Lab 1

1. Determination of catchment area using topographic map

Catchment Area:

Catchment area is calculated using Google earth pro. So total area found to be as

Net catchment area = 635 km^2

Also, Monsoon precipitation = 2594 mm

Net Head:

From the Google map pro, we found the Gross head = 90m

Head loss = 5 % of gross head

Therefore, net head = gross head- head loss

=90 – (0.5*90)

= 85.5
❖ Mean monthly flow using Medium Hydropower Study Project (NEA 1997) Method have been
tabulated as follows along with MHSP prediction equation constants for mean flow.

Sample calculation:

For November,

Mean monthly flow (Q) =C*(catchment area)A1*(mean monsoon Precipitation) A2

=0.00792*(635)0.8804*(2594)0.2707

=19.51 m3/s

Where, C, A1, A2 are Medium Hydropower Study Project (NEA 1997) prediction equation
constants for mean flow.

Discharge(Q)=m3/s C*(catchment area)

A1*(monsoon precipitation) A2
MHSP prediction equation constants for mean flow

C A1 A2
Month
January 0.03117 0.8644 0 8.47
February 0.02417 0.8752 0 7.04
March 0.02053 0.8902 0 6.5979
April 0.01783 0.9558 0 8.7683
May 0.01193 0.9657 0 6.256
June 0.01135 0.9466 0.2402 34.75
July 0.01641 0.9216 0.3534 104.02
August 0.02592 0.9095 0.3242 120.75
September 0.02206 0.8963 0.3217 92.48
October 0.01504 0.8772 0.2848 41.69
November 0.00792 0.8804 0.2707 20.06
December 0.00538 0.889 0.258 13.04

❖ The mean monthly flows in m3/s if plotted versus their respective months in hierarchical order
give a curve known as hydrograph. From the graph, one can have an idea about during which
month maximum and minimum discharge is available.
 Hydrograph Plot
140
120.75
120 104.02
100 92.48
Disharge(Q)

80

60
41.69
34.75
40
20.06
13.04
20 8.47 7.04 6.5979 8.7683 6.256

Months of a year

Flow Duration Curve tells us for what percentage of time (year) ‘Q’ discharge is available. For
FDC, following tabulated data have been used: -

Dependent
b a c
variable Discharge(m3/s)
QMax(Q0) 0.812 0.537 0.061411 789.143

Q(25%) 0.9279 0.2986 0.012434 53.364

Q(45%) 0.9239 0.2018 0.008915 17.42

Q(65%) 0.9044 0 0.024831 8.75

Q(85%) 0.9256 0 0.014491 5.859

Q(95%) 0.9531 0 0.008645 4.178

QMin 1.1689 0 0.000738 1.4457

Q45% means Q discharge available for 45% of the time (year).

Calculation:

Q45% = c*(catchment area) b*(mean monsoon precipitation) a

= 0.00891460*6350.9239*25940.2018

=16.92m3/s

Flow Duration Curve

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0
Qmax Q25% Q45% Q65% Q85% Q95% Qmin
Discharge

Fig: -Flow Duration Curve.

Design Discharge (Q45%) =16.92 m3/s.

From the Hydrograph, the driest month is May with Q = 6.256m3/s.

So, riparian release =10%*6.256

Or, RR =0.6256m3/s
MONTHLY ENERGY GENERATION:
3
Month MMF(m /s) MMF-RR Discharge(m3/S) KW generated MWh Gen / M
jan 8.47 7.8444 7.8444 5629.050858 4052.916618
feb 7.04 6.4144 6.4144 4602.899371 3314.087547
mar 6.5979 5.9723 5.9723 4285.653516 3085.670532
apr 8.7683 8.1427 8.1427 5843.107494 4207.037396
may 6.256 5.6304 5.6304 4040.310024 2909.023217
jun 34.75 34.1244 16.92 12141.59662 8741.949566
jul 104.02 103.3944 16.92 12141.59662 8741.949566
aug 120.75 120.1244 16.92 12141.59662 8741.949566
sep 92.48 91.8544 16.92 12141.59662 8741.949566
oct 41.69 41.0644 16.92 12141.59662 8741.949566
nov 20.06 19.4344 16.92 12141.59662 8741.949566
dec 13.04 12.4144 12.4144 8908.430087 6414.069663
Annual Energy Generated(MWH) 76434.50237

Gross Head given = 90m, Head loss to be assumed = 5%*gross head,

So, net head = gross head- loss

= 90-0.05*90

= 85.5 m.

