w1.

De
finet
heConc
eptofPr
oje
ctMa
nage
ment
?Whyi
siti
mpor
tant
?
(
Ans)
:-
Conc
eptofpr
oje
ctMa
nage
ment
Theba
sicc
onc
eptofPr
oje
ctma
nage
menti
sde
tai
lsbe
low:
-
The
rea
re:
-
1
.Pr
oje
ctLi
fec
ycl
eandTa
il
ori
ng 7.Pr
oje
ctbus
ine
ssdoc
ume
nt
2
.Thepr
oje
cte
nvi
ronme
nt 8.Rol
eoft
hePr
oje
ctma
nage
r
3
.Sc
opeMa
nage
ment 9.Sc
hedul
ema
nage
ment
4
.Cos
tma
nage
ment 10.Qua
li
tyMa
nage
ment
5
.Re
sour
ceMa
nage
ment 11.Communi
cat
ionMa
nage
ment
6
.St
ake
hol
derma
nage
men
t 12.
Tre
ndsa
nde
mer
gingpr
act
ic
es
Pr
oje
ctMa
nage
mentI
mpor
tant
:-Pr
oje
ctma
nage
menti
simpor
tantbe
caus
e

1
.St
rat
egi
cAl
ignme
nt 6.Cl
earf
ocusa
ndobj
ect
ive
s
2
.Le
ade
rshi
p 7.Re
ali
st
icpr
oje
ctpl
anni
ng
3
.Qua
li
tyCont
rol 8.
Orde
rlyPr
oce
ss
4
.Ri
ckMa
nage
ment 9.Cont
inuousOve
rsi
ght
5
.Subj
ectMa
tt
erExpe
rti
se 10.
Mana
ginga
ndl
ear
ningf
roms
ucc
essa
ndf
ail
ure

St
rat
egi
cAl
ignme
nt
Pr
oje
ctma
nage
menti
simpor
tantbe
caus
eite
nsur
eswha
tisbe
ingde
li
ver
ed,i
sri
ghta
ndwi
llde
li
verr
ealva
lue
a
gai
nstt
hebus
ine
ssoppor
tuni
ty.Eve
ryc
li
entha
sst
rat
egi
cgoa
lsa
ndt
hepr
oje
ctst
hatwedof
ort
hema
dva
ncet
hos
e
goa
ls.Pr
oje
ctma
nage
menti
simpor
tantbe
caus
eite
nsur
est
her
e’sr
igori
nar
chi
te
cti
ngpr
oje
ctspr
ope
rlys
otha
tthe
y
f
itwe
llwi
thi
nthebr
oade
rcont
extofourc
li
ent
’ss
tra
tegi
cfr
ame
wor
ksGoodspr
oje
ctma
nage
mente
nsur
est
hatt
he
goa
lsofpr
oje
ctc
los
elya
li
gnwi
tht
hes
tra
tegi
cgoa
lsoft
hebus
ine
ss.
Le
ade
rshi
p:-
Pr
oje
ctma
nage
menti
simpor
tantbe
caus
eitbr
ingsl
eade
rshi
panddi
rec
ti
ont
opr
oje
ct.Wi
thoutpr
oje
ctma
nage
ment
,
at
eamc
anbel
ikeas
hipwi
thoutar
udde
r,movi
ngbu
twi
thoutdi
rec
ti
on,c
ont
rolorpur
pos
e.Le
ade
rshi
pal
lowsa
nd
e
nabl
esat
eamt
odot
hei
rbe
stwor
k.Pr
oje
ctma
nage
mentpr
ovi
desl
eade
rshi
pandvi
si
on,mot
iva
ti
on,r
emovi
ng
r
oad
bloc
ks,c
oac
hinga
ndi
nspi
ri
ngt
het
eamt
odot
hei
rbe
stwor
k.
Cl
earFoc
us&Obj
ect
ive
s:-
Pr
oje
ctma
nage
menti
simpor
tantbe
caus
eite
nsur
est
her
e’sapa
perpl
anf
ore
xec
uti
ngons
tra
tegi
cgoa
ls.Whe
re
pr
oje
ctma
nage
menti
sle
ftt
othet
eamt
owor
koutbyt
hems
elve
s,you’
llf
indt
eam wor
kwi
thoutpr
ope
rbr
ief
s,
Pr
oje
ctl
ackf
ocus
,ca
nha
veva
gueorne
bul
ousobj
ect
ive
s,a
ndl
eavet
het
eamnotqui
tes
urewha
tthe
y’r
esuppos
ed
t
obedoi
ng,orwhy.
Re
ali
st
icPr
oje
ctPl
anni
ng:
-
Pr
oje
ctma
nage
menti
simpor
tantbe
caus
eite
nsur
espr
ope
rexpe
cta
ti
ona
res
eta
roundwha
tca
nbede
li
ver
ed,by
whe
nandf
orhowmuc
h.Agoodpr
oje
ctma
nage
rcr
eat
esac
lea
rpr
oce
ss,wi
tha
chi
eva
blede
cli
nes
,tha
tena
ble
s
e
ver
yonewi
thi
nthepr
oje
ctt
eamt
owor
kwi
thi
nre
asona
blebounds
,andnotunr
eas
ona
blee
xpe
cta
ti
ons
Qua
lit
yCont
rol
:-
Pr
oje
ctma
nage
menti
simpor
tantbe
caus
eite
nsu
rest
hequa
li
tyofwha
teve
risbe
ingde
li
ver
ed,c
ons
ist
ent
lyhi
tst
he
ma
rk.Pr
oje
ctsa
rea
lsous
ual
lyunde
renor
mouspr
ess
uret
obec
ompl
et
ed.Wi
thoutade
dic
ate
dpr
oje
ctma
nage
r,
whoha
sthes
uppor
tandbuyi
nofe
xec
uti
vema
nage
menta
reunde
res
ti
mat
ed.
Ri
skMa
nage
ment
:-
Pr
oje
ctma
nage
menti
mpor
tantbe
caus
eite
nsur
esr
icksi
spr
ope
rtyma
nage
dandmi
ti
gat
eda
gai
nstt
oavoi
d
be
comi
ngi
ssue
s.Ri
skma
nage
menti
scr
it
ic
alt
opr
oje
cts
ucc
ess
.Thet
empt
at
ioni
sjus
ttos
wee
pthe
m unde
rthe
c
arpe
t,n
eve
rta
lka
boutt
hemt
othec
li
enta
ndhopef
orbe
st.
Or
der
lyPr
oce
ss:
-
Pr
oje
ctma
nage
menti
simpor
tantbe
caus
eite
nsur
est
her
ightpe
opl
edot
her
ightt
hings
,att
het
ime
;ite
nsur
es
pr
ope
rpr
oje
ctpr
oce
ssi
sfol
lowe
dthr
oughoutt
hepr
oje
ctl
if
ecyc
le.Pr
oje
ctma
nage
mentma
tt
ershe
rebe
caus
e
wi
thouta
nor
der
ly,e
asi
lyunde
rst
oodpr
oce
ss,c
ompa
nie
sri
skpr
oje
ctf
ail
ure
,at
tr
it
ionofe
mpl
oye
etr
usta
nd
r
eso
urc
ewa
sta
ge.
