pipe Storage During Construction. PVC pipe unless specially
formulated for expusure to ultrJ.-vlokt r~ldlatiun, SllOUIJ IV,,! be
exposed long-term to direct sunlight. (S-.·;;,; Cllapkr 111- Wt:~ltheri!1g.)
Normally, PVC pipt' in storage exposeJ to dircd sunlight 1'01' less
than six months \vill not suffer signifI-:-ant loss or impact strength.
If long~term exposure is necessary, protect tilt: product from SLln~
ilgllt. (Sl'L' Chapter VI -- Storagt: and Handling.l WhL'1l cOllsidt.'rillg
tillle limit for prolonged t:xposed storage, obtain lllanllr~ldtlrt:r's
recomlllC nd a t ions.
Initial rljJe Filiing aI/(/ .)·[(lrl~lIf). PVC pn::,>,-;url' piping systt:lllS
should be (\t:signt:d to aCCOlllll1odai-.' illtt:rnai h)/drost,ltic pressure
and operational surges with atkquatc f:H.:tor of safdY· Few prt:;;>surc
piping systems, PVC as wdl as otbcr products. can be designcd
econoll1icatly to accolllmodate abuse during line filling, and starl~up.
The following precautions an:: rl'COllllllcndcd:
Insure that proper air relief vJlves arc jnst~llled and functioll~
ing properly at all system elevation peaks.
Purge all trapped air at hydrants and deadocnds.
Fill line slowly. Flow velocity during initial pipe filling
should not exceed 2 rt/sec. prererably not in excess or I rt/sec.
Do not place line in service until all inspection and testing is
successfully completed.
Close valves and hydrants slowly when flushing the line.
222
CfPJ!TER V - DESiGN
CHAPTER V
BlDLlOGflJJ'llY
"AGA PJ~stic Pipe i\Ianual for Gas Service." Amcricc'.!i G::5 Assuci:1tion, Arlington,
Virginil. Cat. No. X50967 (April 1971).
Airpori Rumvay Depth of Cover Tables, National Corrugated Sted Pipe Associa-
tion, ShiUer Park, Illinois.
"ASME Guide for Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems." American
Sodety of I\1echanical Engineers, New York, N_Y. (19731.
4~ "AWWA Standard for Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Prcss:..:rc Fipe, 4
In. through 12 in.,
For Water. AWWA C900." American Water Works ..\s:::ociJtion, Dc:n'ler, Colorado
(June 1975).
5. Ibrn:Hd, R. E. "D<::'iJL!Jl :lnd DcOcctjOJl Cuutrul oJ LhHi:.:J Sted Pipe Supporting
brtll .:J.nd Live LU:/lls." Alll~ricall SO;"·H.:ty for le:,tl!lg dud \bterials, Pro.:. 57
(19571
6. Bi!;!ltlp. R. R. "The Struc{ur;t! l'erfOflll:lIl(l' or
Pulynnyl C1dofldl' Pipe SubFcted
to Extern:!! Soil l'rl'~~ures." UlljlU!l!lS!H:J .\bskrs Tj;;;'~j:;. Ut;dl StalL' UniverSity,
Log;m, U!:J11 (tiLly ItJ73).
7. Bisllllp, l{un:lld R. ;I/Hl Roland W. JepPsoll. "llydrau!J.: Ch;:r;u.:tenstk:-. or PVC Pipe
in S:llllLlry Sewer!;." Ul;lll Slate Univeliiily. LOg;lll, Ut;ilL tS·,:pl. Jo-;S).
8. Chall!::, F. S. C. "Predictioll of JOlll~'limi.' pipe burs:tn:; slress fwm short lillle
tests," Suclcty or Plastics Engincers. 271h AlJllu;l! Tt~bnl,>,d Confercllce. bpcrs
VIS "by 196\)) 1'.154.
9. Cohn. \lorris 1'. , 1. By the Magic oj' Chemistry: PI)1£: LinC} ;;11' Progress. eCl't:tlll-tced
Product:; Corp., Valley FOJ'gc, Pa. (j975).
10. Design (lnd Coustruction oj'Sallitm]' ([lid Sturm Sewers. ASCE ;\bnual and Report
on EnglIlccring Practice No. 37. (WPCF i\lJnual of Pra>:ticc No.9). American
Socictv o{ Civil Endncers and the Water P'Jllution CQntrol Fedcration, Ncw York,
N. Y.(1974). '
11. Findlcy. W. N. and J. F. Tracey. "16 - Year Creep of Polycthylt'nc and PVC."
MRLE - 88, Ei\1 RL . 57. JVlakria!s Scienccs Program. Brown Univcrsity, Provi~
dence, R.1. (November 1973).
12. "Flow of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings rlrld Pipe." Tedmical Paper No. 410,
12th Printing. Crane Co., Chicago, Illinois (1972).
13. Handbook 0/ Drainage alld Construction Products, Arm.:o Drainage unci Metal Pro~
ducts, Inc. Middletown, Ohio (1955) p. 554.
14, Handbook of Steel Drainage and HighlVay COllstruction .Products, American Iron
and Steel lnstilute. Donneliey and Sons, Co. (1971).
223
 CHArTER v - DESIGN
HANDBOOK or pvc PiPE
CHAPTER V CHAPTER V

BIBLIOGRAPHY - Continued BIBLIOGRAPHY - Continued

Hermes, It M. "On the Inextellsional Theory of Deformution of a Rigllt Circular
15.
Cylindrical SheiL" Presented j,t West Coast Natio1i3,J Conrer~n:'2 of tht: /l.pplicd
l\1echanics Divisioll, AS:'v!E (June 1951).
L "fvlaintcl1;'HlcC and 0rtratioll of G3.S Systems. A.Jmy TI\15-654, NA\"F/,.C - MOJ20,
Air Force AFM 91-6" U. S. Government Printing Ofikc, \V::;shingioil, D. C. (No~·.
1970).

16. Howard, A. K. "Laboratory Load Tests on Buried Flexible Pip~, Journal AWWA,
Manual of Recommended Praclice, American Railway Engineering /\S50C., AREA
Spec 1A-28, Chicago, Hlinois.
(Odober 1972 1.
, ~1arston, Anson, u.nd A. O. Anderson, "The Theory of Load:; on Pio;::s in Ditches
17. Howard, Amster K. "i\lodu!us of Soil Reaction (E') Values for Buried Flexible and TeSt';; of Cemcnt J.llJ Ciay Drain Tile and Sewer Pipe." Bul. 31,10 ',','<1 Engineer-
Pipe." Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 103, No. CT,
ing Experiment Station, Ames, 10w:I, 1913.
Proceedings Paper 12700 (J::in. 1977).

, Ilucks, Rober! T. "Design of PVC W~!Ic.:r lJistributiDll Pipe." 34. Mudcm Plasrics Lncyc.Ijpcdiil. h~iUt'd annually by Modem Pb~>lit:s. ;\kGr:l\v.Hill,
1<,,'. Civil Engine.:enng,
New "lurk. \, Y.
ASCE,42:6;70(JUlle.: 1972). pp. 70 --7."\.
J 9. ilu<:b, Robe.:rt T. "DesIgning PVC Pipc lor W;lter _lJl~tribu\.iml SY',[t:fll~." J\}ufll~d 35. Molin, J. "hinciplc~ of Calculation for UllderbfOuno Pla~li-; Plpe~; ~ LUJd, D,.":fk\:.
lion, Strain." ISu/le 130/\\'(;6 (S\veden - 3) ~f7 (Jan. 1971)
AWWA, (A:-1~i3 {1(72).
36. Mo:;cr, A. J' "Call Pl:!:-;ll<: Se\'l{,.'r Pipe.: Ik Illstalled \VlllJ 100',,: COlilhkil'k'I,.'·.'" I're:-.cn.
20. lamon, J. L. ;llld J. 1\loltll. "Practk:d EXpc.:f1CI1Cl.';-' w1l11 Hun~'d Scwel PljH':\." t,Jtlon ,II Iii:: b~\th An!l\d l\kctillg of the ASSE, Nt.:w OrkllJs. LL l()~t. Iq7~·f}.
S(llllhhalllpton Ln);lanJ ConierelH.:t:. C;l~t: Study·\' (Sept. IlO'::.}.

21. Jeppson, Roiand W., Al/alysis of Fi{m' ill I'lll!' Sdworks. Ann :\rhol SCll:llce, 37. Mo~;er, A. P.. Ie K. \\·;Itkill:\, alld O. K. ShllPl:. "I)c~;ign and I'nlorlll:!l1Ct' or PVC
Pipc~ Subjc;,;ted to LxtCfll:r1 Soil Prcsslllt.:." Buried Stru;,;turt':, Llbpl;llory, ULJ!l
Ann Arbor,l\hdllt·,-.lll (lln7l. St:ltc Univcniity. Logan, Utah (.June jW/tl)
',"I JL'pp~lln, Robnd W.. Curdon II. FlaI1Hlll:'l. (;:llY Z. \\;ltlcr:-.. "b;pl,.'rlfllcntal Study
of Walcr Ibmmcr ill Buried PVC and 1\:tllla:;[ran'i~ PlllCS," lkdl W:lll'l l<t'sc:ndl 38. "The Na lwt' of Ilydrost;J! Ie Till1c-to·l{upt u re P!tltS. PPI lechlllc:;d j\plC'. PI'l·T:\ 7."
l~lhor;ltoryJCollq:.c or Enginel:ring. Utah Statl' Unl~'ersiIY. LO~:llJ. UI~111 (April P!:rstic:; Pipe lnsilllltc. 0t'W York, N. \ .. (Sept ll}73l.
1(72). K
39. Neale. Llwrcllcc C. 2nd Robelt E. Price. "Flow CI!'lrill..'lcrbtics llf PVC Sewer
23. Kern, Robert. "How to Compule Pipe Size." Chernleal Ellg.ll1 CCrlnl; (J:tn. ]lnSl f Pipe." ASCI~. JOUIll;r! u( Silllitary f:nl;lllL'crs DI\'. PlOt'. YO Si\3. 109 (j~164L
1'.115 -- 120. !l' 40. Nesbcitt. \L D. "Long·life Safety or PVC Water Pipe." J\lodcrn Pbstics. L\t:w \'ork,
N. Y. (L\u\,. ]lI75).
24. Kerr, S. L. "Effect of Valve Actiol1 on Water llammer."
(1960).
AWWA Jourual, 52:65
I 41. Nesbcitt, W. D. "PVC Pipe in Water Distribution: Rellabillly ~lJ1d f)ur~lbility."
25. Kerr, S. L. "Surges in Pipelines _. Oil and Water" Trails. AS~lE. 72:667 (J950). I
B
f,
Americ.m W3!er \Vorks Association Journal, v. 67,110. J 0 (1975) p. 576.

26. Kerr, S. L. "Water Hammer - A Problem in Engineering Dcsig.n." Consulting 42. Newmark. l\. ,\1. "Influence Charts for Computation of Stresses in EJastic Founda-
tions." Ulllvcrsity of Illinois, Engineering Experiment Station, 13ulle till 338 0942).
Engineer (i\hy 1958).
27. Kerr, S. L. "Water Hammer Control," Journal AWWA, 43:985 (Dec. 1951). 43. Pannaki'lll. J. "Pressure Surges at Large Pump Installations." TrailS. ASi\JE,
i: 75:995 (1953).

28.
Killeen, N. D. and J. S. Schaul. "~\'lethod of determining hydrostatic design stresses tf~:
for PVC pressure pipe." Interpace Technical Journal, v. I, No. I t196.f) p. 17. 44. Pannakiafl. J. Water Hammer Analysis, Prcnticc-l-!:dl, Inc., New '{ark, N. Y.
~' (J 955).
!
29. Kolp, D. A. 'Water Hammer Generated by Air Release." Colorado State University
Thesis, (August 1968). !f 45. Perry, John H. Chemical Engineer's Handbook, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill, New
York. N. Y. (1950) PI'. 377 -- 387.
30. Uu, Henry. ;'.\lanning's Coefficient for Smooth Pipes." ASCE Journal of Sanitary , 46. Pipe F'rictic1l! J/a!lual, 3rd Edition, l1ydr:1Ulic fnstitute, l\C\\i York, 1\. ) .. tJ961).
Engineer. Div. Proc. 98 SA2, 353 (1972). t
!
~, 225
224 )(
HA?<DDOOK DF l'\"C I'il'E C/l/i.f'TER V - DESiGN

CHAPTER V CHAPTER V

BIBLIOGRAPHY - Continued BIBLIOGRAPHY - Continued

~~7. PifJcliJ1~; Design fol' Waler and Wastev,'Jter. Amerk::n Sodety or Civil Eng!necr$, Sp:mg!el", \1. G. "The SlfUclur:d DeSIgn of Flexible Cul'/(~rts.·· Bulletin 153,
fuwa Engineering Experiment Station .•Ames, Iowa (1 I,
New York,?', y, (1975),

48. Plastics Pipi!!g Manila!. Pbstic~, Pipe Institute. New '{ork, N. 'y'. ;1976). Spangler, i\l. G. :..tnd R. L. ll<lndy, Soil Engineerilig, lntext l:ducatio;d PubL, NeVi
'Ymk,N. Y.(1973)_
49. "Poiide$ and Procedures for D,~vdoping Recon1Jl1c!l(!t:d l-Iydmst~1tic Design Stresses
for Thermoplastic Pipe !,,1aterials. I'PI Technic:.!! R.:port, PPJ-TH":;.'· Pht~tics Plpe 6~k Sprinkler frrigmiull Handbook. The Irrigation Association. SHvGr Spring. MJfyland.
Institute, N~w York, 1'1. Y. (June 1Y7Sj.
65. "Stand:lld :'krhod of Test for Tirne-To·Fal!url' of Pl;!$tic Pl));~ Under Long-Term
50. "Poly (Viny! Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Piping Design and Ios-ulbtion PPI Technical Hvdrostutic Pft')~~ure. AST!\l D15 l)3.'· :\.llH..'rkan S(Klo.:tv fm 1,.'\;iIV~and ~bt{;rb]$.
Pl~:J,·tH·1L;., f'," . ,(I in(j) ~
l~er()rt, PPl.T!{i3'· Pb~;tk~, Pipe Institute, :';',:w }·o:k. .N. "y'. ! ..'\\;~. [~)731. ~ ", ... ~ f· I ",.. --, .'
•

1'('lHL'roy, 1Z. U, "Flu\\ Vdocltie;; 111 Sm;dl Sl'wt:r~~." jouf'd \\,PCL Vol. 30, 66. "St3iJdard ;\L.;thpd fllr Obtal!lim~ J !vdrusl:l[J(; [Jesl!.'.!l J.:;;!~L lUI '/ hCfl1HJPbstk PJnl'
S1. Materials. AST:Vl D2~U7" Amerlc;;n Soewty fur ·Ii:stilll~ and .\blt:rJ:d~. JlJJibd~J­
~\ll. (I tSept. 1'lb 7). phi;], P;!. (1\)]0).
"PVC PIp:: (ur Water DlstrihutlOll Sys.telll:-'." Tedllllc;d J{::pOll, InJ'tHlll:lllon
52.
prt';;'t'nlt:d by th~ PJaslil;S Plpt: Illstitute to AW\\ A St;ul,brd\> (Ull1ll11ttC Oil Pbs·
e 67. SWlldiJrd .'''!It'e1jlCl/fion jor IJigl!\\'a)' !fridge.. . , Anlerit:;~\l :\\'.\l":l~~{](lll of '\\;llc lJl~h.
\\;:y (}frICI;d,~. \\';ls!lIllrtPll, D. C. (j \)b i )}
Ilc l,!;)c, CiJl"::lrO, IHlllOJS (Junc 1t)72).
" Ulll.lh:J! Pi;l\tic PqH: A:-",11\:ia· I 60. "St;lIld:Jld '\i1t:CIJh':;I{IUJl for Poly (VJllyl Clduflde) (I've) PL!'.th': PIPt' ISDf{.PJU.
5.' . "I've l'ljlt' 'I t'ciuwlOi-'Y St'l\'lll\:; the Sewer Illlhl\(f: ! A:-;T.\l D~'::·:'l." t\mr:rk:ll1 SUcletv lor lC:';(1l11: and ,\Ll\elDh, Pln!:l\J::jp!lI::, P:i.
IIOil. U;db:-.. Tl'xa:-. (I W17), ( ! (76), - . .
Ul1i.!lt:llI'J;i:;tlc Pipe A""ul;'ta-
"I've PIP\.' '1 cdwology

I,
5..\, Sen'liI t; the Waler IJldt1:;try."
69. Shtl1dlfnl Spccijfeilfi(J1l j(Jr Puhlic Il'lJr!(s Comfrucrioll, A11Jc, !t'all PLlblk' Work'.
tlOIL D,db", Te;';;IS ([077),
ASSOCJ:I(IOIl ;md :\~~ocl;I(ed C;clleral COlltr;li.;tl,ll'~. Los /\ngelL':,. CdifofJlI;1.
"!\ccn;lHllCnded Service (lkslpl) hl(tur;.. fur !'r\:\:-urc Apr-Il>.:;t[lom or TltCfllW-
55.
pbstic.: P1PC ~latefl~d~. PPI Technical lZC;lurt. PPI·TR ll." Pb"t1cs PlJll~ lnstltute, ! 70. "S(al1l!:nd SpC(lfJca(IOl1 rol' Type PS,\II\ll,Y (Vinyl Chloride) (I'VC) Sewer Pipe and
Fit tH1!!~. AST,\I 1)303·1." American Snclt'ty for Test ing alld MatefJals. PillladeiphiJ.
~t'W York,:;. Y. (August 1973).

56, "Recommended Standards for Sewage

Works." Creal L:d:l'\·Upper i\lississippi
l
River Huard of State Sanitary Engineers. Alb:lllY.?\. Y. (l 17\ l.
! p;:. (l974l.

71. "Swnu;lrd Test ;VIethod for Short-Timc Rupturc Strcngth of Plastic PIpe. Tubing
~!Il:l f'lttinp. j\STM D1599." American Sodcly for Testing alld Materials, Phila-
;) f.
"Recommended Standard Spt'dJ"ication for Polyvinyl ChlonJe (PVC) Pl:',stic
GraVIty Sc\vcr Pipe and Fillill~s. U\'I-B-1-." Uni-Dell Plast!( Pipe Assocatioll
, [ delphia, Pa. (1974).

72. Streeter. Victor L. Fluid Mechanics, 2nd Edition, i\lcGraw·]-lill. Nev,' )·ork. N. Y.
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f (195,) p. 175 - 107.
Hydrostatic ::>trcngtlls of Thermoplastic Pipe,"
58, Rcinh~lft. Frank W. "Long-Term Association Plastic Pipe Sympo,:;iurn. Arlington, 73. Strc'2ter. V. L. ,IIll! E. B. Wylie. !/vdraulic Trawiellls, McGraw-Hill. ;\t:w York.,
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Virginb. (1973).
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59.
v, li,no,SlAugust 196I)p, 75, of Practice Numbcr Four." Water and Wastcs Engineering. Dun-DonneUcy Publish.
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60, Reissner, E. "On Finite Bending of Pressurizetl Tubes." Journal of Applied i\lc· .
chanics Transactions of ASiv!E. (Sept. 1959) pp. 386 - 392, ~" ft'
75. Symons. George E. "Water Systems Pipes and Piping. Manual of Pructice Number
Two_" Water ;md Wastes Engineering. DUll-Donllcllcy Publishing, Corp" i\~w York.
Sansone. L. F. "i\ comparison of short-timc \'crsus long·time proper tics of plastiC " N, y, I}loy 1967),
61.
pipe unJcr hydrostalic pressure." SPE JoufJl',ll. v. 15. no. 5 (;'lay 1959) p. 4iS. j
226
 CHAPTER V - DESIGN
H./j,.NDBOGK OF FVC PiPE

CHAPTER V CHAPTEI< V'

UlBLIOGRft"..PHY - Continued IHBUOGRft.PHY _. Continued

American Suciety of Civil Engincers, 62. Spangler, ,\1. G. "The Structural Design of FJe:dblc Pipe Culverts." Bulletin] 53.
47. Pipeline Design for H'Olcr dlld WasteWaler.
Iowa Engin;:::.;ring Experiment Station, Ames, iowa (1941).
:Ncw "lork, N. Y. (1975).
~18. Piastics Piping Manual. Plastics Pipe Institute, Nev/ Yurk, N. Y.(1976). 63. Spangler, 1,1. G. and R. L. Handy, Soil Engineering, lnl-cxt Educationa! Publ., l\'cw
York, N, Y. (1973).
49. "Policies and Procedures for Developing RecommenJ(·J Hydro:;tutic Design Strc:-:ses
for Thcnlloplastic Pipe Maleri:l!s. PPI Technical Report, PPI-TR3." Plustic:> Pipe 64_ Sprinkler irrigalion JJandbook. The lrrig,ation A~::;ociujioil. SiJv-::[ Spring, t.'brybnd.
In'ititute, Nhv York, N. Y. (Junc 1975).
65. "Standard 1'.l;::t!luJ of Test for Tlllle·1o·Failure of PiastlC Pipe Under Long-Term
50. "Poly (Vinyl Chioridct (PVC) Plastic Pipin~ DC'iign alld lllstalbtioll PPI Technical Hydrost;,tk Prl':;surc. AST!\i D 159S. -. Amcric~!f1 SUCil'ly for T'~~ling :.tnd i\lat!'fi:.ds..
PPI-T R!3" Pi;lstics Pipe ln~t iwt!:. ''(':w \' ork, 1\. Y. (, "\ ilt~ 1t}7 3 ) PhiLlddphb. P". (i 976).

Velocities in Sm:Lll St.:wcrs." Journ:d \\,PCF. Vol. 39, 66. "St:llltbrd .\kUlU:.l fur Obtaining llydru:.l;!tic Dt.'Slgfi l.b"lS lu! Tlier:nopi:lstit; Pqil:
51. 1\'llH::roy, R. D. "Flow i'.btcriab. ASTi\l D2;)37" Amcl'ii.:;.l\l SocIety fur lc!'.{lIl~ illlJ hbte!bl~, Pllihtdel-
t\(l. 9 (Sept. 1967), plda, P,L (19701. ~
"PVC Pipe ror W;ller Uistributiol1 Sy:\[cm~." 'TCC!Jllll;;l! Rej1urt, Illfoffll:ition
52.
Plt'St'lllt'd by tll~ Plastic:; PIpe In~{ituil' w 1\\\'\\',\ St:llllbnl:i. COnlllllltet: on Pias· 67. Stalldard S/'t'cJ/i'caliui! Jor IJrgItH'{f,\' Hri(~j;cs, AIJll'ficall i\;;~()(:iall()ll of St:rtc IJit:b.
W:!j' Ot'ficJ::h. Wa<,hillgtoll, D, C. (jlJ{J(ll.
tiC PIpe, Chicago.ll!illois (June IIJ72).

