Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Line Protection
Line Protection
Serge Beauzile
Chair IEEE FWCS
Ch i Power
Chair P &EEnergy SSociety
i t
serge.beauzile@ieee.org
June, 10,
June 10 2014
8:30 -12:30
– Company Philosophy
– Protection engineer preference
– System requirements
If eachh device
d i that
th t sensedd a fault
f lt operated
t d
simultaneously, large portions of the system
g
would be de-energized everyy time a fault needed
to be cleared. This is unacceptable.
1
“A” is the slowest.
.25
25 sec A
0.1 B
For a given current
C
value, the operating
ti
time can be
b found.
f d
D
0.01
10
100
1000
10,000
100,000
3 kA
Current in Amperes
Device B is clearly
0.1
faster for high
A
(>1000 A) fault
B currents,
t but
b t iin the
th
0.01
700-1000 A region,
10
100
1000
10,000
100,000
g is uncertain.
timing
1
Current in Amperes
Minimum Melt
Average Melt + tolerance
10
Time in Seconds
1 Total Clear
100
1000
10,000
00,000
10
Current in Amperes
IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 8
Coordinating Devices
Expulsion Fuse to Expulsion Fuse
100
1 (protected) fuse.
100
1000
10,,000
100,,000
1
Current in Amperes
IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 9
Coordinating Devices
Expulsion Fuse to Expulsion Fuse
100
1. Tolerances.
Time in Seconds
1 2. Ambient
temperature.
p
0.1
3. Preloading effects.
4. Predamage effects.
0.01
10
100
1000
0,000
0,000
1
10
100
Current in Amperes
Consideration of these
four factors can be
10 quite involved.
100
1000
10,000
100,000
1
Current in Amperes
IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 11
Coordinating Devices
Expulsion Fuse to Expulsion Fuse
100
1
protecting link at 5 kA is
0.22 seconds.
0.1
0.22 < 0.3 × 75% = 0.225,
so coordination is
assured for current
0.01
magnitudes ≤ 5 kA.
10
100
1000
0,000
0,000
10
100
Current in Amperes
IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 12
Utility
y Distribution Feeders
Multiple Feeder Segments
A optimum
An ti point
i t mustt b
be sought
ht tto d
determine
t i ththe
best segment size.
1. Maximum Sensitivity.
2. Maximum Speed.
3. Maximum Security.
4. Maximum Selectivity.
4
4. Determine
D t i remaining
i i
overcurrent device
characteristics starting
from the load and moving g to
the source.
IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 17
IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 18
IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 19
IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 20
IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 21
IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 22
Fuse Peak Load Capability
• Fuse Save
– Minimizes customer interruption time by attempting to
open the breaker or recloser faster than it takes to melt the
fuse.
fuse
– This saves the fuse and allows a simple momentary
interruption.
FUSE is BLOWN
Lateral experiences
sustained interruption
30
Fuse Blow
– Used primarily to minimize momentary
interruptions (reduces MAIFI)
– Increases interruption duration (SAIDI)
– Very successful in high short circuit areas
– More suitable for industrial type
customers having very sensitive loads
FUSE is SAVED
Protection Features:
P f
Performs att lleastt 18 different
diff t protection
t ti functions.
f ti
Protection Features:
B U
Bus Undervoltage
d lt (27)
Phase Overvoltage (59P)
G
Ground
d Overvoltage
O lt (59G)
Sequence Overvoltage (59Q)
O
Overfrequency
f (81O)
Underfrequency (81U)
Ph
Phase Di
Directional
ti l Overcurrent
O t (67P)
Ground Directional Overcurrent (67G)
S
Sequence Di
Directional
ti l Overcurrent
O t (67Q)
Instantaneous Phase Overcurrent (50P)
I t t
Instantaneous Ground
G d Overcurrent
O t (50G)
Instantaneous Sequence Overcurrent
(50Q)
IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 40
SEL-351S
Protection and Breaker Control Relay
Ti
Time Ph
Phase Overcurrent
O t (51P)
Time Ground Overcurrent (51G)
Ti
Time S
Sequence Overcurrent
O t (51Q)
Directional Neutral Overcurrent (67N)
I t t
Instantaneous N t l Overcurrent
Neutral O t (50N)
Time Neutral Overcurrent (51N)
S
Synchronism
h i Ch
Check
k (25)
Automatic Circuit Reclosing (79)
TRIP/CLOSE Pushbuttons
Enable/Disable Reclosing
Enable/Disable Supervisory Control
Other Features:
E
Event
t Reporting
R ti and
dRRecording
di
Breaker Wear Monitor
St ti Battery
Station B tt M
Monitor
it
High-Accuracy Metering
F lt Locator
Fault L t
• TAGGING
NORMAL mode – 2 reclosing
g attempts
p
WORK mode – HOT LINE TAG
COLD mode
10
S
e
c Moderately Inverse
o 1
Inverse
n
d Very Inverse
s Extremely Inverse
0.1
0.01
0.1 1 10 100
Multiple of Pick Up
In this example
p
Multiple of Pickup = 3.