Cont
inuousOve
rsi
ght
:-
Pr
oje
ctma
nage
menti
simpor
tantbe
caus
eite
nsur
esapr
oje
ct’
spr
ogr
essi
str
acke
dandr
epor
tedpr
ope
rly.St
at
us
r
epo
rti
ngmi
ghts
oundbo
ringa
ndunne
ces
sar
y–a
ndi
feve
ryt
hing’
sgoi
ngt
opl
ai
n,i
tca
njus
tfe
ell
ike
doc
ume
nta
ti
onf
ordoc
ume
nta
ti
on’
s.Butc
ont
inuousove
rsi
ghte
nsur
ingt
hatapr
oje
cti
str
acki
ngpr
ope
rlya
gai
nst
t
heor
igi
nalpl
ani
scr
it
ic
alt
oens
uri
ngt
hatapr
oje
cts
taysont
rac
k.
Subj
ectMa
tte
rExpe
rti
se:
-
Pr
oje
ctma
nage
menti
simpor
tantbe
caus
esome
onen
eedst
obea
blet
ounde
rst
andi
feve
ryone
’sdoi
ngwha
tthe
y
s
houl
d.Wi
thaf
ewy
ear
sexpe
rie
nceunde
rthe
irbe
lt
,pr
oje
ctma
nge
rswi
llknow al
it
tl
eaboutl
ota
spe
ctsof
de
li
ver
ingt
hepr
oje
ctt
heyma
nage
.The
y’l
lknow e
ver
ythi
nga
boutt
hewor
ktha
tthe
irt
eamse
xec
ute
.Wi
thout
s
ubj
ectma
tt
ere
xpe
rti
set
hroughpr
oje
ctma
nage
mentyouc
anf
indapr
oje
ctbe
come
sunba
lanc
ed–t
hec
rea
ti
ve’
s
i
gnor
ethel
imi
ta
ti
onsoft
echnol
ogyort
hede
vel
ope
rsf
orge
tthec
rea
ti
vevi
si
onoft
hepr
oje
ct.
Ma
nagi
nga
ndl
ear
ningf
romSuc
ces
sandf
ail
ure
:-
Pr
oje
ctma
nage
menti
simpor
tantbe
caus
eitl
ear
nsf
romt
hes
ucc
ess
esa
ndf
ail
ureoft
hepa
st.pr
oje
ctma
nage
ment
c
anbr
eakba
dha
bit
sandwhe
nyou’
rede
li
ver
ingpr
oje
ct,i
tsi
mpor
tantt
onotma
ket
hes
amemi
st
ake
stwi
ce.Thi
s
pr
oje
ctava
lua
ble
sse
tofdoc
ume
nta
ti
ont
hatb
ecome
sar
ecor
dof“
dosa
nddon’
t”goi
ngf
orwa
rd,e
nabl
ingt
he
or
gani
zat
iont
ole
arnf
ormf
ail
urea
nds
ucc
ess
.
2.Wha
tar
esomepr
inc
ipa
lre
asonst
obe
comepr
oje
ctma
nage
ment
?Popul
arbus
ine
sst
ooli
nre
centye
ars
?
(
Ans)
:-
Bus
ine
ssha
scha
nge
dint
hel
ast20ors
oye
ars
.Pr
odu
ctsa
rebe
ingpr
oduc
edmor
era
pidl
yandwi
tht
hei
ntr
oduc
ti
on
ofgl
oba
liz
ati
onc
ompe
ti
ti
onha
sbe
comemor
eabunda
nt.The
rei
sane
edt
obe
comemor
ecus
tome
rfoc
use
dbuta
t
t
hes
amet
imequi
cke
rtoma
rke
twhi
les
ti
llr
educ
ingc
ost
.Doi
ngbus
ine
sst
heol
dwa
yisj
ustnotc
utt
ingi
tanymor
e.
Pr
oje
ctma
nage
mentg
ive
scompa
nie
sthea
bil
it
ytof
ocus
.onma
nyt
hingsa
tonc
ewi
thoutl
osi
ngf
ocusont
hei
rcor
e
bus
ine
ssmode
l.Pr
oce
sse
sbe
comepr
oje
ctt
hatha
veas
tar
tandf
ini
sha
ndc
anbet
rac
keda
ndqua
nti
fi
ed
Mor
ewoul
dbee
xpe
cte
dofmet
hanj
ustme
eti
ngquot
a
3. De
scr
ibet
heb
asi
cel
eme
ntsoft
hepr
oje
ctl
if
ecyc
le.Whyi
sanunde
rst
andi
ngoft
hepr
oje
ctl
if
ecyc
le
r
ele
vantf
orun
der
sta
ndi
ngpr
oje
ctma
nage
men
t?
 Thepr
oje
ctl
if
ecyc
lec
ons
ist
soft
hec
onc
ept
ual
iz
ati
onpha
se,t
hepl
anni
ngpha
se,t
hee
xec
uti
onpha
se,a
nd
t
het
ermi
nat
ionpha
se.Unde
rst
andi
ngt
hepr
oje
ctl
if
ecyc
lei
simpor
tantbe
caus
eiti
stheba
seofa
llpr
oje
ct
ma
nag
eme
nt.Yout
akeonepha
seouta
ndt
hepr
oje
ctwi
llf
ail
.Youc
annots
tar
tapr
oje
ctwi
thoutagood
s
copeorbl
uepr
int
.Thepr
oje
ctl
if
ecyc
lei
sse
tups
otha
tyouc
annotmoveont
othene
xts
tagei
nthec
ycl
e
wi
thoutgoi
ngt
hrought
hepr
evi
ouss
tage
.Ia
lsowa
ntt
ome
nti
ont
het
ermi
nat
ionpha
se.Thi
siswhe
reyou
t
ermi
nat
ethepr
oje
cta
ndputt
oge
the
radoc
ume
ntt
hate
xpl
ai
nst
hede
laysa
ndf
ixe
stha
the
lpe
dth
epr
oje
ct
c
omet
ofr
uit
ion.
4. Compa
rea
ndc
ont
ras
tthet
hre
eor
gani
zat
iona
lst
ruc
tur
esdi
scus
sedi
nthet
extf
unc
ti
ona
l,pr
oje
ct,a
ndma
tri
x.
Pr
ovi
dee
xampl
est
hats
how t
hedi
ff
ere
ncebe
twe
ent
het
hre
e,i
ncl
udi
ngs
omeoft
hea
dva
nta
gea
nd
di
sadva
nta
geo
fea
ch.
3.Di
st
ingui
shbe
twe
enPERTa
ndCPM?
(
Ans)
:-
Ba
sisf
orc
ompa
ris
on PERT CPM
Me
ani
ng PERT i
sapr
oje
ctma
nage
mentt
echni
que
, CPM i
sas
tat
is
ti
calt
echni
queofpr
oje
ct
us
edt
o ma
nage unc
ert
ai
nac
ti
vit
ie
s ofa ma
nage
mentt
hatma
nage
swe
llde
fine
d
pr
oje
ct. a
cti
vit
ie
sofapr
oje
ct.
Wha
tisi
t? ATe
chni
queofpl
anni
nga
ndc
ont
roloft
ime Ame
thodt
ocont
rolc
osta
ndt
ime
.
Or
ient
ati
on Eve
nt–or
ient
ed Ac
ti
vit
y-Or
ient
ed
Evol
uti
on Evol
veda
sre
sea
rch&De
vel
opme
ntpr
oje
ct Evol
veda
scons
truc
ti
onpr
oje
ct
Mode
l Pr
oba
bil
is
ti
cMode
l De
ter
mini
st
icMode
l
Foc
use
son Ti
me Ti
mec
ostt
rade
-of
f
Es
ti
mat
es Thr
eet
ime
ses
ti
mat
es Onet
imee
sti
mat
e
Appr
opr
iat
eFor Hi
ghpr
eci
si
onTi
mee
sti
mat
es Re
asona
blet
imee
sti
mat
es
Na
meofj
obs Non-
repe
ti
ti
vena
tur
e Re
pet
it
ivena
tur
e

4.Wha
tdoyoume
anbyr
esour
cesofapr
oje
ct?Show r
esour
ceRe
spons
ibi
li
tyMa
tri
x(RRM)byus
ingWBS
a
cti
vat
est
askt
oas
signr
esour
ces
?
(
Ans)
:-
Re
sour
cesPr
oje
ct:
-
Ar
esour
cei
sne
ces
sar
yas
setwhos
ema
inr
olei
stohe
lpc
arr
youtac
ert
ai
nta
skorpr
oje
ct.Ar
esour
cec
anbea
pe
rson,at
eam,at
ool
,fi
nanc
es,a
ndt
ime
.Mos
tpr
oje
ctr
equi
rema
nydi
ff
ere
ntr
esour
cesi
nor
dert
obec
ompl
et
ed
Re
sour
cess
houl
dbea
sse
sse
danda
ll
oca
tedbe
for
eapr
oje
ctbe
ings
.Poorr
esour
cepl
anni
ngc
anr
esul
tinr
unni
ng
outofr
esour
cesmi
dwa
ythr
oughapr
oje
ct,de
lay
ingd
eadl
ine
s,a
ndde
li
ver
yoft
hef
ina
lpr
oduc
tors
ervi
ces
.
A Re
spons
ibi
li
ty As
signme
ntMa
tri
x(RRM)us
est
he wor
k br
eakdown St
ruc
tur
e(WBS)a
nd t
he
or
gani
zat
iona
lst
ruc
tur
etol
inkde
li
ver
abl
esa
nd/ora
cti
vit
ie
stor
esour
ces
.TheRAM pr
ovi
desar
eal
is
ti
cpi
ct
ureof
t
her
esour
cesne
ede
dandc
ani
dent
it
yifyouha
vee
noughr
esour
cesf
ort
hepr
oje
cta
ddi
ti
ona
ll
y,i
tcl
ear
lys
howwho
i
sre
spon
sibl
eforwha
t,i
fiti
sas
soc
iat
edwi
tht
hes
che
dul
eitc
ani
dent
if
ywhe
nthede
li
ver
abl
eisne
ede
d,by
c
rea
ti
ngaRAM,de
li
ver
abl
esa
rea
ssi
gne
dar
espons
ibl
epa
rty,whowi
llr
evi
ewora
ddi
nputa
ndt
hea
ppr
opr
iat
e
a
ppr
ova
laut
hor
it
yisi
dent
if
ied
 TheRAM c
anbea
ssi
mpl
easpl
aci
ngac
hee
kma
rki
nama
tri
xtoa
ssi
gnt
hede
li
ver
abl
esora
cti
vit
ie
s

Ide
nti
fyof
fi
ce,Rol
eor
UsetheWBStoi
dent
if
y per
son i,
e. Util
it
ie
s
de
liver
abl
esa
nd off
ice
s
ac
ti
viti
es

De
li
ver
abl
e: Of
fi
ce,Rol
eofpe
rson Of
fi
ce,Rol
eofpe
rson Of
fi
ce,Rol
eofpe
rson
Envi
ro.Pe
rmi
ts
Tr
aff
icRe
por
t
Ut
il
it
yLoc
ate
s
I
jnt
ers
ect
ion
De
sign
5.Expl
ainMa
slow‘
Pyr
ami
dSt
ruc
tur
eofMot
iva
tiont
heor
y?
(
Ans
):-
Ma
slowMot
iva
tionThe
ory
Ma
slow’
sHi
era
rchyofne
edsi
samot
iva
ti
ona
lthe
oryi
nps
ychol
ogyc
ompr
isi
ngaf
ive
-ti
ermode
lofhuma
nne
eds
,
of
tende
pic
teda
shi
era
rchi
call
eve
lswi
thi
napyr
ami
d.Ma
slow (
1943,1954)s
tar
edt
hatpe
opl
ear
emot
iva
ted
a
chi
evec
ert
ai
nne
edsa
ndt
hats
omene
edst
akepr
ece
denc
eove
rot
her
s,ourmos
tba
sicne
edi
sforphys
ica
lsur
viva
l,
a
ndt
hiswi
llbet
hef
ir
stt
hingt
hatmot
iva
teso
urbe
havi
or.Onet
hatl
eve
lisf
ulf
il
le
dthene
xtl
eve
lupi
swha
t
mot
iva
tes
,usa
nds
oon.
1.Ph
ysi
ologi
cal
2.Sa
fet
y
3.Love
/be
longi
ng
4.Es
tee
m
5.Se
lfAc
tua
li
zat
ion
Thi
sfi
ves
tagemode
lca
nbedi
vide
dint
ode
fic
ienc
yne
edsa
ndgr
owt
hne
eds
.Thef
ir
stf
ourl
eve
lsa
reof
tenr
efe
rre
d
t
oasde
fic
ienc
yne
eds(
D-ne
eds
),a
ndt
het
opl
eve
lisknowna
sgr
owt
horbe
ingne
eds(
B-ne
eds
)
De
fic
ien
cyn
eedsa
ris
eduet
ode
pri
vat
iona
nda
res
aidt
omot
iva
tepe
opl
ewhe
nthe
yar
eunme
t.Al
so,t
he
mot
iva
ti
ont
oful
fi
lls
uchne
edswi
llbe
comes
trong
ert
hel
onge
rthedur
ati
ont
heya
rede
nie
d.Fore
xampl
e,t
he
l
onge
rape
rsongoe
swi
thoutf
ood,t
hemor
ehun
gryt
hewi
llbe
come
.
Theor
igi
nalHi
era
rchyofne
edsf
ives
tagemode
linc
lude
s:-
1.Bi
ologi
cala
ndPhys
iol
ogi
calne
eds
:-Ai
r,f
ood
,dr
ink,s
hel
te
r,wa
rmt
h,s
ex,s
lee
p.
2.Sa
fet
yne
eds
:-Pr
ote
cti
onf
rome
leme
nts
,se
cur
it
yor
der
,la
w,s
tabi
li
tyf
ree
domf
romf
ear
.
3.Lovea
ndbe
longi
ngne
ssne
eds
:-Fr
iends
hip,i
nti
mac
y,t
rus
tanda
cce
pta
nce
,re
cei
vinga
ndgi
vinga
ffe
cti
on
a
ndl
ove
.Af
fi
li
at
ing,be
ingpa
rtofagr
oup(f
ami
ly,f
ri
ends
,wor
k)
4.Es
tee
mne
eds:
-Whi
chMa
slowc
las
sif
iedi
ntot
woc
ate
gor
ies(
a)Es
tee
mforone
sel
f(di
gni
ty,a
chi
eve
ment
,
ma
ste
ry,i
nde
pende
nce
)and (
b)Thede
sir
eforr
eput
ati
onorr
espe
ctf
romot
her
s(s
tat
us,pr
est
ige
)Ma
slow
i
ndi
cat
edt
hatt
hene
edf
orr
espe
ctorr
eput
at
ioni
smos
timpor
tantf
orc
hil
dre
nanda
dol
esc
ent
sandpr
ece
des
r
eals
elfe
ste
emordi
gni
ty
5.Se
lf-
act
ual
iza
tionne
eds
:-Re
ali
zi
ngpe
rsona
lpot
ent
ia
l,s
elf
-f
ulf
il
lme
nt,s
eeki
ngpe
rsona
lgr
owt
handpe
ak
 e
xpe
rie
nce
s,Ade
sir
e“Tobe
comee
ver
ythi
ngonei
sca
pabl
eofbe
comi
ng”
Ma
slowpos
it
edt
hath
uma
nne
edsa
rea
rra
nge
dinahi
era
rchy:
“
Iti
squi
tet
ruet
hatma
nli
vesbybr
eada
lone–whe
nthe
rei
snobr
ead.Butwha
tha
ppe
nst
oma
n’sde
sir
es
whe
nthe
rei
spl
ent
yofbr
eada
ndwhe
nhi
sbe
llyi
schr
oni
cal
lyf
il
led”
?
Hi
era
rchyofne
edss
umma
ry:
-
(
a)Huma
nbe
ingsa
remot
iva
tedbyhi
era
rchyofn
eeds
(
b)Ne
edsa
reor
gani
zedi
nahi
era
rchyofp
repot
enc
yinwhi
chmor
eba
sicne
edsmus
tbemor
eorl
essme
t
(
rat
hert
hana
llornon)pr
iort
ohi
ghe
rne
eds
(
c)Theor
dert
one
edsi
snotr
ightbuti
nst
eadmybef
lexi
bleba
sedone
xte
rna
lci
rcums
tanc
esori
ndi
vidua
l
di
ff
ere
nce
s
(
d)Mos
tbe
havi
ori
smul
ti
-mot
iva
ted,t
hati
s,s
imu
lta
neous
lyde
ter
mine
dbymor
etha
noneba
sicn
eed
6.Wha
tdoyoume
ani
ngbyPERT?Expl
aini
t’
sinpr
oje
ctma
nage
ment
?
(
Ans)
:-
PERT:
-
PERT-ane
twor
kana
lys
ist
echni
queus
edt
oes
ti
mat
epr
oje
ctdur
ati
onwhe
nthe
rei
sahi
ghde
gre
eofunc
ert
ai
nty
a
boutt
hei
ndi
vidua
ldur
ati
one
sti
mat
es.PERTus
espr
oba
bil
is
ti
cti
mee
sti
mat
es–e
sti
mat
esofa
cti
vit
ydur
ati
on
us
ingopt
imi
st
ic,mos
tli
kel
yandpe
ssi
mis
ti
ces
ti
mat
esofa
cti
vit
ydur
ati
on.
Expl
aini
nPr
oje
ctMa
nage
ment
:
PERTi
sapr
oje
ctma
nage
mentpl
anni
ngt
oolus
edt
oca
lcul
at
ethea
mountoft
imei
twi
llt
aket
ore
ali
st
ic
all
yfi
nis
ha
pr
oje
ct.PERTs
tandsf
orpr
ogr
ame
val
uat
ionr
evi
ewt
echni
que
.PERTc
har
tsa
ret
ool
sus
edt
opl
ant
al
kswi
thi
na
pr
oje
ct-ma
kingi
tea
sie
rtos
che
dul
eandc
oor
dina
tet
eamme
mbe
rsa
ccompl
is
hingt
hewor
k
PERTc
har
tswe
rec
rea
tedi
nthe1950st
ohe
lpma
naget
hec
rea
ti
onofwe
aponsa
ndde
fens
epr
oje
ctsf
ort
heUS
Na
vy.Whi
lePERTwa
sbe
ingi
ntr
oduc
edi
ntheNAVY,t
hepr
iva
tes
ect
ors
imul
ta
neous
lyga
ver
iset
oas
imi
lar
me
thodc
all
edCr
it
ic
alpa
th.PERTi
ssi
mil
art
ocr
it
ic
alpa
thi
ntha
tthe
yar
ebot
hus
edt
ovi
sua
li
zet
het
ime
li
nea
nd
t
hewor
ktha
tmus
tbedonef
orapr
oje
ct.Howe
verwi
thPERT,youc
rea
tet
hre
edi
ff
ere
ntt
imee
sti
mat
esf
ort
he
pr
oje
ctyoue
sti
mat
ethes
hor
tes
tpos
sibl
eamountt
imee
acht
askwi
llt
ake
,themos
tpr
oba
blea
mountoft
imet
ask
mi
ghtt
akei
fthi
ngsdon’
tgoa
spl
anne
d.PERTi
sca
lcul
at
edba
ckwa
rdf
rom af
ixe
dendda
tes
inc
econt
rac
tor
de
adl
ine
stypi
cal
lyc
annotbemove
d
6.Expl
aint
her
ole
sofRi
skma
nage
menti
npr
oje
ct?
(
Ans)
:-
Thebe
nef
it
sofr
iskma
nage
menti
npr
oje
ctsa
rehuge
.Youc
anga
inal
otofmone
yifyoude
alwi
thunc
ert
ain
pr
oje
cte
vent
sinapr
oac
ti
vema
nne
r.Ther
esul
twi
llbet
hatyourmi
nimi
zet
hei
mpa
ctofpr
oje
ctt
hre
atsa
nds
eiz
e
t
heoppor
tuni
ti
est
hatoc
cur
.
Thi
sar
ti
cl
egi
vesyout
he10r
ule
stoa
ppl
yri
skma
nage
ment
.The
rea
re:
-
Rul
e1:
-(Ma
keRi
skMa
nage
mentpa
rtofyourpr
oje
ct)
Rul
e2:
-(I
dent
if
yRi
sksEa
rlyi
nyourpr
oje
ct)
Rul
e3:
-(Communi
cat
eAboutRi
sks
)
Rul
e4:
-(Cons
ide
rBo
thThr
eat
sandOppor
tuni
ti
es)
Rul
e5:
-(Cl
ari
fyOwne
rshi
pIs
sue
s)
Rul
e6:
-(Pr
ior
it
ie
sRi
sks
)
Rul
e7:
-(Ana
lys
isRi
sks
)
Rul
e8:
-(Pl
ana
ndI
mpl
eme
ntRi
skRe
spons
es)
Rul
e9:
-(Re
gis
terPr
oje
ctr
isks
)
Rul
e10:
-(Tr
ackRi
sksa
ndAs
soc
iat
edTa
sks
)
De
scr
ipt
ionb
ell
ow:
-
Rul
e1:
-(Ma
keRi
skMa
nage
mentpa
rtofyourpr
oje
ct)
Thef
ir
str
ulei
ses
sen
tia
ltot
hes
ucc
essorpr
oje
ctr
iskma
nage
ment
.Ifyoudon’
ttr
ulye
mbe
dri
skma
nage
menti
n
yourpr
oje
ct,youc
annotr
eapt
hef
ullbe
nef
it
soft
hisa
ppr
oac
h.Youc
ane
ncount
eranumbe
roff
ull
yappr
oac
hesi
n
c
ompa
nie
s.
Rul
e2:
-(I
dent
if
yRi
sksEa
rlyi
nyourpr
oje
ct)
Thef
ir
sts
tepi
npr
oje
ctr
iskma
nage
menti
stoi
dent
if
yther
iskst
hata
repr
ese
nti
nyourpr
oje
ct.Thi
sre
qui
resa
n
ope
nmi
nds
ett
hatf
ocus
esonf
utur
esc
ena
riost
hatma
yoc
cur
.Twoma
ins
our
cese
xis
ttoi
dent
if
yri
sks
,pe
opl
eand
pa
per
.Pe
opl
esa
reyourt
eamme
mbe
rst
hate
achbr
ingsa
longt
hei
rpe
rsona
lexpe
rie
nce
sande
xpe
rti
se.Ot
herpe
opl
e
t
ota
lkt
oar
eexpe
rtso
uts
ideyourpr
oje
ctt
hatha
veat
rac
kre
cor
doft
het
ypeofpr
oje
ctorwor
kyoura
ref
aci
ng.
Rul
e3:
-(Communi
cat
eAboutRi
sks
)
Fa
il
edp
roj
ect
sshowt
hatpr
oje
ctma
nage
rsi
nsuc
hpr
oje
ctwe
ref
reque
ntl
yuna
war
eoft
hebi
gha
mme
rtha
twa
s
a
boutt
ohi
tthe
m.Thef
ri
ght
eni
ngf
indi
ngwa
stha
tfr
eque
ntl
ysome
oneoft
hepr
oje
ctor
gani
zat
iona
ctua
ll
ydi
dse
e
t
heha
mme
r,b
utdi
dn’
tinf
ormt
hepr
oje
ctma
nage
rofi
tse
xis
tenc
e.I
fyoudon’
twa
ntt
hist
oha
ppe
ninyourpr
oje
ct,
yoube
tt
erpa
yat
te
nti
ont
ori
skc
ommuni
cat
ion.Anot
heri
mpor
tantl
ineofc
ommuni
cat
ioni
stha
toft
hepr
oje
ct
ma
nage
randpr
oje
cts
pons
ororpr
inc
ipa
l.
Rul
e4:
-(Cons
ide
rBot
hThr
eat
sandOppor
tuni
ti
es)
Pr
oje
ctr
isksha
veane
gat
ivec
onnot
at
ion:t
heya
ret
heba
dguyst
hatc
anha
rmyourpr
oje
ct,howe
ver
,mode
rnr
isk
a
ppr
oac
hesa
lsof
ocusonp
osi
ti
ver
isk,t
hepr
oje
ctopp
ort
uni
ti
es.The
rea
ret
heunc
ert
ai
neve
ntst
hata
rebe
nef
ici
alt
o
yourpr
oje
cta
ndor
gani
zat
ion.The
segoodguysma
keyourpr
oje
ctf
ast
er,be
tt
era
ndmor
epr
ofi
ta
ble
.
Rul
e5:
-(Cl
ari
fyOwne
rshi
pIs
sue
s)
Somepr
oje
ctma
nage
rst
hinkt
heya
redoneone
sthe
yha
vec
rea
tedal
is
tofr
isk.Howe
ver
,thi
sonl
yas
tar
ti
ngpoi
nt.
Thene
xts
tepi
stoma
kec
lea
rwhoi
sre
spons
ibl
eforwha
tri
sk!Someoneha
stof
eelt
hehe
ati
far
iski
snott
ake
n
c
areofpr
ope
rly.Own
ers
hipa
lsoe
xis
tsona
not
herl
eve
l.I
fapr
oje
ctt
hre
atoc
cur
s,s
ome
oneha
stopa
ythebi
ll
.Thi
s
s
oundsl
ogi
calbuti
tisa
nis
sueyouha
vet
oaddr
essbe
for
ear
iskoc
cur
s.
Rul
e6:
-(Pr
ior
it
iesRi
sks
)
Apr
oje
ctma
nage
ronc
etol
dme
,“It
rea
tal
lri
skse
qua
ll
y”Thi
sma
kespr
oje
ctl
if
ere
all
ysi
mpl
e.Howe
ver
,itdoe
sn’
t
de
li
vert
hebe
str
esul
tspos
sibl
e.Somer
isksha
veahi
ghe
rimpa
ctt
hanot
her
s.The
ref
ore
,yoube
tt
ers
pendyourt
ime
ont
her
iskt
hatc
anc
aus
eth
ebi
gge
stl
oss
esa
ndg
ains
.
Rul
e7:
-(Ana
lys
isRi
sks
)
Unde
rst
andi
ngt
hena
tur
eofar
iski
sapr
econdi
ti
onf
oragoodr
espons
e.The
ref
ore
,ta
kes
omet
imet
oha
veac
los
e
l
ooka
tindi
vidua
lri
sksa
nddon’
tjumpt
oconc
lus
ion
swi
thoutknowi
ngwha
tar
iska
bout
.Ri
ska
nal
ysi
soc
cur
sat
di
ff
ere
ntl
eve
l.I
fyouwa
ntt
ounde
rst
andar
iska
tani
ndi
vidua
lle
vel
,iti
smos
tfr
uit
fult
othi
nka
boutt
hee
ffe
cts
t
hati
tha
sandt
hec
aus
est
hatc
anma
kei
tha
ppe
n.
Rul
e8:
-(Pl
ana
ndI
mpl
eme
ntRi
skRe
spons
es)
I
mpl
eme
nti
ngar
iskr
espon
sei
sthea
cti
vit
ytha
tac
tua
ll
yaddsva
luet
oyourpr
oje
ct.Youpr
eve
ntat
hre
atoc
cur
ri
ng
ormi
nimi
zene
gat
ivee
ffe
cts
.Exe
cut
ioni
ske
yhe
re.Theot
herr
ule
sha
vehe
lpe
dyout
oma
p,pr
ior
it
ie
sand
unde
rst
andr
is
k.Thi
swi
llhe
lpyout
oma
keas
oundr
iskr
espons
epl
ant
hatf
ocus
esont
hebi
gwi
ns.I
fyoude
alwi
th
t
hre
ats
,youh
avet
hre
eopt
ions
,ri
ska
voi
danc
e,r
iskmi
nimi
zat
iona
ndr
iska
cce
pta
nce
.
Rul
e9:
-(Re
gis
terPr
oje
ctr
isks
)
Thi
srul
eisa
boutbookke
epi
ng(
howe
verdon’
tst
opr
eadi
ng)
.Ma
int
ai
ningar
iskl
oge
nabl
esyout
ovi
ewpr
ogr
ess
a
ndma
kes
uret
hatyouwon’
tfor
getar
iskort
wo,I
tisa
lsoape
rfe
ctc
ommuni
cat
iont
oolt
hati
nfor
msy
ourt
eam
me
mbe
rsa
nds
take
hol
der
swha
tisgoi
ngon.Agoodr
iskl
ogc
ont
ai
nsr
iskde
scr
ipt
ions
,cl
ari
fi
esowne
rshi
pis
sue
s
a
nde
nabl
esyout
oca
rryours
omeba
sica
nal
ysi
swi
thr
ega
rdt
oca
usea
nde
ffe
cts
.
Rul
e10:
-(Tr
ackRi
sksa
ndAs
soc
iat
edTa
sks
)
Ther
iskr
egi
st
eryouha
vec
rat
eda
sar
esul
tofr
ule9,wi
llhe
lpyout
otr
ackr
isksa
ndt
hei
ras
soc
iat
edt
asks
.
Tr
acki
ngTa
sksi
sada
ytoda
yjobf
ore
achpr
oje
ctma
nage
r.I
nte
gra
ti
ngr
iskt
aski
ntot
hatda
il
yrout
inei
sthe
e
asi
ests
olut
ion.
7.Wha
tdoyoume
anbyPr
oje
ctCont
rol
?
(
Ans)
:-
Sa
vingt
imemone
ydur
ingpr
oje
ctpl
anni
nga
nde
xec
uti
oni
saki
ntoe
ati
ngwhe
nyoua
rehungr
y;i
t’
ssome
thi
ng
yourpl
ai
nlyne
edt
odot
ogr
owa
nds
urvi
ve.I
fyoua
reunf
ami
li
arwi
thhowpr
oje
ctc
ont
rola
revi
ta
lconc
erni
ngt
he
us
eofc
loudba
sedpr
oje
ctma
nage
ments
oft
war
e(PM s
oft
war
e).Pr
oje
ctMa
nage
mentBodyofknowl
edge
(
PMBOK)pr
oje
ctc
ont
rol
sar
ede
fine
dast
hef
oll
owi
ng.
“
Pro
jec
tcont
rol
sar
etheda
taga
the
ring,ma
nage
menta
nda
nal
yti
calpr
oce
sse
sus
edt
opr
edi
ct
,unde
rst
anda
nd
c
ons
truc
ti
vel
yinf
lue
ncet
het
imea
ndc
ostout
come
sofapr
oje
ctorpr
ogr
am;t
hrought
hec
ommuni
cat
ionof
i
nfor
mat
ioni
nfor
mat
stha
tas
sis
tef
fec
ti
vema
nage
menta
ndde
cis
ionma
king”
.
8.De
finet
hePr
oje
ctCl
osi
nga
ndSt
atet
hePr
oce
ssofpr
oje
ctc
los
ing?
(
Ans)
:-
Pr
oje
ctCl
osi
ng:
-
Ac
cor
din
gtoAgui
det
othePr
oje
ctma
nage
mentBod
yofKnowl
edge(
PMBOK)f
if
thEdi
ti
on,“
Thepr
oje
ctc
los
ing
pr
oce
ssgr
oupc
ons
ist
soft
hos
epr
oce
sse
spe
rfor
medt
oconc
ludea
lla
cti
vit
ie
sac
ros
sal
lpr
oje
ctma
nage
ment
pr
oce
ssg
roupst
ofor
mal
lyc
ompl
et
ethepr
oje
ct,Pha
se,orc
ont
rac
tua
lobl
iga
ti
ons
.
I
not
herwor
ds,Pr
oje
ctCl
osi
ngi
sthec
ombi
nat
ionoft
hef
oll
owi
ngwhe
nappl
ie
dtoapr
oje
ct.
1.As
sur
anc
etha
tal
lthewor
kha
sbe
enc
ompl
et
ed.
2.As
sur
anc
etha
tal
lagr
eeduponpr
oje
ctma
nage
mentpr
oce
sse
sha
vebe
ene
xec
ute
d,a
nd
3.For
malr
ecogni
ti
onoft
hec
ompl
et
ionofapr
oje
cte
ver
yonea
gre
est
hati
tisc
ompl
et
ed.
Pr
oje
ctPr
oce
sse
sCl
osi
ng:
-
Thec
los
ingpr
oce
sse
sinvo
lvega
ini
ngs
take
hol
dera
ndc
ust
ome
rac
cept
anc
eanda
ppr
ova
loft
hef
ina
lpr
oduc
tand
br
ingt
hepr
oje
ct(
orapr
oje
ctpha
se)t
oanor
der
lye
nd.Thi
sinc
lude
sve
rif
yingt
hata
lloft
hede
li
ver
abl
esha
vebe
en
c
ompl
et
eda
ndof
teni
ncl
ude
sapr
oje
cta
udi
t.I
tisi
mpor
tantas
moot
htr
ans
it
ionf
rom ‘
Proj
ects
tat
use
sint
othe
nor
male
ver
yda
yope
rat
ionsoft
hec
ompa
ny.
9.Wha
tispr
oje
ctpor
tf
oli
o?St
atet
hepur
pos
eofPor
tf
oli
oma
nage
mentt
ochos
ether
ightpr
oje
ct?