.,'-). "PVC Pipe Technology Serving tIle Sewt'f Illdll~try." UlIi·Bdl PLtstH:
" Pipe ASSUt:I;i- 68. "Stand:ild ~pt:CJn;;,ltlon for Poly (VlllyJ Cldorltk'J (PVC) l'bsti;; Plpt' (SV1U'iZl.
i\ST~1 D.:'2:,j ," AlllCrJi.:.lll Soclcty lor Tcsllllt~ ,illt! M;!tcr'I;!ls. Fllibd:.:Jpltia. 1\1 .
iit1;1, U;dlas, Texas (1\)77). (I "7(,),
"PVC Pipe Tl:c!lnology Serving the Water Industry," Uni-Ikll Pl:l:itic Pipe Assoda-
54. 69, Stiln(/ard .)'pt'Cl)'lcalion FJr Public Works COlls!rlle/ioll, j\n1l'ric;11l Public Work:>
(l,lll, l);dLis, Tcxa:::. (1977).
Assuciation ;H1d AssocI,lted Gelll'ral ('O!l\i;l!..:lors_ Los Angeks. Cdifornla.
55, "iZl'Ct)[11111Cnded Service (lks'lgn) F~\ClOrS fur Pre':'';'Jrt.' AppIH;;:tlon:> of Thcr1llo· 70, "StalhJard Sp.:dflc:ilioll for Type I'S\IPoly (Vinyl (,hlondc) (PVC) SGwer Pipe and
pListk Pipe Materials. PllI Tecllnic.d Report, PPj·TR II." Pbstil.:s hpe lmtitlltc,
l\cw \\nk, N. Y. (Atli!-ust 1(73).
Fittin)!s. AST;-"l D3034." American Sodety for "Tcstlllg :Ind ~hJterials. PhilaLlelphb,
1',1. (1974 j,
Works:' Great L~lkes-Uppcr i\tississippi
56. "Reconllllended Standards for Scw:n:e Albany, C;, Y, (1971),
r':jvcr Bl1ard of Swtc S~Illitary Eng,inecr's. 71. "St,lllu,lrd Test ;"lcthod for Short·Time Rupture Strength of Pbstic Pip''::. Tubing
and Fitting~. ASTi\1 D1599." Amcrlcan Socictv for Testing and Materials, Phila-
"Recommended Standard Specification for Polyvinyl Chloriuc (PVC) Plastic delphia,P;;.(I074L . -
57.
Gwvity Sewer Pipe and Fittings. U~I-B4:' Uni·Beli PlastiC Pipe Assocation,
72. Streeter, Victor L. Fluid Mechanics, 2nd Edi1Joll, McGraw-Hill, New )·ork. N, Y.
Dallas, Texas (1977), (1958)p, /75 -187,
Reinhart, Frank W. "Long-Term Hy'drostatic Strengths of Thermoplastic Pipe,"
58. Proccedings _ 4th American Gas AssociHtion Plastic Pipe Symposium, Arlington, 73, Streeter. V. L Jnd E. B. Wylie. Hydraulic Transients, 1\lcGr;lw-1lill, ;'<cw York.
K Y, (1967).
Virginb (1973),
Reinhart, F. W. "Long-term Working Stress of Thermoplastic Pipe." SPE Journal, 74. Symons, George E. "Design and Selection: Valvcs, Hydrants, and Fittings. Manua!
59.
v, 17, no, 8 (Augost 1961) p, 75, of Pr::Jcticc l\umbcr Four." Water ,lnd W::JSlcs Enginecring. Dun·Donnelley Publish-
ing Corp., New York, N, Y. (May 1968),
60, Reissner, E. "On Finite Bending of Pressurized Tubcs." Journal of Applied Me·
chanics Transnctlons of ASME, (Sept. 1959) pp, 386 - 392, 75. SymoIlS, Gcorge E. "W::Jtcr Systcms Pipes and Piping. rvlanual of Practice Number
Two." W<Jtcr and Wastes Engineering. Dun.Donnclley Publishing Corp., ?\~W York.
61.
S~Hlsone, L.F. "A comparison of short-timc versus long-time properties of plastic N, Y, (,\Iay 1967).
pipe ulluer hydrostatic pressure." SPE Journal. \'. IS, no. 5 (i\lay 1959) p. 418.

226 127
HM<nf.OOK OF I've PIPE

CHAPTER V

BIBLIOGRAPHY - Continued

76. Symons, George E. "Wastewater Systems - Pipes and Piping. Manual of Practice
Number Three," Water and Wastes Engineering. Dun·Donnelley Publishing
New York, N. Y. (Sept. 1967).
CHAPTER VI
77. "Thermal Expansion and Contraction of Plastic Pipe. PPI Technical Report, PPI~
TR21." Plastics Pipe Institute, New York, N. Y. (Sept. 1973).

78. "Thermoplastic Water Piping Systems. PPI Technical Report, PPI-TR16." Plastics CONSTRUCTION
Pipe Insti\utc, New York, N. Y. (Aug. 1973).

79. Timoshenko, S. and D. H. Young. Elements of StrengrJz of Materials, Fourth

Edilion, Van Nostrand Company, Princcton, N. J. p. Ill, p. 139.
80. Til11oshcnko, S. P. Theory 01 Elastic Srability, Second Edill(Jl). McGraw·Hill, ! ()61.
g I. TlIlloslJenko, S. P. Strengrh alMalerials, Parr JI - Adl'tll1ccJ Theory and Problems,
V::ln Nostrand Company. Prince lon, N. J. (1 96:)) pr. un - 190.
H2. W;ltkins, R. K. and A. P. i\!oser. "Respunse of Corrugated Steel Pipe to EXlcfIla[
Soil Prcssures." Iligll\vay Research Record 373 (1971) pp.;S~ ~, J 12.
~.l. Watkim. R. K., A. P. {\.Imel' alld R. R. Bishop. "Strlll.:tural H.t:~pollse of Buried PVC
PJpe." r-,'Iodern Plastks, (Nov 1(73) pp. B0 90.
X4. WatkllJs, R. Ie and A. n. Smith. "Ring DdlcctlOll of Buricd PIpe." jOlll'lIalAWWA,
V[)15~, No.3 (March 1967).
85. Watkins, R. K. alld M. G. Spangler. "Some Char:li.:teri$tic~of the 1\lodulus of Pas·
Sive Resistance of Soil ~ A_Study in Similitude."
86. Watkins, R. K. "Design of Buried. Pressurized Flexible PIpe." ASCE National
Transportation Engineering {\.'lceting in Boston. :\lass. Appendix C (July 1970).
A series of factors contribute to a functional PVC piping system -
raw materials, rese~\[(.:h and development, product specifications, manu-
factoring. quality control, design, and ~ construction. The importance of
proper construction practice for any piping syskm cannot be overstated.
Recommended practice for construction procedlm:s is presented in the
following calcgorics:
Rcc;civing, Storage, and Ilandling
Joint Assembly
Installation
Appurtenances
Inspection and Testing
In most jnst.ll1CCS, with exceptions cited in the following. recom-
mended practices, good construction procedure applicable to any piping
product is proper for PVC piping products.

87. Watters, G. Z. "The Behavior of PVC Pipe Under the Action of Water Hammer
Pressure Waves." Utah State University, Utah Water Research Laboratory H.eport,
PRII'G ·93 (March 1971).

88. "Water Flow Characteristics of Thermoplnstic Pipe. PPI Tedmical Report, PPJ·
TRI4." Plastics Pipe Institute, New York. N. Y. (~I'JrciJ 1971).

89. White, H. C. and J. P. Layer. "The Corrugated :\.letal Conduit as a Compression

Ring." Highway Research Board Proceedings. Vol. 39 (1960) pp. 389 - 397.

90. Wilging, R. C. "Stress Rupture Testing of PVC Pipe." Modern Plastics, 57:10:90
(October 1974).

228 229
 ;;:J
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<?
C
~
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0

2
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en
(")
::r:
~
(") -l >-
'"
w ~ c ;;:J
'"rn-l
~ (")
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c ;;:J

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 CilAY[U{ ",'1 - CO;\STRl'C"flO."\
fL\,\;!JUOUK OF PVC l'iP!

- Remove restraints from the

CHAPTER VI
top unit loads. These may
be either fabric or steel
COI\STRUCTION
straps, ropes, or chains with
padded protection.
RECEIVING, STORAGE AND HANDLING - If there are boards across
Receiying- When receiving the PVC pipe shipment at the job site. the
the top and down the sides
contractor or purchaser should exercise established precautions. The follow-
of the load which arc not
ing procedures are suggested as common practices to prevent problems. -----
part of pi pc packaging. rc- i~'.'.',~t.~;{~t;[t.~t."I:" ~':..'.. <:.~ con".
Ipspeclion-Each pipe shipment should he inventoried and inspected
move them.
with care upon arrival. The pipe was inspected and loaded with due care at
L CrlOCk'bIOC~)~. "rrow
, 'OOS!! pipes

the facton using methods acceptable to the c"rrieLlt is the carrier's responsi-
bili[y to ddivcr the shipn1cnt in g(lud condition.]t b thc respllJ1sibility oCthe
- lise a fork lift (or front
end loader equipped with . . . t2-~-
1ih '7'\.'=r"""\F.'.
"-r-,
.hc,ho'.... n

:v_~ ~
0' O~rB"o~~,\ ..
(L1rks) to fl.'move eaclt top
receiver hl insure that there ha:- been n(1I()~" or d~IJlLlge.

(QJ~o~~~*,.:
unit (one at a time) from
Thc records which aCC(lmr~lny each ~h'lpmcnt rrovide a complete list
oral! itemsshirrt:J. ItcmsshollJd he: cht:eke:d ag.aill'.. t tht: n:con.b. Rcport any
the truck. Remove back
°iAO0
.
6:::-'.. /' \\
I" "'\\.
\\.
t~-:!,-:,,:c.:c:'(iJ···~
units tirst. Do not rlln the
c:rror:-. to the carric:r immc:diatcly and mab; propt:f lhltation on tilL' lkli\'L'ry \\
lorks too (ar under units ;IS
rc:ct:l pc .. "'~'
The I~)llowillg prucnlun;s (llf ;ILTqHancc of ddirt.:ry art: fL'C0J11111C1H.kd:
~lake (lver:l!l t:x;llninatll)1l of the lll;ld. If tht.: IO;ld is int~lct. ordilwry
!"I,)rk cnds striking adj,lcefll
unit...., may cause damage. -j';' -'--

inspt:ction while unlo;H..!in.g slwuld hc slIllicicllt to insurt: th;lt thc It' a fork lift is not ,,,ail-
abk. a spreader har with ._\
pipc has arrivcd in gOl1d cnnditil)ll.
fabric straps which arc _~_~------ I,'
_ If the load has shined, h;\s broken pac!\;lging, tH :->110\\'.. . wugh
trcalment, each piecc ~hnuld be cl!Tfully inspectcd for Jall1age. capable of handling ~);)'~. _j
_ Check total quantities 01' each item against shipping records (pipe the load. With straf)' 'i>~~\
~:r<
-.
>:"',' .
, . , , '·V··
2 }---
,'..\<'\ I ':'.
• ::......./ .. ..; - . j .' , •.......•:.. ,"':'.\'

'paced approxlnwtely (if'.;" .. ' ..".<'

gaskets. fittings. lubricant. etc.). . "'td> '\~I::::::;:~
_ Any damaged or missing items must be noted on the delivery receipt. Sleet apart and loop- ~':!1."\.
ed under the load may ~
_ 00tify carrier immediately and make claim in accordance with I.
be used. Cables may CHOCK BLOCK
their instructions. "I
_ Do not dispose of any damaged material. The carrier wil! notify I also be used if cushioned with rubber hose slce"es or other mate-
rial to prevent abrasion of the pipe.
YOll of the proeedurc to follow. .
_ Shortages and damaged materials arc normally not reshipped - During the removal and handling be sure that the units do not
without request. If replacement material is needed, reorder from strike anything. Severe impact could cause damage (particularly
the manufacturer, his distributor or his rcpresentative. during cold weather).
Un{oading- The means by which PVC pipe is unloaded in the Caution:
field is the decision and responsibility of the receiver. Preferred unloading Do not handle units with individual chains or single cables, even
is in package units using mechanical equipment; however, the pipe can be if padded.
• Do not attach cables to unit frames or banding for lifting.
unloaded individual!y by hand.
When unloading package units. the fol!owing instructions should be II
- Pipe package units should be stored and placed on level ground.

~
Package units should not be stacked more than 8 feet high. Units
carefully followed: 232
233
!L\;-';D800K OF PVC 1'11'[ CH;f'TlI{ \'1 - CO,\ST!{LCnON

should be protected by dunnage in the same way that they were direct sunlight. ozone, oiL and grease:, SQhcnt cement. \\'hcn
protected while loaded on the truck. used. should be stored in tightly scaled containers away from
_ To unload lower units, repeat the abov'e unloading process. excessive heal.
If unloading equipment is not available. pipe may be unloaded by Handling-Standard Procedures
removing individual pieces. However, care should be taken to insure that - When using fork lifts or
pipe is not dropped or damaged. other handling equipment.
Storage-An age-old problcm experienced on pipe construction prevent damage to the PVC
projects everywhere is the damage of piping products during storage. The p'pe.
following prilcedures and practices are recommended to prevent damage - When handling PVC pipe,
to PVC pipe: avoid severe impact blows, I
Storage Recommendations abrasion damage. and gOllg~ ~
- p', pe should be stored if Jn~ or cUltlng by mL'(~d

possible at the job site in ~ur(~tcL'~ pr rpck~, AVOId '-"O'L' ",__ "t",,~ 0' ~~("'" "-0"" ... """,-,,,

unit packages provided by qre:-,slng bell jOiIlLS and

thL manuf'acturer. Caution Jamage (1/" bevel CJl(k
should be exercised to avoid PIpe :-.lwuld he I{)wl'!"ed , not
compn:ssion, damage or drl1pJx'd lrnlll truck.s alld
lkf'ormatioll to bell l'nds of Illll 1 trenchC'o
..,,,,,,, L"""''''"~ ", "-L'''~ < " " , ' " " " " " "
In prcpar;ltlon (or pipe in-
the pipe.
NolL:: Normally PVC pipe in Ulllt p:u.:kage' will di\play' hell stallatloll, placelllent (:-.trillg-
ends arranged altcrnately with pipc Srl~l,)ts, ingl of pipe should he as
c1n'e to the trL'nch ;IS practical ,"",,'<, {<"""n·~ O' J"""t,','""",~~, t,,,,.'" CO"".
_ \Vhen unit p'H.:k'lges l)f' PVC pipe arl' stacked. insure thal weight
of' upper unib dl1es IJrlt cause del"orrn;ltllHl to pipe in [ower uilits, and nn the orposite side from excavated earth, Bell cnds should
_ PVC pipe unit packagcs should be supported bv racb or dun- p(llnl in the dircction of work pn)t: ress ,
nage to prevent damage to the botwm during stl)rage, Supports - In subfreezing tem peratures, cuutioll is
should be spaced to prevent pipe bending. ali\-iseu in handling to prevent impact
_ \Vhen longAcrnl storage with exposure to direct sur;light is Ull- damage. (Sec Chaptcr III - Thermal
avoidable. PVC pipe should be c()\'ered with an opaque material Effects. )
while permitting aOCljllate air circlllatil1l1 aho\'e and around the , Note: When handling PVC pipe in cold
pipe as required to prevent cxccs.~iy(' heat acculllulation, (See weather, consideration must be given to rariation
Chapter III - Weatheri ng Resistance l. in the pipe's impact strength. Thc impact strength
_ PVC pipe should not be stored close to heat sources or hot objects
such as heaters, boilers, steam lines. engine exhaust. etc.
_ When unit packages of PVC pipe arc stacked. insure that the
I
£
~
o[PVC pipe at OF (-16C) is no worse and some-
times better than the impact strength of othcr pipe
products: however, unlike some other materials.
PVC pipe's impact strength at 0 F (-16 C) is lowcr
height of the stack does not result in instability which could cause f
stack collnpsc, pipe damage. or personnel injury. than its impact strength at 73 F (23 C). Low tem-
_ The interior, as well as all scaling surfaces of pipe. flttings. und
r peratures cause dimensiOlli.tl changes that may
other accessories should be kept free rfl..1m dirt and foreign Illatter. i' allow mo\'ement of pipe within unit packages, Handling techniques
_ Gaskets should be protected from excessive exposure to hent.
t Considered acceptable at warm tem peratures may be unacceptable at
.., 1J
•
 HANPBOOK 01 1'\'( PJP!
C1L\I'lLl\ \,'j - cu\'snu:cnoN
very cold temperatures. (See Appendix 4, Erieets of Cold Weather).
swing it mto the bell. The spigot ene! of the pipe is marked by the
manufacturer to indicate the proper depth of insertion.
PVC PIPE JOINT ASSEMBLY
The assembly of one pipe to another may be performed using
various methods. One of the most successful methods em ploys a gasketed FIGURE 32 - TYPICAL ASSEMBL Y
joint.
The gasketed joint may be either of integral bell design (formed as
a continuous, homogeneous entity with the pipe) or may consist of a sepa-
rate sleeve-type coupling. The joint provides the following advantages:
- Allo\\/anee for expansion ~i'*(S0:r4/0%"dT_
and contraction
- Reliably assembled in poor
weather conditions
_. Consistent rcliabilitv
- Flexibilitv and resiliency
- Lahor-sa\"ing and o\'cr-all '<'I'falll fi;, ht-ll'!""\/ltl'flf ,'lid
"11'/' ii",' fr,',' .'r,J"1 "ir{ I/I,IU: ,'"Ii" ( Iii:" l"IUUJ't' IIlId ~<',;:(
ccol1om\, fl'''I;''

- r:ase or installation
Assemhly of Pipe willi GaskeU..·d .Joint... Thc a\scmhlv or the
gasketcd joint should he perrormed as recoml1ll:nded hy the pipc nlllllll-
factun:r. The clasIOlllcric ga.\kets Illay he SUrplll'l1 separ:l!cly ill cartons III,'I'::'I;"n, ,- J. ",. ','

or prepositiolled In the hell joint or coupling ;It the r:lctory. \Vhen gaskets
arc color coded. hc surc to consult the pipe manufacturer or his literature
for the significancc. In all cases, clean thc gaskct. the hell or coupling
interior. especially the groovt: area (except wht.:n gasket is pt:rmanently
installed) and the spigot art:a with a rag, brush t1j p.tptT ll1\\'el [() remove
any din or foreign material before the assembling. 1I1srcct the gasket,
pipe spigot beveL gasket groove. and scaling surfaccs for damage or !ahriulII! ;0 "(I'dI'd SjllgOI,
J\~~elJ1ble. !'wit !U/"IC<:I,';! elld flUS! {he K~';J.('!
"HOTO':; "OVJ<T"~~ 0" "<.ow "O,","OJ<"l"JON
illfu (he hdl!J()IISill~'
deformation. \Vhcn gaskets are separatc, us~ only gaskets which arc
designed for and supplied with the pipe. Insert them as recommended NOle: S'uniC juil/l dcSif[IlS propide !'eT}JJllllCl/f .!(/(:/w:l' ills/illlcd gits!l.ClS.
by the manufacturer. ,Yole: The flf/J(' shal! be assellliJ/ed cil!lcr by !lam/ or \t'jl!l lilc usc of bar alld
Lubricant should be applied as specified by the pipe manufacturer. block. :IICe/IilIi/c.l! cqUljNJ!el/{ s!lould be used ()11~l'
all!lc dfrcelioll ofllle JIIii!llfjllelurer.
Bacterial growth. damage to the gaskets or the pipe. may be promoted
If undue resistance to insertion of the pipe end is encountered, or
by use of non-approved lubricants. Use only lubricant supplied by the
the reference mark does not position properly, disassemble the joint and
pipe manufacturer.
check the position of the gasket.,If it is twisted or pushed out of its seat
After lubrication, the pipe is ready to be joined. Good alignment
("fishmouthed"). inspect components, repair or replace damaged items.
of the pipe is essential for ease of assembly. Align the spigot to the bell
clean the components. and repeat thc assembly stcps. Be sure both pipe
and insert the spigot into the bell until it contacts the gasket uniformly.
lengths are in concentric alignmcnt. If the gasket was not out of position.
Do not swing or "stab" the joint; tbat is, do not suspend the pipe and
verify proper location of the reference mark. Relocate the reference mark
236
237
!L\;-';D800K OF PVC 1'11'[ CH;f'TlI{ \'1 - CO,\ST!{LCnON

should be protected by dunnage in the same way that they were direct sunlight. ozone, oiL and grease:, SQhcnt cement. \\'hcn
protected while loaded on the truck. used. should be stored in tightly scaled containers away from
_ To unload lower units, repeat the abov'e unloading process. excessive heal.
If unloading equipment is not available. pipe may be unloaded by Handling-Standard Procedures
removing individual pieces. However, care should be taken to insure that - When using fork lifts or
pipe is not dropped or damaged. other handling equipment.
Storage-An age-old problem experienced on pipe construction prevent damage to the PVC
projects everywhere is the damage of piping products during storage. The p'pe.
following prilcedures and practices are recommended to prevent damage - When handling PVC pipe,
to PVC pipe: avoid severe impact blows, I
Storage Recommendations abrasion damage. and gOllg~ ~
- p', pe should be stored if Jn~ or cUltlng by mL'(~d

possible at the job site in ~ur(~tcL'~ pr rpck~, AVOId '-"O'L' ",__ "t",,~ 0' ~~("'" "-0"" ... """,-,,,

unit packages provided by qre:-,slng bell jOiIlLS and

thL manuf'acturer. Caution Jamage (1/" bcvel CJl(k
should be exercised to avoid PIpe :-.lwuld he I{)wl'!"ed , not
compn:ssion, damage or drl1pJx'd lrnlll truck.s alld
lkf'ormatioll to bell l'nds of Illll 1 trenchC'o
..,,,,,,, L"""''''"~ ", "-L'''~ < " " , ' " " " " " "
In prcpar;ltlon (or pipe in-
the pipe.
NolL:: Normally PVC pipc in Ulllt p:u.:kagc' will di\play' hcll stallatloll, placelllcnt (:-.trillg-
ends arrangcd altcrnately with pipc Srl~l,)ts, ingl of pipe should hc as
c1n,c to the trL'nch ;IS practical ,"",,'<, {<"""n·~ O' J"""t,','""",~~, t,,,,.'" CO"".
_ \Vhen unit p'H.:k'lges l)f' PVC pipc arl' stacked. insure thal wcight
of' upper unib dl1es IJrlt cause del"orrn;ltllHl to pipe in lower uilits, and nn the orposite side from excavated earth, Bell cnds should
_ PVC pipe unit packagcs should be supported bv racb or dun- p(llnl in the dircction of work pn)t: ress ,
nagc to prevent damagc to the botwm during stl)ragc, Supports - In subfreezing tem peratures, cuutioll is
should be spaced to prevent pipe bending. ali\-iseu in handling to prevent impact
_ \Vhen longAcrnl storage with exposure to direct sur;light is Ull- damage. (Sec Chaptcr III - Thermal
avoidable. PVC pipe should be c()\'ered with an opaque material Effects. )
while permitting aOCljllate air circlllatil1l1 aho\'e and around the , Note: When handling PVC pipe in cold
pipe as required to prevent cxccs.~iy(' heat acculllulation, (See weather, consideration must be given to rariation
Chapter III - Weatheri ng Resistance l. in the pipe's impact strength. Thc impact strength
_ PVC pipe should not be stored close to heat sources or hot objects
such as heaters, boilers, steam lines. engine exhaust. etc.
_ When unit packages of PVC pipe arc stacked. insure that the
I
£
~
o[PVC pipe at OF (-16C) is no worse and some-
times better than the impact strength of othcr pipe
products: however, unlike some other materials.
PVC pipe's impact strength at 0 F (-16 C) is lowcr
height of the stack does not result in instability which could cause f
stack collnpsc, pipe damage. or personnel injury. than its impact strength at 73 F (23 C). Low tem-
_ The interior, as well as all scaling surfaces of pipe. flttings. und
r peratures cause dimensiOlli.tl changes that may
other accessories should be kept free rfl..1m dirt and foreign Illatter. i' allow mo\'ement of pipe within unit packages, Handling techniques
_ Gaskets should be protected from excessive exposure to hent.
t considered acceptable at warm tem peratures may be unacceptable at
.., 1J
•
 HANPBOOK 01 1'\'( PJP!
C1L\I'lLl\ \,'j - cu\'snu:cnoN
very cold temperatures. (See Appendix 4, Erieets of Cold Weather).
swing it mto the bell. The spigot ene! of the pipe is marked by the
manufacturer to indicate the proper depth of insertion.
PVC PIPE JOINT ASSEMBLY
The assembly of one pipe to another may be performed using
various methods. One of the most successful methods em ploys a gasketed FIGURE 32 - TYPICAL ASSEMBL Y
joint.
The gasketed joint may be either of integral bell design (formed as
a continuous, homogeneous entity with the pipe) or may consist of a sepa-
rate sleeve-type coupling. The joint provides the following advantages:
- Allo\\/anee for expansion ~i'*(S0:r4/0%"dT_
and contraction
- Reliably assembled in poor
weather conditions
_. Consistent rcliabilitv
- Flexibilitv and resiliency
- Lahor-sa\"ing and o\'cr-all '<'I'falll fi;, ht-ll'!""\/ltl'flf ,'lid
"11'/' ii",' fr,',' .'r,J"1 "ir{ I/I,IU: ,'"Ii" ( Iii:" l"IUUJ't' IIlId ~<',;:(
ccol1om\, fl'''I;''

