Substation Communications:

Introduction

APPS Course
2014
Index

Communication – Basics

OSI 7 Layer Model

Serial Protocols

Ethernet Protocols

Security

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 Communication Definition

What is communication ?

General  Communication is commonly

defined as "the imparting or interchange of
thoughts, opinions, or information by
speech, writing, or signs

Technical Exchange of information to

fulfil a specified function

Image Courtesy : http://en.wikipedia.org, http://www.bizzuka.com

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 Communications in Utility Automation: Why use it ?

Why would utilities/industry use communications to

substation equipment?
 To get power system data into a remote SCADA / DCS
system
 To control plant from remote. Example: control of
switchgear, load shedding, etc.
 To perform analysis of events/disturbances
 To record & store data for trending/logging
 To prepare reports from the collected data from the IEDs
 To configure IEDs
 For distributed functions

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Digital Communications : Definitions

PROTOCOL:
Rules and procedures that communications networks
use to communicate on the communications medium

HARDWARE CONNECTIONS
 Physical shape
 Electrical characteristics Protocols / Formats

DATA FLOW
 Control transmitter/receiver rate
 Detection of data corruption

DATA CODING Language
 Code information
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 Communication Interfaces – Physical Media

What is a transmission medium ?

 Information carrier is called a transmission medium

Different communication mediums

 Copper (Dedicated Copper )

 Wireless (Electromagnetic waves – Ex: Radio frequency

etc.)

 Optical
Electro- Opto-
electrical optical electrical electrical repeater
converter converter
Fibre-optic cable
signal signal

Transmitter side Transmission line Receiver side

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 Communication Modes

Communication Modes
 Half Duplex A half-duplex system provides
for communication in both directions, but only
one direction at a time (not simultaneously).
Typically, once a party begins receiving a
signal, it must wait for the transmitter to stop
transmitting, before replying.
Ex: walkie-talkie
 Full Duplex  A full-duplex, or sometimes
double-duplex system allows communication in
both directions, and unlike half-duplex, allows
this to happen simultaneously.
Ex: PSTN Telephone
 Simplex  Communication only in one
direction at all the time

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Transmission Systems

Synchronous

 Bit periods controlled by synchronizing the clocks at

the transmitter and at the receiver
 Framing bits are added to blocks of data

Asynchronous

 Transmitter and Receiver clocks run at

approximately the same rate
 Framing bits are added to raw data bits

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 Communication Interfaces

Different communication interfaces

 Serial
 Parallel
 Ethernet
Physical Communication

Serial Parallel Ethernet

RS232
RS485
RS422
Many more…

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Communication Interfaces – Serial and Parallel

In Serial Communication, data is transmitted bit by bit over the

communication channel.

Parallel communication is a method of sending several data signals
over a communication link at one time . The basic difference
between a parallel and a serial communication channel is the
number of distinct wires or strands at the physical layer used for
simultaneous transmission from a device.

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Communication Interfaces – Ethernet

In Ethernet communication, data is transmitted serially

using full duplex over a “copper” (electrical) or optical fiber
communication channel

Generally Ethernet for SAS (Ex: based on IEC 61850)
uses 100 Mbps Fast Ethernet
 Cat 5 copper cables
 1300 nm Multimode pair of fibers

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Typical Connectors/Interfaces

USB
BNC

Microwaves

RJ-45

RJ-11 Wi-Fi

Fiber Connectors
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Communication cables and fibers

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Transmission Definitions : Master/Slave and
Client/Server

MASTER/SLAVE

 Slave (IED) can only send when it receives a

request from the Master (e.g. RTU)
 Slave sets flags to indicate functions need
servicing by the Master

CLIENT/SERVER

 same relationship as Master/Slave

 but can have multiple Clients!

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 Open System Interconnection (OSI)
7 Layer Model

7 Application Application Specific Protocols Application 7

6 Presentation Message Format, Language Presentation 6

5 Session Dialog Between Processes Session 5

4 Transport Flow Control, Message sequence Transport 4

3 Network Packets (Routing) Network 3

2 Data link Error Detection, Frames 2

Data link
1 Physical Tx and Rx of Raw Bits 1
Physical

Physical transmission medium

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Protocols: Analogy

Postal
network
service

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 OSI Reference Model: Layer 1

Transmits and receives raw

data to communication
medium.

Does not care about
contents.

Voltage levels, speed,
connectors

Medium + bit (Speed)

Distance, N devices

Examples: RS232, 10BaseT,

1 Physical
copper/optical

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 OSI Reference Model: Layer 2

10110110101 01100010011 10110000001

Detects and corrects errors.

Organizes data into frames.

Its focus is media arbitration, local
addressing and deliver.

Common topologies.

Shared media with access control.
CSMA/CD (Eth) CSMA/CA
(wireless)

Physical addressing (MAC)
2 Data Link

Master/Slave Peer-to-Peer

1 Physical Examples: Ethernet MAC, PPP

Hub, Bridge

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 OSI Reference Model: Layer 3

Relay and route information to

destination.

Manage journey of packets and figure
out intermediate hops (if needed).

Logical addressing (IP)

flow control (Internet) Networks mix
3 Network

2 Data Link

Examples: IP, X.25, Switch, Router

1 Physical

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 OSI Reference Model: Layer 4

Provides a consistent interface for

end-to-end (application-to-application)
communication. Manages flow control.

Network interface is similar to a
mailbox.

4 Transport
Data transfer

3 Network

2 Data Link

1 Physical
Examples: TCP, UDP

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 OSI Reference Model: Layer 5

Services to coordinate dialogue and

manage data exchange.

Software implemented switch.
5 Session
Manage multiple logical
connections.
4 Transport

Keep track of who is talking:
establish & end communications.
3 Network

data exchange
2 Data Link organisation/synchronisation

1 Physical Examples: HTTP 1.1, SSL, NetBIOS(Net

Operating System)

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 OSI Reference Model: Layer 6

Data representation

Concerned with the meaning of data
6 Presentation
bits
5 Session
Convert between machine
representations
4 Transport

Conversion, crypt
3 Network
•Firewall Gateway

2 Data Link

1 Physical Examples: XDR, ASN.1, MIME, MIDI

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 OSI Reference Model: Layer 7

7 Application

Collection of application-
6 Presentation
specific protocols

Communication services
5 Session
used by application
4 Transport

3 Network

Examples:
2 Data Link email (SMTP, POP, IMAP)
file transfer (FTP)
directory services (LDAP)
MMS for IEC 61850
1 Physical

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Network Fundamentals
Components (1)

Network
 A network is a group of computers/IED’s connected
together in a way that allows information to be
exchanged between the computers/IED’s.

Node
 A node is anything that is connected to the network.
While a node is typically a computer/IED’s, it can also
be something like a printer or GPS receviers.

Segment
 A segment is any portion of a network that is separated,
by a switch, bridge or router, from other parts of the
network.
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Network Fundamentals
Components (2)

Local Area Network (LAN)

 A LAN is a network of computers/IED’s that are in the
same general physical location, usually within a building
or a campus. If the computers are far apart (such as
across town or in different cities), then a Wide Area
Network (WAN) is typically used.

Topology/architecture
 Topology is the way that each node is physically
connected to the network.

Gateway
 Equipment which makes data from a separate sub
network available to another network.
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 Network Fundamental Transmission

Unicast
 A unicast is a transmission from one node
addressed specifically to another node.

Multicast unicast

 In a multicast, a node sends a packet addressed

to a special group address. Devices that are
interested in this group register to receive multicast
packets addressed to the group.

Broadcast
 In a broadcast, a node sends out a packet that is
intended for transmission to all other nodes on broadcast
the network.
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Substation Network Topology - serial communication

Modem SCADA Engineering

Client Station

Modem

Modem

DNP3.0 Level 3
DNP3.0
Substation
Gateway Level 2 Modem
HMI
EIA485
DNP3.0
EIA485 EIA485
Level 2
IED * IED IED EIA232 Laptop Gateway
Front Computer

* proprietary protocol
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Serial protocols

Serial protocols used within Substation SAS/SCADA

Automation Systems include:
 IEC 60870-5-101,
 IEC 60870-5-103,
 IEC 60870-5-104, RTU / Bay
 DNP3, Computer /
 Modbus, Gateway
 Profibus
 proprietary protocols
 etc.

These are master/slave protocols, at data
rates of 1200 bps to 64 kbps+ IEDs

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Serial protocols - limitations

Designed 10-20 years ago to:

 minimise the communication bandwidth
 minimise the processor/memory load
 make it “implementable” for non-communication expert

Few standards

Slow communication: need for multiple links

Difficult connection of a third party application - gateway

Database absolute address, not flexible, no modelling

Master-slave: long recovery time in case of master failure

Peer-to-peer communication usually not possible

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 There was a need for standardisation

Lack of commonality between vendors

Lack of standard SAS / SCADA protocols

Existing industry protocols (e.g. Modbus, Profibus,..)

not well suited to protection communications

Cost of interface / gateway solutions

Global market

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 Changes in Technology

Processor speeds have been multiplied by 30 (at least) in

15 years

Cost of Memory has dropped considerably

Ethernet is widely available
 100 Mbit/s, 1 Gbit/s, 10 Gbit/s

Software technology allows easier implementation of
complex concepts
 For example, Object Oriented Design enabling the re-
use of existing software modules

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Substation Network Topology - Ethernet communication