(
Ans
):-
Pr
oje
ctPor
tf
oli
o:-
As
etofpr
oje
ctpr
opos
als
,pr
oje
ct,pr
ogr
ams
,subpor
tf
oli
osa
ndope
rat
ionma
nage
dtoge
the
rtoa
chi
evea
n
or
gani
zat
ion’
sst
rat
egi
cob
jec
ti
ves
.Fori
nst
anc
e,ac
ompa
nyi
nthee
ner
gys
ect
ormi
ghtha
vea
sbus
ine
ss,obj
ect
ive
t
o“r
educ
eca
rbone
mis
sions
”.Thi
spor
tf
oli
ocoul
dinc
ludes
ub-
por
tf
oli
oss
ucha
s“i
mpr
ovi
nge
ffi
cie
ncyofs
ola
r
e
ner
gypr
oduc
tion”orpr
oje
ctss
ucha
s“St
rea
mli
ningt
rans
por
trout
es”
Pur
pos
eofPor
tf
oli
oma
nage
mentt
ori
ghtpr
oje
ct:
-
Pr
oje
ctpor
tf
oli
oma
nage
mentha
sre
cei
vedi
ncr
eas
inga
tt
ent
iont
hel
astye
ars
,ast
hec
ompa
nie
sar
ela
unc
hingmor
e
pr
oje
ctss
imul
ta
neous
ly.
1.A pr
oje
ctpor
tf
oli
oisac
oll
ect
ionofs
ingl
epr
oje
ctsa
ndpr
ogr
amst
hata
rec
arr
iedoutu
nde
ras
ingl
e
s
pons
ors
hipa
ndt
ypi
cal
lyc
ompe
tef
ors
car
cer
esour
ces
2.Thi
sde
fini
ti
oni
ssi
mil
art
otheonegi
venbyt
hegui
det
othepr
oje
ctma
nage
mentBodyofknowl
edge
(
PMBOK)
3.Apor
tf
oli
ocol
le
cti
onofpr
oje
ctorpr
ogr
amsa
ndot
herwor
kst
hata
regr
oupe
dtoge
the
rtof
aci
li
ta
tee
ffe
cti
ve
ma
nag
eme
nto
ftha
twor
ktome
ets
tra
tegi
cbus
ine
ssobj
ect
ive
.
4.TheUK of
fi
ceofGove
rnme
ntComme
rc OGC)d
e( e
fine
sapor
tf
oli
oas.
..
..
..t
het
ota
ll
yofa
nor
gani
zat
ion’
s
i
nve
stme
nti
nthec
hange
s(pr
oje
ctsa
ndpr
ogr
ams
)re
qui
redt
oac
hie
vet
hei
rst
rat
egi
cobj
ect
ive
.
5.Por
tf
oli
oma
nage
mentha
sbe
comeapr
ior
it
yforma
nyc
ompa
nie
sena
bli
ngt
hemt
ogr
eat
lyi
mpr
ovet
hei
r
pr
act
ic
eofpr
oje
ctma
nage
menti
nre
centye
ars
.Tobes
ucc
ess
ful
,ac
ompa
nymus
tpr
ope
rlyma
nagei
ts
pr
oje
cts
.
I
tist
hepur
pos
eofPor
tf
oli
oma
nage
mentc
hoos
ingt
her
ightpr
oje
cts
.
10.Wha
tdoyoume
anbySMARTc
onc
eptofapr
oje
ct?Expl
ain?
(
Ans
):-
SMARTConc
ept
:-
Oneoft
het
ool
sdur
ingt
hepr
oce
ssofobj
ect
ives
ett
ingi
stheSMARTc
onc
ept
.Thi
sconc
epti
sac
ronymf
ort
eam
t
hatr
epr
ese
ntbus
ine
ssi
mpe
rat
ivewhi
chne
edt
obede
li
ver
ed,i
nor
dert
ose
tobj
ect
ive
stha
twi
llbr
ingr
esul
t.
Spe
cif
ic:
-
Me
ani
ngt
hee
xac
tout
comet
obea
chi
eve
dfort
hepe
riod
Me
asur
abl
e:-
Uni
tsofa
ccur
acy,t
ime
li
nes
s,c
ompl
et
ene
ss,qua
li
ty,qua
nti
tyr
ateorc
ostus
edt
ode
ter
minepr
ogr
essa
nd
a
chi
eve
ment
.
At
tai
nabl
e:-
Sot
hatt
heob
jec
ti
ves
tat
est
hei
ndi
vidua
l’ss
har
eoft
hewor
ktobedonef
ort
hede
par
tme
nt.
Re
leva
nt:
-
Sot
hatt
heob
jec
ti
ves
tat
est
hei
ndi
vidua
l’ss
har
eoft
hewor
ktobedonef
ort
hede
par
tme
nt.
Ti
meFr
ame
d:-
Sot
hatt
heob
jec
ti
veha
sar
eal
is
ti
cti
mef
ramef
orc
ompl
et
ion.
11.Gr
aphi
cal
lyde
scr
ibet
hepr
oje
ctl
if
ecyc
le?
 (
Ans
):-
Pr
oje
ctLi
fec
ycl
e:-
Noma
tt
erwha
tpr
oje
cti
tisyou’
repr
epa
ringf
or,t
hepr
oje
ctma
nage
mentl
if
ecyc
lec
ana
ssi
styoua
ndyourt
eami
n
na
rrowi
ngt
hepr
oje
ct’
sfoc
us,ke
epi
ngi
t’
sobj
ect
ive
sinor
dera
ndf
ini
shi
ngt
hepr
oje
ctont
ime
,onbudge
tandwi
th
ami
nimumofhe
ada
che
s.
Eve
rypr
oje
ctma
nage
mentl
if
ecyc
lec
ont
ai
nsf
ives
teps
,
1.I
nit
iat
ion,
2.pl
anni
ng
3.Exe
cut
ion,
4.Moni
tor
ing/
cont
rola
nd
5.Cl
osur
e
I
nit
iat
ion:
-
I
nthi
sfi
rsts
tepyoupr
ovi
dea
nove
rvi
ewoft
hepr
oje
cti
naddi
ti
ont
othes
tra
tegyyoupl
anonus
ingi
nor
dert
o
a
chi
evea
ndde
sir
edr
esul
ts
.Dur
ingt
heI
nit
ia
ti
onpha
seyou’
lla
ppoi
ntapr
oje
ctma
nge
rwhoi
ntur
nba
sedonhi
sor
he
rexpe
rie
ncea
nds
kil
l-wi
lls
ele
ctt
her
equi
redt
eamme
mbe
rs.
Pl
anni
ng:
-
Thea
ll
-i
mpor
tants
econds
tepofa
nys
ucc
ess
fulpr
oje
ctma
nage
mentl
if
ecyc
lei
spl
anni
nga
nds
houl
dinc
ludea
de
tai
le
dbr
eakdowna
nda
ssi
gnme
ntofe
acht
askofyo
urpr
oje
ctf
rombe
ginni
ngt
oend.
Exe
cut
iona
ndCont
rol
:-
St
epst
hre
eandf
ourt
akey
oui
ntode
epe
rwa
ter
.Whe
nitc
ome
stopr
oje
ctma
nage
mentc
ycl
eexe
cut
ionc
ont
rolj
ust
ma
ybet
hemos
timpor
tantoft
hef
ives
tepsi
ntha
tise
nsur
espr
oje
cta
cti
vat
esa
repr
ope
rlye
xec
ute
dandc
ont
rol
le
d.
