Tribhuvan University

Institute of Engineering
PASCHIMANCHAL CAMPUS
Lamachaur-16, Pokhara

A
Lab Report on
HYDROPOWER DESIGN OF
Naldi Khola

Submitted by:
Bishnu Khatiwada (BEL/208/068)
Gokul Adhikari (BEL/212/068)
Prajesh Sah (BEL/226/068)
Prakash Dahal(BEL/227/068)

Submitted to:
Department of Electrical Engineering
Paschimanchal Campus
Shrawn/ 2072
A)
1) I) Determination of catchment area using topographic map
Map of the site KOTA is shown in the fig below, where catchment is indicated for Naldi Khola.

Figure 1: catchment area

Catchment area is calculated using graphical method. Total squares included are counted and
actual value of area is calculated by taking scale factor
 Actual catchment Area=7.5 Km2
 Catchment Area = (7.5+442.5) =450 km2 ;( Taken as per the standard value and
assumption of further more area available...)
 Mean Monsoon Precipitation = 1500mm
 Gross Head = 90m
 Transmission Line Voltage = 132kV
 Transmission Line Length = 8km
 Line Conductor = Bear

1
ii) MEAN MONTLY FLOW FOR 12 MONTHS:

MONTH C A1 A2 FLOW(m3/s)

January 0.03117 0.8644 0

6.1259
February 0.02417 0.8752 0
5.0742
March 0.02053 0.8902 0
4.7236
April 0.01783 0.9558 0
6.1249
May 0.01193 0.9657 0
4.353
June 0.01135 0.9466 0.2402
21.3513
July 0.01641 0.9216 0.3534
60.637
August 0.02592 0.9095 0.3242
71.848
September 0.02206 0.8963 0.3217
55.389
October 0.01504 0.8772 0.2848
25.656
November 0.00792 0.8804 0.2707
12.427
December 0.00538 0.889 0.258
8.108

Sample Calculation:
For the month of January,
Mean Monthly Flow = C x (Catchment Area A1) x (Mean Monsoon Precipitation A2)
= 0.03117 x (4500.8644) x (1500 0)
= 6.1259m3/s

2
2) Hydrograph

80
Mean Monthly
71.848
Flow
70 60.637
55.389
60
50
Mean Monthly…
40
25.656
30 21.3513
20 12.427
8.108
4.7236 6.1249
10 6.1259 4.353
0 5.0742

3) Flow Duration Curve

Daily Flow Duration Curve’s Coefficient developed by NEA is as follows:

DEPENDENT
B A C FLOW(m3/s)
VARIABLE
Maximum
0.812 0.5337 0.0614105
Flow(Q0) 434.24
25% Exceedance 0.9279 0.2986 0.01234336
31.749
45% Exceedance 0.9239 0.2018 0.0089146 11.024
65% Exceedance 0.9044 0 0.0248313 6.23
85% Exceedance 0.9256 0 0.0144905 4.139
95% Exceedance 0.9531 0 0.0086449 2.92
Minimum Flow 1.1689 0 0.0007382 0.93

3
 FLOW(m3/s)
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
FLOW(m3/s)
100
50
0

Sample Calculation:
Q 45% = C x (catchment area)B x (mean monsoon precipitation)A
= 0.0089146 x (450)0.9239x (1500) 0.2018m3/s
=11.024m3/s

4) CALCULATION OF DESIGN DISCHARGE:

Riparian Release = 10% of long term mean monthly flow of driest month
According to above calculations, the driest month is MAY with Q = 4.353 m3/s and
Q45 is 26.297m3/s
4.353 ⁄
11.024

5) POWER INPUT TO THE TURBINE:

Assuming head loss is 5% of Gross Head,

Power input to the turbine = Design Discharge * Net head * Acceleration due to gravity
=11.024 * 85.5 *9.81
= 9246.435 kW

4
6) ELECTRICAL POWER OUTPUT:
Turbine Efficiency = 90%
Generator Efficiency = 97%
Transformer Efficiency = 98%

9246.435

7) SELECTION OF NUMBER OF UNITS AND INSTALLED CAPACITY

OF EACH UNIT:
For this particular installation 2 units rated each will be selected.
Total Installed Capacity = 7.91 MW
Capacity of Each Installed Unit = 3.955 MW
The following guidelines support the above selection scheme:
1. In dry season when there will be limited water discharge we can operate only one unit
thus losses are minimized. There will be 5 months up to which only one unit may
operate.

