Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Gases
Prepared
by:
Mark
Emile
H.
Punzalan,
B.S.Ch.E.
Department
of
Chemical
Engineering
Faculty
of
Engineering
University
of
Santo
Tomas
España,
Manila,
Philippines
1015
The Distinction of GASES from
Solids and Liquids
1. Gas
volume
changes
greatly
with
pressure.
2. Gas
volume
changes
greatly
with
temperature.
3. Gases
have
relaNvely
low
viscosity.
4. Most
gases
have
relaNvely
low
densiNes
under
normal
condiNons.
5. Gases
are
miscible
Ref.:
Silberberg,
M.
S.
(2007).
Principles
of
General
Chemistry
(2nd
ed.).
New
York,
NY:
Mc-‐Graw
Hill
Chapter
7
11/7/14
2
Gases
Ref.:
Silberberg,
M.
S.
(2007).
Principles
of
General
Chemistry
(2nd
ed.).
New
York,
NY:
Mc-‐Graw
Hill
Chapter
7
11/7/14
3
Gases
Ref.:
Chang,
R.
(2010).
Chemistry
(10th
ed.).
New
York,
NY:
Mc-‐Graw
Hill..
Chapter
7
11/7/14
4
Gases
Pressure
• Gases
exert
pressure
on
any
surface
with
which
they
come
in
contact,
because
gas
molecules
are
constantly
in
mo1on1
Chapter
7
11/7/14
5
Gases
Barometer
• Device
used
to
measure
atmospheric
pressure.
• Mercury
flows
ion
ut
was
invented
of
the
1643
by
tube
unNl
tshe
an
Italian
pressure
cienNst
of
named
the
column
oTf
orricelli
Evangelista
mercury
standing
on
the
(1608-‐1647),
surface
who
had
of
the
mercury
been
in
the
a
student
of
dGish
is
alileo.
equal
to
the
pressure
of
the
air
on
the
rest
of
the
surface
of
the
mercury
in
the
dish.
Ref.: Zumdahl, S. S. & Zumdahl, S. A. (2012). Chemistry: An Atoms First Approach. United States of America: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning
Chapter
7
11/7/14
6
Gases
Pressure
• Atmospheric
pressure
is
the
the
pressure
exerted
by
Earth’s
atmosphere
• Standard
atmospheric
pressure
is
equal
to
the
pressure
that
supports
a
column
of
mercury
exactly
760
mm
(or
76
cm)
high
at
0°C
at
sea
level.
Chapter
7
11/7/14
7
Gases
Units of Pressure
1
atm
=
760
mm
Hg
=
760
torr
=
101,325
Pa
=
29.
29
in
Hg
=
14.7
lb/in2
SI
unit
for
pressure
Equivalent
to
N/m2
Ref.: Zumdahl, S. S. & Zumdahl, S. A. (2012). Chemistry: An Atoms First Approach. United States of America: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning
Chapter
7
11/7/14
8
Gases
Converting Units of Pressure
Sample Problem A
geochemist
heats
a
limestone
(CaCO3)
sample
and
collects
the
CO2
released
in
an
evacuated
flask.
The
CO2
pressure
is
291.4
mmHg.
Calculate
the
CO2
pressure
in
torrs,
atmospheres,
and
kilopascals.
SOLUTION:
1
torr
291.4
mmHg
x
=
291.4
torr
1
mmHg
Chapter
7
11/7/14
9
Gases
The GAS LAWS
• Boyle’s
Law
• Charles’s
Law
• Amonton’s
Law
• Avogadro’s
Law
• Ideal
Gas
Law
Ref.: Zumdahl, S. S. & Zumdahl, S. A. (2012). Chemistry: An Atoms First Approach. United States of America: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning
Chapter
7
11/7/14
10
Gases
Boyle’s
law
At
constant
temperature,
the
volume
occupied
by
a
fixed
amount
of
gas
is
inversely
proporNonal
to
the
applied
(external)
pressure.
n
and
T
are
1 constant
V α P
V
=
fixed
P
PV
=
constant
P1V1
=
P2V2
Chapter
7
11/7/14
11
Gases
Amontons’s
law
At
constant
volume,
the
pressure
exerted
by
a
fixed
amount
of
gas
is
directly
proporNonal
to
its
absolute
temperature.
V
and
n
are
P
α T
P
=
constant
x
T
fixed
P
=
constant
P1
P2
=
T
T1
T2
PV
=
constant
Combined
gas
V α T
V
=
constant
x
T
law
P
P
T
P1V1
P2V2
=
T
1
T2
Ref.:
Silberberg,
M.
S.
(2007).
Principles
of
General
Chemistry
(2nd
ed.).
New
York,
NY:
Mc-‐Graw
Hill
Chapter
7
11/7/14
12
Gases
Avogadro’s
law
For
a
gas
at
constant
temperature
and
pressure,
the
volume
is
directly
proporNonal
to
the
number
of
moles
of
gas
Ref.: Zumdahl, S. S. & Zumdahl, S. A. (2012). Chemistry: An Atoms First Approach. United States of America: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning
Chapter
7
11/7/14
13
Gases
Volume-Pressure Relationship
Sample Problem Boyle’s
apprenNce
finds
that
the
air
trapped
in
a
J
tube
occupies
24.8
cm3
at
1.12
atm.
By
adding
mercury
to
the
tube,
he
increases
the
pressure
on
the
trapped
air
to
2.46
atm.
Assuming
constant
temperature,
what
is
the
new
volume
of
air
(in
L)?
SOLUTION:
Boyle’s
Law
n
and
T
are
constant
applies
Ref.: Silberberg, M. S. (2007). Principles of General Chemistry (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Mc-‐Graw Hill
Chapter
7
11/7/14
14
Gases
Volume-Pressure Relationship
Sample Problem Boyle’s
apprenNce
finds
that
the
air
trapped
in
a
J
tube
occupies
24.8
cm3
at
1.12
atm.
By
adding
mercury
to
the
tube,
he
increases
the
pressure
on
the
trapped
air
to
2.46
atm.
Assuming
constant
temperature,
what
is
the
new
volume
of
air
(in
L)?
Ref.: Silberberg, M. S. (2007). Principles of General Chemistry (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Mc-‐Graw Hill
Chapter
7
11/7/14
15
Gases
Pressure-Temperature Relationship
Sample Problem A
steel
tank
used
for
fuel
delivery
is
fiked
with
a
safety
valve
that
opens
if
the
internal
pressure
exceeds
1.00
x
103
torr.
It
is
filled
with
methane
at
23oC
and
0.991
atm
and
placed
in
boiling
water
at
exactly
100oC.
Will
the
safety
valve
open?
SOLUTION:
V and n remain Amonton’s
constant
Law
applies
Ref.: Silberberg, M. S. (2007). Principles of General Chemistry (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Mc-‐Graw Hill
Chapter
7
11/7/14
16
Gases
Pressure-Temperature Relationship
Sample Problem A
steel
tank
used
for
fuel
delivery
is
fiked
with
a
safety
valve
that
opens
if
the
internal
pressure
exceeds
1.00
x
103
torr.
It
is
filled
with
methane
at
23oC
and
0.991
atm
and
placed
in
boiling
water
at
exactly
100oC.
Will
the
safety
valve
open?
SOLUTION: P1
P2
=
ConverNng
P1
from
atm
to
torr:
T1
T2
760
torr
0.991
atm
x
=
753
torr
1
atm
Solving
for
P2:
T2
P2
=
P1
x
=
753
torr
x
373
K
=
949
torr
T1
296
K
Ref.: Silberberg, M. S. (2007). Principles of General Chemistry (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Mc-‐Graw Hill
Chapter
7
11/7/14
17
Gases
Volume-Amount Relationship
Sample Problem A
scale
model
of
a
blimp
rises
when
it
is
filled
with
helium
to
a
volume
of
55.0
dm3.
When
1.10
mol
of
He
is
added
to
the
blimp,
the
volume
is
26.2
dm3.
How
many
more
grams
of
He
must
be
added
to
make
it
rise?
Assume
constant
T
and
P.
SOLUTION:
P and T are constant
Avogadro’s
Law
applies
n1
=
1.10
mol
n2
=
?
Ref.: Silberberg, M. S. (2007). Principles of General Chemistry (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Mc-‐Graw Hill
Chapter
7
11/7/14
18
Gases
Volume-Amount Relationship
Sample Problem A
scale
model
of
a
blimp
rises
when
it
is
filled
with
helium
to
a
volume
of
55.0
dm3.
When
1.10
mol
of
He
is
added
to
the
blimp,
the
volume
is
26.2
dm3.
How
many
more
grams
of
He
must
be
added
to
make
it
rise?
Assume
constant
T
and
P.
SOLUTION:
V1
V2
Solving
for
n2:
V
n1
= n2
n2
=
n1
2 V2
V1
55.0
dm3
n2
=
1.10
mol
x
=
2.31
mol
He
n1
26.2
dm
V
3
1
nadd’l
=
2.31
mol
He
–
1.10
mol
He
=
1.21
mol
He
Moles
of
Ini0al
moles
He
needed
of
He
4.003
g
He
Mass
(g)
of
He
=
1.21
mol
He
x
=
4.84
g
He
1
mol
He
Ref.:
Silberberg,
M.
S.
(2007).
Principles
of
General
Chemistry
(2nd
ed.).
New
York,
NY:
Mc-‐Graw
Hill
11/7/14
Chapter
7
19
Gases
Gas Behavior at Standard
Conditions
• Standard
Temperature
and
Pressure
(STP)
– 0
°C
or
273.15
K
– 1
atm
or
760
torr
Chapter
7
11/7/14
20
Gases
Standard Molar Volume
Ref.: Silberberg, M. S. (2007). Principles of General Chemistry (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Mc-‐Graw Hill
Chapter
7
11/7/14
21
Gases
The IDEAL GAS Law
Recalling
the
gas
laws:
1
V α P
V α T V
α n
Avogadro’s
Law
Boyle’s
Law
Charles’s
Law
Ideal
Gas
equaNon
Ref.:
Silberberg,
M.
S.
(2007).
Principles
of
General
Chemistry
(2nd
ed.).
New
York,
NY:
Mc-‐Graw
Hill
Chapter
7
11/7/14
22
Gases
The IDEAL GAS Law
The
value
of
R,
universal
gas
constant,
can
be
obtained
using
the
ideal
gas
equaNon
and
standard
condiNons:
3
significant
figures
PV
1
atm
x
22.414
L
0.0821
atm•L
R
=
nT
=
=
mol•K
1
mol
x
273.15
K
Ref.: Silberberg, M. S. (2007). Principles of General Chemistry (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Mc-‐Graw Hill
Chapter
7
11/7/14
23
Gases
Solving for an Unknown Gas
Variable at Fixed Conditions
Sample Problem A
steel
tank
has
a
volume
of
438
L
and
is
filled
with
0.885
kg
of
O2.
Calculate
the
pressure
of
O2
at
21oC.
SOLUTION:
Chapter
7
11/7/14
24
Gases
Gas Stoichiometry
• For
1
mole
of
an
ideal
gas
at
at
0°C
and
1
atm,
the
volume
of
the
gas
is
22.42
L
nRT
(1.000
mol)
(0.08206
L-‐atm/K-‐mol)
(273.2
K)
V
=
P =
1.000
atm
=
22.4
L
molar
volume
of
the
ideal
gas
ideal
gas
STP:
Standard
equaNon
temperature
and
pressure
Ref:.
Zumdahl,
S.
S.
&
Zumdahl,
S.
A.
(2012).
Chemistry:
An
Atoms
First
Approach.
United
States
of
America:
Brooks/Cole,
Cengage
Learning
Chapter
9
11/7/14
25
Stoichiometry
Gas Stoichiometry
Sample Problem Quicklime
(CaO)
is
produced
by
the
thermal
decomposiNon
of
calcium
carbonate
(CaCO3
).
Calculate
the
volume
of
CO2
at
STP
produced
from
the
decomposiNon
of
152
g
CaCO3
by
the
reacNon:
Quicklime
(CaO)
Source:
hJp://
www.huronlime.com/images/
CaCO3
(s)
→
CaO
(s)
+
CO2
(g)
quicklime.jpg
SOLUTION:
Determine
the
moles
of
CO2
produced
from
152
g
CaCO3:
1
mol
CaCO3
1
mol
CO2
moles
of
CO2
=
152
g
CaCO3
x
x
100.09
g
CaCO3
1
mol
CaCO3
Chapter
9
11/7/14
26
Stoichiometry
Gas Stoichiometry
Quicklime
(CaO)
is
produced
by
the
thermal
decomposiNon
of
Sample Problem
calcium
carbonate
(CaCO3
).
Calculate
the
volume
of
CO2
at
STP
produced
from
the
decomposiNon
of
152
g
CaCO3
by
the
reacNon:
Ref:. Zumdahl, S. S. & Zumdahl, S. A. (2012). Chemistry: An Atoms First Approach. United States of America: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning
Chapter
9
11/7/14
27
Stoichiometry
Sample Problem A
sample
of
methane
gas
having
a
volume
of
2.80
L
at
25°C
and
1.65
atm
was
mixed
with
a
sample
of
oxygen
gas
having
a
volume
of
35.0
L
at
31°C
and
1.25
atm.
The
mixture
was
then
ignited
to
form
carbon
dioxide
and
water.
Calculate
the
volume
of
CO2
formed
at
a
pressure
of
2.50
atm
and
a
temperature
of
125°C.
Source:
hJp://
www.middleschoolchemistry.co
m/img/content/mulOmedia/
chapter_6/lesson_1/
combusOon_of_methane.j
Determine
the
volume
(in
L)
of
CO2
produced
from
combusNon.
Ref:.
Zumdahl,
S.
S.
&
Zumdahl,
S.
A.
(2012).
Chemistry:
An
Atoms
First
Approach.
United
States
of
America:
Brooks/Cole,
Cengage
Learning
Chapter
9
11/7/14
28
Stoichiometry
Gas Stoichiometry
A
sample
of
methane
gas
having
a
volume
of
2.80
L
at
25°C
and
Sample Problem
1.65
atm
was
mixed
with
a
sample
of
oxygen
gas
having
a
volume
of
35.0
L
at
31°C
and
1.25
atm.
The
mixture
was
then
ignited
to
form
carbon
dioxide
and
water.
Calculate
the
volume
of
CO2
formed
at
a
pressure
of
2.50
atm
and
a
temperature
of
125°C.
Given informaNon on the gases based on the problem statement:
CH4
O2
CO2
P
1.65
atm
1.25
atm
2.50
atm
V
2.80
L
35.0
L
?
T
298
K
304
K
398
K
Ref:.
Zumdahl,
S.
S.
&
Zumdahl,
S.
A.
(2012).
Chemistry:
An
Atoms
First
Approach.
United
States
of
America:
Brooks/Cole,
Cengage
Learning
Chapter
9
11/7/14
29
Stoichiometry
Gas Stoichiometry
A
sample
of
methane
gas
having
a
volume
of
2.80
L
at
25°C
and
Sample Problem
1.65
atm
was
mixed
with
a
sample
of
oxygen
gas
having
a
volume
of
35.0
L
at
31°C
and
1.25
atm.
The
mixture
was
then
ignited
to
form
carbon
dioxide
and
water.
Calculate
the
volume
of
CO2
formed
at
a
pressure
of
2.50
atm
and
a
temperature
of
125°C.
Chapter
9
11/7/14
30
Stoichiometry
Gas Stoichiometry
A
sample
of
methane
gas
having
a
volume
of
2.80
L
at
25°C
and
Sample Problem
1.65
atm
was
mixed
with
a
sample
of
oxygen
gas
having
a
volume
of
35.0
L
at
31°C
and
1.25
atm.
The
mixture
was
then
ignited
to
form
carbon
dioxide
and
water.
Calculate
the
volume
of
CO2
formed
at
a
pressure
of
2.50
atm
and
a
temperature
of
125°C.
Chapter
9
11/7/14
31
Stoichiometry
Gas Stoichiometry
A
sample
of
methane
gas
having
a
volume
of
2.80
L
at
25°C
and
Sample Problem
1.65
atm
was
mixed
with
a
sample
of
oxygen
gas
having
a
volume
of
35.0
L
at
31°C
and
1.25
atm.
The
mixture
was
then
ignited
to
form
carbon
dioxide
and
water.
Calculate
the
volume
of
CO2
formed
at
a
pressure
of
2.50
atm
and
a
temperature
of
125°C.
Ref:. Zumdahl, S. S. & Zumdahl, S. A. (2012). Chemistry: An Atoms First Approach. United States of America: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning
Chapter
9
11/7/14
32
Stoichiometry
Molar Mass and Density of a Gas
PV = nRT Recall
that:
m m,
mass
of
the
substance
n= MW,
molecular
weight/molar
mass
MW
m
SubsNtuNng
in
the
ideal
gas
equaNon
PV = RT
MW
Re-‐arranging
the
equaNon
to
express
in
mRT
terms
of
molar
mass
MW =
m PV
But,
ρ=
V
ρRT
Therefore,
MW =
P
Ref:.
Zumdahl,
S.
S.
&
Zumdahl,
S.
A.
(2012).
Chemistry:
An
Atoms
First
Approach.
United
States
of
America:
Brooks/Cole,
Cengage
Learning
Chapter
9
11/7/14
33
Stoichiometry
Molar Mass and Density of a Gas
Sample Problem
The
density
of
a
gas
was
measured
at
1.50
atm
and
27°C
and
found
to
be
1.95
g/L.
Calculate
the
molar
mass
of
the
gas.
SOLUTION:
=
32
g/mol
Ref:.
Zumdahl,
S.
S.
&
Zumdahl,
S.
A.
(2012).
Chemistry:
An
Atoms
First
Approach.
United
States
of
America:
Brooks/Cole,
Cengage
Learning
Chapter
9
11/7/14
34
Stoichiometry
Real Gases
• Ideal
gas
is
a
hypotheNcal
concept1
• Ideal
gas
behavior
assumes
the
following2:
– Molecules
in
the
gaseous
state
do
not
exert
any
force,
either
akracNve
nor
repulsive,
on
one
another
– Volume
of
the
molecules
is
negligibly
small
compared
to
the
container
1Zumdahl,
S.
S.
&
Zumdahl,
S.
A.
(2012).
Chemistry:
An
Atoms
First
Approach.
United
States
of
America:
Brooks/Cole,
Cengage
Learning
2Chang,
R.
(2010).
Chemistry
(10th
ed.).
New
York,
NY:
Mc-‐Graw
Hill.
Chapter
9
11/7/14
35
Stoichiometry
Real Gases
Plots of PV/nRT Versus P for Several Gases (200 K)
Ref.: Zumdahl, S. S. & Zumdahl, S. A. (2012). Chemistry: An Atoms First Approach. United States of America: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning
Chapter
9
11/7/14
36
Stoichiometry
Real Gases
Plots of PV/nRT Versus P for Nitrogen Gas at Three Temperatures
Ref.: Zumdahl, S. S. & Zumdahl, S. A. (2012). Chemistry: An Atoms First Approach. United States of America: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning
Chapter
9
11/7/14
37
Stoichiometry
Real Gases
• To
describe
the
real
gases
more
accurately,
“redesign”
the
ideal
gas
law
by:
– AdjusNng
the
measured
pressure
up
by
adding
a
factor
that
accounts
intermolecular
akracNon
– AdjusNng
the
measured
volume
down
by
subtracNng
a
factor
from
the
enNre
container
volume
that
accounts
for
the
molecular
volume
Ref.: Silberberg, M. S. (2007). Principles of General Chemistry (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Mc-‐Graw Hill
Chapter
9
11/7/14
38
Stoichiometry
Real Gases
• Van
der
Waals
equa1on
takes
into
account
the
correcNon
of
pressure
and
volume1
! 2 $ Relates
the
P,
V,
#P + an & ( V ' nb) = nRT T,
and
n
for
non-‐
# 2
V %
& ideal
gas2
"
corrected
corrected
volume
pressure
V
is
adjusted
P
is
down
adjusted
up
1Silberberg,
M.
S.
(2007).
Principles
of
General
Chemistry
(2nd
ed.).
New
York,
NY:
Mc-‐Graw
Hill
2Chang,
R.
(2010).
Chemistry
(10th
ed.).
New
York,
NY:
Mc-‐Graw
Hill.
Chapter
9
11/7/14
39
Stoichiometry
Assignment: Practice Problems
• 7.29
p.
320
• 7.30
p.
320
• 7.35
p.
320
• 7.39
p.
320
• 9.85
p.
420
• 9.87
p.
420
Ref:. Zumdahl, S. S. & Zumdahl, S. A. (2012). Chemistry: An Atoms First Approach. United States of America: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning
Chapter
9
11/7/14
40
Stoichiometry