Power input to the turbine = design discharge*acceleration due to gravity*net

Head KW.
= 16.92*9.81*85.5
Power input to the turbine = 14191.73 KW.
Assuming turbine, generator and transformer efficiency to be 90%, 97% and 98% respectively,
Electrical Power Output = 0.9*0.97*0.98*32469.138 KW

=12141.5 KW
The sample calculation for monthly energy generation for May is:

Monthly energy generation for May

=0.9*0.97*0.98*5.6304*9.81*85.5*30*24/1000 (MWh)
= 2909 MWh

Annual energy generation = sum of monthly energy generation

= 76434.5 MWh

The maximum annual energy generation,

=0.9*0.97*0.98*16.92*9.81*85.5*12*30*24/1000

=104903.39 MWh

Annual Plant Factor = (annual energy generation)/ (max. annual energy generation possible)

=76434.5/104903.39

=0.7286

Annual Plant Factor = 0.726

Turbine Selection:

No. of units selected = 2

Total installed capacity = 12.141 MW

=12.141/.85 MVA (Taking power factor =0.85)

=14.28 MVA

Installed capacity of each unit= 6.07 MW

= 6.07/0.85 MVA

=7.14 MVA
16.92
Design discharge/ unit = = 8.46 m3/s
2

Selection of no. and size of units

The following points must be considered during selection of number and size of units: -

1) Hydrology: - Generally for design discharge of Q45%, two units are selected. So, two units
have been selected for our hydropower plant.
2) System size: - The size of a unit must be less than 10% of the system size. The total system size
of Nepal is about 800 MW and capacity of a unit of our power plant is 6.07 MW, which is only
0.76% of the whole system capacity.

3) Maintenance: - The design discharge is available for 6 months and during dry season one of
the units can be maintained.

For the selection of turbine, following points were considered:

1. Net head: The net head of the site provided to us is 85.5m. From the table given below,
we have four choices namely, Francis, Pelton, Michell-Banki and Turgo. So, we go for
next criterion for the selection of turbine that is discharge.

2. Discharge: We have design discharge per unit as 8.46 m3/s which is low and discharge
available during the driest month that is during May is 6.256 m3/s allowing the riparian
release of 10% which is more than 65% of design discharge. So, during the driest month
we can put a unit under operation and maintain the other.
3.

85.5

6.256
From this chart we can select Francis turbine.

4. Specific speed: - It is defined as the speed through which the model runner turns with a
head of 1m and a discharge Q such that the generator power is 1KW and is given by: -
Ns= (nP0.5)/h1.25
Where, Ns= specific speed
n= generator synchronizing speed
P= power
h= net head

Following graph was used to determine specific speed for Francis turbine: -

From the graph, for Francis turbine,

At net head of 85.5m,

Specific speed, Ns=165 rpm,

P=6071 KW

Therefore, Synchronizing speed, n=(Ns*h1.25)/ P0.5

= 550.56 rpm
 No of poles Sync. Speed (at 60Hz) Sync. Speed (50 Hz)
2 3600 3000
4 1800 1500
6 1200 1000
8 900 750
10 120 600
12 600 500

From the table we choose number poles(P)= 10 and

Synchronizing Speed(n)=600rpm

Lab-2
Calculation & design of rating & number of Generator and bus bar.

Generators:

Generator Specifications are as follows:

Power Rating = 12.14 MW for both unit

Generator MVA = turbine output in MW X generator efficiency generator power factor

= (12.14 * 0.97)/0.85

= 13.85 MVA

= 15.85 MVA for generator

Voltage Rating = 11kV

Power Factor = 0.85

Frequency = 50Hz

Number of Poles = 10

Generator synchronizing speed=600rpm

Type: 3-phase star connection

Duty: The duty is continuous. Because for operations 24 hours 9day, 7 days a week, under full
load conditions.
LOW VOLTAGE BUS BAR:

A 400V Low Voltage Distribution System is used in this particular installation which is shown in
the Single Line Diagram attached here. It includes a 400V bus bar which receives power from both
units and there is also a diesel generator for black start. This scheme consists of three full capacity
redundant power source. For example, if one unit is out the Low Voltage Bus Bar gets power from
unit two and vice versa. Furthermore, if both units are out the Diesel Generator (DG) come into
operation for black start.

MEDIUM VOLTAGE BUS BAR:

A 11kV Medium Voltage Bus Bar is used in this particular installation as shown in the Single Line
Diagram attached here. The Medium Voltage Bus Bar supplies power to the low voltage bus bar
and local distribution using a 11: 0.4 kV isolation transformer.

HIGH VOLTAGE BUS BAR:

A 66kV High Voltage Bus Bar is used in this particular installation as shown in the Single Line
Diagram attached here. It is used to supply power from the generating stations to various sub
stations. It consists of two separate bus bars viz. the Modified Main Bus and the Transfer Bus. The
main objective of using two bus bars is that continuous power can be supplied even during failure
of one of the buses or if one of the buses is to be disconnected for maintenance purpose.
GENERATOR GROUNDING RESISTANCE:

The generator grounding resistance is selected in such a way that,

Earthing Resistance (Rn) < Reactance Developed Between Line and Ground (Xc).

