Industrial control system

All systems receive data received from remote sensors measuring process variables (PVs),
compare these with desired set points (SPs) and derive command functions which are used to
control a process through the final control elements (FCEs), such as control valves.

Control system
A control system manages, commands, directs, or regulates the behavior of other devices or
systems using control loops. It can range from a single home heating controller using
a thermostat controlling a domestic boiler to large Industrial control systems which are used for
controlling processes or machines.

Process variable
A process variable, process value or process parameter is the current measured value of a
particular part of a process which is being monitored or controlled. An example of this would be
the temperature of a furnace. The current temperature is called the process variable, while the
desired temperature is known as the set-point. The set point is usually abbreviated to SP, and
the process value is usually abbreviated to PV.

Proportional[
The obvious method is proportional control: the motor current is set in proportion to the
existing error. However, this method fails if, for instance, the arm has to lift different
weights: a greater weight needs a greater force applied for a same error on the down
side, but a smaller force if the error is on the upside. That's where the integral and
derivative terms play their part.

Integral[edit]
An integral term increases action in relation not only to the error but also the time for
which it has persisted. So, if applied force is not enough to bring the error to zero, this
force will be increased as time passes.
The integral term magnifies the effect of long-term steady-state errors, applying ever-
increasing effort until they reduce to zero. In the example of the furnace above working
at various temperatures, if the heat being applied does not bring the furnace up to
setpoint, for whatever reason, integral action increasingly moves the proportional band
relative to the setpoint until the PV error is reduced to zero and the setpoint is achieved.
Derivative[edit]
A derivative term does not consider the error (meaning it cannot bring it to zero: a pure
D controller cannot bring the system to its setpoint), but the rate of change of error,
trying to bring this rate to zero. It aims at flattening the error trajectory into a horizontal
line,
The derivative part is concerned with the rate-of-change of the error with time: If the measured
variable approaches the setpoint rapidly, then the actuator is backed off early to allow it to coast
to the required level; conversely if the measured value begins to move rapidly away from the
setpoint, extra effort is applied—in proportion to that rapidity—to try to maintain it.

A gas refers to a substance that has a single defined thermodynamic state at

room temperature whereas a vapor refers to a substance that is a mixture of
two phases at room temperature, namely gaseous and liquid phase.

it is the ratio between the amount of reflux that goes back down the
distillation column and the amount of reflux that is collected in the receiver
(distillate).

In a heterogeneous reaction, the catalyst is in a different phase from the

reactants. In a homogeneous reaction, the catalyst is in the same phase as
the reactants

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