- r:ase or installation
Assemhly of Pipe willi GaskeU..·d .Joint... Thc a\scmhlv or the
gasketcd joint should he perrormed as recoml1ll:nded hy the pipc nlllllll-
factun:r. The clasIOlllcric ga.\kets Illay he SUrplll'l1 separ:l!cly ill cartons III,'I'::'I;"n, ,- J. ",. ','

or prepositiolled In the hell joint or coupling ;It the r:lctory. \Vhen gaskets
arc color coded. hc surc to consult the pipe manufacturer or his literature
for the significancc. In all cases, clean thc gaskct. the hell or coupling
interior. especially the groovt: area (except wht.:n gasket is pt:rmanently
installed) and the spigot art:a with a rag, brush t1j p.tptT ll1\\'el [() remove
any din or foreign material before the assembling. 1I1srcct the gasket,
pipe spigot beveL gasket groove. and scaling surfaccs for damage or !ahriulII! ;0 "(I'dI'd SjllgOI,
J\~~elJ1ble. !'wit !U/"IC<:I,';! elld flUS! {he K~';J.('!
"HOTO':; "OVJ<T"~~ 0" "<.ow "O,","OJ<"l"JON
illfu (he hdl!J()IISill~'
deformation. \Vhcn gaskets are separatc, us~ only gaskets which arc
designed for and supplied with the pipe. Insert them as recommended NOle: S'uniC juil/l dcSif[IlS propide !'eT}JJllllCl/f .!(/(:/w:l' ills/illlcd gits!l.ClS.
by the manufacturer. ,Yole: The flf/J(' shal! be assellliJ/ed cil!lcr by !lam/ or \t'jl!l lilc usc of bar alld
Lubricant should be applied as specified by the pipe manufacturer. block. :IICe/IilIi/c.l! cqUljNJ!el/{ s!lould be used ()11~l'
all!lc dfrcelioll ofllle JIIii!llfjllelurer.
Bacterial growth. damage to the gaskets or the pipe. may be promoted
If undue resistance to insertion of the pipe end is encountered, or
by use of non-approved lubricants. Use only lubricant supplied by the
the reference mark does not position properly, disassemble the joint and
pipe manufacturer.
check the position of the gasket.,If it is twisted or pushed out of its seat
After lubrication, the pipe is ready to be joined. Good alignment
("fishmouthed"). inspect components, repair or replace damaged items.
of the pipe is essential for ease of assembly. Align the spigot to the bell
clean the components. and repeat thc assembly stcps. Be sure both pipe
and insert the spigot into the bell until it contacts the gasket uniformly.
lengths are in concentric alignmcnt. If the gasket was not out of position.
Do not swing or "stab" the joint; tbat is, do not suspend the pipe and
verify proper location of the reference mark. Relocate the reference mark
236
237
HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE CHAPTER VI - CONSTRUCTION

Making Solvent-Cemented Joints with Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC)

Pipe and Fillings.

INSTALLATION
PUSH
BAR AND BLOCK ASSEMBLY As with other pipe products, proper installation procedures are
essential to the achievement of successful PVC pipe performance. Although
recommended installation procedures for PVC pipe do not vary sub-
stantially from installation procedures used with other pipe products, an
2x4BLOCK
understanding of significant differences is important. Recommended
installation procedures are defined separately for pressure and non-
pressure PVC pipe to accommodate differences between anticipated
stress applications in the two installations as well as differences in product
design. Terminology commonly used in PVC piping installation practice
is defined in Figure 33. The f(Jllowing installation recommendations,

if it is Ollt or position. Few littings ,, , FtGURE 33 - TRENCH CROSS-SECTION SHOWING TERMINOLOGY

allow <l.S much $pig,ol insertion length
( , '~/.C"':·:·
,~.('",,~{<.
;',
'J
as do pipe bells and eOlipIin~s. For /f
{;.,

short body iron liltings. it may be ill re',l

"j; -
[1t!vHrn 1~1~~1! IIDtll
j ,~t\
1{
necessary to reillove the beveled PVC. . . ~)
spigot end to imam: joint tightlless. ,....... V ~
l 1:'
To join tieid-clit pipe. it is : ~
necessary to first prepare the pipe co:!"
'" h';"
(1\0 t. jX -
~,~)
-;f/;c
PIP! rlOl1l I f
end. A square Clit is essential for
proper assembly. The pipe can be }.
easily cut with a hacksaw. handsaw ,:'_liIlli
J- ~ U'" ~
'IPE 5'~INCll'l(

or a power handsaw \vith a steel blade ""OTo COV"U:"'''' or JOHN";.,.,,, ... VILLt: l> ... Lr.,; co',,',

~
:-, ~.
~
I!
~I:\:I!INC

or abrasive disc. It is recommended that the pipe be marked around its '1- '" ,~, 1
~~ @fp,% %
',,<,","//, .-- -"'-:' :'-,..;

entire circumference prior to CUlling to assure a square CUt. USC a t'lctory- 0. • __ HOC'" i
finished beveled end as a guide for proper bevel angle, and depth of bevel
plus the distance to the insertion reference mark. The end may be beveled ~ :i:!~i~:f~ : :·,: ,:,·: · :.·;. ::::i.:!:ii!ii:;:,.·,i i·" ,.;;"j,;;;;"""
using a pipe beveling tool or a wood rasp which will cut the correct taper. $1;;·····;;y;w;;;;;y;.z~:;;,;;~~("~ _--L.'--
A portable sander or abrasive disc may also be used to bevel the pipe
end. Round orr any sharp edges on the leading edge of the bevel with a When properly implemented, should insure trouble-free, long-term
pocket knife or a file. performance in buried PVC piping systems designed for pressure and
Assembly of Solvent Cemented Joints-In special applications, non-pressure applications:
solvent cemented joints may be required. Solvent cemented joints should PVC Pressure Pipe Installation (See UNI-13-3)
be made in accordance with manufacturer's recommendations or Alignment and Grade:
in accordance with ASTM 02855, Standard Recommended Practice for All pipe should be laid to and maintained at required lines and
?1~
 HANDBOOK OF PVC P1PE
grades established by piping system design engineers. Fittings, valves, air
vents, and hydrants should be installed at the required locations with
valve and hydrant stems plumb.
Trench Construction:
Stockpiling Excavated Materia/-All excavated material should be
stockpiled in a manner that will not endanger the work and that will
prevent obstruction of sidewalks and driveways. Hydrants under pressure,
valve pit covers, valve boxes, curb stop boxes, fire and police call boxes,
or other utility controls should be left unobstructed and accessible until
the work is com pleted.
Trench Width -Trench width at the ground surface may vary with
and depend upon depth, type of soils, and position of surface structures.
The minimum clear width of the trench, sheeted or unsheeted, measured
at the springline of the pipe should be one loot 1300 mm) greater than the
outside diameter of the pipe. The maximum ekar width of the trench at
the top of the pipe should not exceed a width equal to the pipe outside
diameter plus two feet (600 mm). If the above detined trench widths must
be exceeded or if the pipe is installed in a compacted embankment, pipe
embedment should be compacted to a point of at least 2.5 pipe diameters
from the pipe on hoth sides of the pipe or to the trench walls, whichever
is less,
DCI\,(l(cring-\Vhcrc conditions are such that running or standing
water occurs in the trench bottom or the soil in the trench bottom displays
a "quick" tendency, the wate'r should be remo"ed by pumps and suitable
means such as well points or pervious underdrain bedding until the pipe
has been installed and the backfill has been placed to a sumcient height
to prevent pipe notation,
Preparation oj Trellch BOllo/ll- The trench bottom should be con-
structed to provide a firm, stable and uniform support for the full length
of the pipe. Bell holes should be provided at each joint to permit proper
joint assembly and pipe support. Any part of the trench bottom excavated
below grade should be backfilled to grade and should be compacted as
required to provide firm pipe support. When an unstable subgrade con-
dition is encountered which will provide inadequate pipe support,
additional trench depth should be excavated and refilled with suitable
foundation material. Ledge rock, boulders and large stones should be
removed to provide four inches (100 mm) of soil cushion on all sides of
the pipe and'accessories.
Laying oj Pipe: Proper implements, tools. and equipment should
CHAPTER VI - CONSTRUCTtON
be used for placement of the pipe in the trench to prevent damage, Under
no circumstances should the pipe or accessories be dropped into
the trench. (See Chapter IV-Handling), All foreign matter or dirt should
be removed from the pipe interior. Pipe joints should be assembled with
care. (See Chapter VI-Joining), When pipe laying is not in progress,
open ends of installed pipe should be closed to prevent entrance of trench
water, dirt and foreign matter into the line,
Reactioll or Thrust B/ockillg: Concrete reaction or thrust blocking
should be provided at each hydrant, valve, bend, tee, and at reducers
or fittings where changes occur in pipe diameter or direction. Anchorage
may also be made to the water main pipe with rods and clamps. (See
Chapter VI -Appunenances, Pressure Pipe).
Pipe Embedmflll: PVC pipe should be installed with proper bedding
providing uniform lon2itudinal suppon under the pipe. Backfill m'tterial
should be worked under the sides of the pipe to provide satisfactory
haunching. Initial backfill material should be placed to a minimum
depth of one «lOt (300 nlln) over the top of the pipe. All pipe embedment
material should be sdected and placed carefully, avoiding stones, frozen
lumps, and dehris. Proper compaction procedures should be exercised
to provide soil densities as specified by the design engineer.
Filla/Backfill: After placement and compaction of pipe embedment
materials, the halance of backfill materials may be machine placed and
should contain no large stones or rocks. frozen material or debris.
Proper compaction procedures should be exercised to provide required
soil densities.
PVC Non-Pressure (Sewer) Pipe Installation (See UNI-B-51
Alignment and Grade:
All pipe should be laid to and maintained at required lines and
grades established by piping system design engineers. Appurtenances
should be located and installed in accordance with design requirements.
Trench Construction:
Stockpiling Excavated Materia/-All excavated material should be
stockpiled in a manner that will not endanger the work. Hydrants under
pressure, water and gas valves, manhole covers, fire and police call boxes,
or other utility controls should be left unobstructed and accessible until
Work is completed, Gutters should be kept open, or other satisfactory
provisions should be made for street drainage. Natural water courses
should not be obstructed. Unless otherwise approved, stockpiles should
not obstruct adjacent streets, walks, or driveways,
HA:'\DBOOK OF PVC PIPE CHAPTER \'1 - CONSTRucnON

Trench Widlh- The maximum earth load on flexible pipe (PVC pipe) FIGURE 34 - EXAMPLES OF SUBDITCH
results from the consolidated prism of earth directly over the width of the
pipe. If design load on the pipe is calculated based on embankment con- ~,c"!: Ut.t! 10
I~::lr Of ~HCS£ UOlJ~O ~D..l'lO
ditions (prism), the trench may be excavated to a width which is as wide c; 50ll SURf let SURHCt

as is dictated by practical and economical construction. Types of con- WA~ 9:.. .~

'/~
struction for various anticipated conditions are described as follows: ~.:.:~~
~>:;
SU~'JllC~
-& 1<.'!OHO!
-jji{if51,folll
,~
;;
4i
lRl~CH 110m

Narrow Unsupported, Vertical-Walled Trench-The amount of :/"<. .~

~,~~;, f: ".-~
pavement to be removed and replaced, amount of rock excavation or the .~

~~.I ~
"';" .-
..;;~~.. .,.,
amount of elhbedment material used may dictate lhat the most economical
';';'t;;.,' I ::;,', I -':;'
installation is the narrow, vertical-walled trench. The width of narrow
trenches as determined hy the minimum working room for a man to
.,.;
;.::/
~"
; . ., H
place haunching material should provide a minimum of IB inches V r ., . '\ ',: \;;~jl::'
(450 mm) for 4" and 6" (100 and 150 mm) size pipes a...d nol more lhan
6 III 9 inches (150 III 230 mm) clearance on each side llf Ihe pipe for W' ,'. ;. ,.',;r·." ~':." ;;..-;.,. ) .... ,;,;,:,::::',:'.,
(200 mOl) and larger sizes, The resulting narrow m.:nch minimum wiJlhs
are presenled in Table 51. In narrow trenches the pipe embedment should Wide Trench - Wide trenches are classified as trenches whose width
be compacted all the way III the trench walls. at Ihe lOp or the pipe is greater than 2'h pipe diameters on each side of
the pipe or a lot'll or 6 pipe diameters. There is no limit to the maximum
TABLES1 width or the trench beyond 2\~ pipe diameters from the side of the pipe
NARIWW TRENCH WlIJTH. ~tt:-;l.\tU"
since the maximum earth load on Ilexible pipe docs not exceed the weight
;-';olllilla[l'lpl'Sifl' Trl'llch \\idlh, \lllllllllllll of Ihe earth prism directly over the pipe. However, the pipe embedment
No, of Pipe in wide trenches should be compacted to a point at least 2',i pipe diameters
Di:UlIl'lcf!'
Il1dll:~ lIIlll. W.D,) Il\dle~ 1lIll\, from each side of the pipe.
Note - The pressure in the soil at the sides of Oexible pipes is
4 100 4.3 IB 455 equalized within a horizontal soil column which is 2V, pipe diameters
6 150 2.9 18 455 from the side or the pipe according to Barnard's theory.
8 200 2.9 24 610 Supported Trench - Where an unstable or flowing soil condition
10 250 2.5 26 660 is encountered in the trench wall, such as may be found by excavation
12 300 2.4 30 760 below ground water or in weak or non-cohesive soils, this condition should
15 380 2.0 30 760 be stabilized before laying the pipe. Depending upon the severity of the
condition. the installer may elect to use tight sheeting, stay bracing, trench
jacks, or a trench shield or box to support the trench during pipe laying
Unsupported Sub-Ditch Trench-A variation of the narrow vertical- operations. If the condition is too severe, it may be necessary to leave
walled trench is to lay the pipe in a subditch and backcut or slope the any sheeting in place or to use chemical or cement grouting of the soil
sides of the excavation above the top of the pipe, as shown in Figure 34. adjacent to the excavation to prevent migration between the material
This type of construction may be permitted where no inconvenience to used beneath and around the pipe and trench wall material. To allow
the public or damage to property, buildings, subsurface structures, or sufficient working room plus trench wall supports, the minimum excavated
pavements will result. In such case, the width of the subditch below the trench width to the outside of the sheeting or shield box should be as
top of pipe should be established as shown in Table 51. shown in Table 52.
1,11
HA.'\'DBOOK OF I've PH'E CHAPTER \'I - CONSTRCCftON

TABLE 52 water occurs in the trench bottom or the soil in the trench bottom displays
SUPPORTED'TRENCH WIDTHS. ,1INnlU,1 a "quick" tendency, the water should be removed by pumps and suitable
Tren-:h Width. ~finilT1um means such as well points or pervious underdrain bedding until the pipe
Nominal PiP<: Size
No. of Pipe has been installed and the backfill has been placed to a sufficient height
Diameters
Inches mOl. (0.0.) Inches mm. to prevent pipe flotation. Care should be taken that any underdrain is of
8.5 36 915 proper gradation and thickness to prevent migration of material between
4 100
5.7 36 915 the underdrain, pipe embedment and native soils in the trench below and
6 150
4.3 36 915 at the sides of the pipe.
8 200
10 250 4.0 42 1065 Preparation of Trench BOllom - The trench bottom should be con-
12, 300 3.4 42 1065 structed to provide a firm, stable and uniform support for the full length
15 380 3.1 48 1220 of the pipe. Bell holes should be provided at each joint to permit proper
joint assembly and alignment. Any part of the trench bOllom excavated
below grade should be backfilled to grade and should be compacted as
Table 52 widths are based upon 8 to 10 inches (200 10 250 mm) required to provide firm pipe support. When an unslable subgrade con-
clearance on each side of Ihe pipe to the inner face of Ireneh supports. The dition is encountered which will provide inadequate pipe support.
trench supports are assumed to be (, inch (150 mm) thick Ireneh hox or additional trench depth should be excavated and relilled with suitable
shield walls or 4 inch (100 mm) wales inside "f 2 inch (50 mm) sheeling. foundation material. In severe conditions special foundations may be
Exccplionally tkcp trcl1chcs with thicker ~hectil1g and hracing or other required s.uch as wood rile or ~hecting cappell by a concrele mal. w~oou
:-;ystell1s of trcHch support may rcquire varl;ltll1n of thesc tn;nch widths. sheeting with keyed-in plank foundation. or foundation material processed
Timber sheeting. \vhen: useu below tftc lop or 11ll' pipe. should be drivcn with cement or chemical. A cushion of acceptable bedding malerial should
approximately 2 feet (WO mm) helow the bot 10m of Ihc pipe and be len always be providcd bclween any special foundation and the pipe. Ledge
in place appfllximately 1.5 feel (450 nlln) above the lop of pipe. [n rock. bouldcrs. and largc stones should be rcmoved to provide four inches
supported trenches. compaclion of foundation and embedment materials (100 mm) of soil cushion on nIl sidcs of the pipe and accessories.
should e.'tend to the Ireneh wall or sheeting left in place. Laying of Pipe: Proper implemcnts. tools. and equipment should be
MOl'able Sbeerill". Trellch Boxes or Sbidds- When using, movable
~
used for placemenl of the pipe in the trench to prcvent damage. Under no
trench support. care should he exerciscd nol 10 disturb the pipe localion, circumstances should the pipe or accessories be dropped into the trench.
jointing or its embedment. Removal of any trench proleclion below the (See Chapter Vl-Handling).
top of the pipe and within 2'1, pipe diametcrs of each side of the pipe Pipe bells should be laid on the upstream end. Pipe laying should
should be prohibited after the pipe embedment has been compacted. For commence at the lowest elevation and should terminate only at manholes.
Ihis reason, movable trench supports should only be used in either wide service branches or clean-outs. All foreign matter or dirt should be
trench construction whcre supports exlend below the top of the pipe or removed from the pipe interior. Pipe joints should be assembled with care.
on a shelf above the pipe with the pipe installed in a narrow. vertical-wall (See Chapter VI-Joining). Whenever pipe laying is interrupted, the
subditch. Any voids left in the embedment material by support removal open ends of installed pipe should be closed to prevent entrance of trench
should be carefully filled with granular material which is adequately water, mud. or foreign matter.
compacted. Removal of bracing between sheeting should only be done Service Lines, Connections and Incidental Structures:
where backfilling proceeds and bracing is removed in a manner that does Branch Fillings-Fittings for service branches in new construction
not relax trench support. When advancing trench boxes or shield, prevent should be molded or fabricated with all gasketed connections. Taps into
longitudinal pipe movement or disjointing. existing lines should use a gasketed fitting in conjunction with a repair
Dell·aterillg- Where conditions are such thai running or standing sleeve coupling or a gasketed saddle wye or tee with all stainless steel

