1004 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

9. A pull of 75 kN is applied at the ends of a simple link which consists of semi circular ends of -
mean radius of curvature 60 mm and middle straight portion of length 60 mm. The link is circular
in cross-section with radius ~ 30 mm. Determine the stresses in the link .
[Ans . (i ) At 0 = 0, 93.65 N/mm 2 (comp ) and 40.75 N/mm 2 ( tensile )
24
(it ) At 0 90°, 45.56 N/mm 2 ( tensile ) and 5.6 N/mm 2 (compressive)
V....

/ • *
=
( ill ) Straight portion , 31.95 N/mm 2 ( tensile ) and 12 N/mm 2 ( compressive )] Theories of Failure
10. Find : i the
( ) position of neutral axis and (it ) greatest bending stresses, when a curved bar of
rectangular section 30 mm wide by 37.5 mm deep initially unstressed is subjected to bending
moment of 281.25 Nm which tends to straighten the bar. The mean radius of curvature is 24.1. INTRODUCTION
75 mm.
-
[Hint , b = 30 mm ; d 37.5 mm ; M = 281.25 Nm = - 281.25 x 103 Nmm ( the bending moment
= When some external load* is applied on a body, the stresses and strains are produced in
M is - ve as it decreases the curvature of the bar or tends to straighten the bar ) ; R = 75 mm the body. The stresses are directly proportional to the strains within the elastic limit. This
A = 6 xd = 30 x 37.5 = 1125 mm2 means when the load is removed , the body will return to its original shape. There is no
permanent deformation in the body.
2R +
a
loge
, 2R - d j -R 2
However, if the stress produced in the body due to the application of the load , is beyond
the elastic limit , the permanent deformations occur in the body. This means if the load is
753
’

( 2 x 7 5 + 37.5 removed , the body will not retain its original shape. There are some permanent deformations
- 752
/ -
'•
37.5 loH^ 75 - 37.5 in the body. Whenever permanent deformations occur in the body, the body is said to have
“ failed” . This should be clear that failure does not mean rupture of the body.
= 11250[0.5108] - 5625 Let us consider the failure (or permanent deformation ) of a bar in a simple tensile test.
= 5746.78 - 5625 = 121.8 mm 2 The tensile stress is directly proportional to the tensile strain upto elastic limit. This means
75 x 1218 - 75 x 1218 that there is a definite value of tensile stress upto elastic limit. Beyond the elastic limit if the
<*> - ( R-2 R+hh2 ) (-752 + 121.8) 5625
2
- 1.59 mm
. + 1218 tensile stress increases, the failure of the bar will take place. At this stage , why the failure
takes place ? It may be due to the increase of tensile stress or due to other quantities such as
.( u...
) = ATR
M 1
1+ o
2
'
/
y shear stress and strain energy also attain definite values, and anyone of these may be deciding
•
h [ R+ y factor of the failure of the bar. Certain theories have advanced to explain the cause of failure.
According to the important theories , the failure takes place when a certain limiting value is
- 281.25 x 103 1+
752 y reached by one of following :
1125 x 75
/
y
^
121.8 75 + y )
1. The maximum principal stress,
2. The maximum principal strain,
= - 3.33 1 + 46.182
3. The maximum shear stress,
175 + y
4. The maximum strain energy,
d 37.5
At y
2 2
~ " mm , we get 5. The maximum shear strain energy.
In all the above cases,
18.75
(o6 )0 = - 3.33 1 + 46.182 x
(75 + 18.75) = - 34.03 N/mm2 [compressive ] cq , a2, o3 = principal stresses in any complex system
a* = tensile or compressive stress at the elastic limit.
d
At y = - ~Z = - 18.75 mm, 24.2. MAXIMUM PRINCIPAL STRESS THEORY
-
— — 3.33 1 + 46.182 x
( 18.75)
75 - 18.75 = + 47.93 N/mm2 ( tensile)] According to this theory, the failure of a material will occur when the maximum principal
tensile stress (c1) in the complex system reaches the value of the maximum stress at the
elastic limit in simple tension or the minimum principal stress ( Le., the maximum principal

*The loading on the body is assumed gradual or static.

1005

I
 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS THEORIES OF FAILURE 1007
1006

compressive stress) reaches the value of the maximum

stress at the elastic limit in simple
V
Substituting the values of ex and e3, we get the conditions of failure as :
compression.
Let in a complex three dimensional stress system
o o and a3 =
principal stresses at a point
tensile
in
and
,
three perpendicular directions. The
a3 is compressive. Also aL is more
or
(i )
E ol ' 2 ’ 3—
[ - p(a + a )]
E
ol - p(o2 +. a3) a *
" a*
...(24.2)
stresses ox
and a are 2 ( ii ) ~ { o3 - n( ol + a2 )] *
than o2.
—
a* tensile stress at elastic limit in simple tension.
* - compressive stress at elastic limit in simple compression
ac take place if
.
or ,
| [a3 - (i(o + a2)] | * oc ...[24.2(A )]
For actual design ( Lewhere some quantity is to be calculated ), instead of a * or a *, the,
Then according to this theory , the failure will permissible stress (a, or ) in simple tension or compression should be used where
ac
...(24.1)
ol a * in simple tension ...[24.1(A )] a, * ...[24.2(B )]
or | a3 | a , in
*'
simple compression o1, =
Safety factor
where | a3 j represents the absolute value of o3.
This is the simplest and oldest theory of failure and is known as
Rankine’ s theory . If the ac *
...[24.2(C)]
design criterion , then maximum principal stress must
and a.c = Safety factor
maximum principal stress (Oj is the
)
not exceed the permissible stress ( ot ) for the given material . Hence for design purpose, the equations ( 24.2) and [ 24.2(A )] becomes as
Hence ol = ot
...[24.1(B)] ax - |x(a2 + a3) = ot »
:..[24.2(Z 3
and | [a3 - n( aL + a2)J j = oc ...[24.2®].
where ot = permissible stress and is given by
...[24.1( C)] The equations [24.2(D)] and [24.2(B)] should be used for design purposes ( where some
ot = o£*/safety factor calculations are done) only. They should not be used for determining the failure of the material.
Problem 24,1. The principal stresses at a point in an elastic material are 100 Nf mm
2
24.3. MAXIMUM PRINCIPAL STRAIN THEORY
will occur in a ( tensile ), 80 N / mm ( tensile and 50 N / mm
2 ) 2 ( compressive ). If the stress at the elastic limit in
This theory is due to Saint Venant. According to this theory, the failure in simple simple tension is 200 N / mm2, determine whether the failure of material will occur according to
maximum principal strain reaches the strain due to yield stress
material when the maximum principal stress theory . If not, then determine the factor of safety.
tension or when the minimum principal strain ( i e ., maximum. compressive strain ) reaches the
to yield stress in simple compression . Yield stress is the maximum stress at elastic Sol. Given :
strain due
limit. Consider a three dimensional stress system. The three principal stresses are :
Principal strain in the direction of principal stress is, = 100 N/mm2 (tensile)
2
ai -
M a2 l1
°3 02 = 80 N/mm ( tensile )
Bl ~ E E E 03 = 50 N/mm (compressive ) = 50 N/ mm
2
- 2

Stress at elastic limit in simple tension ,

jjj [< ^<* + M
- ?! " 2 o * - 200 N/mm 2.
Principal strain in the direction of principal stress o is 3 ( t ) To determine whether failure of material will occur or not
From the three given stresses, the maximum principal tensile stress is ol = 100 N/mm .
2

es = E [o Mfoi + o2 )1
3“ And the stress at elastic limit in simple tension o =
is * 200 N /mm 2.
As oL is less than a,*, the
failure will not occur according to maximum principal stress theory. Ans.
Strain due to yield stress in simple tension =— x yield stress in tension
( ii ) Factor of safety
1 & Using equation [ 24.1(B )], we get
E XOt 2
°i = °t • °t = N/mm
*
*

From equation [24.1( C )],

and strain due to yield stress in simple compression ~ x o * =
.* ot *
Factor—of safety
o
where yield stress is the maximum stress at elastic limit. o1, = Factor of safety = a
t
According to this theory, the failure of the material will take place when
200
ot * 2.0. Ans. -
100 2
E Problem 24.2. The principal stresses at a point in an elastic material are 200 N / mm
ac * ( tensile), 100 N f mm ( tensile) and 50 N / mm (compressive ). If the stress at the elastic limit
2 2 in
or e3
E
f
 1009
-
, < 008 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS THEORIES OF FAILURE

simple tension is 200 NI mm , determine whether the failure of the material will
2 occur aecord - Let d= diameter of bolt in mm.
i tg to maximum principal strain theoiy . Take Poissons ratio = 0.3. P P 4P
Now tensile stress, G =
Sol. Given : Area of cross - section 2 nd 2
( The principal stresses are :
4 ^
4 x 9000 11459
Gj = 200 N/mm 2 ( tensile ) N/mm 2
nd 2 d2
a2 = 100 N/mm2 (tensile ) F 4 F 4 x 4500 5729.5
o3 = 50 N/mm2 (compressive) - - 50 N/ mm N/mm 2
2 and shear stress, x
* d 2 xd
2
KD 2 d2
Stress at elastic limit in simple tension , 4
a,* = 200 N/mm 2 Now let us calculate the maximum and minimum principal stresses GX and o9.
Poisson’s ratio, p = 0.3 The principal stresses ( maximum and minimum ) in the bolt are given by
To determine whether failure of material will occur or not according to maximum prin- 2
. .ipal strain theory.
n