CALCULATION OF Xc:

- According to the manufacturer data of the generator, Cg = 0.385µF

- Capacitive Reactance of Generator (Xco) = 1 /2𝜋𝑓𝐶𝑔 = 8267.789Ω

- Reactance per Phase (Xcg) = 𝑋𝑐𝑜/3 = 2755.930Ω

CALCULATION OF Rn:

The value of Rn is calculated by choosing the appropriate ratio of Xcg / Rn from the following plot.
The ratio should be selected in such a way that

Re - striking Voltage is always less than two times the system voltage.

i.e., Re – Striking Voltage < 2Vm

Hence, the ratio Xcg/Rn = 1.5 is chosen considering the above-mentioned argument. This is
indicated in the plot below:

So,

𝑋𝑐𝑔 /𝑅𝑛 = 1.5

→ 𝑹𝒏=𝟏𝟖𝟑𝟕.𝟐𝟖𝟕𝛀
Rn is not directly connected to the ground, as the heat dissipated in such a high resistance value
may be very high. So, a dry type transformer arrangement as shown below shall be used.

Taking the transformer ratio of the dry transformer to be [11/√3 : 0.24 kV ], then the transformer
ratio (n) = 26.461

Hence, the value of R can be calculated as follows:

𝑹 = 𝑹𝒏 /𝒏2

= 𝟏𝟖𝟑𝟕.𝟐𝟖𝟕 / (𝟐𝟔.𝟒𝟔𝟏)2 = 𝟐.𝟔𝟐𝟒𝛀

GENERATOR LEADS:

Generator lead means the circuit between the generator terminals and the unit transformer. The
equipment selected depends upon the distance between the generator and transformer, the capacity
of the generator, type of generator breaker employed and the economics of installation.
𝑃
We have, 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = √3VcosØ

6.07
=
√3∗11∗0.85

= 374.81𝐴

Since, this current is less than 4kA and in consideration to fault we choose regenerated generator
leads as it is less prone to line to line faults for this design.
Excitation System:.

The Excitation System used in the plant is Brushless DC Excitation system. It consists of dry type
transformer. A solid-state rectifier rotates with the shaft converting the AC output from the
generator into the DC which is then supplied to the rotating field coils of the main generator
without the need of brushes.

TRANSFORMER SELECTION:

In this design three phase delta – delta transformer is used. Each generating unit is then connected
to individual transformer i.e. for this case there are two transformers for the two generating units.
The rating of the transformer is chosen such that its capacity is higher than the maximum capacity
of the generating units. Since the generating capacity of each unit is 7.14 MVA for 0.85 p.f, the
transformer rating is chosen to be 7.2 MVA.
 Lab-3
Calculation and design of transmission line, rating of circuit breakers & transformer selection.

• TRANSMISSION LINE SELECTION:

Power Generation Capacity (P) = 12.14MW

Transmission Line Length (L) = 80km

Now, most economical voltage and number of circuits

For Nc =1

Lt P *1000
Economical Voltage (V eco) = 5.5 +
1.6 cos * Nc *150

= 63.94 KV

Nearest standard voltage = 66KV

For Nc =2

Lt P *1000
Economical Voltage (V eco) = 5.5 +
1.6 cos * Nc *150

= 52.92 KV

Nearest standard voltage=66 KV

Now for number of circuits we choose multiplication factor limit,

Multiplication factor is defined as mathematically,

𝑀𝑓 =𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥/ 𝑆𝐼𝐿

Where. 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥=power of generation

𝑆𝐼𝐿 =surge impedance loading

Since, from 𝑀𝑓 limit table,

For L=80 Km, 𝑀𝑓 limit=2.75

For single circuit

Nc =1, Zc =400 Ω

𝑆𝐼𝐿 = 𝑉2/ 𝑍𝑐

= 662/ 400

= 10.89 MW

𝑀𝑓 = 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥/ 𝑆𝐼𝐿

= 12.14/10.89

=1.11<𝑀𝑓 limit

Also, for double circuit,

Nc =2 , Zc =200 Ω

𝑆𝐼𝐿 =𝑉2/Zc

= 662/ 200 = 21.78 MW

𝑀𝑓 = 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 /𝑆𝐼𝐿

= 12.14/ 21.78

= 0.55<𝑀𝑓 limit.

So, we go for single ckt 66 KV.

