Line Protection

Protection Coordination
Serge Beauzile
Chair IEEE FWCS
Ch i Power
Chair P &EEnergy SSociety
i t
serge.beauzile@ieee.org
June, 10,
June 10 2014
8:30 -12:30
Florida Electric Cooperatives Association

Clearwater, Florida
Seminar Objective
• Distribution Circuit Protection
– Fuse to Fuse Coordination
– Recloser to Fuse Coordination
– Breaker to Recloser Coordination
• Transmission Line Protection

– Distance Protection
– Pilot Protection Schemes
– Current Differential Protection
IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 2

Art & Science of System Protection
• Not an exact science, coordination
schemes will vary based on:
– Company Philosophy
– Protection engineer preference
– System requirements

C
Coordinating
di ti D Devices
i
Basic concept: All protective devices are able to
detect a fault do so at the same instant.
If eachh device
d i that
th t sensedd a fault
f lt operated
t d
simultaneously, large portions of the system
g
would be de-energized everyy time a fault needed
to be cleared. This is unacceptable.
A properly designed scheme will incorporate time

delays into the protection system, allowing
certain devices to operate before others.

C
Coordinating
di ti D Devices
i
Timing of device operation is verified using time-
time
current characteristics or TCCs – device
response curves plotted on log-log graph paper.
Devices have inverse TCCs. They operate quickly for

g magnitude
large g overcurrents,, and more slowly
y
for lower-magnitude overcurrents.
Operating time is plotted on the vertical axis,

axis and
current magnitude is plotted on the horizontal
scale.

C
Coordinating
di ti D Devices
i
100
Four different TCCs
are shown
h on the
th
10 left. Device “D” is
the fastest to
operate, and device
Time in Seconds
1
“A” is the slowest.
.25
25 sec A
0.1 B
For a given current
C
value, the operating
ti
time can be
b found.
f d
D
0.01
10
100
1000
10,000
100,000
3 kA
Current in Amperes

Coordinating
g Devices
100 In this example,

Device A is clearly
l l
Uncertain
10 Coordination
faster than Device B
for low ((400-700 A))
fault currents.
Time in Seconds
Device B is clearly
0.1
faster for high
A
(>1000 A) fault
B currents,
t but
b t iin the
th
0.01
700-1000 A region,
10
100
1000
10,000
100,000
g is uncertain.
timing
1
Current in Amperes

Coordinating Devices
Expulsion Fuse to Expulsion Fuse
100
Minimum Melt
Average Melt + tolerance
10
Time in Seconds
1 Total Clear
Average Melt + tolerance

0.1 + arcing time
Curves are developed at 25ºC

With no preloading
0.01
10
100
1000
10,000
00,000
10
Current in Amperes
100
In this example, the red

TCCs represent the
10 downstream (protecting)
fuse, and the blue TCCs
represent the upstream
Time in Seconds
1 (protected) fuse.
The protected fuse

0.1 should not be damaged
by
y a fault in the
protecting fuse’s zone of
0.01 protection.
10
100
1000
10,,000
100,,000
1
Current in Amperes
100
Four factors need to be

considered:
10
1. Tolerances.
Time in Seconds
1 2. Ambient
temperature.
p
0.1
3. Preloading effects.
4. Predamage effects.
0.01
10
100
1000
0,000
0,000
1
10
100
Current in Amperes

100
Consideration of these
four factors can be
10 quite involved.
Practically, the “75%

Time in Seconds
1 Method” can be used:

the maximum clearing g
time of the protecting
0.1 link shall be no more
than 75% of the
minimum melting time
0.01 of the protected link.
10
100
1000
10,000
100,000
1
Current in Amperes
100
Minimum melting time of

protected link at 5 kA is
10 0.3 seconds.
Total clearing time of the

Time in Seconds
1
protecting link at 5 kA is
0.22 seconds.
0.1
0.22 < 0.3 × 75% = 0.225,
so coordination is
assured for current
0.01
magnitudes ≤ 5 kA.
10
100
1000
0,000
0,000
10
100
Current in Amperes
Utility
y Distribution Feeders
Multiple Feeder Segments
Segments are defined as sectionalizable pieces of a

feeder that can be automatically or manually
separated from the rest of the feeder.
feeder
Segments are delineated by reclosers, fuses,

sectionalizers or switches.
switches
Two primary concerns: number of customers per

segment andd time to isolate
l segment.