2. The capacity of each may near full loaded conditions so that efficiency of the units is
not drastically reduced.

3. Furthermore, selection of two identical units of 3.955MW reduces the installation,

operation and maintenance cost of the installation.

8) MONTHLY ENERGY GENERATION:

MW h
MONTH MMF Discharge KW Generated
Generated
January 6.1259 5.5133 3956.288 2848.527
February 5.0742 4.566 3276.51 2359.087
March 4.7236 4.25 3049.75 2195.82
April 6.1249 5.5124 3955.641 2848.062
May 4.353 3.9177 2809.35 2022.74
June 21.3513 11.024 5695.7
July 60.637 11.024 5695.7
August 71.848 11.024 5695.7
September 55.389 11.024 5695.7
October 25.656 11.024 5695.7
November 12.427 11.024 5695.7
December 8.108 7.2972 5886.0750 3770.197

Annual Energy Generation = ∑ Monthly Energy Generation =50218.64 MW h = 50.218 GW h

5
9) PLANT FACTOR:

10) SELECTION OF TURBINE FOR EACH UNIT:

The selections of turbines are done being based upon the following criterion:
a. HEAD:
The following table guides the selection of turbines based upon the net head available
at the installation site:

TURBINE TYPE HEAD RANGE IN

METERS

Kaplan and Propeller 2 < H < 40

Francis 10 < H < 350

Pelton 50 < H < 1300

Michell – Banki 3 < H < 250

Turgo 50 < H < 250

The net head of this particular installation is 85.5m; we have the option of selecting
between Francis, Pelton, Michell-Banki or Turgo type turbine.

ALSTOM Turbine selection chart:

6
b. DISCHARGE:

We have design discharge per unit as 5.512 m3/s which is low and discharge available during the
driest month that is during May is:-3.9177 m3/s allowing the riparian release of 10% which is
more than 70% of design discharge. So during the driest month we can put a unit under operation
and maintain the other.
Now, this particular point lies inside the Francis envelope in the ALSTOM Turbine Selection
Chart shown above.

C. SPECIFIC SPEED:
The specific speed of the Francis turbine can be determined from the following graph:

For a head of 85.5m for the Francis Turbine, we get,

Power (P) = 3.955 MW
Thus, the Generator Synchronizing Speed is calculated using the following relation:

Where, h = net head and n = generator synchronizing speed

From the graph, for Francis turbine, at net head of 85.5m, specific speed
Ns=180 rpm
P=3.955MW
Therefore,
Synchronizing speed, n= (180*85.51.25) / (3.955)1/2
=752.27 rpm

7
Now from table below,

For 50Hz frequency,

Number of poles =8
Generator synchronizing speed = 750 rpm

8
B)
GENERATORS:
Generator Specifications are as follows:
Power Rating = 5 MVA
Voltage Rating = 11kV
Power Factor = 0.85
Frequency = 50Hz
Number of Poles = 8

LOW VOLTAGE BUS BAR:

A 400V Low Voltage Distribution System is used in this particular installation which is
shown in the Single Line Diagram attached here. It includes a 400V bus bar which
receives power from both units and there is also a diesel generator for black start. This
scheme consists of three full capacity redundant power source. For example, if one unit is
out the Low Voltage Bus Bar gets power from unit two and vice versa. Furthermore, if
both units are out the Diesel Generator (DG) come into operation for black start.

MEDIUM VOLTAGE BUS BAR:

An 11kV Medium Voltage Bus Bar is used in this particular installation as shown in the
Single Line Diagram attached here. The Medium Voltage Bus Bar supplies power to the
low voltage bus bar and local distribution using an 11: 11kV isolation transformer.

HIGH VOLTAGE BUS BAR:

A 132kV High Voltage Bus Bar is used in this particular installation as shown in the
Single Line Diagram attached here. It is used to supply power from the generating
stations to various sub stations. It consists of two separate bus bars viz. the Modified
Main Bus and the Transfer Bus. The main objective of using two bus bars is that
continuous power can be supplied even during failure of one of the buses or if one of the
buses is to be disconnected for maintenance purpose.