P / Nc
∴ Line current (I) =
3 * Vll * cos

12.14 / 1 * 1000
=
3 * 66 * 0.85

= 124.93 A

1) Rabbit
Current Carrying Capacity = 208 A > 124.93A
Resistance @ 200C = r = 0.5449 Ω/ km
Total Resistance @ 200C = R20 = r * Lt
= 0.5449 * 80
= 43.592 Ω
Resistance @ 650C = R65 = R20 (1+α Δ t) = 43.599*(1+ 0.004* (65-20))
= 51.43 Ω
∴ Total loss = p =3* IL2* R65
= 3*(124.93)2 * 51.43
= 2.408 MW
∴ Efficiency (ɳ) = 1 – PL /P = 1 – 2.4/12.14 = 80.1 %

2) WOLF

Current Carrying Capacity = 430 A > 124.93A

Resistance @ 200C = r = 0.184 Ω/ km
Total Resistance @ 200C = R20 = r * Lt
= 0.5449 * 80
= 14.72 Ω
Resistance @ 650C = R65 = R20 (1+α Δ t) = 14.72*(1+ 0.004* (65-20))
= 17.36 Ω
∴ Total loss = p =3* IL2* R65
= 3*(124.93)2 * 51.43
= 0.8128 MW
∴ Efficiency (ɳ) = 1 – PL /P = 1 – 0.8128/12.14 = 93.3 %

Since, the maximum current capacity of “WOLF” Conductor is 430 A (at 40⁰C ambient
temperature). hence, “WOLF” conductor is used for power transmission.

TRANSMISSION LINE REACTANCE:

Let us assume that, transmission line is connected in an equilateral triangle configuration as shown
in the figure below:

D1 = 1.78m D2 = 1.78m

D3 = 1.78m
𝑉
Spacing (D) = √s + 150 , where V is in KV and s( sag ) is in meter.

Weight of conductor (w) = 727 kg /km

𝑤𝑙^2
We know, Sag (s) = 8𝑇
 = (727* 2502)/ (8*1662)

= 3.4m
66
Therefore spacing (D) = √3.4 + 150 = 2.28 m

1
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛, D = (𝐷1 ∗ 𝐷2 ∗ 𝐷3)3
1
= (2.28 ∗ 2.28 ∗ 2.28)3

= 2.28𝑚

= 2288𝑚𝑚

𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ′Wolf′ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟,

18.13
𝑑 = 18.13𝑚𝑚, r = mm
2

𝑟′ = re−0.25
18.13
= 𝑥 𝑒−0.25
2

= 7.05𝑚𝑚

∴𝐿 = 2 𝑥 10−7 ln (2288 / 7.05)

= 11.56 ∗ 10−3 mH/km

∴ 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑚 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿

= 3.63Ω/𝑘𝑚

Now, the reactance per unit length of the transmission line for Wolf conductors is

3.63 Ω/km.

For 80km length,

Total resistance = 80*0.366

= 290Ω
GENERATOR SUB TRANSIENT REACTANCE SELECTION:

The generator sub transient reactance is calculated from the table as shown below:

We have Specific speed=165 rpm (As determined in 2nd lab)

From graph,

X(pu) RPM
0.26 150
X 165
0.28 100
Using interpolation method,
𝑋−0.26 165−150
=
0.28−0.25 100−150

Or, X = 0.254
TRANSFORMER REACTANCE SELECTION:

The transformer reactance is calculated from the table as shown below:

And for transformer capacity of rated 7.14 MVA and high voltage winding of 66KV we chose the
maximum of 0.0915 p. u reactance from above table.

Fault calculation:

The Single Line Diagram of the design is as follows:

Taking;

𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑀𝑉𝐴 = 7.2𝑀𝑉𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑘𝑉 = 11𝑘𝑉

7.2x 103
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
√3x 11

= 377.9𝐴
11 x 103
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 =
√3x 377.9

= 16.8Ω
7.14
𝐹𝑜𝑟 generator, 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 0.254 𝑥 7.2

= 0.25𝑝𝑢

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒, 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 66𝑘𝑉

7.2∗103
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = = 62.98 𝐴
√3x 66

66 x 103
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 =
√3x 62.98

= 605.03 Ω

∴ 𝑝𝑢 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝐿 = 290/ 605.03

= 0.479 𝑝𝑢

• FAULT CALCULATION AT POINT 1:

Fig: -single line diagram of power plant unit

𝑅𝑡ℎ = (0.25+ 0.0915)/2 // 0.479

 = 0.1258

𝐼𝑓 = (1 < 0)/ 0.125

= 7.944 𝑝𝑢

𝐼𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 7.944∗377.9 =3 𝑘𝐴

𝐹𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑀𝑉𝐴 = 7.944𝑥7.2 = 57.19 𝑀𝑉𝐴

Fault at medium voltage bus bar

• At fault point 2,

By calculation equivalent reactance (𝑋𝑒𝑞)=0.134 pu

𝐼𝑓 =1 /0.134 = 7.44 𝑝𝑢

𝐼𝑓 = 7.44 * 377.9 = 2.8 𝐾𝐴

Fault MVA=7.44 * 7.2=53.56 MVA

Calculation of circuit breaker rating:

HV breaker

• At fault point 3,

By calculation equivalent reactance, R𝑒𝑞 = 0.3415pu

𝐼𝑓 = 1/ 0.3415 = 2.9282𝑝𝑢

I𝑪𝑩𝟒=2.9284*377.9 = 1.1 KA

Fault MVA= 2.9282*7.2 = 21.08 MVA

• At point 4,

By calculation equivalent reactance (𝑋𝑒𝑞) = (0.25+0.0915)//0.479

= 0.12 pu

𝐼𝑓 = 1/ 0.12 = 5 𝑝𝑢

I𝑪𝑩𝟒= 5 * 377.9 = 1.895 KA

Fault MVA=5 * 7.2 = 36 MVA

Since, I𝑪𝑩𝟒(at point 4) ˃I𝑪𝑩3(at point 3)

∴ Breaking current of 𝐶𝐵4=1.895 KA

Making current=2.55*1.895 = 4.83225 KA

Fault MVA= 36 MVA

Low voltage breaker

• At fault point 6

Fig: Fault point at 6

By calculation equivalent reactance (𝑋𝑒𝑞) = [(0.25+0.0915)//0.479] + 0.0915

= 0.29

𝐼𝑓 = 1/ 0.29

= 3.438 𝑝𝑢

𝐼𝑓 = 3.438∗377.9 = 1.299𝐾𝐴

Fault MVA=3.438*7.2 = 24.75 MVA

Fault at point 5,

Fig: -fault at point 5

By calculation equivalent reactance (𝑋𝑒𝑞)= 0.25 pu

𝐼𝑓 = 1/ 0.25

= 4 𝑝𝑢
𝐼𝑓 = 4∗377.9 = 1.511𝐾𝐴

Fault MVA= 4*7.2= 28.8 MVA

Since, I𝑪𝑩𝟐(at point 6) ˃I𝑪𝑩1(at point 5)

∴ Breaking current of 𝐶𝐵2=1.3 𝐾𝐴

Making current=2.55*1.3= 3.315 KA

Fault MVA= 28.8 MVA

Fault current at line breaker: -

• Fault at point 8,

Fig: -fault at point 8

By calculation equivalent reactance (𝑋𝑒𝑞) = 0.479 pu

𝐼𝑓 =1/ 0.479

= 2.08 𝑝𝑢

I𝑪𝑩𝟖 = 2.08∗ 62.8 = 131.1𝐴

Fault MVA=2.08*7.2 = 14.5 MVA

Similarly,
 • fault at point 7,

By calculation equivalent reactance (𝑋𝑒𝑞) = (0.3415//0.3415)

= 0.17 pu

𝐼𝑓 =1/ 0.17

= 5.85 𝑝𝑢

I𝑪𝑩7= 5.85* 62.8 = 367.78 𝐴

Fault MVA= 5.85*7.2= 42.12MVA

Since, I𝑪𝑩𝟖(at point 7) ˃I𝑪𝑩𝟕(at point 8)

∴ Breaking current of 𝐶𝐵5=367.78A

Making current=2.55*367.78=937.83A

Fault MVA=42.12 MVA

The above calculations have been tabulated as follows:

Circuit Breaker Breaking Current Making Current Fault MVA

CB-4 (CB -3) 1.895 KA 4.83225 KA 36 MVA
CB-2 (CB -1) 1.3 KA 3.315 KA 28.8 MVA
CB-5 0.36778 kA 0.937 kA 42.12 MVA
CALCULATION OF NORMAL RATED CURRENT

1) MEDIUM VOLTAGE CB:

Power = 6.06 MW, Generator rating = 7.14 MVA
VL-L = 11 KV
7.14∗10^3
In = = 374.75 A
√3∗11
2) HIGH VOLTAGE CB:
Power = 6.06 MW
VL-L = 66 KV
6.06∗10^3
In = = 73.48 A
√3 ∗0.85∗66

3) TRANSMISSION LINE CB:

Power = 12.14 MW
VL-L = 66 KV
12.14∗10^3
In = = 124.93 A
√3 ∗0.85∗66

According to the table, we choose CB with normal rated current of 200A for the High Voltage side
and the Transmission Line. But the normal rated current is this design is 73.48 A which is very
less than 200A so a proper scheme using CTs and. Relays will be used to trip the CB.
 Lab -4
Selection of station service Transformers and Diesel power plant

The hydro plant’s electric auxiliaries consist of unit and station auxiliaries. The unit auxiliaries are
the auxiliaries associated with each unit. The loss of a unit auxiliary immediately affects the
availability of the unit, causing a unit trip or reduced unit output.