Utility
y Distribution Feeders
Number of Customers per Segment
The number of customers per segment has a major

impact on reliability indices.
As the number of segments per feeder increases,

reliability
y can also be adversely
y impacted,
p and
construction cost will increase.
A optimum
An ti point
i t mustt b
be sought
ht tto d
determine
t i ththe
best segment size.

Utility Distribution Feeders
Present and Future Load Requirements
Even the best load forecasts are full of errors.
You must continuously monitor your fuse

coordination due changes in the load.
It is impossible to predict everything, so versatility is

the key.

Coordination Goal
1. Maximum Sensitivity.
2. Maximum Speed.
3. Maximum Security.
4. Maximum Selectivity.

Basic Coordination Strategy
gy
1. Establish a coordination
pairs.
2. Determine maximum load

of each segment and the
pickup of all delayed
overcurrent devices.
3. Determine the pickup

current of all instantaneous
overcurrent devices, based
on short-circuit studies.
4
4. Determine
D t i remaining
i i
overcurrent device
characteristics starting
from the load and moving g to
the source.
Fuse Peak Load Capability

Fuse Blow Vs. Fuse Save
• Fuse Blow
– Eliminates Instantaneous trip of the breaker or recloser
(1st) by having the fuse blow for all permanent and
temporary faults.
– Minimizes momentary interruptions and increases SAIDI.
SAIDI
Improves power quality but decreases reliability.
• Fuse Save
– Minimizes customer interruption time by attempting to
open the breaker or recloser faster than it takes to melt the
fuse.
fuse
– This saves the fuse and allows a simple momentary
interruption.

Fuse Blow
FUSE is BLOWN
Lateral experiences
sustained interruption
30
Fuse Blow
– Used primarily to minimize momentary
interruptions (reduces MAIFI)
– Increases interruption duration (SAIDI)
– Very successful in high short circuit areas
– More suitable for industrial type
customers having very sensitive loads

Fuse Save
Entire Feeder trips

Momentary occurs
FUSE is SAVED

Fuse Save
– Minimize customer interruption time
– Reduce SAIDI
– Increase MAIFI
– May not work in high short circuit areas
– Work well in most areas
– Not suitable for certain industrial
customers that cannot tolerate immediate
reclosing
– Works best for residential and small
commercial customers

Both ((Fuse Save & Fuse Blow))
• Many utilities use both schemes for a variety of
reasons
– Fuse Blow for high short circuit current areas
and Fuse Save where it will work.
– Fuse Save on overhead and Fuse Blow on
underground taps.
– Fuse Save on rural and Fuse Blow on urban
– Fuse Save on stormy days and Fuse Blow on nice
days.
– Fuse
F Save
S on some circuits
i it andd Fuse
F Blow
Bl on
others depending on customer desires

Fast Bus Trip

SEL-351S
SEL 351S
Protection and Breaker Control
Relay

Modern Microprocessor Relay
Protection and Breaker Control Relay
Extremely versatile, many applications

Most commonly used on distribution feeders
Communicates with EMS system (DNP 3.0 Protocol)
Key element of “Substation Integration”
Provides many “traditional” features
Provides new capabilities

SEL-351S
Protection Features:
P f
Performs att lleastt 18 different
diff t protection
t ti functions.
f ti

SEL-351S
Protection Features:
B U
Bus Undervoltage
d lt (27)
Phase Overvoltage (59P)
G
Ground
d Overvoltage
O lt (59G)
Sequence Overvoltage (59Q)
O
Overfrequency
f (81O)
Underfrequency (81U)

Modern Microprocessor Relay
Protection Features (continued):
Ph
Phase Di
Directional
ti l Overcurrent
O t (67P)
Ground Directional Overcurrent (67G)
S
Sequence Di
Directional
ti l Overcurrent
O t (67Q)
Instantaneous Phase Overcurrent (50P)
I t t
Instantaneous Ground
G d Overcurrent
O t (50G)
Instantaneous Sequence Overcurrent
(50Q)
SEL-351S
Protection Features (continued):
Ti
Time Ph
Phase Overcurrent
O t (51P)
Time Ground Overcurrent (51G)
Ti
Time S
Sequence Overcurrent
O t (51Q)
Directional Neutral Overcurrent (67N)
I t t
Instantaneous N t l Overcurrent
Neutral O t (50N)
Time Neutral Overcurrent (51N)