Out of three principal stresses, the maximum principal tensile stress is ov Hence the
°! and a2 = f iff I2
± +x
2 [ Refer to equation (3.16 ). Here ax = 0, 0y = 0]
, maximum principal strain will be in the direction of ov Let this strain is ev Hence maximum r 11459 V + ( 5729.5 ~)2
’

— principal strain in the direction of

el =
will be,

[GX - p(o2 + o3 )]
11459
2 x d2
±
VUxrf 2 j l d2

If 5729.5 V + ( 5729.5 V
J
5729.5
= hj [200 - -
0.3(100 + ( 50 )}] [v O3 = - 50] — d2
31
Vl d2 ) [ d2
5729.5 5729.5
T [200 - 30 + 15] 185 Va + i)
E — ...(0 d2 d2
5729.5 8103
±

Strain due to stress at elastic limit in simple tension, ±

d2 d2
Gl * 200
e,* =
E E
According to maximum principal strain theory, the failure of a material occurs if the
Oj -
d 2^
+
d2 — —
5729.5 8103 13832.5 ,NT// mm'25
— ^
d2
—
maximum principal strain (Cj) reaches the strain due to stress at elastic limit in simple tension. 5729.5 8103 - 2373.5 N/mm 2
- Here eY < e * , hence failure will not occur. AJIS.
and o2 ,

d2 d2 d2
Problem 24.3. Determine the diameter of a bolt which is subjected to an axial pull of Hence the principal stresses in the bolt are :
9 kN together with a transverse shear force of 4.5 kN using : ( i ) Maximum principal stress 13832.5 - 2373.5 and 0.
theory, and (ii ) Maximum principal strain theory.
op a2 and 0 or
d2 di 2
Given the elastic limit in tension = 225 N / mm2 , factor of safety - 3 and Poissons ratio ( i Diameter of bolt
) according to maximum principal stress theory
r - 0.3. Here diameter of the bolt is to calculated
be . This becomes the case of design. For the
Sol. Given : purpose of design, according to maximum principal stress theory, the maximum principal stress
Axial pull, P = 9 kN = 9 x 1000 N = 9000 N should not exceed the permissible stress (of ) in tension . Here the maximum principal stress is
Transverse shear force, F = 4.5 kN = 4500 N Gi -Hence using equation [24.1(B )], we get
Elastic limit in tension, o * = 225 N/mm 2
Factor of safety = 3, Poisson’s ratio, ,u = 0.3 ai = a<
ai
The permissible stress in tension is given by equation [24.2(B )! as 13832.5 2)
{ or = 75 (v ot = 75 N/mm
d2
o,t = —
Safety factor 3 = 75 N/mm2
The axial pull will produce tensile stress whereas transverse shear force will produce
or d2 =
13832.5
75
shear stress in the bolt. Let us calculate these stresses.
d = I1--832
75
- = 13.58 ~ 13.6 mm.
' Ans.

\ •
1010 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS THEORIES OF FAILURE 1011

bolt according to maximum principal strain theory

( ii ) Diameter of Max. shear stress in simple tension at elastic limit
The three principal stresses are : = Half of difference of maximum and minimum principal stresses
13832.5
ai = d 2 N/mm
2
2 *
1
~ [o, - 0] =|a*
- 2373.5 For the failure of material ,
o2 = N/mm2 " and
11U o* = 0
d2
Here maximum principal stress is ar
Hence maximum strain will be in the direction of hcl
ojlfeio *
2 ~^ - ' 2
1 ” 3 ”
o r ( o1 - o3 ) o* .. .(24.3 )

°v For actual design ( i .e ., when some quantity is to be calculated) instead of a * , the allowable
p. stress (ot ) in simple tension should be considered
= —E
ol - ~ (a2 + a3 )
.\ Maximum strain rr t. *
1 where o1, -
Safety factor
= - p( a2 + a3)]
E Hence for design, the following equation should be used
_ (Oi - a a, . . .[24.3(A )]
1 13832.5
E d2
- 0.3
- 2373.5

^ 2
+0
^
The equation [24.3(A )] is to be used for design purpose only ( i .e ., when some quantity is
to be calculated). It should not be used for determining the failure of the material due to
l _ 13832.5 712.05
+' maximum shear stress theory .
E d2 rf 2 Problem 24.4. For the data given in Problem 24.2, determine whether failure of material
=£ — 1
X
14544.55
of 2
...(0 will occur or not according to maximum shear stress theory .
Sol. Given : Data from Problem 24.2 :
Maximum strain due to permissible stress in tension = -= x ot
H/ = ox = 200 N/mm22 (tensile)
o9 = 100 N/mm (tensile )
1
= - x 75 (v a, = 75 ) . Mi ) o3 = 50 N/mm2 ( compressive ) = - 50 N/mm 2
For design purpose , ( as here diameter is to be calculated), the maximum strain should a,* = 200 N/mm2.
be equal to the strain due to permissible stress in tension. Now max . shear stress developed in the material
Hence equating the two values given by equations ( i ) and (ii ), we get = Half of difference of maximum and minimum principal stresses
1 14544.55 1 1 1
E
X
d2 E *
75 2
[ ax - a ] = - [200 - (- 50 )]
3

250
14544.55 - 125 N/mm2 [Here al is maximum and 03 is minimum]
or d= 13.92 mm. Ans. 2
V 75
Max . shear stress at elastic limit in simple tension
24.4. MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS THEORY 1
= - X 0,*
This theory is due to Guest and Tresca and therefore known as Guest’s theory. Accord-
ing to this theory , the failure of a material will occur when the maximum shear stress in a = ~2 x 200 = 100 N/mm2.
material reaches the value of maximum shear stress in simple tension at the elastic limit. The
maximum shear stress in the material is equal to half the difference between maximum and As maximum shear stress developed in the material is 125 N/mm 2 whereas maximum
minimum principal stress. shear stress at the elastic limit in simple tension is 100 N/mm2, hence failure will occur . Ans.
If ov
a2 and o3 are principal stresses at a point in a material for which o * is the princi- Problem 24.5. At a section of a mild steel shaft, the maximum torque is 8437.5 \Nm and
pal stress in simple tension at elastic limit, then maximum bending moment is 5062.5 Nm . The diameter of shaft is 90 mm and the stress at the
Max . shear stress in the material = Half of difference of maximum and minimum prin - elastic limit in simple tension for the material of the shaft is 220 Nf mm2 . Determine whether
cipal stresses the failure of the material will occur or not according to maximum shear stress theory . If not ,
then find the factor of safety .
= 2 [ai “ a3 ] Sol. Given :
In case of simple tension , at the elastic limit the principal stresses are a * , P , 0 Maximum torque , T - 8437.5 Nm
[ In simple tension, the stress is existing in one direction only] Maximum bending moment, M = 5062.5 Nm

i
 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS THEORIES OF FAILURE 1013
1012
Maximum shear stress in simple tension
Stress at elastic limit in simple tension ,
-
a' t* 220 N/mm2 = 220 x 106 N/m2 = 220 MN/m
Dia. of shaft , d = 90 mm = 0.09 m.
2 1
^
2
to * - ] = O f*
° T
At any section, the torque will produce shear stress whereas the bending moment will 220
110 MN/m 2
produce bending stress. These stresses will be maximum on the surface of the shaft. Let us 2
find these stresses first. As the maximum shear stress due to principal stresses is less than the maximum shear
stress in simple tension at the elastic limit, the failure of the material will not occur.
We know that T = —
H

16
x d3 XT
Factor of Safety
x =
16 x T16 x 8437.5
V N/m2 = 58.946 x 106 N/m2 Let = Allowable tensile stress in simple tension. Then principal stresses in simple
xd3 JT x (0.09 ) tension will be ot , 0, 0.
= 58.946 MN/m2 And the maximum allowable shear stress in simple tension will be
._ , .
Also we know that —M = — OL
Mi)

or a6 =
Mxy
I
where on the surface y = —d . i
Equating the two equations ( / ) and (ii ), we get
a t,
Mxd Mxd 68.75 =
2
{ 1x2 or = 68.75 x 2 = 137.5 MN/m2
ae
32 M 32 x 5062.5
l£dr 2 Factory of safety
ot * 220
= 1.6. Ans.
o,
/