24..t 245
iL\:\DBOOK or pvc PIPE
clamps. Saddles may be mounted on pipe with solvent cement or gasket
but should be secured by metal banding. Saddles should be installed in
accordance with manufacturer's recommendations. Holes for saddle
connections should be made by mechanical hole cutters or by keyhole
saw or sabre saw. Holes for wye saddles should be laid out with a tem-
plate and should be de-burred and- carefully beveled where required to
provide a smooth hole shaped to conform to the fitting. Fittings which are
prefabricated using pipe sections, molded saddles and PVC solvent cement
may be used, provided the solvent cement used in fubrication has cured
at least 24 ,hours prior to installation. Cemented mitered connections
without socket reinforcement should not be used. PVC primer and solvent
cement should be used in accordance with the cement manufacturer's
recommendations and ASTM D2~55. Making Solvent-Cemented Joints
with PVC Pipe and Fittings. After sol\'~nt cementing saddles. tcmporary
band clamps should be quickly placed both upstream and downstream
of the saddle and tightened.
SCrl'ic(' Lines-Normally, sen'ice line~ from the property line to
the collection sewer should he at a minimum depth of J J'cel (I m) at the
properly line <lnd should he laid to straight alignment and uniform slope
of not less than '/4 inch per !(lOt (20 nl/ll/m) !(If 4 inch (100 mm) pipe and
',', inch pu foot (10 mm/m) for 6 inch (ISO mm) pipe. Where collection
sewers arc deeper than 7 feet (2 m). a vertical standpipe Of stack is
commonly permitted. Thc standpipe or stack Joes not require concretc
encasement; however. it should he uniformly supported hy compaetcd
backfill.
Pipe Caps and Plugs-All caps and plugs should be braced. staked.
anchored. wired on or othef\\'ise secured to the pipe to prevent leakage
under the maximum anticipated thrust from internal abnormal operating
conditions or test pressures from water or air.
Manholes- Unless required otherwise by system design. the pipe
milY first be laid through and beyond the manhole location followed
by over building the manhole, grouting the bench. and cutting out the top
of the pipe in the manhole.
All manhole connections should be made using proper water stops.
If portland cement grout is incorporated in the manhole connection, the
grout should be of a type that expands, rather than shrinks, upon curing.
Water stops should be installed in accordance with manufacturer's
recommendations. Hinged connections which use short pipe bell stubs
outside the manhole face arc not required to prevent shear breakage in
246
CtL\PTER \"I - CO:\STRccnON
PVC sewer pipe because of its fiexibility. Excessive manhole settlement
can cause excessive detJection and should be prevented or accommodated.
N01e- When water stop is not used at the manhole connection,
bond between grout and pipe can be improved by treating the pipe end
with solvent cement and sand.
Ins/ailing Pipe Through Casings-Encasements for pipes under
highways or railroads should conform to the requirements of the highway
or railroad authority. Runners or cradles should be used to support the
pipe in the casing. (See Chaper VI -Casing).
Pipe Embedment:
Embedmen/ Mall'ria/., -Embedment matefJals listed here ,nclude
a numher of processt,.'u marerials plus the soil tYr~\' delineJ accurdIllg (0
the UnitieJ Soil Cla"ilication Svstem (uses) in ..\ST,\I Dc4~O. Standard
!vfethod for Classification of Soils for EngineerIng Purpu~e~. (See 'Llhle
53 for descnption of soil classilicatioJ1). These Ill~Jlcri;lb an: groupcJ Into
five oroad ca!cgorit"s according. In (/Jeir suitability for till" tlpp!Jcath1n:
('I:L\' I·T·:\n!;ular, 1':1 III II} InchL's () lo.:.lf) Illlll) graded ~t(lnl',
incluuing a llumher of Jill matcrials thaI have n:E-it1Ilal signilicancc such
as coral. slag. cinders, crushed shells. and crushed S(Pfll'.
Notc Tilt: sill: range and resulting high void..., r:!IJ(l or CI,IS, I
material m:d\l' if SUitable for use to dewaler trenches during pIpe ill.Q;l1Ja-
tion. This permeable eharlleteristic dictatc$ lhat its lise he limitcJ to
locations where pipe support will not he lost by migratioll of" tine grailled
natural material from the trench walls and bottom or migration of otller
embedment materials into the Class I material. When such migration is
possible, thc material's minimum sizc range should be reduced to finer
than '/4 inch (6 mm) and the gradation properly designed to limit the size
of the voids.
Class II-Coarse sands and gravels with maximum particle size of
lit, in. (40 mOl). inclUding variously graded sands and gravels containing
small percentages of fines, generally granular and noncohesive, either
wet or dry. Soil Types GW, Gr, SW and SP are included in this class.
Note -Sands and gravels which are clean. or borderline between
clean and with fines, should be included. Coarse-grained soils with less
than 12% but more than 5% fines are neglected in ASTM D2487 and the
USCS and should be included. The gradation of Class II material
infiuences its density and pipe support strength when loosely placed. The
gradation of Class l! material may be critical to the pipe support and
stability of the foundation and embedment, if the material is imported
HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE
and is not native to the trench excavatibn. A gradation other than well
graded, such as uniformly graded or gap graded. may permit loss of
support by migration into void spaces of a finer grained natural
material from the trench wall and bottom.
Class III-Fine sand and clayey (clay filled) gravels, including fine
sands, sand-clay mixtures, and gravel-clay mixtures. Soil Types GM, GC,
SM, and SC are included in this class.
Class IV - Silt, silty clays, and clays. including inorganic clays and
silts of low to high plasticity and liquid limits. Soil Types MH, ML, CH and
CL arc incll\ded in this class.
Note-Caution should be used in the design and selection of the
degree and method of compaction for Class IV soils because of the diffi-
culty in properly controlling the moisture content under field conditions.
Some Class IV soils with medium to high plasticity and with liquid limits
greater than 50';; (CI-I. 1'.11-1. CI-I-MI-I) exhibll reduced slrength when wet
and should only be used for bedding. haunching. and initial backlill in
ariJ locations \\'here the pipe c:mbedment will not be saturated by ~roulld
water. rainl'all. and/or exliltration I'rom the pipeline system. Class IV
soils with low to medium plasticity and with liquid limit:-. lower than 5()f;(
(CL. ML. CL-ML) also require careful considerati,'n iII design and
installation to control moisture content but need [wt he restricted in
use to arid locations.
Class V - This elass includes the organic soils OL. 011. and PT as
well as soils containing I'rozcn earth. debris. rocks larger than 1'/, in.
(40 OlIn) in diameter. and other foreign materials. These materials arc not
recommended for bedding. haunching. or initial backfill.
Methods oj Placing Embedment Materials - The I'ollowing
compaction methods are recommended as the optimums which will
achieve desirable densities with the least effon:
Note-Average Density vs. Soil Class and Soil Consolidation
Method is provided in Table 54. Maximum height of cover I'or density
ranges in given soil types is recommended in Table 55.
Manufactured Angular, Granular Materials - Manufactured
materials which are angular, granular such as broken coral, crushed
stone or rock, crushed shells, crushed slag or cinders which have a maxi-
mum size of IV, inches (40 mm) may be placed by loose dumping with
a minimum of compactive effort, except that care should be taken to
assure proper placement of material under pipe haunches.
Clean Granular Soils-With coarse-grained soils containing less
248
1
CfL\PTFR \'l - CO,,\STFWCnON
than 5'<: fines such as G\\', GP, SW, SP, GW-GP, and SW-SP, the
maximum density will be obtained by compacting by saturation or
vibration. If internal vibrators are used, the height of successive lifts or
backfill should be limited to the penetrating depth of the vibrator. If
surface vibrators are used, the backfill should be placed in lifts of 6 to 12
inches (150 to 300 mm). This material may also be compacted by tamping
or other means provided that the desired relative density is obtained.
Coarse-Grained Soils with Little to No Fines-Coarse-grained soils
which are borderline between clean and those with fines containing
between 5 and 12'<: fines, such as G\V-GM, S\\'-SM, G\\'-GC, S\V-SC,
GP-G!'.L SP-SM. GP-GC, and SP-SC, should be compacted either by
hand or mechanical tamping. saturation, or yibration. or whichever
method meets the required density.
CQarSt>GralI1C:u Soils with Finc.. . -Coar:-.c-grained . . oib containing
more than 12", tines, such as GM. GC, S!'.l. Sc. and alll borderline
cases in ttle group (c.g. G M-SM). should be compacted bv hand or
mechamcal tamping. The backfill should be placed in lifts or 4 to 6 inches
(100 to 150 mm).
hne-Cirainnl Soils - f:inc-grained suib such a" "1H. ell. ML.
CL. SC-CL. SM-!'.lL. and 1\1L-CL. slllluid be compactnl by h,,,,,1 or
mechal1Jcal tam pi ng in Ii l'ts or 4 to (, inches ( 100 te> ISO m m).
1::mhcdmclll lompoc/io!1 Afcl!l()(.l\'- \Vhl"fC compaction flleasun:-
ment or control is desired or required. the recomml'lH.!et! rdcn:nccs arc:
(I) AST!'.l 02049. Standard Method of Test for Relati\'C Density 01'
Cohesionless Soils. (2) I\STM 0698. Standard !'.lethod of Test for
Moisture-Density Relations of Soils Using 5.5-lb. (2.5 kg) Rammer and
12-in. (204.8 mm) Drop. (3) ASTM 02167, Standard Method or Test for
Density of Soil in Place by the Rubber-Balloon Method. (4) ASTM 01556.
Standard Method of Test for Density of Soil in Place by the Sand-Cone
Method. and (5) ASTM 02922, Standard Method of Test or Density of
Soil and Soil-Aggregate in Place by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth).
It is recommended that the in-place density of embedment materials
in Class I and Class II be measured by ASTM 02049 by percent of relative
density. and Class III and Class IV measured by either ASTM 02167,
01556 or 02922, by percent of Standard Proctor Density according to
ASTM 0698 or AASI-ITO T99.
Common compaction methods are defined as follows:
Tamping and Vibrating-Soils which require compaction by
tamping or vibrating generally reach maximum density with a minimum
249
flA.'\DBOOK or pvc PIPE
of effort when controlled to optimum moisture content.
Saturation-If flooding, jetting or puddling is employed for com-
paction, care should be taken to prevent drainage and flotation of the
pipeline. Saturation should not be used during freezing weather. Erosion
of support at the pipe sides and bottom by water jetting should be
prevented. Apply only enough water to give complete saturation. Allow
time for the saturated soil in each layer to dewater and solidify until it will
support the weight of workers.
Use gf Compaction Equipment-Take care to avoid contact
between the pipe and compaction equipment. Do not use compaction
equipment directly over the pipe until sufficient backfill has been placed
to insure that such equipment will not damage or disturb the pipe.
Bedding-Bedding is required primarih to bring the trench bottom
up to grade. Bedding materials should be placed to provide uniform and
adequate longitudinal support under the pipe. Blocking should not be
used to bring_the pipe to grade. Bell holes at each joint should be provided
to permit the joint he asscmhlt:J properl;· while maintaining uniform
to
pipe su pport. A corn paCled dcpth of 4 to (> inches (100 to 150 m m) is
generally suflicicnt bedding thickness. In tn.:nchcs which have natural
matl"rials of tine grains. and in conditions where migration of trench wall
material into bedding material can be anticipated, either wide trench
construction or well graded bedding material without voids should he used.
f{allnching-The most important factor affecting pipc performancc
and dellection is the haunching material and its density. Material should
be placed and consolidated under the pipe haunch to provide adequate
side support to the pipe while avoiding both "ertical and lateral displace-
ment of the pipe from propcr alignment. Where coarse matcrials with
voids have been used for bedding. the same coarse material should also
be used for haunching and consideration shall be given to using wide
trench construction. Haunching is placed up to the pipe springline.
Initial backfill-Initial backfill should be completed to a point at
least 6 inches (ISO mm) over the top of the pipe. If the remaining final
backfill contains large particles which may dislodge or damagc the pipe
from impact during placement, the depth of initial backfill should be
increased to a point at least 12 inches (300 mm) over the top of the pipe.
Little or no tamping of the initial backfill directly over the top of the
pipe should be done to avoid disturbing the embedded pipe, since this
area will contribute nothing to the pipc support.
250
CHAPTER Vt .- CO;-;STRUCTION
Final Backfill:
Backfill Material-The material used in the final backfilling opera-
tion need not be as carefully selected as was the bedding, haunching and
initial backfill. In the final backfill material. exclude boulders. frozen
clumps of dirt, and rubble which could damage the pipe.
Backfill Compaction - Unless specified otherwise, the final backfill
should be placed using special compaction under improved surfaces and
shoulders of streets, roads, aprons, curbs and walks. Under open fields,
lawns, and wide shoulders, unimproved rights-of-way, or neutral grounds
which are free of traffic, final backfill should be placed using natural
compaction. Special compaction requirements should be defined by the
system design engineer. Natural compaction is attained by the loose
placing of material (usually pushed or bladed) into the trench. rolling the
surface layer with the placement equipment. mounding the surface. and
filling and maintaining all sunken trenches umil final acceptance of the
work. In natural compaction the main consoliJation results from rainfall
and ground water fluctuations.
Minill/IIII/ COI'erj;" LOlld App!iclIt;o/l- At least 30 inche.s (760 mOl)
of cover over the top of the pipe should he pf<1\'ided before the trench is
wheel-loaded. At least 48 inches (1200 mm) of cover should be provided
before using mohile trench compactors of' the hyJrohammcr or impactor
type. Depth of cover may be reduced to 36 to 42 inches (915 to 1070 mm)
by requirement of some authorities or by recommendation of some equip-
ment manufacturers. Such compactors should be used only when the pipe
embedment has previously been compacted to at least 85';, of Standard
Proctor Density (see ASTM 0698 or AASHTO T99).
251
HA>;DBOOK OF PVC JlIPE CHAPTER VI - CONSTRUCTION

TABLE 53 TABLE 54

DESCRIPTIO~ OF E.\IBEmlEXT .\lATERIAL CLASSIFICATIO~S

APPROXI~IATE GUIDE FOR ESTI)I:\TED RA:'iCE OF
DEGREE OF CO~fPACTJO:\ VERSLS E~IBED~IENTCLASS A:'\D ~IETHOD OF PL,-\CE)IENT
SOIL SOIL DESCRIPTION OF AS PERCENT OF STA:,\OARD PROcrOR DEi\SlTY OR RELATIVE DE;\SITY*
CLASS TYPE ~IATERIAL CLASSIFICATIO:\ FOR GRA"ULAR ~IATERL\LS 1:\ PARENTJIESIS'"

-* M:lnufaCllucd :m<:ulJr. granulJr ffiJlcri.l1, \~ 10 Pi inches (6 1040 mill) sizt,

~3
~3
GVl
indudin:! mJlerials h;:l\,inl! redon:d simificancc such as crushed Siolle or rock.
broken :ora[, crushed slag-. cin'dets, or ~ru5hed shells.
CLASS OF DlUEDMENT I I I II I III
I
I IV

..
:3
GW Wel!·gr:ldcd pavcls and ~ra\'d·s:tnd nll\IUreS, linle or no fmes, 50~: or more
rel:lined on No.4 SICH. .\Iorc tlull 95 c:. reWIlled on :\0, 200 sic\'c, Clean.
)IATERIAL DESCRJPTJO:-i ;1'G~:~~:;:;'d IS'nd ,nd G""II
.\larerials Soils - Clean
;IC"d :
SOils
G"inl Fino G,,;n
I 50115
GP PODrJ}' graded gravels Jnd gr'lvel·~nJ mixlures, lill],; or no (incs, 50~: 0: Illore
''="" retained on No, 4 sieve. ~Iore lll.l!'! 95'- re!:lined 011 :-;\1, 2/JU sieve, Clean. Optimum moiHure con~<'flt r:luge '),Il
sw \\'dl·p;H.kd $;Illds and }'f,lvelh LnJ;, hllk or nu :l!h;~, '\[lln' lh,m Sty, pJ~~e, dry \\'elght
'"'"
~ No.4 Sll'\l', \Iorl' :h:l1l95 rl'l-llnd on No. 20(1 Slt'\ ..·, Ck,lJl 1---------
51' IJLlLld~ ~'r.lJeJ s;llld~ -lIlJ ;:r-l\d]~ ~.;r:J>, link t>r II" :In"" ,\IUIl' th.m 50', jl;ISW\ .suillunwliJJtwII Method ',; of l'rodol 10f I<d:llile) l>cn:.ity K:tng\'
:-"0, 4 ~1<:1<:. ~It)rc 111-lnlJ5 rcLun"J un :\u. ~!JU ~l~h' Cle'lll.
CO/lljl:tll by power IJmpl.'f '15·100 95·100 I I
G\l SillY j.'r-l\eh, ~'r,l\cJ,\.mJ'~11l llll\lutn, 50. ul !1Iol' 1\'J;Llllnl un ~'u,·l sl<:l<' Ofram/lll.'f (7.\·100) /so.lo~~i IJ:'·I[)O \)0-100 1
~ ~lort' [lUll 5U', ret.LlIl'd ull ~w, 2()(l ~1"IC -----+---
:r.
c(' ('U}l} ~'r.l\(h, ~'r,lvd·\.lnd'd.,~ l1ll\tt;:(\ 50 "r mPh' 1l'l.IlIl<'d 011 :\u,·1 \!l.'\<' l>emiry hy pOr[Jhle !'\lJ'I" IHl,Y5 I
.\lor(· 1],;Hl 50 /t·t,l1nn! on ~\J. ~(Ill SIne vibrators ..."
I V " " ""
'} I (6U ...<;0) i 00·lJ5
= , S,\l Silt)' ~.llhh, s.llld,\t!1 flll\flll<', .\],,!\' lh.lll _~o p.""" :-;, .. ·1 \11'1" '\1"1(' Ih,1I1 -,-,~,-~~~,.,~""----,--_._------

'".'
~ I 50'. H'l,Hunl "I! No, 2()1l \In,' ,. . SO·,)5 80')5!
~1"I\' th.lll
. -. -.
'.lIld'd.l\ Itll'llll'" \Lot,· th,lIl >0 I'.l\\t" sIn,' (oll~>{Jh(l:tlt' hy s:truratHlIl /0 0 'I 'I
. II S(' ('LLI'\')' S,lIHh, ,\0·1 (60·75) (, ...<; )
I '-" 50, 11'!;llflnl on '''0 21111 \ll'\<', -. ----·---·-I----------.----.,j--__..J
·-~~~I·_···-- -.------~----.-.-------- "O~O I II
l:.r, .\11 Inol/';(flil. ~l!t\, VCI)"IHlt'\,llld" rod. fl"lll, \tlt\ 01 d.I;'I'Y 11ll\' ,\,111(1\ I lqllill Hand pla(,lllg (·lO{IO) )
...: hmn.sO I'l Jc", 50, Of Illor,' P,I\S\" 'I!.
2()(j ,II'\<'
!
!
~
:.-
(I ]nor/:;ml<, Cl,l}" of 10\\ t,' mnllUl1l I'l.l\tkny. n;l\dl~
\'1;1)'\, ';Illdr tidY', \llt}
t:Liy'. Il'JIl dars. LHjllld IJlJJlt 50 I'l k\\, S(l', or mill,' l'a,H" NIl. 2(jO \h:n:. !land tJmping
60-80
(50-60)
I
I I 60--80
I 60·75

I ;. .\111 Illoo:anlt' 'lit" micac\'l1\l\ 01 Ul.II"m.ll.r"U' lUll: s;Hld, (If '11l\, e];l,tl\' Sill,. LlqlUd

II Ii
~ llmll ~/l..·,ller 'th'lll 50',:, 5(l'~ or mOlc i'J"C\ N\>. 2(HI \lell:.
:; I C'II IllOlPHllI.: dJYS ur
hi):h plJSlicllY, fJ[ 1.1.1)\, LiqUId limit /.:lc;ller th,1Il50',';, 50'·
Dumping 60-80
(,10-60)
60-.s0
(50-60) 60-.s0 60·75

I,
. Of more ]',I\\C\ No. 200 \ICH'.

I c.~.,
OL Orplllc SlitS ;Ind OIPlllC Silly cLin of !I.'w Jlla\tiCll~, Liquid limil 50:; or less,
50~; or Illore pJsseS No, 200 sic\'e, '" Relalivc density IS /loted ill p:lrcnt!leses,
011 Or!!:lnic clJYs of mcdium 10 hi!'.!! plJSlklty, Liquid limit pealer 1I1Jn50:'G, 50';
or morc passes No. 200 sie\'e, ~'* This table SC!\CS ;IS an ;lppro\ilJl:lte gutde defining. :lvcrag.e Pru~tor densitics attained

I I'T Pcat, muck Jnd other hi~hly orf::lI1ie soils, through various methods of soil CUJlSuliJ:llion in different classes of soil. The table is ill .
tended to provide gUJ(jance :lnd is no! recol11lllended for ucsign usc. ActLl:.t1 dcsipl values
should be developeJ by the engineer for spedfic soils at spc'.::ific moisture contcnts,
,. Soils defincd as CI:JSS I maleliJls art' nol defincd ill AST~1 D~":"\7,
..... In J.ccord;l!1CC with ,·\ST~I D248i, less than Y-; p:lSS :\0. 200 sieve .
.. "* lr: accord.mcl' wilh AST,\1 D2487, morc than 12';<- pass ;\0. 200 sievc. Soils with 5~'t to 12~< pass No,
2.00 sieve fall in borderline classification, e.g.. GP-Cc.