SEL-351S
Breaker Control Features:
S
Synchronism
h i Ch
Check
k (25)
Automatic Circuit Reclosing (79)
TRIP/CLOSE Pushbuttons
Enable/Disable Reclosing
Enable/Disable Supervisory Control

SEL-351S
Other Features:
E
Event
t Reporting
R ti and
dRRecording
di
Breaker Wear Monitor
St ti Battery
Station B tt M
Monitor
it
High-Accuracy Metering
F lt Locator
Fault L t

SEL-351S

• Advantages of microprocessor relays
Extremely flexible
Have many different elements (UF, UV, Directionality, etc…)
One relay can protect on zone of protection
Inexpensive and require much less maintenance
Alarm if they fails and don’t need calibration
Provide fault information
Provide oscillography and SER data
Can provide analog data to SCADA
• Disadvantages of microprocessor relays

Can be very complex to program due to given flexibility
Require
R i more training
t i i to t Relay
R l T Technicians
h i i
Require more training to Relay Engineers

Relays
• Basic relay settings:
Phase overcurrent elements must be set above maximum
possible loads
Ground overcurrent elements must be set above maximum
anticipated
p unbalanced loads
Must be coordinated with downstream protective devices
Under Frequency elements must be set according to the
predetermined set point
• TAGGING
NORMAL mode – 2 reclosing
g attempts
p
WORK mode – HOT LINE TAG
COLD mode

Relay Curves
100
10
S
e
c Moderately Inverse
o 1
Inverse
n
d Very Inverse
s Extremely Inverse
0.1
0.01
0.1 1 10 100
Multiple of Pick Up

Very Inverse Curve Time Dial
0.29s
100
In this example
p
Multiple of Pickup = 3.
10
TD = 0.5
05 Time = 0.3s
0 3s
TD = 2 Time = 1.1s
SECONDS
1
TD=0.5
TD = 6 Time = 3.4s
TD=2
TD=6
TD 6
TD = 15 Time = 7.0s
TD=15
0.1
0.01
0.1 1 10 100
Multiples Of Pick Up

Very Inverse Curve Time Dial
0.29s
100
In this example,
Pickup
Pi k = 600 A A.
Fault Current = 1800 A.
10
T = 0.5
TD Time = 0.29s
0. 9s
TD = 2 Time = 1.16s
SECONDS
TD=0.5 TD = 6 Time = 3.48s

1
TD=2 TD = 15 Time = 8.72s
TD=6
TD 6
TD=15
Pickup = 900 A.
0.1 Fault Current = 1800 A.
TD = 0.5 Time = 0.69s

TD = 2 Time = 2.78s
0.01
0.1 1 10 100
TD = 6 Time = 8.33s
Multiples Of Pick Up TD = 15 Time = 20.8s
20 8s

Pickup
p Current of Delayed
y Ground OC Devices
Source Side Load Side
Backup Primary
Single
g Phase to Ground Fault
IMU<IPU<I MIN Fault
IMU = Maximum Unbalance

Pickup
p Current of Delayed
y Phase OC Devices
Source Side Load Side
IML<IPU<Imin Ø‐Ø Fault Phase to Phase Fault
IML = Maximum Load

Typical Pickup Setting
TB > TR + CTI CTI = Coordination Time Interval (Typically 0.2-0.5sec)
Recloser Ct ratio 600:1 Breaker Ct ratio 240:1

IPU = 1 A IPU = 3.75 A
IPU Primary= 600 A IPU Primary= 900 A

Trip Logic
TR = OC + PB9 + 51P1T + 51G1T * (LT6 + LT7) + (50P3 + 50G3) * LT7 + (50P2 + 50G2) * SH1
OC: OPEN COMMAND (SCADA TRIP)

PB9: FRONT PUSH BUTTON
51P1T: PHASE TIME OC ELEMENT
51G1T: GROUND TIME OC ELEMENT
LT6: TAGGING IS IN NORMAL MODE
LT7: TAGGING IS IN WORK MODE
50P2/50P3: PHASE INSTANTANEOUS OC ELEMENT
50G2/50G3: GROUND INSTANTANEOUS OC ELEMENT
SH1: RECLOSING SHOT #1 (FIRST RECLOSE ATTEMPT)
CTR = 600.0
INSTANTANEOUS ENABLED ONLY AFTER FIRST RECLOSE ATTEMPT
50P2P = 2.5 (1500 AMPS PRIMARY)
50G2P = 1.6
1 6 (960 AMPS PRIMARY)
INSTANTANEOUS ENABLED ONLY DURING WORK/HOT LINE TAG

50P3P = 1.35 (810 AMPS PRIMARY)
50G3P = 0
0.50
50 (300 AMPS PRIMARY) – NORMAL UNBALANCE GROUND CURRENT ~20 TO 30 AMPS

SEL-351S
History Summary (HIS Command)
Sample output:

SEL-351S
Sequence of Events Recording (SER)

SEL-351S
Metering Data (MET Command)
Sample output - Metering Data (MET):

SEL-351S
Sample output - Metering Demand (MET D):

SEL-351S
Sample output - Metering Energy (MET E):

SEL-351S
Sample output - Metering Max/Min (MET M):

Differential Relays
Protection of a Delta‐Wye Transformer
Ia‐IIb Ia‐IIb Ia
A a
Ia‐Ib Ia Ia Ia I
Ib‐Ic Ib‐Ic b
B 52 52 b
Ib‐Ic Ib Ib Ib I
Ic‐Ia Ic‐Ia c
C c
Ic‐Ia Ic Ic Ic
Ia‐Ib
OP
Ia‐Ib Ia‐Ib
R R
OP
Ib‐Ic Ib‐Ic Ib‐IIc
R R
Ic‐Ia OP Ic‐Ia Ic‐Ia

R R
Power System Protection -64- Ralph Fehr, Ph.D., P.E. – October 28, 2013
Distance Relays
y
Protection Features
– Four zones of distance protection
– Pilot schemes
– Phase/Neutral/Ground TOCs
– Phase/Neutral/Ground IOCs
Phase/Neutral/Ground IOCs
Distance Relays
y
Protection Features ‐ continued
– Negative sequence TOC
– Negative sequence IOC
– Phase directional OCs
– Neutral directional OC
– Negative sequence directional OC
– Phase under‐ and overvoltage
– Power swing blocking
– Out of step tripping
Distance Relays
Control Features
Control Features
– Breaker Failure (phase/neutral amps)
B k F il ( h / t l )
– Synchrocheck
– Autoreclosing
Distance Relays
Metering Features
Metering Features
− Fault Locator
F lt L t
− Oscillography
− Event Recorder
− Data Logger
− Phasors / true RMS / active, reactive
and apparent power, power factor
and apparent power, power factor
Distance Relays
Zones of Protection Zone 2
Zone 2
X
3 Zone 1
Line Impedance (Line A)
Line Impedance (Line A) 2 1
Zone 2 A1 Line A A2
1 Z
Zone 3
3 4 3
Bus 1 Bus 2
Zone 1
2 Normal Load
Normal Load
R
Distance Relay
at Bus 1 Zone 1 – fastest (80% of line)
to protect Line A Zone 2 – slower (120% of line)
4 Zone 3 –(backwards Use in Pilot
Zone 3 Protection for current
Reversal logic)
Zone of Protection Zone 3
Zone 2 ∆t Zone 2
∆t
Zone 1 ∆t Zone 1
1 2 3 4
Zone 1 Zone 1
Zone 2 Zone 2
Zone 3
Zone 1: Under reaches the remote line end Typically 0.7 Z1L to 0.9 Z1L
With no intentional time delay.
Zone 2:
Z 2 Over
O reaches
h the
th remote
t line
li end
d Typically
T i ll 1.21 2 Z1L
with definite time delay.
Zone 3: Over reaches the longest adjacent line

with
i h definite
d fi i time
i d
delay
l greater than
h Z Zone2.
2
Unconventional Zone 2 & Zone 3 Settings
Zone 2
∆t
Zone 1
Long Line Short Line
Be Mindful when Applying General Rules

Step Distance Relay Coordination Exercise
Setting the relay at breaker 3 protecting Circuit 2.

Set the Zones of Protection.
The maximum expected load is about 600A.
CTR = 1200:5 or 240:1 PTR = 600:1

Distance Relay Coordination Exercise
Circuit 2 & Circuit 5 Impedances Circuit 3 & Circuit 6 Impedances
Z1 = 35.11 83.97˚ Ω primary Z1 = 17.56 83.72˚ Ω primary

Z0 = 111.58 81.46˚ Ω primary Z0 = 53.89 81.56˚ Ω primary
Circuit 1& Circuit 4 Impedances
Z1 = 35.21 83.72˚ Ω primary

Z0 = 187.80 81.56˚ Ω primary
Distance Relay Coordination Exercise
Zone 1 Reach = 0.8 * (35.11 83.97˚) Ω primary Zone 1 Reach = 28.09 83.97˚) Ω primary
Z
Zone 2R
Reach
h=1
1.2
2 * (35.11
35 11 83.97˚)
83 97˚) Ω primary
i Z
Zone 2R
Reach
h = 42.13
42 13 83.97˚)
83 97˚) Ω primary
i
Check Zone 2 reach does not overreach = Circuit 2 Impedance + (Zone 1 of Circuit 3) or (Zone 1of Circuit 6).
General rule = p
protected Circuit Impedance
p + Zone 1 of the Shortest Circuit p
past the p
protected circuit.
Check for Zone 2 Overreach = 35.11. + (0.8 * 17.56) = 49.16 Ω primary

Zone 2 Reach = 42.13 < 49.16 no overreach
Zone 4 Reach = (35.11 83.97˚) + (17.56 83.72˚) ( Ω primary) Zone 4 Reach = 52.55 83.35˚) Ω primary
Primary / Secondary Impedance
Relay Input
75
Relay Input
Zone 1 Reach = 28.09 Ω x 240 = 11.24 Ω secondary

600

600

600

Overcurrent Supervision Setting Criteria
Zone 1 Phase Fault detector:
1) Find the lowest Ø – Ø fault seen by relay 3 Set above (maximum load) and 60% of min fault.
for a remote end bus (4
(4, 10
10, 5
5, 11)
11).
Zone 2 Phase Fault detector:

1) Find the lowest Ø – Ø fault seen by relay 3 Set above (maximum load) and 60% of min fault.
for a remote end bus ((6,, 12).
)
Zone 4 Fault detector same as Zone 2
Repeat same process for Ground Fault detector.

Current Infeed
IL =0.5 A IR =1 A
ZL =2 Ω ZR =1 Ω
IT =0.5 A
ZT =1 Ω
Actual Impedance from L to the Fault is 3Ω
Apparent Impedance = EL
IL
Apparent Impedance = ( IL x ZL) + (IR x ZR) Apparent Impedance = 4Ω

IL

Thank You

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Protection Coordination

Florida Electric Cooperatives Association

• Transmission Line Protection

IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 2

IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 3

A properly designed scheme will incorporate time

IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 4

Devices have inverse TCCs. They operate quickly for

Operating time is plotted on the vertical axis,

IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 5

IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 6

100 In this example,

IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 7

Average Melt + tolerance

Curves are developed at 25ºC

In this example, the red

The protected fuse

Four factors need to be

IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 10

Practically, the “75%

1 Method” can be used:

Minimum melting time of

Total clearing time of the

Segments are defined as sectionalizable pieces of a

Segments are delineated by reclosers, fuses,

Two primary concerns: number of customers per

IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 13

The number of customers per segment has a major

As the number of segments per feeder increases,

IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 14

Even the best load forecasts are full of errors.

You must continuously monitor your fuse

It is impossible to predict everything, so versatility is

IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 15

IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 16

2. Determine maximum load

3. Determine the pickup

IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 23

IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 29

IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 31

Entire Feeder trips

IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 32

IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 33

IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 34

IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 35

IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 36

Extremely versatile, many applications

IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 37

IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 38

IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 39

Protection Features (continued):

Protection Features (continued):

IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 41

Breaker Control Features:

IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 42

IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 43

IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 44

• Disadvantages of microprocessor relays

IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 45

IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 46

IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 47

IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 48

TD=0.5 TD = 6 Time = 3.48s

TD = 0.5 Time = 0.69s