137.5
nd 3 n x ( 0.09) 3
Problem 24.6. According to the theory of maximum shear stress, determine the diameter
= 70.735 x 106 N/m2 70.735 MN/m 2 = 2
of a bolt which is subjected to an axial pull of 9 kN together with a transverse shear force of
On the surface of the shaft , at any point the shear stress is 58.946 MN/m and bending 4.5 kN. Elastic limit in tension is 225 N / mm2, factor of safety = 3 and Poisson's ratio = 0.3.
stress is 70.735 MN/m . The
2 principal stresses at this point is given by ,
Sol . Given :
\2
=
Axial pull, P 9 kN = 9000 N
J( i r j
^
2
I aianda2 = ± + T
Shear force , F = 4.5 kN = 4.5 x 1000 = 4500 N
[See equation ( 3.16 ). Here ox - o b and oy = 0] Elastic limit in tension, e * = 225 N/mm 2
70.735 If 70.735 f Factor of safety = 3
/ ‘ 2
±
2
+ (58.946 )
VI
2
J Permissible simple stress in tension, o( = —
ot * 225 75 N/mm 2
—
= 35.365 ± 68.75 2 o o

= 104.115 MN/m and - 33.385 MN/m 2 Poisson’s ratio, p = 0.3

-- •

/. = 104.115 MN/m and a2 = 33.385 MN/m

2
- 2
2
The axial pull will produce tensile stress whereas the transverse shear force will produce
Hence the principal stresses at a point on the surface of the shaft are : 104.115 MN/m , shear stress in the bolt.
2
- 33.385 MN/m and 0 . Let d = diameter of the bolt in mm .
Now apply the maximum shear stress theory. Tensile stress due to axial pull,
Maximum shear stress due to principal stresses P
o
= Half of difference between maximum and minimum principal stresses Area of cross - section
= 1[104.115 - (- 33.385)] P 9000 x 4 N/ mm 2
2
-
y * d2 nd
= z [104.115 + 33.385]
~ 4
'* = 68.75 MN/m 2. .M ) 11459 N/mm 2
In simple tension the stress system ts uniaxial hence the principal stresses are o * , 0, 0 d2
1014 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS THEORIES OF FAILURE 1015

Shear stress due to transverse shear force, U - Strain energy

^
572 5 t

= i2 x P x &L
F
- 4500 2 4 = d‘ N/mm2
x '
x-
-

* d2 nd
4 P
The maximum and minimum principal stresses in the bolt are given by = \x (0 x A ) x (e ) x L v
° = ~AP **’ p=a
*v A

°i anda2|
= xo± |fj +x
2

[Refer to equation (3,16). Here 0.. = 0, 0y = 0]

,
and e =
—
bL
L/
6L = ex L

^ = ~ xoxexAxL

or
2 VV 2
Hence the principal stresses in the bolt are :

a 2 _ r—a I 2
2 =

-
^
Strain energy per unit volume
1
”
x stress x strain x volume

x stress x strain
(v A x L = volume )

V —2
0
—2 + , + T
.2
>
£ +1
2
and 0 &
2 2 V V
\
Now apply the theory of maximum shear stress.
1
= —z
1
X 0X c ..-( 24.4 )
Maximum shear stress due to principal stresses For a three dimensional stress system, the principal stresses acting at a point are o2 ov
1
/ \ and a3. The corresponding strains are ev
e2 and e3, where = principal strain in the directionex
2 ! l!
\
+ 1 +x
2

V
f -jif 1
"
2

y
of oL
Now, e2
_ a2 + \

2 2
“
E ft ' °3'
1
2
2 x J| —I
0
+T
2
= 'n 2 ' + "
CT 2
Similarly, e2 = ° 2
Y
~
E
I1 ( /

°3 l
\
)

— 03 U . ,

1
fl 11459 Y* * / 5729.5 /* 63 = ~E
and ~

LV -7-“
+ 2
f 11459 . 5729.5
572
“
E
0l
°
1 J 0 dT ~2
Total strain energy per unit volume in three dimensional system,
8103 1 1 1
2 ...(0 f / = - X dj X e + - x 2 3,
X e + - a X e
3 az
Max. shear stress in simple tension
= 2°
1
‘
X
E E —
-O^rl - P (0 2 + <*' 3 )
, V

|
+ 02 x
= = = 37.5 N/ mm2 ...(« )
Equating the two maximum shear stresses given by equations ( i ) and ( ii ), we get + —12 a o3 x
__ _
or d = J/
8103 , 8103 ‘ . ..
= 37.5 Ans. 1
„

2 = 14.70 mm. [ 2 + 2 + 2 - 2p( aL02 + 02o3 + 03 )]

022 032 ...( 24.5) ax
d V 37.5 2 E aj
24.5. MAXIMUM STRAIN ENERGY THEORY The strain energy per unit volume corresponding to stress at elastic limit in simple
tension
This theory is due to Haigh and is known as Haigh’s Theory. According to this theory,
the failure of a material occurs when the total strain energy per unit volume in the material
reaches the strain energy per unit volume of the material at the elastic limit in simple tension.
|
= ot* X X e* [where e* = strain due to o *
*
In chapter 4, we have stated that the strain energy in a body is equal to work done by 1 * X
0t *
~
2* P E
the load (P) in straining the material and it is equal to
(v ^£
x P x 6L
Load is gradually increased from 0 to P ) =
^ X ( *
°, >
2 ...( 24.6)
 /•
'

1016 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS THEORIES OF FAILURE 1017

For the failure of the material If we compare equations (t ) and (u ), we find the total strain energy per unit volume in
the material is more than the strain energy per unit volume at elastic limit in simple tension.

or

°
[ax2 + a + a - 2p(o1a2 + a2a3 + QgO ]

\ + °2
22 32
~ 2 R( CF1O2 ) ( o * )2
,,
lo? + o22 + cr32 - 2 n(ata2 + c2a3 + 0 0 )] 7
,
^ ^ 7

(o *)2
For a two-dimensional stress system, a3 = 0. Hence above equation becomes as
x ( a *)2
...(24.7 )

...( 24.8)
Hence failure will occur. Ans .
Problem 24.8. For the data given in Problem 24.6, determine the diameter of the bolt
according to maximum strain energy theory.
Sol. Data from Problem 24.6 are :
P = 9 kN = 9000 N ; Shear force , F = 4500 N ; cr,* = 225 N/mm 2 ; Safety factor = 3 ; p = 0.3
For actual design (i.ewhen some quantity is to be calculated in stead of a * , the
)
oi * 225
allowable stress (cr ) in simple tension should be considered where
S' '
Now permissible simple stress in tension, a, = -
3 =
75 N / mm 2
^ Safety factor
at *
<x1 = The other values as calculated in Problem 24.6 are :
Factor of safety
Hence for design, the following equation should be used
° i + 2 ~ 2p ^
° (o x a2 ) = o 2 ...(24.9 )
11459
o = — 72'
d —
N/mm 2 , x - —
The maximum and minimum principal stresses are :
5729.5 XT .
d^
— ,
N/mm92, where d - dia. of bolt f

The equation ( 24.9 ) is used for design purpose only . It is not used for determining the

{
failure of material due to maximum strain energy theory.
Problem 24.7. For the data given in Problem 24.2, determine whether failure of material
will occur or not according to maximum strain energy theory.
a i a n d a2|
= xot| |j\ T
2
The value of
M
calculated as is equal to
2
+ x has been

8103
SoL Data from Problem 24.2 are : d2
2
ol = 200 N/mm ( tensile ) 11459 8103
a2 = 100 N/ mm 2 ( tensile ) 2d 2 d2
a3 = 50 N/mm 2 (compressive ) = - 50 N/mm 2 5729.5 8103
p = 0.3 ~ ±
d2 d2
Elastic limit in simple tension , o * = 200 N/mm 2 5729.5 8103 13832.5
The total strain energy absorbed per unit volume in the material is given by ai
d2 d2 d2
+ N/mm 2 -
equation ( 24.5).
. . Total strain energy per unit volume in the material
*