The station auxiliaries are auxiliaries utilized for the entire powerhouse or station. The loss of a
station auxiliaries will not affect the unit operation immediately but after a period of time. Power
is furnished to the hydro plant’s electric auxiliaries by the station auxiliary transformer (SAT) for
station auxiliaries or by the unit auxiliary transformer (UAT) for unit auxiliaries

There are generally two schemes for supplying the power to the auxiliaries.

1. Using the power from the generator in this scheme, the power generated from the generator is
directly connected to the isolation transformer and supply is fed to the auxiliaries of the power
house.

2. Using the power from the HV side of the switchyard. In this scheme the step-down transformer
associated with the HV bus bar feeds the auxiliaries.

In our power plant design, we preferred scheme 1 considering economic and safety concerns.

Redundancy

Any hydropower plant needs regular maintenance for scheduled outage or forced outage in worst
condition. For that critical components need to be duplicated for backups are governor oil pump,
transformer, oil pump, transformer cooling water pumps, ACB air compressor etc. This kind of
duplication or spare parts of the critical components is called redundancy. Generally, in low
voltage distribution system there are three power sources, namely main generator, station
transformer and diesel generator. For redundant component or critical component supply is given
from any one of these in case of failure of any one of the units. Diesel generator comes in contact
when two of the units are out or when there is complete black out in power house, even when there
is no feedback from the grid.

Selection of station service transformer capacity Because of the redundancy described above the
total connected load of the power plant is always greater than the total consumed load. This kind
of duplication helps in making the power plant reliable. The maximum demand that is expected on
the station service system is the basis for developing station service transformer rating. The
minimum diversity factor must be 0.75. During high activity periods or plant emergencies, higher
than normal station service loads can be expected and if a small diversity factor has been used, the
system may not have adequate capacity to handle its loads.
In our power plant we chose minimum diversity factor of 75% of our demand kVA. Hence, we
chose station service transformer capacity 550 KVA for each.

For capacity of diesel generator

“Black start” capability is desirable at hydro plants since the plants can assist in re-establishing
generation for the power system in an emergency. “Black start” capability is defined as the ability
of the plant, without an external source of power, to maintain itself internally, start generating
units, and bring them up to speed-no-load conditions, close the generator breakers, energize
transformers and transmission lines, perform line charging as required, and maintain units while
the remainder of the grid is re-established. The plant must then resynchronize to the grid.

Selection of capacity of diesel generator

Here in our design for black start capability we choose diesel generator and capacity is calculated
by using capacity of most important auxiliaries like governor oil pump, transformer water cooling
pump etc.
For future growth of load, we add 20% extra load in our demand KVA. Hence our capacity of
diesel plant is 1000KVA.
 Lab: - 5
1. Selection of an appropriate Battery Bank and Battery Charger Scheme & Calculation of
the necessary battery capacity with reasons or assumptions.

Voltage System selection:

Depending upon the types of equipment and their power requirements, different rated values of dc
voltage is selected. In the table below, rated dc voltage for auxiliaries are tabulated.

110 v dc system is wide spread in context of Nepal. 110v dc system is especially

designed for switch gear operations, emergency lighting, generator field flashing, relay panels
inverter supply, continuously energized coils, solenoids, annunciations, control and other
purposes. It is customary to supply 110v dc supply through a separate battery bank and its associate
chargers.

Selection of Battery type

Among various battery viz lead acid, NiCd, NiMH, lithium ion type, lead acid type has highest
efficiency, high number of cycles neglecting its short comings like gassing pollution, higher
upfront cost, lower energy density, less depth of discharge. In order to control the problem of
gassing, we choose vent regulated lead acid.
The characteristics of lead acid battery.

S. N Particular Lead acid battery

1 positive plate PbO2 lead peroxide
2 Negative plate sponge lead
3 Electrolyte Dilute H2SO4
4 Average Emf 2V/cell
5 Internal resistance Low
6 Efficiency
7 Ah efficiency 90-95%
8 Wh efficiency 72-8%
9 Cost Low upfront cost
10 Life 1250 cycle
11 Strength sulfaction occur need care
12 Energy density 45 Wh/kg-75wh/kg

Battery Capacity Selection:

Battery reserved time: 8 hours

From the duty cycle curve, it is clear the system draws 80A for 1.5 hours and 40 A for remaining
6.5 hours.
Hence Battery capacity: 80*1.5+ 40*6.5=380Ah

Allowing the 20% growth for future expansion the designed capacity is 350+0.2*350=420Ah.

For greater reliability and segregation of faults we use two battery banks 210Ah.

