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ADDITIONAL
MATHEMATICS
MODULE 8

INDICES AND LOGARITHMS

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CHAPTER 5 : INDICES AND LOGARITHMS

CONTENTS PAGE

5.0 INDICES AND LOGARITHM

5.1 Concept Map 2

5.2 Indices and laws of Indices 3
Exercise 5.2
5.3 Simplify Algebraic Expressions 4-5
Exercise 5.3
5.4 Equation Involving Indices 5-7
Exercise 5.4
5.5 Past Year Questions 8
5.6 Assessment 9 - 10
Answers 11

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CHAPTER 5 : INDICES AND LOGARITHMS

5.1 CONCEPTUAL MAP

INDICES AND LOGARITHMS

Indices Logarithms
n
a index
x
If N = a , then loga N = x
base

Fractional indices
Integer indices
1/n
n a) a = ___________
a) a = a x a x a … x a x a
m/n
b) a = ___________

n factors = ___________
-n
b) Negative index, a = _________
0
c) Zero index, a = __________

Laws of indices
Equations involving indices
m n
a) a x a = _________
a) If ax = ay, then _________
m n
b) a ÷ a = _________ b) If mx = nx, then ________
m n
c) (a ) = _________

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5.2 INDICES AND LAWS OF INDICES

Examples Hit the Buttons

Find the values of the following.
3 6 ^ 3 =
1. 6 = 216

1
2. 4-2 =
42 1 ab 4 x2 =
1 c
=
16
2

3. 8 3
= ( 3 8 )2 = 22 ( 3 shift ^ 8
= 4
) x2 =

EXERCISE 5.2

a) Evaluate the following

2

1. 0.4 4
2.   27  3
 
 8 
Solution Solution

3 1
1
3.   4. 
1
8 4 2

Solution Solution

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5.3 SIMPLIFY ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

Examples Solution
Simplify
2 3
1. 2a x 3a Sign : (+) x (+) = (+)
= (2 x 3) x (a2 x a3) Number : 2 x 3 = 6
= 6 x a2 + 3 Unknown/ : a2 x a3 = a5
base
2. 33n – 2  3n – 3
= 33n – 2 - ( n – 3) am  an = a m – n
= 33n – 2 – n + 3 Use the laws of indices to simplify the
= 3 2n + 1 division

EXERCISE 5.3

Simplify the following

1. (34)2n x 3n 2. 31 – 2n x 34 x 33n + 2

Solution Solution

3. 8n 1  4 2 n 1 4. a2 x 2a3  (4a)2

Solution Solution

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p n  2  p 3 - 2n 18a 7 b 2
5. 6.
p 5  3n 6a 2 b 2

Solution Solution

x x–1 n+2
7. 3 –3 8. 2 - 2n + 12( 2n – 1)
Solution Solution

5.4 EQUATIONS INVOLVING INDICES

Examples Steps / Method

Solve each of the following equations

1. 33x = 81 Express in the _________________ and

33x = 34 compare the indices
3x = 4
4 _____________________ the indices
x =
3
2. 2x . 4x+1 = 64
2x . 22 (x+1) = 26 Use ______ as the same base throughout
x + 2x + 2 =6
3x =4 _______________ the indices using the
4 laws of indices
x =
3

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8 x  16 x 1  0
2
3.
2    x 1 Use 2 as the same base throughout
2
3 x
 24 0
2    x 1
2
3 x
 24
23x  24x4
2

______________________of a quadratic
3x2 = 4x + 4 equation
3x2- 4x – 4 = 0
(3x + 2)(x – 2) = 0 _________________________________
2
x= , x=2
3

EXERCISE 5.4

1
1. Solve 8x3 = 27 2. Solve 8 x =
4
Solution
Solution

1
x x 2
Solve 4x = 10
3. Solve 2 . 3 = 36 4.

Solution Solution

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1
5. 
Solve 3 9 x4
  27 x 1 6. Solve 53x  25x + 1 =
125
Solution
Solution

1 25
7. Solve 27 x  4 = x 3 x 8. Solve 125 x 1 
3 9 5 x 3
Solution Solution

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5.5 PAST YEAR QUESTIONS

1. Solve the equation 2 x  4  2 x  3  1 (SPM 05)

Solution

2. Solve the equation 32 4 x  4 8 x  6 (SPM 04)

Solution

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5.6 ASSESSMENT

Answer All the questions Time : 30 minutes

3x
1. Solve the equation 16 = 86x + 1

Solution

2x 1
2. Solve the equation 3 =
243
Solution

x x
Solve the equation 8 . 2 = 32
3.
Solution

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Solve the equation 3 x  9 6 2 x  0

2

4.
Solution

1
5. Solve the equation 8 x 2 = 1 x
4 2x
Solution

2x
Solve the equation 5 – 52x – 1 = 100
6.
Solution

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ANSWERS
EXERCISE 1.1

1. 0.0256
2. 2.25
3. 512
4 2

EXERCISE 2.1
1. 39n 5. 2 n 1
2. 3n+7 6. 2a5
1 2
3. 7. 3x  
p 4n 3
2 n 9 
1 3
4. a 8.
8

EQUATION INVOLVING INDICES

1. same base, compare
2. 2, Add
3. General form, solving by factorization

EXERCISE 3.1
3
1. x= 5. x=6
2
2
2. x= 6. x = -1
3
3. x=2 7. x = -2
4. x = 6.25 8. x=1

PAST YEAR QUESTIONS

1. x = -1
2. x=3

ASSESSMENT
5
1. x= 4. x = 6, -2
2
1
2. x= 5. x=2
2
5 3
3. x= 6. x=
4 2

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ADDITIONAL
MATHEMATICS
MODULE 9

INDICES AND LOGARITHMS

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__________________________________________

CHAPTER 5 : INDICES AND LOGARITHMS

CONTENTS PAGE

5.0 INDICES AND LOGARITHM

5.1 Conceptual Map 2

5.2 Logarithm and laws of logarithm 3–4
Exercise 5.2
5.3 Finding Logarithm of numbers 4–6
Exercise 5.3
5.4 Changing the base of logarithm 7-9
Exercise 5.4.1
Exercise 5.4.2
Exercise 5.4.3
5.5 Equation Involving logarithm 10 – 11
Exercise 5.5
5.6 Past Year Questions 11 - 12
5.7 Assessment 13
Answers 14

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CHAPTER 5 : INDICES AND LOGARITHMS

5.1 CONCEPTUAL MAP

INDICES AND LOGARITHMS

Index Logarithms
an index
x
If N = a , then loga N = x
base

Laws of Logarithms

d) Loga xy = _________________

e) Loga x/y = _________________

m
f) Loga x = _________________

Change of base
of logarithms
Equations involving
Logarithms
a) Loga b = __________
If logaX = logaY, then
__________________ b) Loga b = __________

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5.2 LOGARITHM AND LAWS OF LOGARITHM

Find the value of the following

Examples Solution
1
Let . log4 =x
1 64
1. log4
64 Then 4x = 4-3
x = -3
2. log5= 5 Let . log5 5 = x
1

Then 5x = 5 2
1
x =
2
3. log2 x = -5 Given log2 x = - 5
Then x = 2-5
1 1
= 5 =
2 32

EXERCISE 5.2

Find the value of each of the following

1. log2 128 2 log5 125

1 3

4. log10  
3. . log8 2
64 5

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5. log100 10 6. log 4 64

7. log9 x = -1 1
8. logx  2
25

5.3 FINDING LOGARITHM OF NUMBERS

Examples Solution
Evaluate the following 2. log4 2 + log4 8
1. log3 18 – log3 6 = log4 (2 x 8)
= log3
18 = log4 42
6 = 2 log4 4
= log3 3 = 2(1)
= 1 = 2
3. Given that loga 2 = 0.123 and loga 3 = 0.256, calculate the following

a) loga 12 = loga (2 x 2 x 3)
= loga 22 + loga 3
= 2loga 2 + loga 3
= 2(0.123) + 0.256
= 0.502

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loga 6 = loga 62

1
b)
1
= loga (2 x 3)
2
1
= [ loga 2 + loga 3]
2
1
= [0.123 + 0.256]
2
= 0.1895

4
4. Given that logx 2 = a and logx 3 = b, write logx in term of a and b.
9x2

4
Logx = logx 4 – logx 9x 2
9x2
= logx 22 - [ logx 9 + logx x2 ]
= 2 logx2 - logx 32 - 2 logx x
= 2a - 2logx 3 - 2(1)
= 2a - 2b - 2

EXERCISE 5.3

Simplify each of the following logarithms expression

1. log4 2 + log4 32 2. log2 48 + log23 – log29

3. 2 log5 10 + 3 log5 2 – log5 32 4. 4logx 2 – 3logx 4 + logx 6

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b2
5. Express loga in terms of loga b 6. Given that log2 6 = 2.59 and
c log2 5 = 2.32 find the value of
and loga c log10 30
Solution Solution