22
[oL 2 + a 32
+ a - 2 u(a1a2 + a2a3 + a3aL )]
and
5729.5 8103- - 2373.5 XT #
o2 = — zo2
d
nr =
d2 d2
N/mm92
Hence the principal stresses at the point are : cq , cr2 and 0
—
2E
1 13832.5 - 2373.5 , 0
[2002 + 1002 + (- 50 ) 2 - 2 x 0.3 (200 x 100 or
2E d2 ’ d2
+ 100 x (~ 50 ) + (- 50 ) x 200)] This is a case of two-dimensional stress system and diameter is to be calculated hence
1 using equation ( 24.9) which is according to maximum strain energy theory, we get
[ 40000 + 10000 + 2500 - 0.6(20000 - 5000 - 10000)]
2E
-T [52500 - 0.6 x 5000 ] = - -[49500]^ ...a )
* 2
a\ + 2 ~ 2 j*(ol x <J2 ) ot
°
- 2373.5 2
=
- 2 x 0J r i . - y > i. c, ,..
^
13832.5 ( 2 5
2F 2 tL
/ or + 2
75» 75)
Strain energy per unit volume corresponding to stress at elastic limit in simple tension d2 d
is given by equation (24.6). _
19134 x 104 563.35 x 104
+ -— .— +
1969.9 x 104 ..
.o.625
Strain- energy per unit volume at elastic limit in simple tension d4 d4 d4
2 21667.25 x 104
2E
X
°** or
d4
= 5625
1
X 2002 (v o* = 200 ) •? ( 21667.25 xioM
1/ 4
2E
40000 or d=
5625 = 10 X ( 3.852 )1/4
UU ) \
"
2E = 10 x 1.401 = 14.01 mm. Ans .
Now apply the theory of maximum strain energy.
s

i
 i.

THEORIES OF FAILURE
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 1019
1018
The total shear strain energy per unit volume due to principal stresses
24.6. MAXIMUM SHEAR STRAIN ENERGY THEORY the stressed material ov o> and 03 in
<

This theory is due to Mises and Henky and is known as Mises Henky -
theory. This theory
is also called the energy of distortion
occurs when the total shear strain
value equal to the shear strain energy
test.
theory
energy
per
.
per
unit
According
unit
volume
to
volume
at
this

the
in
theory
the
elastic
, the
stressed
limit
failure

in the

The total shear strain energy* (or energy of distortion) per unit volume due to
of a material
material
simple
reaches a
tension

principal 1
=I
^ [(ol - o2)2 + (a2 - a3)2 + (a3 - o1)2]

= ~ [(200 - 100)2 + (100 - (- 50 )}2 + {- 50 - 200}2]

[10000 + 22500 + 62500]
stresses o a and o3 in a stressed material is given as
1? 2 12C
...(24.10)
^ - o2)2 + (o2 - a3)2 + (o3 - of 2 ] 1
=1 7 [ ( ol
12C
x 95000 .(* ) » i

The simple tension test is a uniaxial stress system which means the principal stresses The shear strain energy per unit volume at elastic limit in simple tension ( here principal
are ov0, 0.
At the elastic limit the tensile stress in simple test is o* . stresses are o * , 0 and 0)
Hence at the elastic limit in simple tension test, the principal stresses are a *, 0, 0.
The shear strain energy per unit volume at the elastic limit in simple tension will be
, ,
= Be [to'* - 0 2 + <°- °>2 + - o,*)2)
~ Ha * - 0)z + (0 - 0)2 + (0 - a* )2 ]
[ Hereox - a *, o2 = 0, a3 = 0]
'
I
ik “ 2x
1
"

^
= t 2* a *2]
(
...( 24.11) 12C
X 2 X (200 )2 = TX7T X 80000
12C
ft
.M i )
For the failure of the material, Now apply the theory of maximum shear strain energy.
If we compare equations (i ) and ( ii ) we find that the total shear strain energy per unit

^ - OlW * 7
- °3>2 + [2 *
Y <°( 1 - °2 ) + H
)2 volume due to principal stresses ov
o2, a3 are more than the shear strain energy per unit
or o
cFj - ( a 2
-
2 + o )2
2 + (
3
a - of3
2 2 x (a,* )2

For actual design ( i.e., when some quantity is to be calculated) in stead of a *, the allowable
...(24.12)
,
volume at elastic limit in simple tension . Hence failure will occur. Ans.
Problem 24.10. For the data given in the Problem 24.6 , determine the diameter of the
stress ( ot ) in simple tension should be used where bolt according to maximum shear strain energy.
at * Sol. Data from Problem 24.6 :
0, =
'* Safety factor
Hence for design purpose, the following equation should be used :
-
( - o2 )2 + (o2 - 03) 2 + (o3 of )2 = 2 x ( o f 2
ox ...(24.13)
-
—
P - 9000 N ; F 4500 N ; o * 225 N/ mm 2 ; Safety factor = 3, \x = 0.3

Allowable stress (0,1 ) in simple tension —

= Safety factor
*
The equation ( 24.13 ) should be used for design purpose only . It should not be used for
determining the failure of the material due to maximum shear strain energy. 225
3 =
75 N/mm 2
For a two-dimensional stress system, o3 = 0. Hence the equation ( 24.13) becomes as
( 0 j - o2 )2 + (o2 )2 + (- Oj)2 = 2 x (a,)2 The other calculated values from Problem 24.6 are :
or o f + 022 - 2ot02 + o22 + a 2 = 2 xa/
2

or 2(Oj2 + 022 - oxa2) = 2 xo(2 a=

d2
N/mm2 ; x = —d N/m m 2, where d = dia. of bolt.
or -
o 2 + 022 ox02 = o 2. ...[24.13(A)] The maximum and minimum principal stresses are calculated in Problem 24.8 and they
Problem 24.9. For the data given in Problem 24.2, determine whether the failure of the are as :
material will occur or not according to maximum shear strain energy.
, , - 2373.5 N/mm 02
Sol. Data from Problem 24.2 :
0JL = 200 N/mm2 (tensile)
,
01
— 13832.5
d^2
—
N/mnr and an2 -
d2
^

2 The third principal stress i .e., o3 = 0

02 = 100 N/ mm ( tensile ) In this problem , diameter is to be calculated according to the theory of maximum shear
a3 = 50 N mm (compressive) = - 50 N/mm2
/ 2
strain energy. Hence equation (24.13) will be used.
Elastic limit in simple tension, o * - 200 N/mm2, \i = 0.3
/. . ( oL - o2 )2 + ( o - )2 ( 2 -2x (
2 03 + 03 - o f of2
*Refer to Art. 24.9.
 120 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS THEORIES OF FAILURE
,

1021
13832.5 r - 2373.5 Y 2
- 2373.5 2
+ 0 - 13832.5 2
2 752
The plotting* of ox a*, a a*,
= =
in Fig. 24.1 by ABCD. Hence the2 square ox -
= and o2 = - a* will give a square which is shown
a*
r
c,
d2 v d2 J +
rf 2 2
X

maximum principal stress theory.

ABCD represents the graphical
representation of the
2
\
or
T 13832.5 + 2373.5 2
2373.5
- - 13832.5 2 = 11250 The failure of the material will occur if any point
having co-ordinates ( o ) falls
L d2
+ 2
4
d2 the square ABCD. 2 outside ov
.
2 Maximum principal strain theory.
The criterion of failuie accoiding to
26263 x 104 563.35 x 104 19134 x 104 ,, for two dimensional stress system is this theory
d4
+' 7
d4
+ ;
d4 = 11250
°oi - °2 - a* = a*
“

^
. or
45960.35 x 104
d 4 = 11250 ^ "2I « ~ 1 = acc * =
poj - a*
^ "

In these above two equations which represent

- ...(ii )
are +ve i.e., they lie in 1st quadrant. At the equation of a straight line and
ol a
45960.35 x 104 the point A (in Fig. 24.2) o is zero.
- or d4 =
11250
4.08536 x 104 substituted in equation (i ), we get 2 If this value is
d = [4.08536 x 104] = ( 4.08536 )1/4 x 10
1/4 a- 1 a4
Hence the location of point A is known i.e., OA a*.
= 1.4217 x 10 = 14.217 mm. Ans. The location of point D is obtained by
=
24.7. GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF THEORIES FOR TWO DIMENSIONAL Hence o2 = a*
substituting oy 0 in equation ( ii ). -
STRESS SYSTEM Hence OD = a*
The different theories of failure can be represented graphically for two-dimensional For point E, a2 = OD = a*
stress system. This means only and CT2 are existing. The third principal stress is zero i.e., o3
ox
= 0. The principal stress Oj is taken along x-axis having +ve value to the right of origin O. The a1 - p x o* = a* or
-
Substitute this value of a2 a* in equation (i), we get
principal stress a2 is taken along y-axis, having + ve value upwards. It will also be assumed = a* + pa* o* (l + p).
that the elastic limit is the same in tension and compression. Hence DE - a* (1 + p). Hence location of point E = ^
is known. Join A to E and produce
sides i.e., towards point G and point L. both
oc
Hence o * = * = a* where a* = Elastic limit in tension and compression.
For point F,
Now the theories of failure may be represented graphically as follows : = = a*
OA
1. Maximum principal stress theory. The criterion of failure according to this theory Substitute ox = a* in equation (ii), we get
a2 - p x a* = a* or a a* + pa* a (
2 = = * l + p)
Maximum tensile, principal stress, Oj = o * = a* Hence AF = a* (1 + u).
Maximum compressive principal stress, o2 = a * = a* Hence location of point F is known. Join D t o F and
Fig. 24.1 shows the graphical representation of this theory. The diagram is divided into produce both sides i .e., towards point
G and H.
four quadrant. In 1st quadrant a1 and o2 are +ve. In 2 nd quadrant is - ve whereas o2 is + ve.
In 3rd quadrant both al and o2 are -ve and in 4th quadrant Qj is + ve and o2 is -ve. The
maximum values of ol = ± o* and also maximum value of o2 - ± o*. I
i F
a O (1
Yi ^ a2 H D
D (-
G *(1 + Ji )
T G*
G*
c
•
-a o - A
'
. -G *
O G*

/ + M)

ic
o'
-a *

8
L
— o* U + - u )

K
B -a
L
OA = OD = G *
OB = OC = - <7*
k-o — H *
J

Fig. 24.2. Graphical representation of maximum syc & in theory.

