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Murat Ocalan
July 8, 2009
IIσ = k 2 (1)
T − λI = 0 (2)
λ3 − I T λ2 − II T λ − III T = 0 (3)
where,
I T = Tii = trT
1
d
II T = Tij Tij − I T
2
2
i (4)
III T = det T
As the name suggests, the invariants of a tensor do not vary with the coordinate system
selected.
Determination of yielding
As the criterion is on deviatoric stress, the mean normal stress (or equivalently pressure)
component should be removed from the total stress tensor T :
σ ij = Tij − σ hδ ij (5)
b
where δ ij is Kronecker delta and mean hydrostatic stress σ h = T11 + T22 + T33 / 3 . The g
second deviatoric stress invariant is:
(5) and (6) can be combined to find this invariant in terms of total stress components
IIσ =
1
6
b
T11 − T22 g + bT
2
22 − T33 g + bT
2
33 − T11 g 2
+ T12 + T23 + T13
2 2 2
(7)
σ y2
IIσ = = k2 (8)
3
IIσ = τ y = k 2
2
(9)
IIσ =
3
d
1 2
i
σ 1 − σ 1σ 2 + σ 2 2 = k 2 (10)
Tresca condition for yield is where maximum shear stress reaches yield stress. In terms of
stress components this can be stated as:
Tmax − Tmin = σ y (11)
Yield surface
σ 12 − σ 1σ 2 + σ 2 2 = σ y 2 (12)
In graphical form the criterion is an ellipse in the principal stress plane as shown below.
σ2/σy
x
1
y
-1 1
σ1/σy
-1
von Mises
Tresca
We can make a coordinate transformation to convert the ellipse equation into a more
familiar form:
x y
σ1 = −
2 2
(13)
x y
σ2 = +
2 2
x2 y2
+
2σ y
2
F 2σ I = 1
2
(14)
GH 3 JK
y
As it can be seen from the equation, the semimajor and the semiminor axes of the yield
curve are 2σ y and 2 3σ y respectively. There are also two good resources on
analytical algebra on ellipses available on the web2,3.
References
1
Malvern, L.E., “Introduction to the Mechanics of a Continuous Medium,” Prentice Hall
1969
2
Weisstien, Eric W., “Ellipse” From Mathworld – A Wolfram web resource.
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Ellipse
3
Wikipedia, “Ellipse,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellipse