Transmission Line Protection – PROT 407

Section 4 - Traditional Directional Relay Exercise

Transmission Line
Protection

Directional Overcurrent
Elements
Traditional Approach Exercise

Copyright © SEL 2004

Technical papers supporting this section:

6009.pdf, Directional Element Design and Evaluation, Jeff Roberts, Armando

Guzman

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Section 4 - Traditional Directional Relay Exercise

Exercise 1
13.8 kV

N.O.

18 kV

138 kV

= Radial

13.8 kV

12 kV

Which Relays Must be Directional?

Exercise 1:

Assuming all circuit breakers of the system shown in the figure have overcurrent
relays associated with them, indicate which relays must be directional.

Note: All tie circuit breakers are normally closed except where indicated.

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Section 4 - Traditional Directional Relay Exercise

Exercise 2
13.8 kV

G1 T1 p
18 kV
138 kV

L1
Fault
13.8 kV

12 kV

A fault occurs on the 138 kV system as indicated above. The primary current and
voltages measured by the relays at “p” are indicated in the Table on the next page.

a. Indicate which directional elements will operate and which will not, if the
phase relays are voltage-polarized directional overcurrent relays with a 900
connection and a MTA=45o leading for the phase relays, and MTA=60o
leading. The ground relay has Ires and – Vres with MTA=60° lagging, as
indicated previously. Do this analytically and graphically. Assume the
relays’ operation is defined just by sign of the operating torques and that the
minimum operating torque is zero.

b. Determine the operation time of each overcurrent element. Refer to the relay
data on the next page.

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Section 4 - Traditional Directional Relay Exercise

Data for Exercise 2

Current and Voltage Phasor Measured During the Fault
Ia Ib Ic
Magnitude Angle Magnitude Angle Magnitude Angle
A Degrees A Degrees A Degrees
609 -76 170 -125 170 90

Va Vb Vc
Magnitude Angle Magnitude Angle Magnitude Angle
kV Degrees kV Degrees kV Degrees
54.9 -2 74.5 -113 75.6 113

Curve: U.S. Inverse

Overcurrent Element Data
⎡ 5.95 ⎤
Phase Relays: Pickup = 5 A, TD = 2 t = TD ⋅ ⎢0.18 + 2 ⎥
Ground Relays: Pickup = 0.5 A, TD = 3 ⎣ M − 1⎦
VTR = 80000/67; CTR = 600/5
M = I sec / I pick −up

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Section 4 - Traditional Directional Relay Exercise

Answer Sheet for Exercise 2

Phasor Diagrams
90o 90o

0o 0o

90o 90o

0o 0o

Graphic Procedure - Exercise 2:

1. First calculate phasors Vab, Vbc, Vca, Ires, -Vres.

2. Draw four phasor diagrams, showing the following phasor pairs:

For phase A relay: Ia and Vbc

For phase B relay: Ib and Vca

For phase C relay: Ic and Vab

For ground relay: Ires and –Vres

3. Identify, in each diagram, the operation zone of the relay using the voltage as the
reference. Determine if the relay operates or not.

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Section 4 - Traditional Directional Relay Exercise

Answer Sheet for Exercise 2

Relay Torque Sign Does it

operate?
a Ta =

b Tb=

c Tc=

Ground TG=

Algebraic Procedure – Exercise 2:

Determine the sign of each torque with the following formulas. Assume k=k’=1.

Ta = k Vbc Ia cos(θa,bc −θMT ) = k Vbc Ia cos(∠Ia − ∠Vbc −θMT )

Tb = k Vca Ib cos(θb,ca −θMT ) = k Vca Ib cos(∠Ib − ∠Vca −θMT )
Tc = k Vab Ic cos(θc,ab −θMT ) = k Vab Ic cos(∠Ic − ∠Vab −θMT )

TN = k 'Vres Ires cos(θ(−v0),i0 −θ 'MT ) = k'Vres I res cos(∠(−Vres ) − ∠Ires −θ 'MT )

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