Fig. 24.1. Graphical representation of maximum principal stress theory.
*Thi$ plotting is like the equations x a* , y
a vertical line AB at a distance of a* from =
.
axis OY Similarly other plots can be drawn.
--
= a*, x a* and y - a*. The plot of x - = a* will be
 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS THEORIES OF FAILURE 1023
1022
be written as («) If oL and o2 are of opposite sign (i.eone is +ve and other is -ve which means they are
For third quadrant the equations (i ) and u can
( )
in 2 nd and 4th quadrant), the maximum shear stress is half the difference between 0 and 0 .
aL - po2= - o*
.(m )..
1 2
o2 - - a* Hence failure is represented by
= can obtained . Points B
B , C , K and L be
By using these equations the locations of points
and K can be joined and produced both sides . Similarly
both sides. The points J , L and H can be obtained. We will
in Fig. 24.2, which represents the graphical
The failure of the material will occur if
point

representation
any point
L and C can be joined and produced
get a parallelogram H G L J as shown

having
of maximum strain theory.
co-ordinates (o1, o2) falls outside
~

the line BA in Fig. 24.3

-
- a2) = ±
^ x 0* or (0 j - 02 )

The equation o1 a2 = + a* gives o2 = - 0* ( which is equivalent to y - mx + c). This is

the equation of straight having intercept - 0* ony-axis and slope 1 i .e., 45°. This represent
.
=
= ± 0*
=
parallelogram H G L J H .
according to this theory are as
The equation - o2 = - a* gives o2 = ox
+ 0*. This is also the equation of straight line
3. Maximum shear stress theory. Criterion of failures -
having intercept = + a* ony axis and slope of 45°. This represents the line CD in Fig. 24.3. The
follows : boundary ABFCDEA shown in Fig. 24.3 gives the graphical representation of maximum shear
), the maximum shear
(i ) If Oj and o are like*(i.e., they are in 1st and 3rd quadrant
2
stress theory.
I f i A and 0 or o2 and 0. The failure of the material will occur if any point having co-ordinates (olf a2 ) falls outside
stress is 2 x cu or - x o 2 obtained by taking half the difference between
— the boundary.
V 2
4. Maximum strain energy theory. The criterion of failure for two dimensional stress
H e n c e failure is represented by system according to this theory is
1s t quadrant 3rd quadrant
22
0i 2 + a - 2p ol x o2 = o*2 0*2 =
( v ot* has been taken 0*) =
ox
~ ”
a*
~ or CFj = 0* and Cj - ~ a* The above is the equation of an ellipse with centre at the origin and axes inclined at 45°
2 2
as shown in Fig. 24.4 along with the boundaries of maximum strain theory and maximum
— 2
- “

2
or a02 = a*
"
and o2 = 0* principal stress theory. The ellipse is inscribed in the parallelogram GLKHG given by maxi
mum strain theory. The boundaries of the maximum strain theory is shown in Fig. 24.4 as
-
quadrant of
The lines are drawn according to above equations in the 1st and 3rd .
APBNCQDMA The failure of the material will occur if any point having co-ordinates ( o2 ) ov
represent the equation ot = o* whereas line DE represent
Fig. 24.3. In first quadrant, line AE falls outside this boundary.
~ a* and line B F
the equation o2 = 0*. In third auadrant, line CF represent the equation ox -
represent the equation o2 = o* - A Y
G
YA

- —
°2
D _ /

D
r>
a — lE \H
45*
' MW
/'
x r-/ M

— —-
Max. strain theory
Strain energy theory
Q

C A O)
o\p
a < Principal stress theory
C L\
- a o A '
i
- N
6

-a Fig. 24.4. Representation of strain energy theory ( Boundary APBNCQDMA ).

F B
5. Maximum shear strain theory. The criterion of failure according to this theory is
given by
2 2 2
Fig. 24.3. Graphical representation of maximum shear stress theory. l + a2
° ~
°l X °2 = a<* = °*
This is an equation of ellipse with centre at the origin and axes inclined at 45° as shown
in Fig. 24.5 along with the boundary of maximum principal stress theory.
^Suppose and o2 are tensile and are equal in magnitude. The maximum shear stress will not

be zero. But it will be equal to or .

r I

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS THEORIES OF FAILURE 1025

1024
.
Problem 24.11 A hollow mild steel shaft having 100 mm external diameter and 50 mm
internal diameter is subjected to a twisting moment of 8 kNm and a bending moment of
rr
2.5 kNm, Calculate the principal stresses and find direct stress which, acting alone , would
D Principal stress theory
jC C produce the same ( i ) maximum elastic strain energy, ( ii ) maximum elastic shear strain energy ,
HX as that produced by the principal stresses acting together. Take Poisson's ratio 0.25. -
Maximum shear strain theory
( Engineering Services)
W
C
o
, A <T X
.
Sol Given :
External dia ., D = 100 mm = 0.1 m
; s
' Internal dia., d = 50 mm = 0.05 m
B
/ G Twisting moment, T = 8 kNm = 8000 Nm
Fig. 24.5. Representation of maximum shear strain theory Boundary
( AFBGCHDEA ). Bending moment, M - 2.5 kNm = 2500 Nm
Fig. 24.5 as Poisson’s ratio, p = 0.25
The boundary of the maximum strain energy theory is shown in
ov Let us first calculate bending stress (a6 ) due to bending moment and shear stress (T) due
AFBGCHDEA. The failure of the material will occur if any point having co-ordinates
( o2 )
l .„
to twisting moment.
falls out side this boundary.
M 2500
IN DESIGN Bending stress, 06 = Z 9.2 x 10 ~5
24.8. IMPORTANT POINTS FROM THEORIES OF FAILURES USED
The cause of failure of a material depends not only on the properties of the material
it is subjected. The various theories of failure
but
have been .
1 —
64
[ D4 - d4 ]
also on the stress system to which .

explained in the previous article, but no great uniformity of opinion has been
reached so far .
The followings are the important points from the theories of failures, which should
be generally
where
r £
2
used in design : 4- dj] ~ [0.14 - 0.054] x
such = 777 IP X
1. The maximum principal stress theory should be used in case of brittle materials 64 D 64 0.1
2
as cast iron.
2. The maximum shear stress or maximum shear strain energy theories should be
used — —64 0.0001 - 0.00000625] x —
K
[

for ductile materials. These theories give a good approximation. When the mean
principal = 9.2 x 10-5 m3
stress is compressive, the shear strain energy should be perferred. = 27.17 x 10« N/m2
theory
3. The maximum strain theory gives reliable results in particular cases, hence this 27.17 MN/m2
should not be used in general. T
In some cases this theory becomes invalid. Let us consider a case where = a2 (i.e.,
l stress
Shear stress, x = d
n
xR
T
J
~ Jl
R " T -TJ x R
equal tensions in two perpendicular directions ). Then equation (24.2 for two-dimensiona
)
8000 D
system becomes as x
2
or
Oi - po2 = a*
a l - \i x o1 = a *
(v o2 = o j SlD -d
8000 32
4

x
4
]
0.1
or -
Oj (1 p) = o * Jt ( 0.14 - 0.054 )
2
X

* 8000 x 16 x 0.1
or . ai "
(l - p) *[0.0001 - 0.00000625]
As p is less than 1, the above equation shows that = 43.46 x 106 N/m2 = 43.46 MN/m2.
ai > f * (£ ) Principal stresses ( ol and a2 )
This means then tensile stress at failure is more than the stress in simple tension. Now the principal stresses can be calculated. They arc
Experiments donot support this conclusion. t 2
4. The maximum shear stress theory should not be applied in the case where the state
of Vb 2
+T
stress consists of triaxial tensile stresses of nearly equal magnitude , reducing the shearing oL and a 2 2
±
k2
by
stress to a small magnitude. In this case the failure would be brittle fracture rather than 27.17 ( 27.17 \
yielding. + 43.462 = 13.585 ± 45.53
2 2