252 253
HA:'\DBOOK OF PVC PIPE CHAPTER \'1 - CO;';STRlTTI00i

TABLE 55 a critical factor in design of municipal water distribution systems is fire

protection service. Obviously. valves. hydrants. and fittings are essential
~IAXIMUM HEIGIlT OF COVER RECO\L\IE:\DED to the performance of these systems.
System Requirements:
PIPE ZONE CONDITIO;\" RECO\l.\IESDED
~l,\.,XI.\IU.\1
COlllrol Valves-Control valves (gate or buttertly) must be
'lr OF PROCTOR HEIGHT OF provided in the system to permit isolation of anyone line within
E.\IBEDMENT DENSITY COVER
CLASS RASGE (FT.) (M.) the system. Secondary lines are valved from main feeder lines. In
high value commercial and industrial areas. control valves are nor-
t - 30 9.1 mally located at intervals nO greater than 500 ft. (152 m). In other
tI i 90·100 30 9.1 areas. control valve interval normally should not exceed 800 feet
00·90 24 7.3
(244 m).
lit 90·100 30 9.1 S(~/t.'!y Va!\,('s- Pressure relief val\'c~ are important in iung
.s5·\}(J 30 9.1
75·~5 10 -t.t) pipe lines ft)f surge control. Air relief vaht.::-. arc (ksirahle at high
05·'75 t~ -t.3
points in pressure lines when: taps antI connections are not available.
IV leiS.] UU 3u t).]
Vacuum relief valves are providctI at critical prolik summits and
75·K5 IS ·I.{J
65·7) 13 ·t .0 arc designed to admit air at times of powcr l~lillln: or total prL'ssure
V SOlt l LASS :\01 loss to prL'vcnt developmcnt of vacuum. Blt)w-ofr \',lIvcs are lIsed
to llJ\l\ll.Sllt I) at low sy:·.telll elevations and dead~ends ttl permIt line llushing
when l1L'cessarv.
.\ tl\ltlIlllll hL"li'Jll 01 l;OVL"1 over 30 fL"L"1 I~ pll\~lbk wllh :';''''..;1;11 Cll~lIlL"L"rln~~ t.:()ll~HklaIJom.
Fire lIydrul1!S- Fire hydr'lllts tire placed throughout inhabitcd
l'cr-:cn! III I'IO-:!lll tkn\lly III :h':-:Dfdal1(L" wltll AASIIl () 'f .\1'1 01 AS'] .\] (,\)h
or ucn:lopnl areas in accordance with lire protection requirements
.', lable IS applh:abJc only wilL"i1llJilltrlllllll pIpe S!lffIlCS~ p, .1() lbf/IlHll
4 ,\1 rCCDJlllllcnded maXIIllUlll h~'l~h[\ of (On'f tkllm',L . kl]c([lllll\ WIll Iwl cxt:ced 7L~',;
estahiished by state rating bureaus or the Insurance Scrvices Ollicr
wilen rwpcr lIIst,II]:J!lon pnJ(ct!urC:i.i.lfC llseu. (ISO). Hydrants arc normally spaced tP provide m'L,imum fire
protectipn «1\'erage of 120.000 sq. n. (11.100 SCI. m) pr less. The
distribution lines servicing fire hydrants arc normally provided in
APPURTENANCES 6 in. (I50 mm) nominal diameter or larger. Hydrant connections
Piping systems include pipe and \·arious appurtenances required in from main lines should be valved.
the control, operation. and maintenance of the systems. Proper design. Fi!!ings - FiHings arc required for changes in line direction or
Installation. and opcration of PVC piping systcms must rcl"te to appurten- size and branch connections (e. g.. tee and cross fillings). Fillings
ances as well as pipe. In general. such appurtcnanccs rna\' be evaluatcd arc available in a variety of designs and materials. PVC I1Hings arc
in two gcneral classes - (I) pressure water distribution ,,'stcrns and (2) frequently used in IPS (iron pipe size) pressure systems. Cast iron
sewage or drainage collection systems. fillings are principally used in CI (east iron) dimensioned PVC
Appurtenances-Pressure Pipe-A prcssurized water distribution municipal water mains.
s\'stem consists of" network of inter-connecting pipes. Within the network Appurtenance Installation:
of pipes a water circulation system is developed which supplies water to COll/I'ol Valves- Valve weight should not be carried by PVC
all points within the system. normally with continuous ser\'ice even if a pipe. Valve weight should normally be supported by a concrete
given line within the system has been isolated because of a failure or if cradle or concrete block with anchors. Valves should connect
there is a need for removal Crom service. Such distribution systems provide directly with PVC pipe using elasLOmeric gaskets which are supplied
water for home. commercial. industrial. and municipal applications. Often by the valve manuntcturers. Control valves in pressurized systems
254 255
H/u'\DBOOK OF PVC PIPE CIJ.\PTER \'1 - CO;o;STRUCTIO;o;

require anchorage, reaction or thrust blocking to prevent movement blocking should be provided. as necessary. to pre\'enl movemenl of
from thrust when the valve is closed. In some designs, butterfly pipe or appurtenances in response 10 Ihrus!. Thrust blocking is
valves will not function properly on certain sizes of PVC pipe required wherever the pipeline:
without special nipple adaptors. - Changes direction (e.g. lees. bends. elbows and crosses).
Safety Valves-Valve weight should not be carried by PVC - Changes size as at reducers.
pipe. Heavy valves should be supported by concrete cradles. Light - Stops as at dead ends.
weight valves may be supported with properly compacted bedding - Valves and hydrants, al which thrusl develops when closed.
and haunching. Valves should connect directly with PVC pipe Size and type of thrust blocking depends on:
using elastomeric gaskets provided by the valve manufacturers. - Maximum system pressure
Fire Hydrallls-Hydrant weight should not be carried by PVC - Pipe sizc
pipe. Hydrant weight should be supported by a concrete cradle. The - Appurtenance size
hydrant lead valve (normally located at the main. at the hydrant, - Type of lining or appurtenance
or in between) should be supponed by a concrete cradic. Insure that - Lint:: proJlk (t::.g. horizontal or vtrtical bc::nJ:--)
tittings and branch tee arc al,o supported by el'ncrele. Hydranls - Soil type
should be ,el plumb at designed burial deplh and braced firmly Flgllrt:: 36 uispJays standard types of thrust blocking used in rrts~ur·
Juring installation while concrete cradles arc poun:d anJ cured. izcd Water svstellls.
The concrete foundation for the lin: hydrant serves as: Tahk .56 shows thl: approximatc thnl\( dCH:lopcd ~lt fillings ~Ind
- Rc'l(.:tion O[ thrust blocking appurtenances for each IO() psi of eilher Il:sl or operating. pfI:ssurc. Thrusb
- Anchorage preventing frost heave frolll greater or ksscr prcssul"l'S l:lay be proportioned accllrdlllgly.
- Foundation preventing wash out
(Sec Figure 35, Fire Ilydrant Foundation.) '1''\ BLE 5(,
Filflngs - \Vcight or TIIRUST DEVELOI'ED I'ER 100 I'SII'RESSURE (LBS. FORCE)
FlGURE.15 - FmE IIYDRANT FOUND.lrION cast iron and metallic lit- PIPE FITI'I;o;(; F1T1T\C VAt YES. TEES
tings should not be carried StZE 9(1 ELBOW -l5 ELBO\\" IlL\!) E,'ms
-----

KJ~
r.:J~
-@
by PVC pipe. Casl iron
fitting weight should bc
I'/'
2
300
500
200
300
200
400
supported by a concretc 3 1.000 600 800
@; '-\
cradle. 1'\'( fittings may 4 1.800 LiOO 1.300
':."'O'n fitting::. ilre used In allydrunl runou, J be supported with propcrly
:,;~::l'! length C<ln be llsed to conneCl tWJ
6 4,000 2.300 2.900
~i:i.;n\ls, com pacted bedding. Fi t- 8 7,200 4,100 5.100
~","
.. O" "00
tings in pressurized systems 10 11.200 6.300 7.900
require reaclion or Ihrust 12 16.000 9.100 11.300
blocking to prevenl move-
ment effecled by fongitud- There are numerous design methods and nomographs available for
inalline thrust. sizing thrust blocks. One method used assumes soil bearing values. Table
Reaction or Thrust 57 gives approximate allowable bearing load for various Iypes of soil. The
Tilis ty~~ of hydrilnt foundation acts as a thrust·block.
as un anchorage afpinst frost·heave and eliminates Blocking - Water under bearing loads are estimated for horizontal thrusls when depth of soil
\'iJsr1:;~:S from WJst-:·W<lter druin.
pressure exerts thrust forces cover exceeds 2 feet. It must be emphasized Ihal safe bearing loads in
COU"Tt:~y or JQ><NS·MA,NVll.l..l.: SAI..C~ COil".
in piping syslems. Thrust project soils must be established in system design. When doubt exists, soil
J56 257
H:\;'\OBOOK OF PVC PIPE CHAPTER VI - CO:-';STRUCTION

bearing tests should be conducted. TABLE 57

ESTIMATED BEARING LOAD
FIGURE 36 SOIL TYPE UlSjIT'
TYPES OF THRUST BLOCKING
Muck, Peat, Etc. o
Soft Clay 500
Sand 1,000
.'.:'.,
Sand and Gravel

'r
1,500
j

9TI
rJ .

~~ ~ C' , ' . ' ~'1 m Sand and Gravel With Clay 2,000

I~JliI'i
Sand and Gravel Cemented 4,000
with Clay

, II . Hard Pan 5,000

"ill~~If§
1 .
~jll ,...,-~. ·1~ ,::.,J . ~ If thrust block design has not been speciJied by the project

0~ r ~"~-;.\':) engincrr. the design or thrust blocking may be calculated as shown

~E,:;: j t,-~
J.. '0 In the followtng example:
Example:
Required, thrust block at 8 inch 90' dbow. Maximum Test

~
,k\n-_.....
~
0~j ""'''''."",~"r<
• ,.."",,,.,". >C. Pressure = 200 psi.
. / ~'--- ,v
.- ··--L~\;./ ........-:~.,.....,rn':' ; /.. / /
Soil Type: Sand
" _:w·~ ./.' ..
",' ",r',//,
-.:J ·F' . G~", - Caleulate thrust
j')t! -

~
'. J". ~~~~~d':; ~-~. From Table 56, thrust on 8 inch 90' elbow = 7,200 Ibs pCI'
;:,;~.c,t''"
.~
..... IX,.. ~w=::'
~"'" '!"T7'<-rr 100 psi operating pressure.

Ji {llrIl,,!S, dlH' 10 tliqh rm's.slJr,'. <lfl' '':'l','~\''J, ,lllC!lnr v,;I\,'.'5.J5 Total Thrust = 2(7.200) = 14,400Ibs.
t"I'l'N At v!'rtie,JI lJPods, ,I1H:hor (I,' r·'"i~l v,llwdf(! (tlru$ls
- Calculate Thrust Block Sizc
From Table 57, safe bearing load for sand = 1000Ibs/ft'
14,400
Total Thrust Support Area = - -=
1.000
14.4 ft'

- Select Type of Thrust Block

From Figure 36, select type 3

A widely used nomograph for selecting thrust blocks is given in

I, Thru fille conneclioll, fec
Thru iiI/I! cOl/flection, cro.U
.? Directioll c!louge, dbow
./. Cham,:" line si~l!. reducer
5. Direc/ioll change. /('I! used as dbol\'
6. Directioll clw!II:e. cross IIsed as elboll'
used (/S h'l! 7, Dirl!Clioll dU/1Ij;!'
Figure 37. Also, thrusts can be effectively resisted by commercially avail-
8. Thrulilli! cO/l/leetlon. WI'£' able joint clamps or designed tie rod and clamp systems.
9. I i.ihl.' anchor .
/0. Directioll change I"arieal, bend allchor

COV"TO:';;V 0"- IO .. N ' ; _ M A " V l I . L l : " ... 1.<: S CO,,"OflATIOr<

258 259
 lL\:\"DBOOK OF PYC PIPE
CI-lAIYfER VI - CO;-';STRCCTlON

Appurtenallces-Non-Pressnre Pipe- PVC plplllg may be used in

. ,,
g. :.. ...
"
d:
"?-
c
~
various types of non-pressure piping systems such as drainage. venting
:::~
:.:--'-'---''-- . .- :i~
~: ~
c and sewage systems. The following recommendations are made for PVC
g piping used in gravity sewer systems. A sewer system consists of a piping
~u
§" system which conveys storm drainage or sanitary sewage. The great
-,
majority of sewage systems in North America are non-pressure systems
-;<
using gravity open-channel !low. Sewer systems are carefully designed
, ~ ,
!g and constructed and depend, in great measure, on proper use of pipe
and appurtenances.
~ System Req uirements:
o
, "-- Manholes and Junctions - Manholes and junctions are
~: ~
I
~---~- ~_
-
" ,,<~-~---
. ': ~.
essential to [he operation and maintenance of gravity ~ewcr systems.
, ~ : Manholes are required to:
,. ..
:,':.' -:
..:.::
,;
- pro\'iue access to the sewer line for in:->rcction and
-. maintenance.
,'I - provide control of hydraulic now in chang\.' of dirt:ction,
~
. ,"...
,
2.'! changL: or grade, and consolidation or CtlIl\'crging flow
.-...
~
-','
~
1 ;!':: channels.
(;,::

/. -
........
";-"... - .~ :;
In common practicc, manholes art: normally located at stred
intersections. lnlerval bClwecn sanitary sewer manholes Illay vary
:L
" ~I" :-: ;
~ .) ~ ~ ~ ~ ;~"':"_:~"""!1-- •. , ;iy
from 300 to 500 lCel. Interval may be greater for pipe products. such
j;~'< , :.5~ as PVC :\cwcr pipe, which substantially minimize cleaning and
_, /'t.I:~<-;;
-' f~
:/)
::J

'"
::,:
'. ~.:-
:: ~ -·-·\l~
··-=-=-~Y~--
,
_ ......
Ii
,~~
maintenance problems. compared to piping products which exhibit
poor now characteristics and which arc prone to root penetration
and damage.
--'.',~

, ~~.
~

, ~§ FittillgS- Fittings arc required for all house connections.

~
'0 ,.,:, . ;i "clean-out" access, and changes in line direction and/or size not
'i ,,'-'-,---~---,-----, , .~

'"
::J g~
E:§'
occurring in manholes. Tees. wyes, or tee wyes are provided for
service connections, risers, and "clean-outs". Elbows (90°) and
;: ~ ~
;;; ;;;: ~ s , ~~ bends (45' and 22'/2°) are used at changes in line direction par-
~.;
~ .. ~ ticularly at service connections into sewer main lines. (See figure 38,
L:~ ~ ~
I~ 2 - ~ .. i
!;~
0
.. '"
_! Service Connections). Increasers are used at changes in line size.
Caps or plugs are used at dead ends. Commonly used fittings are

:::.::;
~~} "- "~ ~ ..... :;
U
:::: t
shown in Figure 39.

,
~c~ :: ~ " ~ :: '!: ~? ~ .. t}
,~~
~
"',
~60
261
HA.NDBOOK OF PVC PIPE (II AfTER \"1 - CO:,\STRL:CTION

FIGURE 38 - SERVICE CO:'>iNECfIONS Risers-Sewer chimneys. risers. or vertical stacks may be

required in deep sanitary sewers to minimize excavation for service
lines. They are generally permitted where the collection line is
""~W /,.~
C::!:::::::...-----:-=LCf:'y~ r= deeper than 7 ft. (2 m).
~-' . "--L:
,.~.

f",r",~,!<W''''''''''''
l>I"llll~"~
V,'·~-,1-'/i'<""""h"'''-
Appurtenance Installation:
Manholes-Connection of sewer pipe to manholes has gained
(e) Plan
importance with the added emphasis on system design sizing and
~"
'to. .." ..... operating cost incurred due to ground water infiltration. Manhole
...,
t...,
connections should be water tight. Connection of PVC sewer pi pe
t'.",,"
I
r-:"~~
T..
to manholes cannot be effeetively achieved with water-tight seal
~ f' ~
using concrete without special pr~raralion. L"nlike some other se\\'L'r
I
'!" ' " ..------"
,,~

piping l11aterials, PVC pipe ",ill not bond \\lth concrete. A PVC pipe
manhok connection shoulLl be accompli:--heJ using some form of
0:>._,

t~c;;~;-~ -t_,-.~~' (~.~<q sea] or w<Iter stop. rvlanhole C\Hlnections ('an he made as follows:
f~,..._

__ -'"N<;L.,~,-.;j \-'-"-~"':- -/~

'"'~ ~,_': .... \';i~ ~ ,:~. ',~'
... .. _ _. r\ ~'~_11,~,;':;~c..7- - )-..lanhok couplings prl)\'iding. elaswflleric gasket seal. Unit
I (bl (,~ •• hM ';
,"'
~>i'0~
'-..J }\
?",." ..."
is grouted into Illanlwk \\'all. Plpt: inst:rts into coupling.
~ \V,I!CrSWp in various forms (e.2-" llc\ihk boo! or slecvc.
4J7~"iJ"".'J
O-ring or gaskct) produccd from elaslollleric compound
is grouted or locked into Illanhnl:: w,lIl. Pipe inserts into
W<llerstop.
FIGURE 39 - SEWER FITTINGS
~. Precast l11anholt.: with connection pl1rtS with clastolllcric
seals precast into manhole wall. PIpe inserts into connec-
!
!

i
I
tl _r~r_.""

22;;" BEND
90' EL
tion port.
_ Grouted connections directly to I'\'C pipe l11ay be effec-
tivc if the pipe at the connection is first softened ",ith
solvent and covcred ",ith sand.
I i Drop manholcs arc customarily required when the difference
TEE
i
I in incoming and outgoing invert elevations are 2 feet (0.6 111) or
1-.-:.-1-~
I TEE·WYE
more. Connection to drop manholes requires manholc connections
as described above and fillings installed w provide nccessary line
i f.;,=~ii1 45' BEND profile. Drop manholes using PVC pipe mac' be designed in these
I ~ I :
configurations:
i
irl( i 11-1~ - Inside drop manhole
- Outside drop manhole
1IIIlll-Tll-I~11
I
!lJI"",<.J-_.~_~=
Recommendation for proper connection in the inside drop
45' WYE
manhole defined in Figure 40, Figure 41 provides recommendation
for connection to the outside drop manhole.

COURTeSY OF" JO'lr-ll'·MANVH.Ll'.: SAL'::; CORPORATION

262 163
HA.>;OBOOK OF PVC PIPE
CHAPTER VI - CONSTRUC'TION

FIGURE 40 ilGURE 41
INSIDE DROP MANHOLE OUTSIDE DROP MANHOLE CONNECTION
CONNECTlO:\
/----..,
6"/;111'': //

r' l, , It
,.}>;t;:::::R;<\
!,' ./.
~J
I" • " f__ ~ __ 'r~~'
, {.
REVOVE PORTIO', JF DHor
PI;>::: TO CON/'.IECT ':"S SHQ1,';N

CONCRETE
.>~'.~'

\
A ENCASEMENT ;1'"
A

L ~-'.J
'I rn I
• SECTIONAL PLAN
~-I
"J"}' 1.111.

I ;/;/ Ir,COMII\;G
4~ f, . ) \
I
l-/~: - I {. ,:
$£W£ fl ..•.. yE !.lHAl-.("

L" ~-----'-I J
:. ~
.\ ,'<tU·.·!·.·.. ·/
i.(l(.l fl.
THAI' , , . , ...' , , - ..•
~r
,,.,,,
Cl£:::::OUf
L£G !
I'
SECTION C-C ",.' ',i I _.
WEIR DET;\IL 4~
o I··
(ll. -\-.....
.. I I
~
I
1
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t

\" .! 1

CONCII(I[ .. " .' .' II

I.NCA~;!MINT ~ lNV(IlT10IH JOlJ1GOlNC
\" v ,,"l OU,I(.N[ tJ M " O J · l,t WIll
) ~," (;" ~ll\Ulll IUSUlI

~!' ~". ~''''''~'ON,'' '? .:::J

._.

~..

~
!~\
~
t· , o , O
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'I
90 III '- .7··.. . 5
w "'ANHOlt
" SECTION A·A !.lASt
J \ 5T M,OARD PIlE. CAST CO""OI[ n:
fol1 TO!' III PH(W I',)'l
otll 10SlllVl 11,.\\"["
! 01-1. BRICK MANHOL£ ISlE NOH 1)
HE

LA~ I'lrt H'

/U"OI:>ltlll(l(D ~J'L

~~~::~
I
:!IF r. '."'00"""" IF ORO!:fltO
8.
;:1
Ii -rr

• . Jill" DIll. ALUMI,",U','

PIPE STlIAP, Sf T AS
aRGEAEO
4"' MIN
0TI1:~::
"I 4" MIN
f
.

r;hJ
{;' PLASTIC PIPE" rx;O ~t ',0
w
OR lARGER ASOIlOEREO
INV ELEV AS •
m
~'J;-,~;i~;~,::,~;;t,C; ~I~jn
SHOW''; ON PLAN <
2
UNDEA PIPE WITH A' CO'.c

OF{;"EACHSlDEOFPI~E
OR MASONRY FOR A \~IOTH

MIN. WlDTH 22""

. M
0YW i '
i
<
>

90° ELBOW
SECTION A·A SECTION B·B

CONCRETE!.:

<;:Ol)"TElOV 01' JOH .. S· ...... NVILLE ""'LE!> COR".

SECTION A-A

264
265
____
i
zt~'I>- _
ll:\:,\DBOOK OF PYC PIPE Cll,\f'HR VI - CO:\STRl'CTHJ:'\

FIGURE 41 - Insure uniforl" support at the riser pipe connection by

OUTSIDE DROP MA."-iHOLE CONNECTION - ConCd. uniform bedding with good compaction all around and
up the pipe.
NOTES; - Achieve good compaction in the haunching from the base
1. MANHOLE BODY TO BE CONSTRUCTED
AS FOR STANDARD PRECAST MANHOLE
to the springline of the fitting and sewer line using select
OR BRICK MANHOLE.
2. CHOOSE SECTION A·A (DROP DETAILJ TO
material if necessary.
SUIT TYPE OF PIPE ON JOB. Note: Concrete encasement of PVC riser pipe connections serves
3. FOUNDATION FOR OAOP SECTION TO BE
POURED INTEGRAL WITH r...1ANHOLE BASE. no useful purpose.
Sewers all Sleep Slopes-It is recommended that sewers on
-- I
. __ X--".· slopes of 20% or greater should be anchored securely with concrete
ff
:'I I :
II' CONCRETE OR ,,1QATt.AEO
BRICK EI>CASE/.1ENT collars cast immediately downhill from bells to prevent downhill

L
I
/
/~c
~~~,.,t
,!
I'
' ~ .. --,

=m
~r"d-".ft~ ~IFJ
"
,,. L':::-- ,- M=...::.1 -
-
:-,

--:.'1
movement of the pipe.