10
TD = 0.5
05 Time = 0.3s
0 3s
TD = 2 Time = 1.1s
SECONDS
1
TD=0.5
TD = 6 Time = 3.4s
TD=2
TD=6
TD 6
TD = 15 Time = 7.0s
TD=15
0.1
0.01
0.1 1 10 100
Multiples Of Pick Up
Pickup
Pi k = 600 A A.
Fault Current = 1800 A.
10
T = 0.5
TD Time = 0.29s
0. 9s
TD = 2 Time = 1.16s
SECONDS
Backup Primary
Single
g Phase to Ground Fault
IMU<IPU<I MIN Fault
IMU = Maximum Unbalance
CTR = 600.0
INSTANTANEOUS ENABLED ONLY AFTER FIRST RECLOSE ATTEMPT
50P2P = 2.5 (1500 AMPS PRIMARY)
50G2P = 1.6
1 6 (960 AMPS PRIMARY)
Sample output:
Ia‐Ib
OP
Ia‐Ib Ia‐Ib
R R
OP
Ib‐Ic Ib‐Ic Ib‐IIc
R R
Power System Protection -64- Ralph Fehr, Ph.D., P.E. – October 28, 2013
Distance Relays
y
Protection Features
– Four zones of distance protection
– Pilot schemes
– Phase/Neutral/Ground TOCs
– Phase/Neutral/Ground IOCs
Phase/Neutral/Ground IOCs
Power System Protection -65- Ralph Fehr, Ph.D., P.E. – October 28, 2013
Distance Relays
y
Protection Features ‐ continued
– Negative sequence TOC
– Negative sequence IOC
– Phase directional OCs
– Neutral directional OC
– Negative sequence directional OC
– Phase under‐ and overvoltage
– Power swing blocking
– Out of step tripping
Power System Protection -66- Ralph Fehr, Ph.D., P.E. – October 28, 2013
Distance Relays
Control Features
Control Features
– Breaker Failure (phase/neutral amps)
B k F il ( h / t l )
– Synchrocheck
– Autoreclosing
Power System Protection -67- Ralph Fehr, Ph.D., P.E. – October 28, 2013
Distance Relays
Metering Features
Metering Features
− Fault Locator
F lt L t
− Oscillography
− Event Recorder
− Data Logger
− Phasors / true RMS / active, reactive
and apparent power, power factor
and apparent power, power factor
Power System Protection -68- Ralph Fehr, Ph.D., P.E. – October 28, 2013
Distance Relays
Zones of Protection Zone 2
Zone 2
X
3 Zone 1
Line Impedance (Line A)
Line Impedance (Line A) 2 1
Zone 2 A1 Line A A2
1 Z
Zone 3
3 4 3
Bus 1 Bus 2
Zone 1
2 Normal Load
Normal Load
R
Distance Relay
at Bus 1 Zone 1 – fastest (80% of line)
to protect Line A Zone 2 – slower (120% of line)
4 Zone 3 –(backwards Use in Pilot
Zone 3 Protection for current
Reversal logic)
Power System Protection -69- Ralph Fehr, Ph.D., P.E. – October 28, 2013
Zone of Protection Zone 3
Zone 2 ∆t Zone 2
∆t
Zone 1 ∆t Zone 1
1 2 3 4
Zone 1 Zone 1
Zone 2 Zone 2
Zone 3
Zone 1: Under reaches the remote line end Typically 0.7 Z1L to 0.9 Z1L
With no intentional time delay.
Zone 2:
Z 2 Over
O reaches
h the
th remote
t line
li end
d Typically
T i ll 1.21 2 Z1L
with definite time delay.
Zone 2
∆t
Zone 1
Zone 1 Reach = 0.8 * (35.11 83.97˚) Ω primary Zone 1 Reach = 28.09 83.97˚) Ω primary
Z
Zone 2R
Reach
h=1
1.2
2 * (35.11
35 11 83.97˚)
83 97˚) Ω primary
i Z
Zone 2R
Reach
h = 42.13
42 13 83.97˚)
83 97˚) Ω primary
i
Check Zone 2 reach does not overreach = Circuit 2 Impedance + (Zone 1 of Circuit 3) or (Zone 1of Circuit 6).
General rule = p
protected Circuit Impedance
p + Zone 1 of the Shortest Circuit p
past the p
protected circuit.
Zone 4 Reach = (35.11 83.97˚) + (17.56 83.72˚) ( Ω primary) Zone 4 Reach = 52.55 83.35˚) Ω primary
IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 74
Primary / Secondary Impedance
Relay Input
75
Relay Input
1) Find the lowest Ø – Ø fault seen by relay 3 Set above (maximum load) and 60% of min fault.
for a remote end bus (4
(4, 10
10, 5
5, 11)
11).
IT =0.5 A
ZT =1 Ω
Actual Impedance from L to the Fault is 3Ω
Apparent Impedance = EL
IL