# Number of cells

Selected dc system= 110v

Permissible range for dc system=110+/-10%

Voltage regulation method = diode voltage regulation

Maximum diode used=9

Voltage drop per diode=1.2v

Total voltage drop=9*1.2=10.8v

Battery bank is charged up to= 121+10.8=131.8v

Assuming upper voltage limit per cell=2v

Number of cells= 131.8/2=65.9=66 cells

For minimum voltage of 99v

End of discharge voltage = 99/66 = 1.5v

Final cell voltage at full discharge=1.8v for 10 hours discharging

Minimum battery voltage=66*1.8=118.8v

Therefore, we require 66 numbers of cells voltage ranging from 2V at fully charged to 1.8V as end
of discharger voltage at maximum discharge.
# Battery room size

In order to safely put battery better to provide one separate room or as compromise can use area
enclosed with fence for protection against accident contact. Area should be well ventilated so that
exhaust air from the room does to enter any other room in the power plant. Rating of battery
decrease with temperature should be multiplied by correction factor below certain definite
temperature. So, adequate heat must be provided for full rated performance out of the cells. Battery
charging equipment’s, contactors and arc producing device and control are not in battery room.
Thermostat for heater should be sealed. The cells should be mounted in rows on racks permitting
viewing the edges of plates and the bottom of the cells from one side of the battery. The lighting
fixtures in the room should be of the vapor-proof type, with the local control switch mounted
outside by the entrance to the room. Referring to the catalogue of Battery Company.

For 110V battery system (i.e. Two battery banks of 210Ah capacity and 66 cells:)

Size of one cell (length*width*height) =151mm*170mm*325mm

Here, battery bank is arranged in six rows

Number of cells in each row = 66/6 = 11

Size of one battery bank (length*width) = (11*151) *(170*6) =1661mm*1020mm

Size of 110 V system having 960mm gap between the two banks=1661mm*(1020*2+960)

Length*Width=2m*3m

Total area for battery banks only: length=2m, width:3m

Total room area with 1m gap around the battery banks (length*width) =4m*5m

Battery Chargers

For backups there is battery chargers in the power plant. Battery chargers are used to convert ac to
dc to charge station batteries which helps in supplying power or dc loads during normal operation.
Two sets are generally preferred one for normal use while other for backup. The charger capacity
should be sufficient for supplying the continuous DC load normally carried while recharging the
station battery at the normal rate. The chargers should be of the “battery eliminator” type
(additional filtering) allowing them to carry station DC loads while the battery is disconnected for
service.

Battery Charger System Selection (Multi stage charger)

Constant current system

In our design, we selected constant current system as the Battery charging system.

In this system, the charging current is kept constant by varying the supply voltage to overcome the
increased back emf of cells. If charged on a dc supply, the current is controlled by varying the
rheostat connected to the circuit. Although it takes comparatively longer time but it is reliable and
efficient. The efficiency of constant voltage charging system is reduced by 10% or more than
constant current charging system. So, it is appropriate for our design.

Constant-Voltage Charging

Constant-voltage (often called constant-potential) chargers maintain nearly the same voltage input
to the battery throughout the charging process, regardless of the battery's state of charge. Constant-
voltage chargers provide a high initial current to the battery because of the greater potential
difference between the battery and charger. A constant voltage charger may return as much as
70% of the previous discharge in the first 30 minutes. This proves useful in many battery
applications involving multiple discharge scenarios. As the battery charges its voltage increases
quickly. This reduces the potential that has been driving the current, with a corresponding rapid
decrease in charge current as depicted in Figure. As a result, even though the battery reaches
partial charge quickly, obtaining a full charge requires prolonged charging. Constant current
system.

Charging the lead-acid battery

The charge algorithm for lead-acid batteries is similar to lithium-ion but differs from nickel based
chemistries in that voltage rather than current limiting is used. The charge time of a sealed lead-
acid battery is 12-16 hours (up to 36 hours for larger capacity batteries). With higher charge
currents and multi-stage charge methods, the charge time can be reduced to 10 hours or less. Lead-
acid cannot be fully charged as quickly as nickel or lithium-based systems. It takes about 5 times
as long to recharge a lead-acid battery to the same level as it does to discharge. On nickel based
batteries, this ratio is 1:1, and roughly 1:2 on lithium-ion.
A multi-stage charger first applies a constant current charge, raising the cell voltage to a preset
voltage (Stage 1 in Figure 1). Stage 1 takes about 5 hours and the battery is charged to 70%. During
the topping charge in Stage 2 that follows, the charge current is gradually reduced as the cell is
being saturated. The topping charge takes another 5 hours and is essential for the well being of the
battery. If omitted, the battery would eventually lose the ability to accept a full charge. Full charge
is attained after the voltage has reached the threshold and the current has dropped to 3% of the
rated current or has leveled off. The final Stage 3 is the float charge, which compensates for the
self-discharge.

Voltage Regulation

In order to regulate the battery voltage up to the end to confine variations within reasonable limits
some means to regulate the battery voltage is necessary. And in our design, we chose diode voltage
regulation control system. The dc consumers of the power plant must be supplied at some constant
voltage. But the voltage of the battery varies over a considerable range. So, this method is chosen
in order to regulate the output voltage of the battery.
Diode Voltage regulation (DVR) Control system

In our design of Battery Bank system, we chose Diode Voltage regulation control system to
regulate the dc voltage system What actually happens in this regulating control system is that the
charger is connect parallel to the battery bank which passes through the diodes to the dc bus. These
diodes can be bypassed or stay in the circuit by the help of the contactor. Talking about the normal
condition the output of the battery voltage is higher than the required dc auxiliary system voltage.
So we need the diode bank in our circuit in order to drop the amount of voltage in it and that
happens through opening of the contactor and the voltage regulation is acquired. In emergency
condition where we cannot expect the charger supply then obviously the battery voltage reduces
on supplying to the emergency loads. Here we bypass the battery banks one after another so that
the dc auxiliary system voltage remains within the permissible range.

Calculation of Battery Short Circuit Current

In order to find the fault current at dc bus and feeder circuits the battery short circuit current value
is important. This calculated short circuit current is for dc battery bank at its end terminals.

For typical voltage per cell (VPC) of 2.0v let us assume the internal resistance is 0.00018 Ω. Short
circuit current per cell=2.0/0.00018 = 11.1 kA

In our design we have chosen 66 cells and let us assume the interconnection cables for the battery
is 0.010 Ω

Now short circuit current becomes

Isc = (2*66) / (0.00018*66+0.010)

= 6.032KA
Calculation for Battery charger short circuit current:

The charger output current during charging of battery and supplying the normal load is 120A dc.
Hence, the maximum value of short circuit due the battery charger is limited by the current limiting
circuit of the charger to 1.5 times

=1.5*120A

=180A

Combined short-circuit from battery and charger at DC bus:

The designer should always design for the worst condition. And the worst short circuit occurs in
the dc auxiliary system is when the sectionalized bus connected by the bus coupler when one of
the chargers become faulty. In this case maximum current flows from the charger and the batteries.
And this is called combined short circuit from battery and the charger at dc bus.

For a typical dc system, the short-circuit current from the charger has already peaked and decayed
before the short-circuit current from the battery reaches its peak. Due to this battery time constant,
the maximum coincident short-circuit current can be conservatively calculated as the sum of the
peak short-circuit current from the battery and the current-limit value from the charger.

In case of our power plant two battery banks of operate independent of one another during normal
condition. However, if a charger fails then both the dc bus is connected by the bus coupler breaker.
Hence, the maximum fault current flows during the interconnection of two buses.
The maximum combined fault current at the dc bus due to charger and two battery banks is (DC
Bus Fault):

Maximum fault current due to fault at dc bus,

= 6032 A (Battery Bank A) + 6032 A (Battery Bank B) + 180A

(Healthy Charger)

= 12244 A
.
 Lab-6
Protection Schemes
In modern power system to have a normal operation of the system without electrical failure and
damage to the equipment two alternatives are available with the designer, one is to design a system
so that faults cannot occur and the other is to accept the possibility of the faults and take steps to
guard against the ill effects of such faults. Although it is possible to eliminate faults to a large
extent by careful system design, careful insulation coordination, proper operation and
maintenance, it is obviously not possibility of faults must be accepted and the necessity of
protection scheme must be realized.

Different types of protection scheme,

a. Generator protection

b. Transformer protection

c. Line protection

1. Generator protection:

Generator protection normally covers protection against following:

Thermal overloading

Short circuit currents

Long duration over currents

Over voltage

Mechanical damage

Rotor earth fault

Turbine protection

The protection scheme applied for generator in our design is differential protection scheme. The
differential protection scheme is the most commonly employed scheme. This protective scheme is
very effective for earth faults and faults between phases.
2. Transformer protection:

Power transformers are static devices, totally enclosed and usually oil immersed, and therefore,
chances of fault occurrence on them are very rare. But the consequences of even a rare fault may
be very serious unless transformer is quickly disconnected from the system. Hence automatic
protection of transformers against possible faults (usually dangerous overloads and excessive
temperature rise) is essential and of utmost importance.

The protection system employed for protection of transformer against internal fault is Buchholz
protection. Buchholz protection employing Buchholz relay is the simplest form of protection and
is most commonly used on all oil-immersed transformers provided with conservator.

For protection of transformer from external fault differential protection scheme is employed.
3. Transmission line protection:

The possibility of fault on the overhead transmission line is much more due to greater lengths and
exposure to the atmospheric conditions. Among several protection systems Time graded
overcurrent protection is employed in our design.
CONTROL AND SCADA SYSTEM

SCADA is a system developed to control and monitor power system collecting information from
various parts of the substation and transmitting them to a control operator where the received
information is displayed and corrective action scan be made automatically.