Example of Chapter-2

1. The load on one of hydropower plant varies from a minimum of 15 MW to a maximum

of 45 MW. Three generators of capacities 20MW each have been installed. Calculate a) Total
installed capacity of the plant b) Plant factor c) Load factor and d) Utilization factor e) Maximum
demand.

Solution:
a) Installed capacity of the plant =3* 20 MW =60 MW


b) Plant factor =
( )/
= *100 =50 %


c) Load factor =
= x100 =66.67 %
!
" !
d) Utilization factor =

= *100 =75%
e) Maximum demand =45 MW

2. When a run of river plant operates as a peak load station with a weekly load factor of
20% all its capacity is firm capacity. What will be the minimum flow in the river so that the
station may serve as the base load station, if rated installed capacity of generator is 10,000 kW,
operating head is 15m and plant efficiency is 80 % ? Estimate the daily load factor of the plant if
the stream flow is 15 m3/s.

Solution:
Rated installed capacity of generator = 10,000 kW
Operating head = 15m
Plant efficiency = 80%
When the plant operates as a peak load plant with 20% load factor, the total energy generated for
one week =10000*0.20*(7*24) = 33.6*104 kwh i)
Let Q is the minimum flow necessary for the plant to run as a base load plant, the power P
developed to p = η#$% watt
= 9.8 *0.8* 15*Q kw
=117.6Q kw
Therefore, total units generated for a week =117.6Q*(7*24)
=1.98*104 Q kwh ii)
Equating i) and ii) we obtain
33.6*104 kWh=1.98*104 Q kwh
Q= 16.96 cumec
|By: Raghu N. Prajapati 52
Hence the minimum flow in the river = 16 96 cumec. Ans
If the stream flow is 15 cumec, then power developed per day
P=117.6Q = 117.6*15
=1764 KW
Total units generator in 24 hours =1764*24 =42336Kwh

∗
Hence daily load factor = = 0.1764
Daily Load factor =17.64%

3. Assuming that the daily flow of a river is constant at 12 m3/s and net head of the power
plant is 10 m and overall efficiency of 85%. What would be the firm capacity of Run-off-River
(ROR) plants? What would be the firm power if the power plant is developed as Pondage Run-
off-River (PROR) designed to operate as a peaking power station for 6 hours in a day?

Solution:
Firm capacity of the ROR project without any poundage
P = γQHη
P = 1000*9.8*12*10*0.85 = 1000620 = 1000.62 kW = 1.0 MW
Firm power of 6 hour peaking PROR project,
Volume of water stored in (24-6 = 18) hours = 18*60*60*12 = 777600 m3
The flow rate if the flow is to be used in 6 hours i.e. design flow
Qd = ((777600/(6*60*60)+12) = 48 m3/s
Firm capacity of PROR project of 6 hours as a peaking station,
i.e. P = γQHη
i.e. P = 1000*9.8*48*10*0.85 = 4002480 W = 4002.48 kW = 4.002 MW

Examples of Chapter-3
1. Calculate the installed capacity. Firm power, firm energy and secondary energy that can
be produced from a hydropower project at following conditions:
Au
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul g Sep Oct Nov Dec

Flow Q 1.80 1.50 1.20 1.10 2.30 6.00 8.50 15.00 13.00 9.00 3.50 3.00
(m3/s)

A) Design discharge is Q40

B) Gross head of the power project is 75 m with conveyance efficiency of 85%
C) Electromechanical efficiency of 0.80
D) Minimum release at downstream to maintain ecosystem is 0.1 m3/s of
minimum monthly flow.

|By: Raghu N. Prajapati 53

Solution:
Considering days of variations in months Neglecting days of variations
in months
Month Flow Flow in Mont num % of % of time % of % of time Flow
(m3/s descending h ber time exceeding time exceeding (m3/s
) order of (cumulative) (cumulative) )
Jan 1.80 15.00 Aug days
31 8.49 8.49 8.33 8.33 15.00
Feb 1.50 13.00 Sep 30 8.22 16.71 8.33 16.67 13.00
Mar 1.20 9.00 Oct 31 8.49 25.21 8.33 25.00 9.00
Apr 1.10 8.50 Jul 31 8.49 33.70 8.33 33.33 8.50
May 2.30 6.00 Jun 30 8.22 41.92 8.33 41.67 6.00
Jun 6.00 3.50 Nov 30 8.22 50.14 8.33 50.00 3.50
Jul 8.50 3.00 Dec 31 8.49 58.63 8.33 58.33 3.00
Aug 15.00 2.30 May 31 8.49 67.12 8.33 66.67 2.30
Sep 13.00 1.80 Jan 31 8.49 75.62 8.33 75.00 1.80
Oct 9.00 1.50 Feb 28 7.67 83.29 8.33 83.33 1.50
Nov 3.50 1.20 Mar 31 8.49 91.78 8.33 91.67 1.20
Dec 3.00 1.10 Apr 30 8.22 100.00 8.33 100.00 1.10
Total 365 100.0 100.00
Design flow 6.58 Q40 ■ Q40 6.50