9
Fig:-SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

10
GENERATOR GROUNDING RESISTANCE:
The generator grounding resistance is selected in such a way that,
Earthing Resistance (R n) < Reactance Developed Between Line and Ground (X c)

CALCULATION OF XC:
- According to the manufacturer data of the generator, Cg = 0.385uF
- Capacitive Reactance Of Generator (X co) = 8267.789Ω

- Reactance Per Phase (X cg) =

CALCULATION OF Rn:

The value of Rn is calculated by choosing the appropriate ratio of Xcg / Rn from the
following plot. The ratio should be selected in such a way that
Re - striking Voltage is always less than two times the system voltage,
i.e
Re – Striking Voltage < 2Vm

Hence, the ratio Xcg/Rn = 1.5 is chosen considering the above mentioned argument. This
is indicated in the plot below:

So,

Rn is not directly connected to the ground, as the heat dissipated in such a high resistance
value may be very high. So, a dry type transformer arrangement as shown below shall be
used.

11
 Taking the transformer ratio of the dry transformer to be [11/√ : 0.24 kV], then the
transformer ratio (n) = 26.461

Hence, the value of R can be calculated

as follows:

GENERATOR LEADS:
Generator lead means the circuit between the generator terminals and the unit
transformer. The equipment selected depends upon the distance between the
generator and transformer, the capacity of the generator, type of generator breaker
employed and the economics of installation.

We have,

√ √

Since, this current is less than 4kA and inconsideration to fault we choose
Segregated generator leads as it is less prone to line to line faults for this design as
shown in the figure below:

Fig: Segregated Generator Lead

EXCITATION SYSTEM:

12
The Excitation System used in the plant is Brushless DC Excitation system. It consists of dry
type transformer. A solid state rectifier rotates with the shaft converting the AC output from the
generator into the DC which is then supplied to the rotating field coils of the main generator
without the need of brushes.

CIRCUIT BREAKERS:
Circuit Breakers are used in this design for the protection of the generator. In this
particular design Vacuum Circuit Breaker is used. Due to the fact that, vacuum circuit
breaker requires less maintenance and is more reliable Vacuum Circuit Breaker was
chosen.

TRANSFORMER SELECTION:
In this design three phase delta – delta transformer are used. Each generating unit is then
connected to individual transformer i.e, for this case there are two transformers for the
two generating units.
The rating of the transformer is chosen such that its capacity is higher than the maximum
capacity of the generating units. Since the generating capacity of each unit is 5MVA for
0.85 p.f, the transformer rating is chosen to be 7MVA.

13
D)

TRANSMISSION LINE SELECTION:

Power Generation Capacity = 7.91MW
Transmission Voltage = 132kV
Transmission Line Length = 8km
Type of Conductor = Bear

√
Since, the maximum current capacity of “Bear” Conductor is 595 A (at 40 ambient
temperature) a Single Line Transmission Circuit is sufficient for power transmission.

TRANSMISSION LINE REACTANCE:

The transmission line is connected in an equilateral triangle configuration as shown in the
figure below:

120cm 120cm

120cm

√ √

Now, the reactance per unit length of the transmission line for bear conductors is
0.306 Ω/km.
For 8km length, Total resistance =8*0.306 = 2.448Ω

14
GENERATOR SUB TRANSIENT REACTANCE SELECTION:
The generator sub transient reactance is calculated from the graph as shown below:
Generator Sub Transient Reactance = 0.2525 p.u for 5MVA base

TRANSFORMER REACTANCE SELECTION:

The transformer reactance is calculated from the table as shown below:

Transformer Reactance = 0.096 p.u. for 7MVA base

15
CALCULATION OF FAULT CURRENT:
The Single Line Diagram of the design is as follows:
5MVA CB3
CB1
G
CB5
0.2525 7MVA
0.096
11/132
CB2 CB4
G 8 7

3
6 5 2 4 1

16
 √

0.2525
0.0686
G
0.000702

0.2525 0.0686

Reactance Diagram

FAULT CALCULATION AT POINT 1:

Fault at Medium Voltage Bus Bar

Fault at Point 2:
054 p.u

17
FOR CB-4 (CB-3):

Fault at Point 3:

( )

Fault at Point 4:

( )

FOR CB-1 (CB-2):

Fault at Point 5:

( )

Fault at Point 6:

( )
( )

FOR CB-5:
Fault at Point 7:

( )

18
Fault at Point 8:

( )

The above calculations have been tabulated as follows:

Circuit Breaker Breaking Current Making Current

CB-4 (CB -3) 31.20768 kA 78.0192 kA

CB-2 (CB -1) 3.78684 kA 9.4671 kA

CB-5 31.139 kA 77.8475 kA

CALCULATION OF NORMAL RATED CURRENT

1) MEDIUM VOLTAGE CB:

2) HIGH VOLTAGE CB:

3) TRANSMISSION LINE CIRCUIT BREAKER:

According to the table, we choose CB with normal rated current of 800A for the High Voltage
side and the Transmission Line. But the normal rated current is this design is 20.35A which is
very less than 800A so a proper scheme using CTs and .Relays will be used to trip the CB.

19
D) Auxiliary DC system (Emergency station service):
Rated 110 V dc system is used because this is extensively used in Nepal.it is used for
switchgear operations, emergency lighting, generator field flashing, relay panels, inverter
supply, continuous energized coils, control and other purposes.
Lead acid cell is used due to:-
-high efficiency
-greater life
-lowest cost compared to others

Duty cycle of 110 V dc systems:

Battery reserve time = 8 hrs.
Battery capacity = 80*2+40*6 = 400Ah
For higher reliability and segregation of faults, the battery bank is constructed with two
battery bank with half capacity ie 200Ah each. However considering future growth, capacity
factor and compensation for age of battery, each battery bank of 250Ah is chosen.

Number of cells:
The permissible voltage range for 110V DC system is 110V±10% ie 121V to 99V DC. As
we choose diode voltage regulation method, certain voltage drops in the diodes. Suppose we
use maximum of 6 diodes for regulation, then voltage drop in the diode is
6*1.2V (per diode) = 7.2V
Hence, battery bank charged up to 121+7.2 = 128.2 V DC.
If we assume 2.1V as upper voltage limit per cell, then
Number of cells = 128.2/2.1 =61.04 = 61 cells
For minimum voltage = 99/61 = 1.623 V
Since the final discharge voltage is 1.8 V for the 10 hour discharge time
The minimum battery voltage = 1.8*61 = 109.8 V
Battery voltage regulator:
K1 K2
K3

AC
Battery Diode banks
supply
Charger

DC bus

20
Control system:
Computer based automatic controlling is cost-effective, reliable and easy to use to older
electromagnetic relay. These system controls the intake, governor, gate position, brakes,
excitation equipment, protective relay and unit alarm.

Protection system:
The main equipment which are protected are:
- Generator
- Transformer
- Line protection

21
Generator protection:
Protection is provided against thermal overloading, short circuit current, over voltage
and rotor earth fault.

Transformer protection:
Protection is provided against overload, ground fault, over voltage and short circuit.

22
Line protection:
Distance protection is used for line protection due to reliable and efficient protection.

23
Data sheet:
Civil section

Name of project Naldi Khola hydropower project

Location KOTA

Catchment area 450 km2

Design head 90m

Net head 85.5m

Average rainfall 2200mm

Design discharge 11.024m3/sec

Riparian release 0.4353 m3/sec

Mechanical section

Type of turbine Francis

No of turbine 2

Specific speed 180rpm

Electrical portion

Plant factor 0.744

Generator

Net output 5 MVA (2 no.)

Power factor 0.85

Generation volt. 11 KV

Efficiency 0.97

Speed 750 rpm

Pole 8

24
Transformer

Rating 7MVA (2 no.)

Ratio 11/132 KV (Star /delta)

Emergency DC supply

Rated voltage 110 v

Capacity 500Ah (8 hrs.)

Cell voltage 2.1 v

Type of cells Lead Acid Cell

No. of cells 61

Voltage regulation Diode voltage regulation

25