SCADA Engineering
Client Station
EIA232
Ethernet Terminal
Switch WAN Server

Terminal
Gateway Substation Server
IEC61850 HMI

EIA485 Ethernet Ethernet

IED * IED IED EIA232 Laptop Gateway
Front Computer

* Non-61850 protocol
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Ethernet protocols

Ethernet protocols used within and beyond substations

include:
Protocol Substation use
IEC 61850 Substation Automation System
DNP3/TCP or /UDP SAS/SCADA
Modbus/TCP SAS/SCADA
IEC 60870-5-104 SCADA
IEEE C37.118 Synchrophasor transmission
SNTP Time sync
PTP (IEEE 1588) Time sync
SNMP Ethernet network management
IEC 62439-3 PRP, HSR Ethernet redundancy

These are mostly client/server protocols

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 The Digital Substation

Network
Management
Solutions

Redundant
Ethernet
Networks

Non-Conventional
CTs and PTs
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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
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IEC 61850

International Standard first issued in 2004

Automation, GOOSE, Process bus SV (9-2LE)

The goal of IEC 61850 is Interoperability

Hundreds of substations commissioned

Edition 2 now issued

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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
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DNP3/TCP or /UDP

DNP3 created for RTU and relay comms

Control & monitoring

Local & remote access

Now administered by Users Group

Also an IEEE standard (IEEE 1815)

Implementation Levels for interoperability

Event-based

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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Modbus/TCP

Modbus was created for PLCs (Programmable Logic

Controllers)

Control & monitoring

Designed for low volumes of information

Database-based (16-bit Registers)

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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
IEC 60870-5-104

Implementation of IEC 60870-5-101 ‘telecontrol’ protocol

over Ethernet

Control & monitoring

Usually implemented from substation gateway equipment
to remote SCADA system

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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
C37.118 Phasor Measurement Standards

IEEE C37.118.1-2011
 IEEE Standard for Synchrophasor
Measurements for Power Systems

IEEE C37.118.2-2011
 IEEE Standard for Synchrophasor Data
Transfer for Power Systems

PMU1 PMU2

Phasor Data Concentrator Wide Area Monitoring

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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
NTP/SNTP

Ethernet Based Protocol for Time Sync

NTP Version4 can operate in the following Modes:
 Multicast Mode: The client sends no request and waits for
a broadcast from a designated multicast server
 Unicast Mode: The client sends a request to a designated
unicast server and expects a reply from that server
 Anycast Mode: The client sends a request to a
designated local broadcast or multicast group address
and expects a reply from one or more anycast servers.
The client binds to the first reply and subsequent replies
from other servers are ignored.

Accuracy : 1-50 ms depending upon time source and
network
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IEEE 1588 – PTP

Ethernet Based Protocol – No need to have a separate

network, Reduces extra cabling

Highly accurate – up to nanoseconds

Distributed Master System

Multicast Addressing

Peer-Peer delay measurement – Instead of End-End delay
measurement

BMC Algorithm to decide Grand Master Clock

PTP Clocks as per Power Profile
 Ordinary clock
 Grand Master Clock
 Transparent Clock

Holdover Mode
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SNMP – Simple Network Management Protocol

SNMP is a part of IP Suite – an Application Layer

Protocol

Used to Monitor/Manage devices on IP Networks. Ex:
Switches, Routers, Servers, Printers etc.

Three Main Components:
 Managed Device – Device to be Managed
 Agent – Software module that runs on the Managed
Device
 NMS – Network Management System that runs on the
Administrative Computer

MIB – Management Information Base

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IEC 62439-3 Redundancy Protocols

PRP - Parallel Redundancy Protocol

 IEC 62439-3 standard for double star topologies

HSR - High availability Seamless Ring

 IEC 62439-3 standard for ring topologies

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Security

In general, Security is required to prevent any

unauthorized or undesired access/ modification/
deletion/ replay of data.

Cyber Threats may be deliberate or inadvertent
 Inadvertent Threats
• Safety Failures/ Equipment Failures
• Carelessness
• Natural Disaster
 Deliberate Threats
• Industrial Espionage/ Disgruntled Employee
• Vandalism/ Theft/ Terrorism
• Cyber Hackers/ Viruses/ Worms

APPS Course – P 44
© ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Cyber security Standards

IEC 62351-3/4/5/6 – Data and Communication Security

for Power Systems for IEC 61850, IEC 60870 & DNP3.

NERC Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP) Standards
CIP-002 to CIP-009

IEEE 1686 - IEEE Standard for Substation Intelligent
Electronic Devices (IEDs) Cyber Security Capabilities
ISA-99 Security for Industrial Automation and
Control Systems

CIGRE reports
D2.22 – Information Security
B5.38 – Impact of cyber-security on IEC61850
systems
APPS Course – P 45
© ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
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