Neglecting days variation in months, the design discharge Q40 = 6.50 m3/s while considering the
days variation in months of a year, the design discharge Q40 = 6.58 m3/s.

|By: Raghu N. Prajapati 54

Net head = Gross head* Conveyance efficiency = 75*0.85 = 63.75 m
Installed Capacity corresponding to Q40 = P = 9.8*1000*6.5*63.75*0.80
= 3248.7 KW = 3.2487 MW
Firm Power = Pf = 9.8*1000* (1.1-0.1)*63.75*0.80 = 499.8 KW = 0.4998 MW
Firm Energy assuming 100 % of time in operation = 499.80*365*24 = 4.38 GWh
Secondary energy = Total energy- firm energy = (17.73 -4.38) GWh = 13.35 GWh

Alternative way:
The secondary energy can be calculated based on the FDC flow value as shown in Table
below
Table showing the Energy and power production from the hydropower plant with design
discharge of Q40 = 6.5 m3/s
Monthly Power and energy production calculations Using FDC flow data without considering the days
Month Days River D/S Q Power Energ variations
% in months
of River Flo % of Power Energy
Flow releas diversi P ( y time flow w to time Product Production
(m3/s) e m3/s on to KW) (GWh) exceed (m3/s) HP running ion (GWh)
Jan 31 1.80 0.10 1.70HP 849.7 0.63 ing
8.33 of
15.00 6.5 40 1 3248.7
(KW) 11.38
Feb 28 1.50 0.10 1.40 699.7 0.47 16.67 13.00 6.5 3248.7
Mar 31 1.20 0.10 1.10 549.8 0.41 25.00 9.00 6.5 3248.7
Apr 30 1.10 0.10 1.00 499.8 0.36 33.33 8.50 6.5 3248.7
May 31 2.30 0.10 2.20 1099.6 0.82 40.00 6.50 6.5 3248.7
Jun 15 6.00 0.10 5.90 2948.8 1.06 41.67 6.00 5.9 1.7 2948.8 0.45
15 6.50 0.10 6.40 3198.7 1.15 50.00 3.50 3.4 8.3 1699.3 1.70
Jul 31 8.50 2.00 6.50 3248.7 2.42 58.33 3.00 2.9 8.3 1449.4 1.15
Aug 31 15.00 8.50 6.50 3248.7 2.42 66.67 2.30 2.2 8.3 1099.6 0.93
Sep 30 13.00 6.50 6.50 3248.7 2.34 75.00 1.80 1.7 8.3 849.7 0.71
Oct 31 9.00 2.50 6.50 3248.7 2.42 83.33 1.50 1.4 8.3 699.7 0.57
15 6.50 0.10 6.40 3198.7 1.15 91.67 1.20 1.1 8.3 549.8 0.46
Nov 15 3.50 0.10 3.40 1699.3 0.61 100.00 1.10 1.0 8.3 499.8 0.38
Dec 31 3.00 0.10 2.90 1449.4 1.08
Tota 36 17.3 100 17.73

Similary,
Calculate the minimum volume of the water that needed to be stored in pondage if the firm
power is needed to increase corresponding to the 3 m3/s flow.

The firm power corresponding to the 3 m3/s flow = Pf =1000*9.8*3*0.8 = 1499.4KW

|By: Raghu N. Prajapati 55

From the FDC curve, the time of exceedence corresponding to 3.0 m3/s flow is 58.33%
neglecting the variation of days in months and 58.63% considering the variations of days
in months.
For volume of water to be stored at the head works site i.e. pondage volume = V = 16.162
million m3
% of time Flow Deficit flow Duration of Time Volume m3 Remarks
exceedence rate (m3/s) % of a year
58.33 3.00 0.00
66.67 2.30 0.70 8.33 919800
75.00 1.80 1.20 8.33 2496600
83.33 1.50 1.50 8.33 3547800
91.67 1.20 1.80 8.33 4336200
100.00 1.10 1.90 8.33 4861800

Total volume to be stored 16162200 m3

16.1622 million m3

2. Draw the power duration curve from the following data of flow at a given site for an
average year. Assume an average available net head of 10 m and combined turbine generator
efficiency of 85%. Determine the primary and secondary energy available during a year if the
plant capacity is fixed at power corresponding to the flow available for 40 % of time.
Flow 900 600 500 450 400 350 340 300 280 200 140 100
3
m /s
% of time 1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 93 100