;
 THEORIES OF FAILURE 1027
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
1026
2 . . .
Problem 24.12 A cylindrical shell made of mild steel plate and 1.2 m in diameter is to
13.585 + 45.53 = 59.115 = 59.12 MN/m Ans be subjected to an internal pressure of 1.5 MN / m2. If the material yields at 200 MN / m2 , calculate
a2 = 13.585 45.53 = - 31.945 s 31.95 MN
- -/m 2. Ans . the thickness of the plate OJI the basis of the following three theories , assuming a factor of safety
and elastic strain energy as 3 in each case :
( ii ) Single direct stress which would
produce the same maximum
together. ( i ) maximum principal stress theory ,
produced by the principal stresses acting ( ii ) maximum shear stress theory , and
Let a = single direct stress
.. (i) . ( iii ) maximum shear strain energy theory. ( Engineering Services )
Strain energy due to single direct stress 7Zfc
- x a2= -= / Sol. Given : /

(ax 2 + o22 - 2 p ox x a2) .(if ) .. Diameter , d = 1.2 m ; Internal pressure , p = 1.5 MN/m 2
Max. strain energy produced by principal stresses = Yield stress, o * = 200 MN/m2
( i ) and ( ii ) , we get
Equating the two strain energies given by equations =
Factor of safety 3
1 1
[ 2 + a - 2\x x o2 ] = ...d2 *
200
at 22 ^2 *
Permissible stress in simple tension , ot = MN/m2
Safety factor 3
or ° 12 22 ( ai x a2) = a°2
+a "

Let t = thickness of the plate.

+ (- 31.95)2 - 2 x 0.25 x 59.12 x - 31.95 =
or
or
59.122
—
3495
n .
~ + 1020.8 + 944.4 =
A A A

5460.2 =
—
^

o2
2 • Let us first calculate the circumferential (or hoop ) stress and longitudinal stress produced
by internal pressure in the material of the shell.
or p x d 1.5 x 1.2 0.9
= 73.89 = 73.9 MN/m2 . Ans. Circumferential stress, ac = ~ — MN/m 2 —
/. a = 5460.2
energy as
^ by
produced
stress which would produce the same maximum elastic
( iii ) Single direct
the principal stresses acting together.
shear strain
Longitudinal stress, =
^
2xt
pxd 1.5 x 1.2 0.45
MN/m 2
° L 41 4 xt t
Shear strain energy by single direct stress At any point, in the material of cylindrical , the above two stresses which are tensile are
2
[(0 - 0)2 + (0 - 0)2 + ( 0 - a ) ] perpendicular to each other. Also there is no shear stress. Hence these stresses are also principal
12C stresses.
Single stress is uniaxial stress system i.e ., a, 0, 0
]
[v
...( id ) - ac - — 0.9
MN/m 2
—
^
(j
x 2a2 1
12C ”
“
12C
T
~
[L a2 + a23J =
~T t

Max. shear strain energy due to principal stresses ov 2

a ,0 and Or2 ° t45 MN/m
' 2 [Here ol > o2 ]
= I2C [(°> ~ 02 2 + (°2
, ' 0)2 + (
°‘ )2]
° [Refer to equation (24.10)]
l
( i ) Thickness of plate on the basis of m aximum principal stress theory
According to maximum principal stress theory for design purpose ( here t is to be
calculated )
0
i =0 f

or
09 200
fv ,
a = 55. MN / m 2
^ j
= lfe [(ai2 + 0 2]
°22 - 20l°2) + a22 + ' t 3
3 x 0.9
.
= 0.0135 m = 13.5 mm. Ans
= itc
[2(o 2 + z2 “ 0 l 2 )1
‘ °
Equating the two shear strain energies given by equations iii
°( ) and ( iu , we
) get
" iv
( ) or t=
200
( ii ) Thickness of plate on the basis of maximum shear stress theory

1 1 Here both the principal stresses are tensile and > o2. Hence maximum shear stress
22 -
12C 12C
^
x 2o2 = - x 2 x (olz + o Oi02)
due to these principal stresses will be j. And the maximum shear stress due to permissible
or a 2 = at 2 + a2 - oLa2

= 3495 + 1020.8 + 1888.8

= 6404.6
Cancelling

= 59.122 + (- 31.95 )2 - (59.12) (~ 31.95) ^* 2 to both sides

stress in simple tension will be
1
2
x
^
°i = 2 x °
x ot. Hence , we get
1
i

o= 764046 = 80.03 MN/m 2. Ans.

i
i
f I

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS THEORIES OF FAILURE 1029

1028
(i) Value of o when shear strain energy is minimum
0i = 0r
or Shear strain energy is given by equation ( 24.10) as
0.9 200
or 3 1
t - 02)2 + (a2 - C3)2 + (03 - l)2]
U= l
^
[(a
09x3
- - 0.0135 m = 13.5 mm. Ans. * °
t- ... for three-dimensional stress system
theory
of the plate on the basis of maximum shear strain energy
i

^
(iii ) Thickness
{ '•
For two-dimensional stress system for design purpose
in case of maximum , shear strain — [<0l - a )2 + (o2 - 0)2 + (0 - Ol)23
2

energy, equation [24.13 A is used

( ) ] ... for two-dimensional stress system (a 0
3 = 0)
2
al' +
i ~ ix 2 = (

or

or ^ ^
09
J +
045
j
2
09
° ° °
x
200

[4 + 1 - 2] =
045

40000
3 ;
i
i

1
=

^ K2x)2 + a22 + Oj 2]

v 0, - 02 =
(120 + a
!fK 2 + x \ - l
120 + a
\ r2^ x
.\ -
„
2x

9
14x 2 + ai2 +
°22
t‘
t

= ]
12C
0.452 40000 i

or x 3= Let us find the values of af + o2, 2

t2 9
— + + X f and a22 =
_ 120 120 + a
~r
a
/
t2
0.452 x 3 x 9
= 1.3668 x 10-
4 2
=
or 40000
.
°
1

-2 mm Ans,
t = - j 1.3668 x 10 = 1.169 x 10 = 0.01169 ~ 0.0117
2
f = 2 [Y 120
“
2 2
or
.
Problem 24.13 In a two-dimensional stress system , the direct stresses on two mutually
2. These planes also carry a shear stress of ° + °22
l
2
=
120 + q
2 \ + [f- —
120 + a
T —+ a
l +x
2

perpendicular planes are 120 MN / m 2 and o MN / m

40 MNfm2 . If factor of safety on elastic limit is 3 , then find
: Substituting this value in equation (z), we get
and
U ) the value of o when shear strain energy is minimum
f
/ 120 + of
l— J
! 1 o
U 4 x 2 + 2\
Hi ) the elastic limit of the material in simple tension. 12C
Sol. Given :
1
Two-dimensional stress system.
2 12C
o = 120 MN/m2 ; avy = a, xxy = 40 MN/m
x
; 2
Factor of safety = 3
•
1
Let us first find the principal stresses (Oj and a2 . They are
) given as
6C
0 + f 0x -—Vy-)12 + x. 2 2

-5
ox
j
and a2 = * °
2
y
± Jl
2
‘xy Now substitute the value of
*
2 in above equation x = , 11 — ^2— I
— + 402

^ | aj
2 2
120 l20 - 2 120 - o
= ± + 4() X2 = + 402
2
2

If 120 - a ) 2
(1 1 + 402 ( 120 + a

^
120 + a . .2 120 + a 1
3

_
4 +x U- +
* ° 2 6C l 2

If 120 - af + 40 2
‘ 1
2 2
where x
VI 2 6C
3 6 0 - — ! + 402 + I 60 + -
2 2

- Jl—- erfJ 440n

2
120 + a
i

120 2
120 + a 2 1 a
—a4
,

and 3 3600 + 60cr + 1600 M3600 + + 60a

60 4

(
 MATERIALS THEORIES OF FAILURE 1031
1030
'

