Session Four

2 October 2015

Agenda

 Hazard and Their Control

 Walking and Working Service

Safety and Health ma/October'15

Walking and Working Surfaces
Tripping and Slipping
 Tripping
 Moving of the foot is interrupted during a step -> sufficient interruption, fall

 Hazards
 Irregular surface (protrude objects, warped floor boards, uneven
tile/bricks)
 Left lying objects (electrical cord, pipes, boards, toys)

 Control
 Good house keeping

 Inspection and Maintenance

Safety and Health ma/October'15

Walking and Working Surfaces
Tripping and Slipping
 Slipping
 Sliding of one or both feet on a surface -> if unexpected, lead to fall
 Force applied at foot-surface interface is greater than friction resistance
available
 Resistance altered by wet, dry, oily surface, presence of foreign material,
roughness or polish of interface materials

 Hazards
 Combination of shoe and floor materials (polish shoe/mopping floor)

 Sudden change in floor conditions (move from dry surface to wet, muddy,
oily)
 Rapid change from a low slip resistance to a high slip resistance
(stumble fall)

 Control
 Good house keeping (free foreign material, wipe up/pick up water, oil etc)

 Warning signs (change of surface condition)

 Selection for shoes and surface materials

Safety and Health ma/October'15

Walking and Working Surfaces
Falls
Often cause injuries. They may result from
• Slipping
• Tripping
• Stumbling
• Includes falling from difference/same surface, and falling objects

 Physics
understanding the physic of the falls
- Understand the potential severity of a potential fall
- Understand associated impact
- understand the hazard reduction resulting from control

3 important aspects of falls

1. The displacement and the motion of the body
2. The impact
3. The ability to withstand impact.

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Walking and Working Surfaces
Falls ….. continue
 Displacement and Motion
 How far a body moves vertically during the fall (distance that object fall, s)
 Allows to compute the velocity at any point in the fall, v
 V = (V0 + 2gs)1/2 ; v0 = Initial Velocity; g = Acceleration of gravity

 If the weight of the body is known W, the Kinetic Energy at the position
where the body reaches a velocity can be calculated
 KE = Wv2/2g; KE = Kinetic Energy
 Impact
 When one body strike another
 Two bodies absorb as much as all or all of the stored energy

 Much of energy is absorbed by the deformation of the two bodies

 Unabsorbed energy is transferred into motion of the bodies

 Injuries that the result from a fall of person onto surface

 Function of the rate of the deceleration, a = V2/2s; V = Velocity at the
point of impact; s = the stopping distance
 Function of Force of impact, Fi = Wa/g;

 Ability to withstand with impact

 The resisted material which force applies, for example human tissue
 Function of contact area between two impacting bodies.

Safety and Health ma/October'15

Walking and Working Surfaces
Preventing Falls and Injuries
4 Objectives in fall protection
• Prevent people from falling
• Prevent objects from falling
• Reduce energy level if falls do occur
• Reduce injury at impact

 Prevent people from falling

 Remove slipping and tripping hazards
 Warning and Barriers (withstand the force of people running, leaning and
standing)
 Guardrails
 Cover over openings
 Cages in fix ladders
 Fall Limiting Devices
 Harness and lanyard (safety belt)
 Safety net
 Catch platforms

Safety and Health ma/October'15

Walking and Working Surfaces
Preventing Falls and Injuries
 Prevent objects from falling
 Housekeeping
 Standard Guardrail
 Fall zone
 Covers
 Storage

 Reducing Energy Level

 Minimizing distance
 Minimizing the weight of the elevated object

 Reducing Injuries
 Cushion the impact (padding floor, walls etc)
 Distribute the forces (pads/cusshion, suspension system in hard hat/helm)

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Walking and Working Surfaces
Application

 Stairs (The most common device for moving from one elevation to another)
 Uniformity (dimension)
 Slip resistance (the same as floor characteristic)
 Slope (ratio riser height to tread depth, 20-500)
 Visibility
 Structure (5 times normal load, minimum 1000lbs)
 Width (36” - 44” for < 50 occupant in all stories)
 Other features (free from hazard, handrails)

 Ramp
 Limited slope (maximum 150)
 Handrails
 Slip resistant

Safety and Health ma/October'15

Walking and Working Surfaces
Application
 Ladders
 Classified as type I,II, and III
 load (200, 225 and 250lb)
 Material of construction
 Function
 design
 Portable or fixed in place
 Slip resistant for rung or steps
 Enough space between rung and the wall to fit the Arch of the foot
 Flat rung or steps near horizontal when in used
 Proper positioning to prevent straight ladder from tipping over backward at
750 from horizontal
 Is not intended to transport material
 Never used metal ladder around electrical equipments/conductors
 For higher work surface, the top of the ladder should be extended 3 feet
above the upper surface.
 Inspect ladder regularly and before use
 Remove defective ladder from service until properly repaired.

Safety and Health ma/October'15

Walking and Working Surfaces
Application
 Scaffolds
 Type
 Wood, metal, fixed, moveable
 Tubular (frame and tube), suspended (hanging), special (Roofing
brackets)
 Planking
 Wood (a special grade lumber, free knots/defect and metal
 Cleats to lock the planks
 Load
 Major hazard is overloading and structural failure
 Rated as light, medium and heavy based on the design working load
(25, 50, 75lb/ft2)
 Complete assembly of all fastening bolts, connectors and bracing is
required and Inspected before use
 Use
 Users must learn proper assembly, testing, inspection, and use.

 Falls of people and objects from scaffold is another hazards

Safety and Health ma/October'15