CASI~GS-PRESSURE AND NON-PRESSURE P1PE

,.
'i )'
SECTIONAL PLAN TYPICAL
CO'"'T''''''' Or JO .. 'i5· ... 'It.",ILLE l''''L''. Co',,'
Make connections at manholes to insure that proper com-
paction is achieved in pipc bedding and haunching. Insure that
rigid structures are properly bedded and installed. Settlement or
shifting of rigid structures will normally not cause shear breakage
as is common with rigid piping products. HO\\·el'Cf. excessive shift-
ing or settlement could place excessive strain on PVC pipe or cause
excessive dellection or distortion.
When PVC water or sewer pipe is installed under highways_
fUlw.. ays or railways, casings may be n::quircd for the liJilowing reasons:
- To prevent damage to structures c;lllscd by' soil erosion or seltk~
menl in lllL: pipe installation efTected by lint: failure P[ kakagc.
~" To pt:rmit l'conomical ripe removal and [cplaCl.:ment in the rllturt.~.
- To accommodate regulations or requin.:IlH.·llh imposed hy public
or private owners or property in which the pipe is installed.
- To permit boring ratllt.:r than excavation where ()pcn excavatioIl
would be impossible or prohibitively expensi'T.
When PVC pipe is installed in casings. skids must be used to prevent
damage to pipe and bell joints during installation and to provide proper
long-term line support. PVC pipe in casings should not rest on bells. Skids
should properly position the PVC pipe in the casing. Figure 42 shows a
typical skid arrangement on PVC pipe.
FIGURE 42-PVC PIPE CASING SKIDS
CABLE
~ 90°::-:->

unE.!J::>__u<>
. STRAPPING POSITION WOOO CROSS PIECE \.
High Velocity Protection: Where 1I0w velocitics are grcater
than 15 fUsec., it is customary to provide baflles. cushioning or
energy dissipation within manholes. ':::~!IIffi~ <, ":::~:.
Risers- When installing PVC riser pipes on PVC sewer line,
. . ., ..'.,.///,//._,'./J,.'. ,... .',.... ,... / / ... ///. '
the following procedures are recommended: / . :(
- Use a tee or tee-wye fitting to connect PVC riser pipe to A • SKID SKID ......... 90

sewer line. 12" B UNDER - 4 SKIDS

166 267
HA,'\DBOOK OF PVC PIPE CIIAPTER VI - CO:\STRUCTION

Skids may either extend for the full length of the pipe, with the (50 mm) greater than Ihe maximum outside diameler of the pipe bell,
exception of the bell and spigot portion required for assembly, or may be pipe skids or cradle runners.
spaced at intervals. Skids must provide sufficient height to permit clear-
ance between bell joint and casing wall. Skids should be fastened securely SERVICE CONNECTIONS-PRESSURE PIPE
to pipe with steel strapping, cables, or clamps. Service connections vary in size from small services supplying
Pipe may be installed in the casing using: individual homes !O large outlels for industrial users. Service connections
- Winch drawn cable to PVC water mains are accomplished in the field using Ihe following
- Jacking methods:
In both methods, care must be exercised to avoid damage to pipe - Tapping Ihrough service clamps or saddles.
,
or bell joints. Use of.lubricant (flax soap or drilling mud) between skids - Tapping with large service connection Ihrough lapping sleeves
and casing can ease installation. and valves.
Caution: Do not use petroleum products (e.g. oil or grease). - Direct lapping (;\\\1\\1;\ C900 PVC pipe only).
Prolonged exposure to these products can effecI damage 10 somc Sen-ice Clnmps or Saddles - Service connl'etion~ may be m:u..k using
elaslomeric gaskcls. a Scr\'lce clamp or saddle. l\laximum outlet sizl: rc:commclH.kd with
Upon complelion of pipe insertion, backlilling in accordance wilh sen'ice clamps or saddles is .2 jnche~ (50 mm). \Vhcn fl1:.lking this type of
design requirements can be accomplished. conncclion, cqLlipnH.:nt is u.'icd which altadlc..:'i to the corporation SlOp
NOle: Life of wooden skids can be eXlended by Irealmenl wilh permittIng. a clItting tool FIGURE 43
wood preservative. to be fed through the
During backlil!. care musl he exercised 10 prevenl 110aling Ihe I've c()rror~ltioJ1 stop to cut ;1
pipe oUI of proper posilion. Do nol usc wedges 10 lock pipe inlo posilion l!(lle in Ihe pipe. No lap-
during backfill operations. \Vhen pressure grouting is used fur backfilling. ping of Ihe pipe wall is
exercise caution that excess grout pressure docs not efICct pipe distortion required since the corpora-
or collapse. lion s«1P is Ih readed in 10
TABLE 58 the service clamp. Service
TABLE OF CASING SIZES clamps or saddles used for
attaching service connec-
('ll.<;inc Sill' l\lnximum Skid
Nominal Pipe SilC (Imide Di:unelcr) Support Spacing· tions «1 PVC waler pipe
(Dilllneler in Inches) in. 111m. it. Ill. should: ""OTO C:OU"TC~V QI- CLOW co .. ,·o""nON

4 8-10 203-254 4.7 1.4 - Provide full support around the circumference oflhe pipe.
6 10-12 254-305 6.3 1.9 - Provide a bearing area of sufficient widlh along Ihe axis of the
8 14-16 356-406 7.4 2.3 pipe, 2 inch (50 mm) minimum, insuring that the pipe will not
10 16-18 406-457 8.5 2.6 be distorted when the saddle is tightened.
12 18-20 457-508 9.6 2.9 Service clamps should not:
15 22-24 559-610 11.0 3.4 - Have lugs that will dig into the pipe when the saddle is lighlened.
• See Chapfer V-SUPP0rl Spacing/or additional rejinemell/ 0/ support spacing requirements. - Have a U-bolt type of strap that does not provide sufficient
bearing area.
Table 58 provides recommendations on casing size required for - Have a clamping arrangement that is not fully con!Oured 10 the
different sizes of PVC pipe and maximum skid support spacings. Casings outside diameter of the pipe.
are normally sized 10 provide an inside diameler which is at least 2 inches A number of lapping machines are available which will drill through
268 169
 It/\..... UlH)I)K. UI' I've I'll'l:: CHAP'fER Vi - CO:,\STRUCTIO:-;

a corporation SlOp. It is important that the CUlling lOol be a she, lype TABLE 59
(hole) cutter which will retain the coupon and be designed to accommo- MINnlUM TAPPING SLEEVE LEi\GTH
date walls as heavy as DR 14 (pressure class :WO. AWWA C900). Many ;'.IA[" & TAP (inches nominal) ~ll:\nlUM LAYI:-iG LENGTH
shell cullers are designed only for thin walled PVc. Consequently, they in. nun.

do not have sufficient throat depth to handle the heavier walled pipe. 4 X 2, 4 X 3, 4 X 4 16 406
Service clamps and saddles should be installed in accordance with 6 X 2, 6 X 3, 6 X 4, 6 X 6 18 457
manufacturer's recommendations. 8 X 2, 8 X 3, 8 X 4, 8 X 6 19 483
Tapping Sleevcs and Valves-Tapping slecves and valves are used 8x8 21 533
when service connections larger than 2 inches (50 mm) must be made in IOx2, IOx3, IOx4, IOx6 19 483
PVC water main. Tapping sleeves may be used for making large taps IOx8,lOxl0 23 584
under pressl1ire. 12 X 2,12 X 3,12 X 5,12 X 6 19 483
When tapping sleeves are ftGURE 44 12 X 8 21 533
ordered from the manufacturer, TAPPt:\G SLEEI'E AND VALVE ,<
J2x10,12x12 --' 635
the outside diameter of the pipe ,..,.,
being tapped, the size of the out-
let desired and the working pre:-.-
;,;-\..1,
~.~
t:;.'3j-< - --- slwuld be used with proper direction and inslruclions from the manu-
sure ~hould be specilied tll in"ure
~~'J:I ~ .r~
;<-.. '( " , , , '.. ~..
I:lcturer or the PVC pipe and the manufacturer or the direct tapping cquipment.
that the sleeve furnished will he ~. , /,i;...... - .... ~ Connecting Service Line -It is recommendni that all service COtl-
satisfactory. Lcad.joint S!cL'VCS -' \ \ !, . !'iJ/\\ necli,,,,, (service clamps, saddles and direct taps) be installed so that the
should not be usn!. J!B' \ /.~.I.r.)
"1>,,,,.,
..../~ '\',\\v//
I,,, //I} outlet is at an angle or 45(' above horizontal. :\ he no or "gooseneck" in
Tapping sleeves should be .>; the service line should always be provided to insure flexibility and to
:l"sembkd in accon.lallo': with thl' accommodate the efTcets or load due to settlement O[ expansion and/or
Illallu!~lctllrer's directions. Drilling equipment Cill be purchased or rented conlr"ction. Proper soil consolidation should be providcd in thc area of
from steeve manlll~lcturer:; who also furni,,1J Jrlstruclions and/or instructors the ~cr\'icc connection.
trained in making such taps. (Conlractprs wtw specialize ill this type of
work are abo available in SOlllC areas.) SERVICE CONNECTIONS-NON-PRESSURE PIPE
Tapping slecves should be well supported independently from the Sanitary sewer st.::rvicc conllections may vary in size depending on
pipc during thc tapping. Support uscd should be left in place after tapping. local codes, regulations, and system requirements. Service connections
Thrust blocks should be used as with any other filling or appurtenance. for large industrial, municipal, or commercial installations may be quite
Table 59 provides recommended minimum lengths of tapping large. :-lost service connections for private residences wiil be 4 in. or 6 in,
skeYes for the various main and tap sizcs for PVC Municipal Water Main. nominal size. Servicc conncctions may be made \vith fittings installed in
Direct Tapping-Service connections may be made by direct tapping the sanitary sewer main line (tee-wye, tee or wye) or with field installed
of AWWA C900 PVC pipe wall and the insertion of a corporation stop. service saddles (gasketed and clamped or solvcnt cemented).
PVC municipal water main manufactured in accordance with AWWA When a field cut-in service connection is required, the following
C900 in nominal sizes 6 inch through 12 inch, Pressure Classes 150 and precautions should be observed:
200, is being direct tapped in the field with success. For 4 inch nominal - Prevent entrance of foreign material into cut-in pipe opening.
size, Pressure Class ISO and 200 and all sizes in Pressure Class 100 use - Use proper fitting and procedurc when installing the field con-
service clamps or saddles. In direct tapping proper use of specified direct nection saddle.
tapping equipment and corporation SlOpS is recommended. This procedure The following materials, tools, and procedures are recommended
27U 271
 CHAPTER VI - CO:\STRl'CTlON
HAJ,DBOoK OF PVC PIPE

when making a field cut-in service connection: under pressure. Three parts of tne line should be considered when testing:
Materials: _ The pipe to be tested must be sufficiently backfilled to prevent
- PVC saddle wye or saddle tee movement while under test pressure.
- PVC primer (if required) _ Thrust blocks at fittings should be permanent and constructed to
- PVC solvent cement (if required) withstand test pressure. If concrete thrust blocks are used. suffi-
- Saddle clamps cient time must be allowed before testing to permit the concrete
Tools: to cure. Cure time of 7 days is recommended when Type I port-

- Brace and bit land cement is used; 3 days is recommended when Type III
- Hole saw, keyhole saw, or sabre saw high-early portland cement is used.
- Strap banding tool
-'Natural bristle brush, 4" (100 mm) (If required for cementing).
- Round or half-round file or rasp FIGURE 4S
Proccdure: END BRACING
- Place saddle in position on pipe. Mark hole location using
saddle as template.
'7 / 7 r
- Cut hole ,/," (13 mm) outside hole guide mark.
- Smooth hole with file or rasp and bevel hole, if required,
for wye saddles.
- Wipe clean and dry mating surface of saddle and pipc.
/ '. - '0"\~ ~41~--~\-
~
:;i~_--L.--L".
~"
L i/
_.•
;

,
_"
/

...
/ _
.,' -\ -
1M"

''''=L'-~:
~
1/

¥- \
~ ,~""
·f '.'

, .- ,,1
• , m __ __ \

- Apply primer to both mating surfaces (ifrequired).

- While SUrn,CeS remain wet with primer, apply thick coat Wo-d"":,,!,,, ·',lo,ll,. L- p,,' •• ·.,l ~'" """1\"/'

of solvent ccment (if required).

- Position saddle over the pipe cut-in hole and drawn down _ Tcst ends should be capped and braced to withstand the appreci-
with metal straps or other suitable means. If using gasket able thrusts that arc developed under tcst pressure. See Fi&urc
strap-on saddle; insure propcr placemcnt of gasket around 45: End Bracing and Figure 46: End Cap.
cut-in holc.
- Follow proper procedurcs and allow full curing timc when
using solvent cemented saddles. FIGURE 46
Under normal conditions (temp. 70 F (21 C)) the solvent cemented TYPICAL END CAP.
saddle connection, if properly made, will gain 50% of full strength after
24 hours of curing time. See Chaper VI-Joint Assembly for additional
details on solvent cementing procedures. Care must be exercised to insure
that the proper design of saddle is used. Do not confuse ASTM D3033
saddles with ASTM D3034 saddles.
·:y£7£: .?//.
~
INSpECfION AND TESTING-PRESSURE PIPE
Good practice dictates pressure testing portions of a line as they
are completed in advance of the entire system. Before testing, the pipe-
line must be backfilled and braced sufficiently to prevent movemcnt
272 273
fl.\\:OBOOK OF I've PII'E CHAYt"ER VI - CO:\STRUCTlO:\

Filling the Line- The line should be Iilled slowly from any examined for leakage.
able source. The \";ter may be iOlrodueed from lines in service through Leakage Testing- The purpose of the leakage test is to establish
vah'ed connections or by temporary connections to hydrants or to taps that the section of line tested, including all joints, fittings and other appur-
made in the new line or at the connection in the line cap. All such tenances, will not leak or that leakage is within the limits of the applicable
connections, however, should be made at the lowest point in the line, if allowance.
possible. Where a portion of a line is to be tested and has not yet been Normal operating pressure is usually applied for leakage tests.
tied to the final source, some other source of water must be provided. Pressure should be maintained at a constant level throughout the period
Flow velocity during line filling should not exceed 2 fps. (0.6 m/see). of test. Measurement of the amount of additional water pumped in during
Table 60 shows the quantity of water required to fill lines. test provides a measurement of the amount of leakage, if any.
Air trapped in the line during test will affect test results. Generally
TAULE 60 the project engineer will establish leakage allowance and indicate
VOLU~IE OF WATER REQUIRED 1:-1 GALLONS methods and procedure for testing. If not, Table 61 may be used to deter-
PER 100 FEET OF PtPE mine maximum leaka&e allowable.
A properly installed line will normally "how little or no leakage
PIPE SIZE t'.S. Gill! 11m f l. Imp. Gal! WO f·l.
using the methods described.
4" 70 S~ A &ross leak can usually be traced to a major problem (i.e. left out
6" 15.1 127 gasket, dislodged gasket. broken pipe, loose mechanical joint bolts.
W' 25 l) 215 inadequate thrust block). Usually these problems are readily detected
10" 405 JJ7
and quickly repaired.
12" 57.1 477 A minor leak grealer lhan allowable limits is frcqlll.:ntly frustrating
and dillicult to tind and repair. The usc of dye in the sy"em may be
Expelling Air from Pipeline :\11 air ,11lluld he expelled t'rom the necessary. The hest way to avoid this type (If problem is to pren:nt it
pipeline during tilting and again berore making either pressure (If leakage during installation:
tesb. Automatic air release yah'cs are rCl"(HllIllended. Ctlmpressed 1'1l- - Vent all high poinls - usc a corporation stop if air release valves
tr;lrrt:d air C<l1l greatly amplify any surges as well as pumping pressures. arc not required.
FurtlH:rmore. compressed air Illay leak thrl)ugh a joint which will not - Double and triple check all mechanical joinl bolted connections.
1l:ak water and could caLlsc erroneous rcsults.
Pressure Testing- The purpose 01" a pressure-strength test is to TABLE 61
locate defects in materials or workmanship. thereby permitting proper ALLOWABLE LEAKAGE fOR PVC PLASTIC PIPE WITH ELASTOMERIC JOINTS
repair. In a properly designed line. pressure surges will be kept to a mini- U. S. GALLONS PER HOUR
(IMPERIAL GALLONS PER HOUR)
mum by the use of automatic relief valves. slow closing and opening of
Average Tcst Pressure in Line - p.s.I.
valws. slow pump starting and other controls. A test pressure of 50 psi 1'\ominal
ill 250
Pipe Size, so .!QQ 200
abm'e the normal operating pressure should generally be suflicient. Do Inches Allowable Lcakai!c Pcr 1.000 FL or 50 Joints
not build up pressures greater than specified for test. This can happen if .43 (.36)
4" .19 (.16) .27 (.22) .33 (.27) .38 (.32)
the pressure is read from a gauge located at a hi&h point in the line. In 6" .29 (.24) .41 (.34) .50 (.42) .57 (.47) .64 (.53)
such cases the actual pressure at low points will be greater. Pressures 8" .38 (.32) .54 (.45) .66 (.55) .76 (.63) .85 (.71)
greater than those spccified may cause damage to pipe andlor move thrust 10" .48 ( 40) .68 (.57) .83 (.69) .96 (.80) 1.07 (.89)
blocks. Specified test pressure should be maintained for the specified test 12 " .57 (.47) .81 (.67) .99 (.82) 1.15(.96) 1.28 (1.07)
time while any cxposed pipe. fittings. vah"es and hydrants are carefully
214 275
i
~-
 H/u'iDBOOK OF PVC PIPE ClL\I'l'ER \'J - CO,\STRlCTlOi\

The following procedure is recommended to determine if "A is INSPECTION AND TESTIN, SEWER PIPE
entrapped in a pipe line: All projects should be tested upon completion of installation. The
(I) Pressurize with water to desired test pressure engineer should designate the locations of tests and extent of the system
(2) Allow pressure to drop to predetermined level to be tested. optional methods of testing leakage. alignment, and deflec-
(3) Measure make-up water required to establish test pressure tion and the requirements for recording test results. Sections of sewer
(4) Repeat second and third steps which fail to pass the tests should have dereets located and repaired or
If the make-up water required to fill the line the second time is significantly replaced and be retcstcd until within specified allowances.
less than required for the first filling, air is present in the line. If no signifi- Ball Test - Prior to other tcsts. all sewer lines should be cleaned and
cant difference is measured, a leak is probable. tested for major defects by flushing with an appropriately sized sewer
cleaning ball. Pre-cleaning by high \'c1ocity jet or other method may be
EQUATION 98 necessary.
,-- Visual Test - All sewer lines shall be inspected visually to verify
NOV P accuracy of alignment and frt:t:dolll from debris and obstructions. The
Design Basis L ~
7,400 full diameter Dr the pipe should be visible "hen \'iewed between consecu-
Where: L = allowable leakage (gal! hr) tive manhuk~. The method of tcst Call he plwtograrh;. closed circuit
N = number of'joints in the te.qed line Itk\'i~jLH1, or yj:-.ually lam ping with mirrors ami lighb.
D = nominal dianH:lcf of rip.: (in.) Leakag<..' Tesl .- Methods or It:-.t which an,; suitahk 1'01' \'ariou~ con-
P = avcrage lest rrt:s:-.un: (psi) dition;.. :lfI: lo\\' preSSlll"l: air c.\!iltration. water lnliltr;llion. or watn L:\~
Jiltratil\l1. II is n:cOmll1Clllkd that thl: n:rcn.:c method or k;lkagc tc~1 should
Note: Equation 9i'\ I(.)f integral ht:ll gaskctcd joint pipe in 20 rOOl
l1l..' hl\\ rn::-.sure air c:diltration. Plugs or caps on hranch Cnl111cTtipllS
lengths results in a ic.tkagc or 10.5 gallon,.. per inch dian1t.:ter
must be ~tcurnl against blow-on'during kakagt: tt~l:-"
per mile per day when evaluated at a pressure or 1511 psi,
Air Testing- The minimulll lime duratioll pt:rlllltled ror ,I pre-
- Adequately cure thrust blocks bcrore tcsting. scribed low pre~sl1rc exfiltralioll pressure drop hctwct:/l two consecutive
- Exercise care to clean Ollt gasket groove:. Often rain and dust manholes should not bc le" than that shown in Table 62. Thc prescribed
leave dcposits which must be removed rwm exposed gasket drop should not exceed 0.5 psi (3.4 kPaj rrom 3.5 to 3.1l psi (24.1 to 20.7
grooves. Insure that exposed gasket grooves are properly cleaned kPa) in excess or the grounJ waleI' pressure ahove the tor 01" the sewer.
before inserting gaskets.
- Be sure when inserting pipe into a mechanical joint or gasket joint TABLE 62
that the spigot end is squarely cut and bevelled properly for :'lli'\l.\tUol DURATtON FOll AIR TEST PllESSUtlE DllOI'
that hub. Pipc Sizc Timc
- By testing the line prior to installing services. the integrity of Inche';. 1II1ll, ~Iinutc.,
--~

the main line is insured. 21~

4 100
- When installing service lines and assemblies under pressure, any
6 150 4
cause of leakage becomes immediately apparent.
8 200 5
DisInfection of Potable Water Lines-Before bcing placed in 6I~
10 225
service, all new and exposed ponions of existing systems should be flushed 71,/~
12 305
and disinfected. Flushing should be done at flow rates sufficient to provide
15 380 9',
a velocity in the lines of at least 2'/, feet second (0.8 m/sec). Disinfection
should comply with AWWA Standard C601. Disinfection of Water Mains.
276 277
IlA:-;DBOOK OF 1'\'C PIPE CHAPTER Vi - CO:\STRLJCnON

Infiltration Testing-Infiltration testing is an acceptable method of TABLE 63

leakage test only when the ground water levei is above the top of the pipe BASE INSIDE DIAMETERS FOR
throughout the length being tested. The allowable infiltration for any DEFLECTION MEASUREMENTS OF
portion of sewer system should be measured by a weir or current meter ASTM D 3034 DR35 PVC SEWER PIPE
placed in the appropriate manhole and should not exceed 50 gallons per Avg. 1.06! Avg. Tot. Base
O.D. t or t" I.D. Pkg. I.D.
Size DR
inch of internal pipe diameter per mile per day (4.6 l/mm/km/day).
including manholes. 4" 35 4.215 0.120 0.1300 3.9550 0.0654 3.89
Exfiltration Testing-Exfiltration testing is an acceptable method 6" 35 6.275 0.180 0.1908 5.8934 0.1018 5.79
of test only in dry areas or when the line is sufficiently deep and the 8" 35 8.400 0.240 0.2544 7.8910 0.1272 7.76
10" 35 10.500 0.300 0.3180 9.8640 0.1529 9.71
ground water/level above the pipe is suitably low. The allowable water
12" 35 12.500 0.360 0.3816 11.7 368 0.1786 11.56
ext1ltration for any length of sewer pipe between manholes should not 14.3736 0.2292 14.14
15" 35 15.300 0.437 0.4632
exceed 50 gallons per inch of internal pipe diameter per mile per day.
During cxfillration testing, the maximum internal pipe pressure at the NOTE: Base I.D. is a pipe I.D. derived by subtracling a statistical tolerance
!OWC\l end should not exceed 25 fecl (7.6 m) oj water or jO.X psi (74.5 kPa) p3ckage from the pipe's avera~e 1.D. TIl,"~ tokranL:L' pack~lge is
and the water level inside the manhole should be 2 reet (0.6 m) higher defined as the square root of tilt.: sum of squ~lfI:d standard manu-
than the top or tht: pipe or 2 fet:t (0.6 m) higher than lilt: ground water facturing: tolerances.
Ie\'cl. whichever is greater. Avg lD= AvgOD -2 t'= AvgOD - 2(I.Oil) t
Deflection Tcstillg-~ Maximulll allow~lhlL' pipe dl'!kclion (rnluc-
tion In vertical inside diameter) :-.hould hc 7 1:";. Iklkction lcsting is Tolerance Package = J
A2 + 8 + 8 + C
2 2 2

unnL'ccssary when Llsing proper l'o/lslructilHl practicc'. and inspeclion Where:

dUring pipe installation and when using elllhedmcnt malerial which has
heell properly selectcd. placed and compacted. lIowever. it may he
reqlllred that random dellectioll tests of pipc he perf"rmed hel·ore linal
acceptance at construction !t>catitlIls hetween succes'.in: manholes whcre
thc construction encountered unstable trench walls t1 r bottoms, heavv,
rainfall. rrozen soil. high ground water lewIs. deep lines. or dimeulty in
attaining compaction. Locations with e\cessi\'t~ deflection should be
exca\ated. and repaired by re-bedding or replacement of the pipe.
Optional devices for testing include a dellectometer. calibrated televison
or photography. or a properly sized ··go. no-go·· mandrel or sewer ball.
For the purpose or dellection measurements the base inside pipe diameters
without deflection are provided in Table 63. The maximum allowable
deflection should be applied to these base inside diameters in determining
the minimum permissible diameter. It must be emphasized that to insure
accurate testing. the lines must be thoroughly cleaned.
A = OD Tolerance (ASnl D 3034). in.
8 = Excess Wall Thickness Tolerance = O.Otlt. in.
C = Out-olCRoundncss Tolerance;;; 0.015 (Avg aD). in.
t = Minimum Wall Thickness (AST~I D 3034). in.
t' = Average Wall Thickness: t';:;: 1.06t. in.
In preparation of the recommended base inside diameter values presented
in Table 9. tolerances were established and accommodated in accordance
with accepted practice. The outside diameter tolerance (A) was taken from
Table I in ASTM D 3034. The wall thickness tolerance (8) is the custo-
mary 12% of minimum wall or 0.020 inch, whichever is greater (as done in
other ASTM plastic pipe standards). Current ASTM PVC pipe standards
specify out-of-roundness tolerances which vary from ± 3.7% to ± 0.6% of
the outside diameter. In development of this recommendation, increments
of 0.025 inch which are closest to 1.5% of the outside diameter were used
for the out-of-roundness tolerance. (Refer to ASTM D 2241 and D 1785.)
The base inside diameter was estabhshed by subtracting a statistically de-
rived tolerance package from the PVC sewer pipe's average inside diameter.
The tolerance package was derived by calculating the square root of the
sum of the squared standard manufacturing tolerances.