_ 2 2
22 +2r, 2 )
if *= -££L — Pin (r

^
[14400 + a2 - 120a + 1600] a +1
= 6C -
* n -n ( 2)
r.
[a2 - 120a + 16000 ] P1
=~ X ( r2 + ri >
6G (i 2 - *)
dU
=0
* * / \2
For shear strain energy to be minimum ,
2a - 120 = 0 ( 2 2\
Pl W +1
' K2 + I
or
= PL *2 + rx2 V
> Pl K 2 - 1 , where K = —
120 /
\2
a=
2 = 60 MN/m2. Ans. v
r22 - rl /
'

n -1
\ ri

Hi ) Elastic limit of the material in simple tension (a * ) V

rl > /

Let us first find the values of principal stresses ( o1 and o2 ) 2

Pl * J 2
m- o \ 2

_ £L f —21
^
p Pi
i20 + o + 4q
2 ( iii ) Longitudinal stress, oL = r =— ~
7 72
°l = 2
+
2 •
2 - ri 2 2
r i
^
2
-1

=
120 + 60
+
If 120 - 60 Y + 40. a'2 (Y a = 60 ) This stress is also tensile.
ri
2
ri
2
UJ -1

2 Vt 2 Out of the three principal stresses, the circumferential stress is maximum. And if there
= 90 + 7900Tl600 = 90 + V2500 is no longitudinal stress in the cylindrical shell , then we shall have two principal stresses at
= 90 + 50 = 140 MN/m2 inner radius which are :
and o2 = 90 - 50 = 40 MN/m2 f + 0
ij ( tensile
)
al °c = Pi
Let ot = permissible stress in simple tension.
Using equation [24.13(A )], we get o2 = or = Pi
”

(
U 2
-
at inner radius compressive = -
)
2 2
°i + 2 ~ i 2 = t
° °° ° a3 = oL = 0 .
or 1402 + 402 - 140 x 40 = a,2 ( i ) Thickness of the wall based on maximum principal stress theory .
or 19600 + 1600 - 5600 = a,2 According to maximum principal stress theory :
or o, = V 15600 = 124.89 ~ 124.9 MN/m2 [ Please note that for failure o * . But for design o *.
a * = Safety factor x ot = 3 x 124.9 = 374.7 MN/m2. Ans. Actually - o( where a, = a,*/Safety factor] ox
Problem 24.14. A thick cylindrical pressure vessel of inner radius 150 mm is subjected a, s a
to an internal pressure of 80 MPa. Calculate the wall thickness based upon the i
/
K2 +1
( i ) maximum principal stress theory, and or
K2 -1 ,
300 (v a* = 300 MPa)
V
Hi ) total strain energy theory. r rr 2 \

Take Poisson's ratio = 0.30 and yield strength 300 MPa. - ..

f
or 80
K‘ + 1
K2 1 . - 300 ( v p1 = 80 MPa )
Sol. Given :
2
Inner radius, rx = 150 mm = 0.15 m , K + 1 300
or S s 3 75
Internal pressure , pl - 80 MPa K 2 - 1 80 '

Poisson’s ratio, ix = 0.30 or K + 1 s 3.75K2 - 3.75

2

or 4.75 s 2.75 K2
Yield strength, o * = 300 MPa
or 2.75 X2 4.75
ac
In case of thick* cylinders the maximum value of and or occurs at the inner radius rr
i

The three principal stresses at inner radius *rf are given as or K JV ~ or 1.314
2.75
or
( / ) Radial stress, which is compressive and is equal to px at radius rl
( ii ) Circumferential stress ac which is tensile and is equal to But rl
r2
*Please refer to chapter 18 of thick cylinders.
— 1.314
ri
 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS THEORIES OF FAILURE 1033
•
$
1032

or 1.314 x rl or 1.314 x 150 or 197.1 ( v r: = 150 mm )

r2
or
.
K4 —
_
14.06 2 6.33
K + 5.73 = 0 ( Taking limiting case)
r2 197.1 mm . 5.73
Let us take it equal to 197.1 mm. or K
^
4 - 2.45 2 + 1.1 = 0

U t' or r 2 = 197.1 mm . 2.45 ± y 2.452 - 4 x 1 x 1.1

Thickness of wall = r2 - = 197.1 - 150 - 47.1 mm. Ans. or K? =
( ii ) Thickness of wall based on maximum strain energy theory .^ = 0.592 or 1.858
2

According to maximum strain energy theory for two-dimensional stress system [Refer K = J 0.592 or Vl .858
to equation ( 24.7 )], we have = 0.769 or 1.363
°i’
2
+ a22 ~ £
^ *
[For failure L. H .S . should be o * 2 and for design it should be o 2 ] But K * 0.769 as K = — and r9 is more than r . and K is more than 1.
C\ Substituting the values of oL and a2 > we get
( K 2 + 1\
»2
"

ra 1] (- )
2
+
K = 1.363 or T r,l = 1.363
"

°,
*2
Pi + (- p1)2 - 2|i Pi Pi
K2 - 1
2
- i, r 2 = 1.363 XTj = 1.363 x 150 = 204.45 mm
V

r* + r2 2 ^ f if 2 + ii
Thickness of wall = r2 — rx = 204.45 - 150 = 54.45 mm. Ans.
or Pi
2
\
A:2 - I
+ 1 + 2p
-i
Vif
2
/
,
(a *)2
24.9. ENERGY OF DISTORTION (OR SHEAR STRAIN ENERGY)
The total strain energy per unit volume is given by equation (24.5 ) as
or 2 (if 2 + l)2 + (if 2 - l) 2
+ 2 p(if
2
+ ) 1 (if - 1 2 ) ,
(a *)2
Pi
• i (if - l 2 )2
‘
—
U = 7 7 [(o, 2 + a22 + o32) - 2p(a1o2 + a2a3 + o30L )]
if 4
+ i + 2if
2 4
+ if + i - 2i f
2
+ 2 (if
4
+ i) ,
( a * )2 The above energy can be split up into the two strain energies as :
, or Pi
2
(if 2 - 1)2
^ (i ) Strain energy of distortion (shear strain energy)
' ( ii ) Strain energy of uniform compression or tension (Volumetric strain energy or energy
2 2if 4 + 2 + 2 n( if 4 - 1) (a( * )2 of dilation )
\ or Pi (if 2 - l) 2 The principal strains ( e 2 , e 3 ) in the direction of principal stresses ( av o2 and o3 )
ev
2if 4 (1 + p ) + 2(1- |x) respectively are given by
•
, / or Pi
2 ,
(a *)2

2pi 2
(if 2 - 1) 2

2
i
i
*i = \ 1
~
M
'
or . , [if4( l + p) + (1 - P) ) ( af*) e2 = [o2 - (03 + )]

ir' But Pj = 80 and

(if 2 - 3)2
= 300, hence the above equation becomes as
£ ^ ^
e3 = — [o3 - \x( o1 + a2 )]
if 4 ( l + 0.3} + ( l - 0.3f
2 x 802 3002 Adding , we get
( K 2 - l)2
1
' or
if 4 x 1.3 + 0.7 3002 or 7.03 ex + e2 + e3 = — [( aL + a2 + a3) - 2 u ( ol + a2 + a3 )]
"
( if 2 - l) 2 2 x 802 (ax + a 2 + 03 )
( 1 - 2 p)
or 1.3if4 + 0.7 7.03 (if 2 - l )2 E
7.03 (if4 + 1 - 2if 2 ) But ex + e 2 + e 3 - Volumetric strain ( ev )
7.03if4 + 7.03 - 14.0671? ( + a . + o3 )
*
ey = 01 E2 ( 1 - 2p)
" or 0 7.03 if4 + 7.03 - 14.0671? - 1.3if4 - 0.7
( 7.03 - 1.3)if 4 - 14.067? + ( 7.03 - 0.7) Now the two important points are
5.737? - 14.067? + 6.33 ( a ) If 0 j + o2 + 03 - 0, then e0 = 0 .
volumetric
or 5.73if4 - 14.067? + 6.33 0 The above result shows that if sum of the three principal stresses is zero then
strain is zero . This means there is no volumetric change . Only distortion occurs .