Dur
ingt
hee
xec
uti
nga
ndc
ont
rolpha
ses
,thepl
anne
dsol
uti
oni
simpl
eme
nte
dtos
olvet
hepr
obl
ems
pec
ifi
edi
nthe
pr
oje
ct’
sre
qui
reme
nts
.
Cl
osur
e:-
Byt
het
imeyour
eac
hst
epf
ivec
los
ure
sthepr
oje
ctma
nage
rshoul
dbet
wea
kingt
hel
it
tl
ethi
ngt
oens
uret
hatt
he
pr
oje
cti
sbr
oughtt
oit
spr
ope
rconc
lus
ion
Thepr
oje
ctma
nage
mentc
ycl
esa
vest
imea
ndke
epse
ver
yoneont
het
eamf
ocus
ed.
12.Di
scus
sfi
veke
ycompone
ntsofpr
oje
ctCha
rte
rs
(
Ans
):-
Pr
oje
ctc
har
ter
sar
eva
lue
ddi
ff
ere
ntl
ybydi
ff
ere
ntor
gani
zat
ions
,de
pendi
ngonhow“
Proj
ectMa
tur
e”I
tma
ybe
,the
na
tur
ean
dsc
opeoft
hewor
kbe
ingdoneore
vent
hepe
rce
ive
dva
lueofac
har
terbyt
hepr
oje
cts
pons
or.
Ke
yCompone
ntsofPr
oje
ctCha
rte
rs:
-
Fi
veke
ycompone
ntsofpr
oje
ctc
har
ter
sar
e
a
)Sc
opede
fini
ti
on
b)Sc
hed
ulea
ndbudge
t
c
)St
ake
hol
derRol
esa
ndRe
spons
ibi
li
ti
es
d)Ri
skRe
gis
ter
e
)Communi
cat
ionsPl
an
De
tai
lsbe
ll
ow,
Sc
opeDe
fini
ti
on:
-
Thec
har
terne
edst
ospe
llo
utwha
tthepur
pos
eoft
hepr
oje
cti
sandwha
tthee
xpe
cte
dout
come
sar
e.Thi
spr
ovi
dea
c
lea
rund
ers
tandi
ngt
oal
lst
ake
hol
der
sinor
dert
oef
fec
ti
vel
yma
nagee
xpe
cta
ti
onsons
cope
Sc
hedul
eandBudge
t:-
Someor
gani
zat
ionsc
hoos
enott
opubl
is
hpr
oje
ctbudge
tint
hec
har
terduet
othedoc
ume
ntnotbe
ingac
ont
rac
tua
l
i
te
mhowe
vermos
tor
gani
zat
ionswi
llwa
ntbudge
tinf
orma
ti
oni
nthec
har
ter
.Sc
hedul
esa
reus
ual
lypubl
is
heda
ta
hi
ghl
eve
lforc
har
terpur
pos
esbuta
ttheve
ryl
eas
ttheke
ysc
hedul
emi
le
stonene
edt
obec
ommu
nic
ate
dint
he
pr
oje
ctc
har
ter
.
St
ake
hol
derRol
esa
ndRe
spons
ibi
li
ti
es:
-
As
take
hol
deri
ssome
onewhoha
save
ste
dint
ere
sti
nthes
ucc
essofyourpr
oje
ct,a
ndt
hatwi
lla
lmo
sta
lwa
ys
i
ncl
udepe
opl
enotont
hepr
oje
ctt
eamori
nas
pons
ors
hipr
ole
,Iti
simpor
tantt
hatt
heya
rena
medont
hec
har
tera
s
we
lla
sde
scr
ibet
her
olet
hatt
heywi
llf
il
lont
hepr
oje
ct.
Ri
skRe
gis
ter
:-
Ri
skma
nage
menti
songoi
ngt
hroughoutt
hepr
oje
cthowe
veri
tisgoodpr
act
ic
etoc
ommuni
cat
eknownr
is
ks(a
nd
mi
ti
gat
ions
tra
tegy)a
tthes
tar
tofapr
oje
ct.
Communi
cat
ionsPl
an:
-
Thi
sisa
rgua
blyt
hemos
timpor
tantpi
eceoft
hepr
oje
ctc
har
ter
.Asapr
oje
ctma
nage
riti
syourj
obt
obet
hehubf
or
a
llpr
oje
ctc
ommuni
cat
ions
.Inl
argepr
oje
ctswi
thma
nys
take
hol
der
sitc
anbedi
ff
icul
ttoe
ffe
cti
vel
yma
nage
s
take
hol
derc
ommuni
cat
ions
.
13.Ta
ngi
blec
osta
ndI
nta
ngi
blec
ost
(
Ans
):-
Ta
ngi
blec
ost
:-
At
angi
blec
osti
saqua
nti
fi
abl
ecos
tre
lat
edt
oani
dent
if
iabl
esour
cesora
sse
t.I
tca
nbedi
rec
tl
yconne
cte
dtoa
ma
ter
iali
te
mus
edt
ocondu
ctope
rat
ionsorr
unyourbus
ine
ss.
I
nta
ngi
blec
ost
:-
Ani
nta
ngi
blec
osti
sanunqua
nti
fi
abl
ecos
tre
lat
ingt
oani
dent
if
iabl
esour
ce.I
nta
ngi
blec
ost
sre
pre
sentav
ari
et
yof
e
xpe
nse
ssuc
hasl
oss
esi
npr
oduc
ti
vit
ycus
tome
rgoodwi
ll
,br
ande
tc.
Di
rec
tcos
t:
-
Di
rec
tcos
tisapr
icet
hatc
anbec
ompl
et
el
yat
tr
ibut
edt
othepr
oduc
ti
onofs
pec
ifi
cgoodsors
ervi
ces
.So
mec
ost
s,
s
ucha
sde
pre
cia
ti
onora
dmi
nis
tra
ti
vee
xpe
nse
s.Exa
mpl
e,of
fi
cess
ala
ry,f
act
oryc
ost
,suppl
y,r
ent
,di
rec
tla
bore
tc
I
ndi
rec
tcos
t:
-
I
ndi
rec
tcos
tsa
rec
ostus
edbymul
ti
plea
cti
vit
ie
s,a
ndwhi
chc
annott
her
efor
ebea
ssi
gne
dtos
pec
ifi
ccos
tobj
ect
s.
Exa
mpl
esofc
ostobj
ect
sar
epr
oduc
ts,s
ervi
ce,ge
ogr
aphi
calr
egi
onsa
ndc
ust
ome
rs
Sunkc
ost
:-
I
nec
onomi
esa
ndbus
ine
ssde
cis
ionma
king,as
unkc
osti
sac
ostt
hatha
sal
rea
dybe
eni
ncur
reda
ndc
annotbe
r
ecove
red.Sunkc
ost
sshoul
dnotbec
ons
ide
redwhe
nma
kingt
hede
cis
iont
ocont
inuei
nve
sti
ngi
nanongoi
ng
pr
oje
ct.