2;8 279

IlA;-';DBOOK OF PVC PIPE
CHAPTER VI
BIBLIOGRAPHY
!. "AWWA Standard for Disinfectin2 Water Mains. AWWA C60!." American
Water Works Association. Denver. Colorado. (June 1968).
2. Barnard. R.E., "Desion and Deflection Control of Buried Steel Pipe Support-
in!?: Earth and Live loads." American Societv for Testing and !vlaterials,
Proc.57(1957). ,~
3. "Descriptions of Plastic Piping Joints." ppJ Technical Note, ppI-TN 10.
Plastics Pi~e Institute, New York. New York. (March 1975).
4, Design and COnSfrtlCfiOIl of Sonifary and Storm Sell'en. ASCE I\IanuaJ and
Repon on Engineering PractiCt: ;";0. 37 (\\'PCF I\L\ntul of Practict: No.9).
Am~ril'anSociety or Civl! En!.!int:ers and the \\'att:r 1\,llutJon Contrul Feder~
auon, New York~ New York. (1974).
5. Hobbs, Sam I-l. and Lloyd G. ChLrnL. "Air Testing S;IIHt;lry SLWL'rs:' P;lpt:r
prcsL'ntLd at thL 40th Annual Conll'rclH':L' of lilt: \Vat~r I\lllutltlll ("untroJ h:J~
LratltHl, New 'r'orl\., New 'r'urk. (Octllba J9(7).
6. Morrison, Edward B. ·'Nollw!.!raph for tht: tlL'si!!.ll of IhrtL'd bloeb." el\ll
Englnt:t:rillg - ASCI:. (J llllL J 96'J). • 5.5Ih. (2.5 k!!..l Rammer and 12 Ill. (204.~ mm) J) H ip.,\ST:"l J)(Il)X". :\IlH:rit:a~l
7. !l/asfics I'lping ,HaIllUlI. Pbstics Pipt: InstltlltL'. New York, New York. (1976).
8. "I\l]y (Vinvl ChJondL) (PVC) Pla~tic Plpillt- DCSIg.1l alld Inslall,ltion:' PPI
TL(hnical Report PPI~TRI3, PlastiC',> Pip!..' InstitLltL' i\LW 'York, New )'ork.
(Augu't 1973).
9. "P\'(' Pipe TLc!lnoJt)gy Servin!!. the S!..'wcr Industry". Uni~lkll Plastic Pipe
A>;"ciation. Dalla" Te,a,. (1971).
10. "P\,C Pipe Technology S!..'rving the \Vater Industry," Uni-Bcll Plastic Pipe
A5~t)ciati(ln. Dallas, Texas. (1977).
II. Ramseier, Rov E. and George C. Rick, "Experience in Using the Low-Pressure
Air Test ror Sanitarv Sewers," Journal \Vater Pollution Control Federation.
\\·ashingtan. D.C. (October 1966).
12. Ramseier, Rov E. and George C. Rick. "Low Pressure Air Test for Sanitarv
Sewers," Journal of the Sanitary Engineering Division, Proceedings of the
American Society of Civil Engineers. Vol. 90. ;\0. SA 2. (April 1964). ~
13. "Recommended Practice for the Installation of Paly,'inyl Chloride (PVC)
Sewer Pipe. UNI-B-5" Uni-Bell Plastic Pipe Association. Dallas, Texas. (1977).
14. "Recommended Practice for Making Solvent Cemented Joints with Polyvinyl
Chloride Plastic (PVC) Pipe and Fittings. 1'1'1 Teehnical Report, PpI-TR 10."
Plastics Pipe Institute. New '(ork, New York. (February 1969).
280
ClL\PTER \'I - CO:\ST1~CCTtO;';
CHAPTER VI
BIBLIOGRAPHY - ContiIlued
15. "Recommended Standard for the Installation of Polwinvl Chloride (PVC)
Pressure Pipe. UNI-B-3" Uni-Bell Plastic Pipe Asso·ciation. Dallas, Texas.
( 1976).
16. "Recommended Standard Specification for Thermoplastic Pipe Joints, Pres-
sure and Non-pressure Applications. UNI-B-l" Uni-Bell PlastIc Pipe Associa-
tion. Dallas, T e,as. (1977).
17. "Recommendations for StOfa!!C and Handling of polyvinyl Chloride Plastic
(P\'CI Pipe. ppJ Technical Report. PpI-TR2b" PlastiCS Pipe Institute, New
York. New York. (May 1975).
lB. "St~tn~:,t.rJ ~lt:t,!lIJd !\)r CJas~~nc;.ttilln llfSnil~ I'llr Enginecring. Pllrptl:.t:s~ ASTl\1
D24~J. :'\mLrlGII1 Sllcn.:{~ IlJr r~stlrl~ and \L:tenals, PlllLldclplll;l, PL'nnsyl~
V~llll;1. (19(\l)).
19. "SLll1tbrd :'h:thod nc're..,t I'llI' RL'latlvc DL'I1S11\ uf Cuhc;-,llmks:-. Soils. ASTt\1
D2{I~i9." AI1lCfleall Snell·t: hl!' lcstlllg and ;..1;tl.... rlab. PhilaJt:lphla, Pelln... yl~
\';llll;!. (1')(,9).
20. "Standard \!ctllod or 1t.:... t I'll!' \!l)j'"turc~' D,:n\lt\ RcLltlllll'" or Slllb USill~
SlH:lLt .... It)!' '(L ... tlllg ;\111..1 l\Ltlt:rl;d.... Phibddphi,\, PCllnsyh'<Jllia. ( I ()77j.
:"ktlwd ofTl:st ftlr J)Ln ... iIY or Soillli Placl: by tilt: RubhLr~BalhHHl
21. "Standard
:"ktlloJ. t\ST\l D21(17." Amcric,ln Society I'llI' Tt.:"tllH!,·and i\Lit!..'ri;d:-., Pllll<l~
uclphia, PLnnsyl\';lnia. (1977). . ~
"''1 "Standard :"1ethod or Test ror Dcnsitv or Sl,lil in PJa(..'L' by thL S,lnd-Cofle
:.1t.:thod. AST\t 01556," :\mcrkan Societ\' ft1r Testin£. ant.f l\1atcri,d:->, Phil;t-
delphia. Pcnmyl\'ania. (/9771. . '
"Standard Method of Test of Dcn~it\' of Soil and Soil-a~grcgatc in Place by
23.
Nuclear f\1cthods (Shallow Depth).' ASTM 02922:' Arl1L'rlean Society rtir
Testing. and \iaterials, Philadelphia. Pennsylvania, (1976).
24, "Swndard Practice for Description of Soils (Vi~uaIMj\'tanua!) Procedure. ASTM
D248S," American Societv for Testin!!. and :'iaterials. PhiJaJelphia. Pcnn-
syl\·ania. (1975). - '
"Standard Recommended Practice for ivtakin£ SolventMCemcntcd Joints with
25.
Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Pipe and Fittings. ASTM D2855."· American
Society for Testing and Materials. Philadelphia. Pennsyl\'ania. (1973).
26. "Standard Recommended Practice for Under~round Installation of Flexible
Thcr~oplasti~ Sewer .Pipe. ASTM I?232 I." Arnerican Society for Testing and
~lateflals. Phliadelphw. Pennsyl\'ama. ( 1974).
:!81
i1A:"OBOOK OF I've PIPE

CHAPTER \'l
BInLlOGRAPHY - Continued

27. "Standard Recommended Practice for Undcn:.round lnswllation of Thermo-

plastic Pressure Piping, ASTM D2774," American Society for Testing and
Materials. Philadelphia. Pennsylvania. (19721. •
28. "Standard Specification for Bell-End Poly (\'invl Chloride) (PVC) Pipe. ASTM
D2672." American Society for Testing and 'Materials. Philadelphia. Penn-
sylvania. (1976). 0

29. "Standard Specification for Joints for Drain and Sewer Plastic Pipes Using
Flexible EI~stomeric Seals. ASTM D3212." American Society for Testing and
Materials. Philadelphia. Pennsylvania. (1976).
30. "Standard Specifkation for Joint<;, for Plaqli..' Prtssur(," Pires Using Fk\.ihlt:
Eld~tomcric Seals, ASTM 03139:' Amcrlc<'ln S(lcitl\ f,H Testing and :--'Likl"-
iab. Philadelphia, PennsylvanIa. j [9731. . ~

31. S\mons. (jeof!!.e E, "Dt: ... I!!n and St:kL'lll1l1 \;l!\'e .... IhJr<.lnb, and Flltin!! ....
l\1anual of Pr,;ctil:t: Numher Four." \\;lll'r ;lod \\'a\t~" En!!IIlL"t:fll1!!. Dttn.
DOllndley Publishing CorporatIon. ~t:\\ ll'rL ~L'W Yl)rk, (~LIY 1l)6X).~
APPENDICES
32. SYJllon~, (;l:Ofl~e E. "\Va~tt:watt:r S\ . . lt:llh ~ hpt:... and Plfllng. l\1anllal or Prat:-
tlCt: NUlllht:r ·lhrt:t:." \\;I!cr and \\~l ... tt: ... LI1:':lnL'L'flll~. Dun-I>unnelln Puh-
h\hlf1,!; Corporation. Ncw York, 1\"C\\ York- (Scptt:lllht:f [967).

33. Svmons, Gt:Ol'!!t: E. "W;IIL"r Sv.. . tt:m ... Plpt:.. ~lIld P1rin!!, "buual Dr Practicl:
Number "\\'0,''' \Valt:r and \\";IQt: ... Lll~ln::I,:nn!!. DUJl:Dlll1l1t:llry Publisllln~
Corpnralion, NL"w York. New York. (.\ta~\' 1i)"7{l).~ - ~

282 283
HANDBDOK OF PVC PIPE APPENDICES

APPENDIX 2 APPENDIX 3
MAXIMUM USE TEMPERATURE FOR PVC PIPE SUPPORT SPACING FOR SUSPENDED HORIZONTAL PVC PlPE
PVC PIPE
FILLED WITH WATER
MAxn!U~1 TDIPERATURE - CONTINUOUS USE
MATERIAL DESIGNATION PRESSURE PIPE· :\O:\'·PRESSURE PIPE
i\ommal Dimen- Design
Pipe Size Product sion Modulus pvC PIPE SUPPORT SPACING. IT (101
Cell Class 12454 -.lli!L Standard ~ ~ 73.4F (2JC) 100F OSC) !1Q£1'!.\
(e.g., PVC 1120) 100 F (38 C) 150 F (66 C) 7,0 (2.1)
.\ ASDI D 3034 35 400,000 7.6 (2.3) 7.3 (2,2)
6 ASDI D 3034 35 400,000 9,9 (3,0) 9.5 (2.9) 9,1 (2,8)
PVC 2116 or Cell Class 8 ASDI D 3034 35 400,000 12.0 (3.6) 11.5 (3,5) II.l (3.4)
10 ASDI D 3034 35 400,000 14.0 (4,3) 13.4 (4,1) 12,8 (3,9)
14333 (e.g., PVC2116) 73 F (23 C) 130 F (54 C) 15.0 (4.6) 14.4 (4.4)
12 AST!'>1 D 3034 35 400,000 15.7 (4,8)
i 15 AST!'>1 D 3034 35 400,000 18.0 (5,5) 17.2 (5.2) 16,5 (5.0)
Cell Class 12354 and
4 AST!'>! D 3034 35 500,000 8.2 0.5) 7.8 (2.4) 7.5 (2.3)
Cell Class 13364 l50F (66C) 500,000 10.7 13.3) 10.2 (3.1) 9.8 (3,0)
6 ..\ST~1 D 3034 35
S ASnl D 3034 35 500,000 12.9 i3.9) 12.4 (3.8) 11.9 (3.6)
"Snl D 3034 3< 500,000 15.9 (·L61 14.4 (4.4) 13.f~(4.:n
*lli!!ht::r values arc rc<;ollHllclHled for de-rarcJ operatlng pressure::.. 10
12 "SI)I D 3034 35 500,000 16.9 l5.2) 16.2 (4.9) 15.6 (4.7)
15 A5T\1 D 3034 35 SOO,OOO 19.3 15.9) 1~.5 (5.6) 17.8 15.4)
Note I: EJastol11l:rk compounds comlllonly llsed 1'01' joint gaskets arc
4 :\ W\\/\ ('900 14- 400,000 10.6 13,2) 10.1 (3,1) 9.7 (3.0J
generally suitable for liSe in wakr with only ~li~ht fl'duction in 4 :\ W\\:\ ('')OU IS 400,000 9.9 0.0) 9.5 (2.9) 9.1 (2,8)
longwlcfm properties at continuous tl'mper:ltufl..':-' or 120 r~' (..tt) C). 4 A W\\:\ ('900 25 400,000 9.1 (2.o) S.7 (2.6) 8.4 (2.5)
6 AW":\ ('900 14- .HJO.OOO 13.5 I·Ll) 12.9 (3.9) 12.4 (J.B)
Ilowcvcf, the hip.h lcmj1cratun.: propt.'rties or specific ,,:lastolllL'f:' A WWA ('cJOO IX 400.0(JO 12.7 (19) 12.1 (3.7) 11.(1 (3.5)
should be dctl'l"ll1il1cd 1'01' SyStl'lllS opnaling :l! elev:lkd klllj1era· "
(,
o
:\ \\'W:\
r\ WW:\
('9(JO
('900
25
14
-l0(J,000
400,000
11.& (3.5)
16.1 (4.9)
11.1 (3.4)
15,1 1'1.7)
10.7 13.3)
14.H (·1.5)
lu rcs. X AWW:\ ('900 18 400.000 15.2 H.G) 14.5 1-1,4) 13.9 (4.2)
X (\ WWA ('')00 25 400,000 13.9 (·1.2) 13.3 (,1.0) 12.H 0.9)
10 ,\\\WA ('900 14 -lOO,OOO 1l'i.$ (5.6) 17.7 {.'iA) 17.0 (5.2)
Noll' 2: PVC pipl: gCllcrally will perform properly lllltkr stn:ss :lpplicatioll J6.6 (5.0) 16.0 <4.9)
10 AW\VA C900 18 o.lOO,OOO 17.4 15.3)
when shortwtcrm intermittent It:mpcratllfcS L':\L'l,'cd tbe recolll- 10 AWWA (900 25 400,ODD 15.9 14.8) 15.2 (4.6) 14.6 (4.4)
12 (\WWA ('900 J4 400,000 20.7 16.3) 19.8 (6.0) 19,0 (5.8)
mended muximum temperatures for continotls lise; however. 18.7 (5.7) 17,9 (5.4-)
12 r\WWA C900 18 400,000 19.5 (5.9)
proper design evaluation of the anticipated operating temperatures 12 AWWA C900 25 400,000 17.9 (5.4) 17.1 (5.2) 16.4 (5,0)
is advised. 9,1 12,8) 8.7 (2.6) 8.4 (2,5)
4 AST!'>1 0 2241 21 400,000
4 AST~1 D 2241 26 400,000 8.6 (2.6) 8.3 (2,5) 7,9 (2,4)
6 AST~I D 2241 21 400,000 11.8 (3.6) 11.3 (3.4) 10.9 (3.3)
6 AST~1 D 2241 26 400,000 11.2 (3.4) 10,7 (3,3) 10,3 (3.1)
8 ASDI D 2241 21 400,000 14,1 (4.3) 13.5 (4.1) 13.0 (4.0)
8 AST~I D 2241 26 400,000 13.3 (4,0) 12,7 (3,9) 12.2 (3.7)
10 ASDI D 2241 21 400,000 i6,4 (5.0) 15.6 (4.7) 15,0 (4.6)
10 AST~1 D 2241 26 400,000 15.4 (4,7) 14.8 (4,5) 14,2 (4.3)
12 AST\I D 2241 21 400,000 18.3 (5.6) 17.5 (5.3) 16,8 (5,1)
12 AST\I D 2241 26 400,000 17.3 (5.3) 16.5 (5,0) 15.9 (4.8)

* AWW A C900 Pipe - All support spacing for cast iron size
NOTE: Calculations of support spacing intervals are based on
Equation 71 (n span), Pipe vertical displacement (sag)
is limited in calculations to 0,2% of span length, Pipe
bending stress values are limited to values defined in
Table 29.

286 287
 HA:\"DBOOK OF PVC PIPE
APPE0:DIX .j
EFFECTS OF COLD WEATHER 0\ PVC PIPE
This section is a summary of all referen.:~s to low temperature in the
Handbook. It also includes specific information which may not be in the
main body of the Handbook.
GENERAL
~Iost physical characteristics of PVC pipe arc measured at "room
temperature" which is arbitrarily set by ASDI at 73.4F ± 3.6F 123C ± 2C).
There are sever.al characteristics of pipe which jre affected by lowering the
temperature,
• Dimensions
o TL'l1sik Slrl'n~[ 11
• 'r'otlng's \lodulus
IlllP:IC[ Strl'Ilj2[h
1l1~IE"SIONS
Till' col'fllcll'n! of tllL'l"l1l:l1l'\1':1I1'>lllll oj' }l\'( pipl' is 3,{):-, I (r=' Ill/ill/I:
(),·l \ 10"-" llljlll'(). Thi,> L'Il;lr:ll'!l'fbtll' will ,,:;::hl':l ~U rt ((l,! Ill) pIp,' 10
COil {r;It,.'1 0,7 ill ( 1.\ !l1111) \\l1l'n L'O(l!t.-d JrOlll q:" I 1.':; C l [0 -) I' (-2()('),
The ~;lskc[ join! is easily :lhk to ;IL'l'Ollll::odall' tillS if" lllstalkd pro-
perly, 110\\'r..'\'el". till,.' l,.''\;llJlpk doe:-. point ouI tnl' prohk'lJl oj' j1lJsllill)..': tIll'
spip'ot fully into till,.' bl'lI whell jllsI;dlin~ pip~' ;l! \'l'lY low klllj1l,.'I':ltlln.'s,
This practicc n::->ults ill cOllsidcrabk lon~itlldil1.:l ,,:olllprt:ssioll ;Hld swed!;:ill~
of tlil' pipc (l..';.;pansioll of the bl'll and criJJlpin~ ()f the spigot), Fortun:lkly.
this s,:ldolll, if l'\'l"r. rl'slills in a strlJ1.:tural raillli;;-, but may result ill failure
Or:l lllandrL'! test ill a !!ra\'ity sewn linc.
INSTALLATION TIP
During very cold [below -5 F (-20C) J \\t'J.ther r('frain from forcing.
spigot fully inlo bdl. Use the stop mark and back out pi pc if necessary to
insurl' adequate room for expansion,
Tile same coefficient of thermal expansion will cause a bundle of
pipe to shrink by a considerable amount. This mJy in effect loosen bundles
and cause displaced pipe if undue forc('s are aprlkcl. This would not nor-
mall}' cause problems when pipe is shipped from a plant or warehouse
because truck strapping will hold eva)'thing together.' Rehandling of
individual bundles particularly using a sling may cause displaced pipe.
INSTALLAnON TIl'
When handling. individual bundles in cold wt;.'ath~r IlSt' a fork lin, If
~ss
APPENDICES
you must use a sling be careful to keep pipe horizont::l.1.
TENSILE STRENGTH
The tensile strength of PVC pipe increases with lowering of tempera-
ture. In the interest of conservatism, this fact is seldom applied to pipe
design. Cold temperature has a positive effect on the tensile strength of
PVC pipe.
YOU\G's MODULUS
The modulus of tensile elasticity varies inversely with temperature,
Cold weather produces a stiffer PVC pipe. This has two effects On installa-
tion. PVC pipe will be stiffer and therefore, have a higher F/!:'Y in eold
It.:mp,,'i:lture <lnd therefore, tklleet less, PVC pipe will have a grt:atl,.'r sl,.,ction
modulus (:IS a beam) and will bL' mail' dilTicult to !ll'nd in the trcllL'l1,
I.\II'ACT STRENGTH
..-\s is \\'('11 knc)\vn, the impact strength of all thL'f1noplastil's, indeed
III 0:-. t materials, is reduced with lkcreasing lL'mper;lturt.'. Therl' is llO method
lor ,kkrminill!! wllal the il11p:ll'! strl'ngtll 01':1 malL'ri:d will hL' at o Ill' tl'lll-
pn;lltIl'l' ir till' illlpal'l st/'L'ngth at another tl'mpL'r;llllrl' is knowll,
Thl'J'L' an.: ;1 few bL'lll'ralizalions,
(;1) Ili1~h illlpact strl'llbth at low klllperaturl' usually 1llL';lnS good
impact strength at higher temperatures,
(j)) Hi~h impact strength at iJigh telllpcralurl' usually ml'allS gOOlI
impact strength at low temperature,
(e) Very high impact strength orten requirt.'s a sacrifice in other
desirable characteristics, such as a reduction of tcnsik' strength,
lei) Determination of impact strength depends upon size and shape
of test instrument.
PVC pipe is generally better in impact strength at low tel1lperaturL's
[-5 F (-20C) ] than olher commonly used pipes. However, PVC is extreme-
ly easy to handle at eleva led temperatures. This situation results in a sense
of security and poor handling techniques. This often results in catastrophic
fa..ilur~s when these "warm weather" techniques are applied when the tem-
perature is sub-freezing. As an example, a PVC 6 inch DR 35 ASTM D
3034 pipe should easily be able to withstand an impact of 21 0 ft.lb. (284J)
at 73F (23C) (2 inch tup), At OF (-I8C), the same product typically with-
stands 50 fUb. (8J) of impact. The ratios are not consistant from size to
size or class to class or even PVC compound to PVC compound. The above
is intended only' as an example,
289
HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE APPENDICES

INSTALLATION TIP APPENDIX 5

Encourage good handling practice at all temperatures. This will PVC PIPE DIMENSIONS
insure minimum problems at low temperatures. Outside Diameters
i'\ominal Wall Thickness Tolerance
TAPPING Pipe Size ~linimum Tolerance Average 00 A ....erage Out-or-Roundness
Because the pipe has a lower impact at lower temperatures, it is ASDI D 1785, PVC PIPE, SCHEDULE 40
advisable to proceed with tapping with more caution than would be neces- I 0.133 +0.020 1.315 ::0.005 ±0.010
sary at warmer temperatures. 1'4 0.140 +0.020 1.660 =0.005 ±0.012
H-S 0.145 +0.020 1.900 ::0.006 ±0.012
2 0.154 +0.020 2.375 =0.006 ±0.012
2~/2 0.203 +0.024 2.875 ::0.007 ±O.O 15
3 0.216 +0.026 3.500 ::0.008 ±0.OI5
3 J/l 0.226 +0.027 4.000 ::0.008 ±0.050
4 0.237 +0.028 4.500 =0.009 ±0.050
5 0.258 +0.031 5.563 =0.010 ±0.050
6 0.280 +0.034 6.625 =0.011 ±0.050
8 0.322 +0.039 8.625 =0.015 ±0.075
10 0.365 +0.044 10.750 ::0.015 ±0.075
12 0.406 +0.049 12.750 =0.015 ±0.075