-
S •'
 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
1034 THEORIES OF FAILURE 1035

( b ) If o = o2 = o3, then el = e 2 = e 3. This means the

linear strains in all three directions Strain energy of uniform tension
is no distortion . No distortion means there are no shear
are equal. This also means that there
stresses and no shear strains. But volumetric strains are present due to the presence of e2
.
ev 1
2E
8x (l 2i±a3 + «-) <
*U -2 p)
and e*. Hence in this case only volumetric change occurs
IJ
/

^
Energy of distortion and energy of dilation
x (Oj + a2 + o3 )2 x ( 1 - 2p)
For a general case, let us introduce the notation
Now the strain energy of distortion can be obtained.
l +
° °3 2 + O3
=P ...(0 Strain energy of distortion per unit volume

Now the three given principal stresses can be broken into two parts as given below
= Total strain energy - strain energy of uniform tension
= p + Oj' ...( H ) 1
32 - 2p(aLa2 + o2o3 + OgOj)]
^ + a22
2
[c +a
o2 = p + 02' ...( iii ) 2E
1
a3 = P + a3 ‘
- + a2 + x Cl ~ 2 0
*
Adding equations ( «), ( Hi ) and (iv ), we get
ai + a2 + 03 P + °1 + 2 + 3
From equation ( i ), o1 + o2 + a3 = 3p
“

^ ° °
(u)
— =
1
GE
+
°2 + °3 " 2
^°Ta 2 +
°203 + Cf3ai)>
- (1 - 2\x ) ( ol +- a2 + a3)2]
/

Hence the above equation ( u ) becomes as 1

3p = 3p + 0/ + o2 + o3' = 22 32
[ 3 Oj 2 + 3a + 3a - 6|AO1O2 - 6 ua2a3 - 6 pa 3o1
or ai + 2 + 03' - 0
° - (1 - 2 p) x (at 2 + a22 + a32 + 2o1o2 + 2a2a3 + 20 )]
As the summation of a1 , a2' and a3' is equal to zero, this means this set of stresses
f

1
^
produces distortion only. This has already been stated in important point a .
( )
12 2 + 2a 2 + 2as2 - 2 2 - 2a.2a3 - 2a3a1 - 6 10
22 oxo
The other set of equal stresses p, p , p i e. ol
( , a2 a 3
) .
which is a = =
case of uniform tension 6 E at ^ ^
or compression produces only volumetric changes. This has also been stated in important 22 32
- 6 jxa2a3 - 6 pa3aj + 2p(aL2 + a + o ) + 2,u( 2a1a2 + 2a2a3 + 2a3o1)]
point (6 ).
The total strain energy is the sum of strain energy of uniform tension ( or compression
and strain energy of distorsion. Hence the strain energy of distortion is obtained by subtracting
the strain energy of uniform tension ( or compression ) from the total strain energy.
Total strain energy per unit volume is given by equation (24.5) as
) =

=
^ [(2 ax 2 + 2a22 + 2a32 ) (1 + jn) - (2axa2 + 2a2a3 + 2a3o1)

[(2Oj2 + 2O
- p(2ola2 + 2a2a3 + 203
22 + 2og2) (1 + \ ) - (2OJ 02 + 2a203 + 2030x ) (1 +
i jx
^
)]
)

1+ p
u = 2 E [ a * + °>2 + °32 - » [2CTJ2 + 2CT22 + 2a - 2 0, - 2a2a3 - 2O3CTL] 32
^(0
>°2 + + <V i
6E ^
The strain energy of uniform tension ( or compression ) is produced by a set of equal 1+ H
-
- 6 E [(aL 0/ + (a2 - a3)2 + (a3 - of )
stresses p , p , p.
Hence substituting cq = p, o2 p , o3 = p in the above equation, we get strain energy of
= But we know that E - 2C( l + u )
uniform tension. Hence the above equation becomes as
V. Strain energy of uniform tension per unit volume

= — [p2 + p2 + p2 - 2p(p xp + p x p tpxp)]

( 1 + p)
6 x 2C( 1 + n)
^2+
-
°2 )
2
- f o2 - a3 )2 + (a3 - a1)2]
_ CT )2 + (a - 2
°1) ]
\

= [( Cf (02
'
“

°2) 3 3

^ [ 3p2 - 2|.ix 2]
= 3p
/. Strain energy of distortion per unit volume

^ = ~c [(°1 °2>2 + (°2 - , 03>

2+ O )2]
=2 x 3p2 x ( l - 2p)
^
" “

The equation 24.14 is also known as the equation of shear strain energy.
( )
3

But p
_ ql + q 2 + a 3_ ‘

3
 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS THEORIES OF FAILURE
1037
-1036
5

3. Derive an expression for the distortion energy per unit volume when a body is subjected to prin
HIGHLIGHTS cipal stresses ov o2 and o3. -
4. Explain with reasons which theory of failure is best suited for :
subjected to principal stresses a2 and o3 the equations
av
-
X. For a three dimensional stress system
for design according to :
( i ) Ductile materials
for criterion of failure and (ii ) Brittle material.
theory ) are :
( a ) Maximum principal stress theory ( or Rankine 5. State distortion energy theory for failure. ( Engineering Service , 1992 i .e., IES , 1992 )
Criterion of failure : ox of * where of = Elastic limit in simple tension
of = Elastic limit in simple compression (B ) Numerical Problems
| o3 | of
.
For design : =ot where at =
_ permissible
Of *
Safety factor
stress in simple tension 1 The principal stresses at a point in an elastic material are 22, N/mm 2 (tensile ), 110 N/ mm 2
( tensile) and 55 N/mm2 (compressive ).
If the elastic limit in simple tension is 220 N/mm2 and p = 0.3, then determine whether the
failure of material will occur or not according to
Theory)
( b ) Maximum principal strain theory (or Saint Venant (0 Maximum principal stress theory,
( ii ) Maximum principal strain theory ,
Criterion of failure :
1
[Oj - p(o2 + o3)] —1 of or - p(o2 + o3) of * ( Hi ) Maximum shear stress theory ,
(iv ) Maximum strain energy theory,
| [o3 - p( Oj + a2)] | 0C*
ol - p(a2 + a3) = a,
(y ) Maximum shear strain energy theory. .
[Ans ( i ) Yes ( ii ) No ( iii ) Yes ( iv ) Yes ( y ) Yes]

_
•
For design :
or a3 - p(o1 + o2 ) = oc
(c ) Maximum shear stress theory ( or Guest and Tresca
Theory)
.
2 Determine the diameter of a bolt which is subjected to an axial pull of 12 kN together with a
transverse shear force of 6 kN, when the elastic limit in tension is 300 N/mm2, factor of safety
At failure : (ot - 3
o ) a,* =
= 3 and Poisson’s ratio 0.3 using :
( i ) Maximum principal stress theory ,
Of * ~
For design : H - a3) = a, where a ,= Safety {
( ii ) Maximum principal strain theory,
( iii ) Maximum shear stress theory,
)
(d ) Maximum strain energy theory (or Haigh’s Theory ( iv ) Maximum strain energy theory ,
^
At failure 22
[of + o + 032 - 2p(o o + a a + agO ^l
1 2 2 3 — ,
(o * )2

.
'
(y ) Maximum shear strain energy theory
.
[Ans (i ) 13.59 mm ( ii ) 13.925 mm ( iii ) 14.7 mm ( iv ) 14.02 mm (y ) 14.22 mm ]
3 A bolt is under an axial thrust of 7.2 kN together with a transverse shear force of 3.6 kN. Calculate
-
For two dimensional stress-system : the diameter of the bolt according to :
* -
At failure : of + of 2p(a1 x o f { o f )
2
( i ) Maximum principal stress theory,
For design : of + of - 2 JICOJ x of = o , ( ii ) Maximum shear stress theory,
(e) Maximum shear strain energy theory (or Mises and
Henky Theory or Energy of distortion
t ( iii ) Maximum strain energy theory
Theory)
Criterion of failure : (a1 - a2) + (o2 - a3) + (a3 - of 2 x of
2 2 2 ( )2 Take elastic limit in simple tension = 202 N/mm 2, factor of safety = 3 and Poisson’s ratio = 0.3.
[Ans. (i ) 12.8 mm ( ii ) 13.8 mm ( iii ) 13.33 mm ]
-
For design : (at 02)2 + (o2 - a3) + (o3 Oj) 2 x of
2 2
- 4. A steel shaft is subjected to an end thrust producing a stress of 90 MPa and the maximum
For two-dimensional stress system in case of design shearing stress on the surface arising from torsion is 60 MPa. The yield point of the material in
0i2 + 022 - oxa
2 = of
. simple tension was found to be 300 MPa. Calculate the factor of safety of the shaft according to
the following theories :
( i ) Maximum shear stress theory,
EXERCISE 24
( ii ) Maximum distortion-energy theoiy. ( AMIE , Summer 1977 )
[Ans. (i ) 2.5 ( ii ) 2.77}
(A) Theoretical Questions
? Name the important theories of
5. At a section of a mild steel shaft of diameter 180 mm , the maximum torque is 67.5 kNm and
1. What do you understand by the term “ Theories of failure” maximum bending moment is 40.5 kNm. The elastic limit in simple tension is 220 N/ mm .
2

failure. Determine whether the failure of the material will occur or not according to maximum shear
.
2 Define and explain the following theories of failure : stress theory. If not , then find the factor of safety. [Ans. ( i ) Not ( ii ) 1.61
(i ) Maximum principal stress theory.
( it ) Maximum principal strain theory.
( iii ) Maximum shear stress theory.
(iy ) Maximum strain energy theory.
( y ) Maximum shear strain energy theory.