7. Given log3 2 = 0.631 and log3 5 = 1.465, find the values of

a) log3 20
4
b) log3
5
c) log3 7.5

Solution

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5.4 CHANGING THE BASE OF LOGARITHM

Examples
Find the value of the logarithm
log10 5
1. log3 5 =
log10 3
0.699
=
0.4771
= 1.465

EXERCISE 5.4.1

Find the value of the logarithm by changing the base of the logarithm

1. Log4 3 2. Log3 10

3. Log2 0.1 4. Log5 0.048

5. 1 6. 3
Log4 Log2  
5 4

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Examples
Find the value of the logarithm
log 2 5
1. log4 5 =
log 2 4
2.322
=
2 log 2 2
2.322
=
2
= 1.161

EXERCISE 5.4.2

Given that log2 5 = 2.322 and log2 3 = 1.585, find the value of the logarithm

1. Log3 5 2. Log8 15

3. Log9 125 4. Log8 25

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Examples
Find the value of the logarithm
log 4 p 2
1. log10 p2 =
log 4 16
2 log 4 p
=
2 log 4 4
2m
=
2
=m

EXERCISE 5.4.3

Given that log4 p = m. Express the following in terms of m

1. Logp 4 2. Log8 p

3. Log4p 64 4. 1
Logp
256

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5.5 EQUATION INVOLVING LOGARITHMS

1. Solve the equation : 2. Solve the equation:

Log 10( x – 5 ) = log10 ( x – 1 ) + 2 3x = 52x + 1

Solution Solution
Log 10( x – 5 ) = log10 ( x – 1 ) + 2 xlog103 = (2x + 1)log105
Log 10( x – 5 ) – log10 ( x – 1 ) = – 2 xlog103 = 2x log105 + log105
x5 xlog103 – 2x log105 = log105
Log 10 =2
x 1 x(log103 – 2 log105) = log105
x5 log10 5
= 102 x =
x 1 log10 3  2 log10 5
x – 5 = 100( x – 1) x = – 0.7591
x – 5 = 100x – 100
99x = 95
95
x=
99

EXERCISE 5.5

Solve each of the equation

1. 5x = 27 2. 5x = 0.8

3. 3x + 1 = 18 4. 5x – 2 = 4x + 1

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5. 2x3x = 5x + 1 6. 3x . 4x + 1 = 6

5.6 SPM QUESTIONS

SPM 2005( Paper 1)

1. Solve the equation log 3 4 x  log 3 (2 x  1)  1 [ 3 marks]

SPM 2005( Paper 1)

 27 m 
2. Given that log m  p and log m 3  r , express log m   in term of p and r
 4 
[ 4 marks]

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SPM 2004(Paper 1)
3. Given that log 5 2 = m and log 5 = p, express log 5 4.9 in term of m and p
[ 4 marks]

SPM 2003(Paper1)
4. Given that log 2 T - log 4 V = 3 , express T in term of V. Express T in term of V
[ 4 marks]

SPM 2003(Paper1)
5. Solve the equation 4 2 x 1  7 x [ 4 marks]

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5.7 ASSESSMENT

Answer All the questions Time : 30 minutes

1. Solve the equation log 5 (8 x  4)  2 log 5 3  log 5 4

2. Given x = log 3 k  m and log 2 k  n . Find the value of log k 24 in term of m and n

3. Given that log 3 T  log 9 V  4, express T in terms of V

4. Solve the equation 5 2 x 1  9 x

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ANSWERS
EXERCISE 5.2
1
1. 7 4 -1.1938 7.
9
3 1
2. 5. 8. 5
2 2
3. -2 6. 6

EXERCISE 5.3
1. 3 5. 2 logab – loga c
2. 4 6. 4.91
3. 2 7. a) 2.727 c) 1.834
3
4. logx b) - 0.203
2

EXERCISE 5.4.1
1. 0.7924 3. -3.322
2. 2.096 4. -1.887

EXERCISE 5.4.2
1. 1.465 3. 2.1975
2. 1.302 4. -1.548

EXERCISE 5.4.3
1 3
1. 3.
m 1 m
2 4
2. m 4.
3 m
EXERCISE 5.5
1. 2.048 4. 20.64
2. -0.1386 5. 8.827
3. 1.630 6. 0.1632

SPM QUESTIONS
3
1. x= 4. T=8 v
2
2. 3r – 2p + 1 5. 1.677
3. 2p - m -1

ASSESSMENT
81
1. 5 3. T=
v
1 3
2.  4. -1.575
m n

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