ASDI D I n5. PVC PIPE, SCIIEDUU:. 80

I 0.179 +0.021 1.315 ::0.005 ±0.010
-\
1'/, 0.191 +0.023 1.660 ::0.005 ±O.O 12
}\/, 0.200 +0.024 1.900 =0.006 ±O.O 12
-~
0.218 +0.026 :::.375 ::0.006 ±0.012
2~'l 0.276 +0.033 2.875 ::0.007 ±0.OI5
3 0.300 +0.036 3.500 ::0.008 ±O.O 15
3Vz 0.318 +0.038 4.000 ::0.008 ±O.O 15
4 0.337 +0.040 4.500 ::0.009 ±0.015
5 0.375 +0.045 5.563 ::0.010 ±0.030
6 0.432 +0.052 6.625 ::0.011 ±0.035
8 0.500 +0.060 8.625 ::0.015 ±0.075
10 0.593 +0.071 10.750 ::0.Ql5 ±0.075
12 0.687 +0.082 12.750 ::0.Ql5 ±0.075

ASDI D 2241, PVC PIPE (SDR-PR), SDR 21 (200)

1 0.063 +0.020 1.315 ±0.005 ±O.O 15
]14 0.079 +0.020 1.660 ±0.005 ±0.015
1V2 0.090 +0.020 1.900 :':0.006 ±0.030
2 0.113 +0.020 2.375 ±0.006 ±0.030
2V2 0.137 +0.020 2.875 :':0.007 ±0.030
3 0.167 +0.020 3.500 ::0.008 ±0.030
3~11 0.190 +0.023 4.000 :':0.008 :':0.050
4 0.214 +0.026 4.500 =0.009 ±0.050
5 0.265 +0.032 5.563 ::0.010 ±0.050
 HA:"\DDOOK or: PVC PIPE il. .. ··:-Ln V1\..< '..0,,'>

APPENDIX 5 - Continued lPPENDIX 5 - Continued

PVC PIPE DIMEI\SIONS PVC PIPE DIMEI\SIONS
Outside Diameters Outside Diameters
i\ominal Wall Thickness Tolerance :'\ominal Wall Thickness Tolerance
Pipe Size Minimum Tolerance Average 00 Average Out-or-Rollndness Pipe Size ~1inimum Tolerance Average 00 Average Out·of·Roundness

ASDI D 2241. PVC PIPE (SDR-PR). SDR 21 (200) - Continued ASDI D 3034. PVC SEWER PIPE. DR 35
6 0.316 +0.038 6.625 =0.011 ±0.050 4 0.120 a 4.215 ::0.009 a
8 OAI0 +0.049 8.625 =0.015 ±0.075 6 0.180 a 6.275 ::0.011 a
10 0.511 +0.061 10.750 ::0.015 ±0.075 8 0.240 a 8AOO ::0.012 a
12 0.606 +0.073 12.750 ::0.015 ±0.075 10 0.300 a 10.500 ::0.015 a
12 0.360 a 12.500 ::0.018 a
ASDI D 2241. PVC PIPE (SDR-PR). SDR 26 (1(,0) 15 OA37 a 15.300 ±0.023 a
1 0.060 +0.020 L315 =0.005 :to.OJ5 a ;.iotc: ~Iaximum wall thickness tolerance not specified in
0.064 +0.020 1.(,()O :0.005 :to.015 AST~I D 3034. Out-or-roundness tolerance not specified
I' "
,I' , 0.073 +0.020 1.900 :0.00(, :tOJJ30 in .\SHI D 3034.
- OJ)lJ 1 +0.020 2.375 :0.00(, iO.030
~l:: O. I I 0 +0.020 ~.~?5 :0.007 lO.O30 A\\·\\·.-\ Cl)OO. PVC PRESSURE PIPE b , PC 100
, 4 0.192 +0.023 4.800 :0.009 L'
-' O. 13 ') +0.020 3.500 -O.OOS W.030
3 1 ..- O. 154 +0.020 -UJOO ·LJ.OOS HJ.050 () 0.276 +0.033 (,.900 ::0.0 I I L'

-I O. I 73 +0.02 I 4.500 : LJ.OO') HJ. 0 ') 0 8 0.3(,2 +0.043 \i.050 :0.015 L'

5 0.214 +0.027 5.5(d 'LJJJ I0 10 OA44 +0.053 I LJ 00 :0.015 L'

W.O.'O
(, 0.2') ') +0.031 (l.(1.~5 :(LOII HJ.O,)O 12 0.528 +0.0(,3 13.200 ±a.OI5 c
8 0.332 +0.040 ~.(125 :0.015 :'.(J. (J7 5
10 OA13 +0.050 10.750 :(LOI5 ±O.075 ;\\\'\\'A C900, PVC PRESSURE I'II' E I>, PC ISO
12 0.4')0 +0.059 12.750 ::0.0 IS ±a.075 -I 0.267 +0.032 4.800 ::0.009 C
6 0.383 +0.0-16 6.900 ±0.011 L'

ASHI D 2241. PVC 1'11'1'. (SDR-PRI. SDR 32.5 (1251 8 0.503 +0.060 9.050 ±0.015 C

3 0.108 +0.020 3.500 ::0.008 ±0.030 10 0.617 +0.07-1 11.100 ±0.OI5 C

3V, 0.123 +0.020 4.000 ::0.008 ±0.050 12 0.733 +0.088 13.200 ±0.015 C

-I 0.138 +0.020 -1.500 ::0.009 ±0.050

5 0.171 +0.021 5.563 ::0.010 ±a.050 A11'11'A C900, PVC PRESSURE PIPE b , PC 200
6 0.204 +0.02-1 6.625 ::0.011 -I S.71 0.343 +0.041 4.800 ±0.009 c
±0.050
8 0.265 +0.032 8.625 ::0.015 6 /2.) 0.493 +0.059 6.900 ±0.011 c
±0.075
10 0.331 +0.040 10.750 ±0.015 ±0.075 8 15.4 0.646 +0.078 9.050 ±0.015 c
12 0.392 +0.047 12.750 ±O.O 15 10 ,20-1 4 0.793 +0.095 11.100 ±0.015 c
±0.075
12 z.:,.q,O.943 +0.113 13.200 ±0.015 c
ASHl D 2241. PVC PIPE (SDR-PR). SDR -II (l00) b Note: Cast iron (Cl) outside diameters listed only
3Y, 0.098 +0.020 4.000 ±0.008 ±0.050 c Note: Out-of-Roundness tolerance on outside diameter not
4 0.110 +0.020 4.500 ::0.009 ±0.050 specified in AWWA C900
5 0.136 +0.020 5.563 ±O.O 10 ±0.050
6 0.162 +0.020 6.625 ±0.011 ±0.050 SCS 430-DD, PVC 1120 IRRIGATION PIPE. 80 PSI
8 0.210 +0.025 8.625 :to.015 ±0.075 4 0.081 +0.020 4.130 ::0.009 ±0.050
10 0.262 +0.031 10.750 =0.015 ±0.075 6 0.121 +0.020 6.1-10 ::0.011 ±0.050
12 0.311 +0.037 12.750 ±0.015 ±0.075 8 0.160 +0.020 8.160 ±O.O 15 ±0.070
?O? 293
 AFI>t:NUII..-I:~'
HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE

APPENDIX 5 - Continued . ,PPENDIX 5 - ContinueD·

PVC PIPE DIMENSIONS
PVC PIPE DIMENSIONS
Outside Diameters
Outside Diameters Tolerance
Tolerance Nominal Wall Thickness
Nominal Wall Thickness
Pipe Size Mlnlmum Tolerance CA~Y~c~r=.g",e:..::O:::D _A_v_c_r._g_e Ou {-of-Round ness
Pipe Size MinImum lo~ Average OD Average Out-or-Roundness

SCS 430-DD, PVC 1120 IRRIGATION PIPE, 80 PSI- Continued SCS 430-EE, PVC 1120 LOW HEAD IRRIGATION PIPE - Continued
:to.075 14 0.140 +0.020 14.280 ;:0.015 d
10 0.200 +0.024 10.200 :to.015
::0.075 15 0.150 +0.020 15.300 ::0.015 d
12 0.240 +0.029 12.240 :to.015
14 0.280 +0.034 14.280 :to.015 ::0.075 d Note: Out-of-Roundness tolerance not specified in SCS 430-EE
15 0.300 +0.036 15.300 :to.0 15 ::0.075
SCS 430-EE. PVC 112050 PSI PLASTIC IRRIGATION PIPE
4 0.065 +0.020 4. I30 ::0.009 d
SCS 430-DD, PVC 1120 IRRIGATION PIPE. 100 PSI d
=0.050 (, 0.076 +0.020 6.140 ::0.011
.+ 0.101 +0.020 .+.130 ::0.009 cI
::0.050 8 0.101 +0.020 8.160 =0.015
6 0.150 +0.020 6.1'+0 =0.011 d
::0.070 10 0.126 +0.020 10.200 ::0.015
8 0.199 +0.02'+ 8.160 ::0.015 d
12 0.151 +0.020 12.240 =0.015
10 0.249 +0.030 10.200 =0.015 =0.075 d
14 O.17() +0.021 14.280 ::0.015
12 0.299 +0.03() 12.240 ::0.015 ::0.075 d
::0.075 15 0.189 +0.023 15.300 ::0.015
1.+ 0.348 +0.042 14.280 :':0.015
15 0.373 +0.045 15.300 =0.015 :':0.075 e
UNI-I3-7. PVC SEWER PIPE (II) - 27 inch}, ;'1_l
18 0.536 I" 18.700 ±O.021) I"
ses '+30-1)1). I've 1120 IRRIGATION PIPE. 1251'51
2I 0.632 I" 22.047 ±O.033 r
4 0.127 +0.020 4. I30 :'0.009 iO.050 ;:0.037 r
W.050 2.+ 0.71 I I" 24.803
6 0.11)9 +0.023 6.1'+0 :':0.011 ::0.042 r
I) 0.251 +0.031 8.160 ::0.015 ::0.070 27 0.801 f 27.956
10 0.314 +0.038 10.200 =0.015 ::0.075 e
12 0.377 +0.045 12.240 =0.015 ::0.075 UNI-I3-7. PVC SEWER PIPE (18 - 27 inch). ;'1_2
18 0.520 f 18.700 ::0.028 f
1.+ 0.439 +0.053 14.280 =0.015 W.075
21 0.613 I" 22.047 ::0.033 f
15 0.471 +0.057 15.300 ::0.015 ::0.075 r
24 0.689 f 24.803 ::0.037
27 0.777 f 27.956 ::0.042 f
SCS 430-DD, PVC 1120 IRRIGATION PIPE. 160 PSI
4 0.159 +0.020 4.130 ::0.009 ::0.050 e
6 0.236 +0.028 6.140 ::0.0 II ::0.050 UNI-B-7. PVC SEWER PIPE (18 - 27 inch), M-3
]8 0.499 f 18.700 ::0.028 f
8 0.314 +0.038 8.160 ::0.015 ::0.070
21 0.588 f 22.047 ::0.033 f
10 0.392 +0.047 10.200 ::0.015 ::0.075
::0.075 24 0.661 f 24.803 ::0.037 r
12 0.471 +0.056 12.240 ::0.015 f
27 0.745 f 27.956 :to.042
14 0.549 +0.066 14.280 ::0.015 ::0.075
15 0.588 +0.071 15.300 ::0.015 ::0.075 e Note: M-l = 400,000 psi minimum modulus
M-2 = 440,000 psi minimum modulus
SCS 430-EE, PVC 1120 LOW HEAD IRRIGATION PIPE M-3 = 500,000 psi minimum modulus
4 0.065 +0.020 4.130 ::0.009 d f Note: Maximum wall thickness tolerance not specified in
6 0.070 +0.020 6.140 ::0.01 I d UNI-B-7. Out-of-Roundness tolerance not specified
8 0.080 +0.020 8.160 ::0.015 d in UNI-B-7.
10 O. 100 +0.020 10.200 ::0.015 d
12 0.120 +0.020 12.240 ::0.015 d
295
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HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE

Bending,ovalization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. /, .. 178 Deflection, PVC Sewer 158

Bending, strain 177 Deflection, Temperature 10,82
Bending, stress 1- 6 Deflection, Theoretical. 141
Bio-degration 50,51 Department of Agriculture Specifications 71
Biological Attack 50 Department of Army Specifications n
Blending 62 Department of Defense Military Standards 71
Boussinesq Theory .131, 132 Department of Housing & Urban Development (HUD) 72

Buckling 160 Department of Navy Specifications n

Building Officials and Code Administration (BOCA) 75 Department of Transportation (DOT-OPS) Specifiearions 71

Bulk PVC r 61 Design 93

Design Guides 96

C Design Recommendations 96
De\\'~!tcring 240,244
C:"wulan Standards Association (CSA) 76,89
Casings :267 Dimension Ratio 110
Cell Cbss 9,10, II Disinfection 276
Cell Cbssiflcation Testing BO.81 Dynamic Loadings 99
Certification _ btl
CIIL'lJlk~11 Rcsist:lIIce. PVC 22,43 E
ChClllil,;al Resistance Suffix, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 11,02 E' ~Iuuulus _ , 141
Cleaning ,, , 53 !:arlit Loaus .1 19, 126
Coefficient of Thcrrnal Expansion .. , 49, 1t:5 Elastic Wave Theory 131
Commercial Standards (U. S. Dept. o( Standards) .4 Elastomcr, Comprcssion Sct 15
Compaction i\lcthods 249,25::) Elastomer, Elongation 15
Compliancc Statcmcnt , 89 Elastomeric Seals 15
Compounding 60,62 Elastomerie Seal Compounds 15,284
Compounds 60 Electrolysis 19
Consensus Standards 3 Embankment Load 123
Construction 232 Embedment 239
Control Valves 255 EncasCIllcnt , 267
Cooper E-80 Live Loauing 135 Equilibrium Deflection 149
Corrosion Resistance 18 Exfiltration Testing 278
Creep 101,102,146,147 Extrusion 64
Extrusion Quality Test 87
D
Darcy-Weisback 191 F
Deflection, AWWA C-900 145 Factory Mutual (FM) 89
Deflection, Joint. 166 Fatigue ' 159
Deflecrion, Maximum , _ .158,159 Federal Housing Administration 72
Deflection, Lag Factor 143,146 Federal Specifications 71

?QR 299
Final Backfill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .239 Initi"i Backl111. . . . . . . 239
Fire Hydrants 255 Installation 239
Fitting Specifications 68 InSlitute for Hydromechanic and Hydraulic Structures
Flattening Test 87 of the Technical University of Darmstadt 53
Flexible Pipe Theories 136 Insurance Services Office (ISO) 255
Flow, Pressure Pipe 188 Integral Bell Gasketed Joint. 66,236
Flow, Sewer Pipe 204,211 Internal Hydrostatic Pressure 99
Flow Velocities, Maximum 116, 117,142 International Association of Plumbing and
Foundation 239 !>lechanical Officials (lAPMO) 74
Friction Loss 192,193,196 International Conference of Building Ofllcials (ICBO) 74
International Standards Organization (ISO) .4,77,105
G Iowa Formula 139
Galvanic Corrosion , 19 lrrig:.1tiun Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Great L:Jkcs.Upper !IIississippi River Board of ISO Equotiun- R16I·1960 . 105
State Sanitary Engineers (G LU~I). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (J7
J
H JOlllll1~ System Performance Testing tn, 85
11-20 lilghway Loading , 134 JOIlH :\ssembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 236
I bll Integratioll 133 JOllli Spedlkatiolls 69,78
II;lllgcTS IX1
Iiaullching 239 K
Ilazcn·Williams Formula 188 !\.utter·s Formula 204
Iloop Stress 04, 102
lIydraulics 188 L
Hydraulic Transients ' 112 L:mgelicr Index 20
lIydrogen SulrIdc Cycle 21 Lcabgc Testing 275
Hydrohammcr 251 Liners 21
lIydrostatic Designllasis 84, 102.103, 104 Listing 89
Hydrostatic Dcsign Stress Committee (PPI) 4,12 Live Loads 119,131,135
Hydros,"tic Design Stress, Ratings 9,12.84, 104 Long Tcrm Hydrostatic Design Stress Testing 8I l 83
Hydrostatic Design Slress Testing, Long Term 9,83 Longitudinaillending 163,165, 170
Hydrostatic Pressure 99 Los Angeles Green llook 96
Hydrostatic Proof Test 88 Los Angeles Rubber Group, Inc 22,23
Lubricant, Gasket 51
I Lubricant. PVC 62
Impact Factor. 133
Impact Strength (Izod) 10,82 M
Impact Test 87 !>Ianhales 246,261
lnnltwtion Testing 278 Manning Equation 205

300 301
 INDEX
HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE

Manufacturing, Joint 66,67 Poisson's Ratio 161

Manufacturing, Processes 60 Polyene 52
Manufacturer's Compliance Statement. 89 Polymer. 2,61
Manufacturer's Warranty 89 Polymerization 2,61
Marketing 86 Polyphosphates 20
Marston Theory 119 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) 2
Mass PVC Resin 61 Potable Water Pipe 4,9
Material Code 12 Pressure Capacity vs. Temperature .107,108
Modified Iowa Formula 141 Pressure Class 109,110, III
Modulus of Elas/icity 10,82, lIS Pressure Rating 105,106, III
Modulus of Soil Reaction, E' 141 Pressure Surges 101,114,116
1\·!onOlller , ., 61 Pressure Testing 274
i\-Ioudy Diagr:llll ,', 194,195 Prism LO;Jd .123.131
Municipal Water lllains 116 Procwr Density J 43

Product t\bking 86
N Public Standards (U. S. Dept. of Commerce) _ .4
National Association of Corrosion Enginccrs. . 113 PVC ,llaterial Specifications 70
National Association or Plumbing, Ilcating. PVC Pipe, Compounds _ 13,14.60
Cooling COli tractors (NAPIICC) _. _ _ 75 PVC Pipe, Extrusion Compounds 8
Nation~d Elcctrk~ll ~lanllfacturcrs Assn. PVC Pipe, ~'lanufacturillg 60
(NEil-tA) Standards 73 PVC Pipe, Material Code 12
National Fire Protection Assn. (NFPA) 79 PVC Pipe, Origin 2
National Sanitation Foundation (NSr) 4,9,73, B2, B3 PVC Pipe, Testing 60,79
Newmark Integration : 133 PVC Resiliency 53

Q
a
Organoleptic Testmg 9,81,83 Qualification Testing 79,80
Ovali"tion 178 Quali ty Assurance Testing " 88
Ozone Resistance 15 Quality Control Inspection 86
Quality Control Testing 80,85,87
p Quick Burst Test 87,100,101
Packaging 87,90
Performance Limits 159 R
Pipe Stiffness 136,137,138 Rankine's Ratio 121
Pipe Stiffness Test 88 Recommended Practices 70,76,78,79
Plastic Flow 101,102 Reissner Theory ' 166
Pl~ticating 64 Renord Series III
Plasticizers 9 Rigid PVC Compounds 9
Plastics Pipe Institute (I'l'l) .4 Rigid PVC Compounds, Additives 9
 HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE lj'llJl~."-

Rigid PVC Pipe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3,9 Sulfuric Acid . . . . . . .. . 11,21

Ring Compression Theory 162 Superimposed Loads 119
~sers 263 Supporr Spacing 181,287
Ryznar Index '.' 20 Surge Allowance .109,110
Surge Control 118
S Surge Pressures 112,114,116
Saddles 271 Surge Resistance 118
Safety Factor 84,104,109,110 Suspension PVC 61
Safety Valves 255 Sustained Pressure Test. 88,100
Sanitary Sewagcif' 21 System Standards 68
Sanitary Sewage, resistance 21
Service Clamps 269 T
ServiL:c Conncl.:{iuns 26() Tappm::: Sleeves , 27D
Sewage Force Maills. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 117 T a~tt: __\. Odor Testing 9.83
Sheeting , ,, ,, , .243 Tcchru..:;.d University of Darmstadt 5.3
Shipping , , .. 90 "Tell SC.ltcs" Standards , , .97
Soil, Aggrcss.ivl: . . , 21 TCll:ilk Strcngth. Elastolller .. , , . , , 15
Soil, Alk:dilH: . . . .. . .. .. . . . . ... .. . .. . . .. . . . .. . 20 Tens.ile Strellgt!l. PVC , 10,82
Soil Cell. 151 TCfllllllulogy , , , ., , , , , 70
Soil ClaSs. 247,252 Tesl C~:rlifjcatioll , , , , , , . , , , .. OS
Soil ('oll5crvatioll Service Specillcatiom (SCS) ,71 Tc::;t ~kthods ,, , ,,, , , . , . , .. 69,79
Soil Tcs.t l·,v~l1uation , .20 Then,,"l Erfects 49. 107, 108, 148,206,280
Solvent Ccmcnt Joints. , ,., 238 Thermal Expansion, Coefficient or , , 49, ISS
Solvent Cement SpcdHcations ~ , 69 Thermoplastic , . , .. , ,, , , , , 2,61
Southern Building Code Congress (SBCC) 74 Thrust llIock 24 1,256
Spangler Theory 139 Timoshenko Theory 166,168
Sprillgline , , 239 Toxicological Testing, , , , 9,81,82
Standard Dimension Ralio , , 110 Transition Width , , , 122
Standard Specifications 67, 291 Trench Box 244
Static LO;.Jdings , ,99 Tuberculation 54
Stiffness Test 88
Storage ,, , . 234 U
Strain Limit 163 Ultraviolet (UV) Degradation 51
Stress .104,159 Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation .51
Stress, Bending 166 Ultraviolet (UV) Shielding 52
Stress, Regression 84,102,103 Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. (UL) 75, $9
Stress. Relaxation 147 Uni·Bell Joint : 66
Sub ditch 243 Uni·Bell Plastic Pipe Association 5,78
Sulfide Generation 21 Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) 247
-:tot!.
305
U. S. Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) 143
U. S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards 82

V
Vinyl Chloride . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,61
Vinyl Chloride Monomer 61, 83

W
Warranty 89
Water Hammer 112
Water Pollution Control Federation (WPCF) 83
Water Service Lines 117
Waterswp 263
Watkms Suil Strain Theory 151
Wave Velocity , 113
Weathering Resistance 51
Workm:ll1ship , 86

x,v,z

306 307