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WT Chapter 6 2
WT Chapter 6 2
FILTRATION
Water Treatment Course
AAiT, Z erihun Alemayehu
FILTRATION
Filtration involves the removal of suspended and colloidal
particles from the water by passing it through a layer or
bed of a porous granular material, such as sand.
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CLASSIFICATION OF FILTERS
Based on the filter media
Sand filters, e.g. natural silica sand
Anthracite filters, e.g. crushed anthracitic coal
Diatomaceous earth filters, e.g. diatomaceous earth
Metal fabric filters (microstrainers), e.g. stainless
steel fabric filter.
CLASSIFICATION OF FILTERS
Based on the depth of filter media
Deep granular filters, e.g. sand, dual‐media and
multi‐media (combination of two or more media),
granular activated carbon
Precoat filters, e.g. diatomaceous earth, and
powdered activated carbon, filters
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CLASSIFICATION OF FILTERS
Based on the rate of filtration, sand filters can be
further classified as
Gravity filters
Slow sand filters
rapid sand filters
high‐rate sand filters
Pressure filters
RATE OF FILTRATION
Rate of filtration (loading rate) is the flow rate of water
applied per unit area of the filter. It is the velocity of the
water approaching the face of the filter:
Q
va
As
where va = face velocity, m/d = loading rate, m3/d.m2
Q = flow rate onto filter surface, m3/d
As = surface are of filter, m2
AAiT
Water Treatment
By Zerihun Alemayehu
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EXAMPLE
A city is to install rapid sand filters downstream of the
clarifiers. The design loading rate is selected to be 160
m3/(m2 d). The design capacity of the water works is 0.35
m3/s. The maximum surface per filter is limited to 50 m2.
Design the number and size of filters and calculate the
normal filtration rate.
EXAMPLE SOLUTION
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MECHANISM OF FILTRATION
The theory of filtration basically involves, transport
mechanisms, and attachment mechanisms.
The transport mechanism brings small particles from
the bulk solution to the surface of the media.
a) gravitational settling,
b) diffusion,
c) interception and
d) hydrodynamics.
MECHANISM OF FILTRATION
They are affected by physical characteristics such as
size of the filter medium, filtration rate, fluid
temperature, size and density of suspended solids.
As the particles reach the surface of the filter media, an
attachment mechanism is required to retain it. This
occurs due to
(i) electrostatic interactions
(ii) chemical bridging or specific adsorption.
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Schmutzecke
Sand filter
bed
Grave
l Finished
System of underdrains water
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Supernatant water ≈ 1 m
Therefore, total tank height = 2.4 m and tank dimension
becomes 23 m long x 10 m wide x 2.4 m high
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Advantages
Turbid water may be treated
Land required is less compared to slow sand filter
Operation is continuous.
Disadvantages
Requires skilled personnel for operation and maintenance
Less effective in bacteria removal
Operational troubles
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TYPES OF RSF
RSF based on filter material, three types:
Single‐media filters: these have one type of media,
usually sand or crushed anthracite coal
Dual‐media filters: these have two types of media,
usually crushed anthracite coal and sand.
Multi‐media filters: these have three types of
media, usually crushed anthracite coal, sand, and
garnet.
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By Zerihun Alemayehu
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OPERATION OF A RSF
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Uniformity
Coefficient, UC UC 1.3 - 1.7 1.3 - 1.7 1.3 - 1.7 1.3 - 1.7 1.3 - 2.4
Density, ρρ g/mL 3.6 - 4.2 4.5 - 5.0 2.65 1.4 - 1.8 1.3 - 1.7
Not Not
Porosity, ε % 45 - 58 40 - 43 47 - 52
available available
Hardness Moh 6.5 -7.5 5.6 7 2 - 3 Low
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FILTER HYDRAULICS
The loss of pressure (head loss) through a clean stratified‐sand
filter with uniform porosity was described by Rose:
where hL = frictional head loss through the filter, m
va = approach velocity, m/s
D = depth of filter sand, m
CD = drag force coefficient
f = mass fraction of sand particles of diameter d
d = diameter of sand grains, m
ϕ = shape factor and = porosity
AAiT Water Treatment
By Zerihun Alemayehu
FILTER HYDRAULICS
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FILTER HYDRAULICS…
The hydraulic head loss that occurs during backwashing is
calculated to determine the placement of the backwash troughs
above the filter bed.
where De = depth of the expanded bed, m
= porosity of the bed and s= porosity of the expanded bed
f = mass fraction of sand with expanded porosity
Laminar Turbulent
AAiT Water Treatment
By Zerihun Alemayehu
SETTLING
VELOCITY
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REYNOLDS NUMBER
EXAMPLE 3
A dual medium filter is composed of 0.3 m
anthracite (mean size of 2.0 mm) that is placed
over a 0.6 m layer of sand (mean size of 0.7 mm)
with filtration rate of 9.78 m/h. Assume the grain
sphericity is = 0.75 and a porosity for both is 0.40.
Estimate the head loss of the filter at 15oC.
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SOLUTION
Calculate head loss for anthracite
Calculate head loss for sand
EXAMPLE 4
Estimate the clean filter
headloss for a proposed new Sieve No % retain d(mm)
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SOLUTION
SOLUTION…
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SOLUTION…
EXAMPLE 5
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SOLUTION
Any
Questions?
AAiT Water Treatment
By Zerihun Alemayehu
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