Solutions:
Net head (H) =10m
Efficiency (η) =85%
Primary energy available during a year =?
Secondary energy available during a year =?
The plant capacity at power corresponding to the flow available for 40% of time
SN Flow % of Power- Actual Energy-
3
(m /s) time γQHη power Power*Time
(MW) (MW) (GWh)
1 900 1 75.047 34.924 2.922

2 600 10 50.031 34.924 26.296

3 500 20 41.693 34.924 29.218

4 475 25 39.608 34.924 14.609

|By: Raghu N. Prajapati 56

 5 450 30 37.523 34.924 14.609

6 400 40 33.354 34.924 29.218

7 350 50 29.185 30.558 27.392

8 340 60 28.351 29.685 25.201

9 300 70 25.016 26.193 23.374

10 280 80 23.348 24.447 21.183

11 200 90 16.677 17.462 17.531

12 140 93 11.674 12.223 3.725

13 100 100 8.339 8.731 6.136

Total 241.415

+.- /
Primary energy = ∗. 0 ∗ 365 ∗ 24
=76.484 Gwh
Secondary power = 241.42 =76.484 = 164.931 Gwh

Energy calculation,
( / ) . - . -
∗. 0 ∗ 365 ∗ 24 =3.633 Gwh
∗ 6
E1 =
( / ) . - . -
∗. 0 ∗ 365 ∗ 24 =32.7 Gwh
∗ 6
E2 =
( / ) . - . -
∗. 0 ∗ 365 ∗ 24 =36.33 Gwh
∗ 6
E3 =
( / ) . - . -
E4 = ∗. ∗ 6 0 ∗ 365 ∗ 24 =18.16 Gwh
( / ) 7. +7 . -
∗. 0 ∗ 365 ∗ 24 =17.69 Gwh
∗ 6
E5 =
( / ) .7 7. +7
∗. 0 ∗ 365 ∗ 24 =32.51 Gwh and so on
∗ 6
E6 =

3. The average monthly flows of a stream in a dry year are as follows

month Jan Feb Mar Apr. May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Q(m3/s) 117 150 203 117 80 118 82 79 58 45 57 152
It is intended to design a hydroelectric power plant across the stream using the following data:
net head at the plant site =20 m; efficiency of the turbine =90%
i) Plot the flow and power duration curves and calculate the firm and secondary power
available from this source if the maximum usable flow is limited to 150 m3/s

|By: Raghu N. Prajapati 57

 ii) If it is intended to develop the power at a firm rate of 15 MW either by providing
storage or by providing a standby diesel plant with no storage, determine the
minimum capacity of the reservoir and of the diesel plant.

Solutions:
Net head at the plant (H) =20m
Efficiency of the turbine (η) =90%
Maximum usable flow (Q) =150 m3/s
Installed capacity of the plant = ηγQH watt
P=0.9 *9.81 *20 *150/1000 Mw
=0.17658*150 Mw
=26.487 Mw
month Flow Flow in % of time Power Actual Energy
(m3/s) desending (Mw) power (GWh)
order (MW)
jan 117 203 8.333 35.728 26.400 19.27
feb 150 152 16.667 26.752 26.400 19.27
mar 203 150 25.000 26.400 26.400 19.27
apr 117 118 33.333 20.768 20.768 17.22
may 80 117 41.667 20.592 20.592 15.10
jun 118 117 50.000 20.592 20.592 15.03
jul 82 82 58.333 14.432 14.432 12.78
aug 79 80 66.667 14.080 14.080 10.41
sep 58 79 75.000 13.904 13.904 10.21
oct 45 58 83.333 10.208 10.208 8.80
nov 57 57 91.667 10.032 10.032 7.39
dec 152 45 100.000 7.920 7.920 6.55
total 161.31
Firm power at the plant =7.92MW

.7 7 /curve
power
Primary energy ∗.
= duration 0 ∗ 365 ∗ 24
30.000
=34.418 Gwh
Secondary energy = 80.02-34.418=45.60 GWh
25.000

20.000

15.000

10.000

5.000 |By: Raghu N. Prajapati 58

power duration curve

 -.7 /
Primary energy = ∗. 0 ∗ 365 ∗ 24
=69.379 Gwh
Secondary energy = 161.31-69.379= 91.93Gwh
Secondary power =91.93*1000/(365*24) =10.49 Mw
ii).The power to be supplemented by the storage to obtain a firm power of 15 MW
=(15-14.432)+(15-14.08)+(15-13.904)+(15-10.208)+(15-10.032)+(15-7.92)
=0.568+0.92+1.096+4.792+4.968+7.08
=19.424MW
7. ∗ 8 ∗ ∗
∗
7.+ ∗ ∗ .7
Therefore storage required =
=285064220.2 m3
=2.85*108 m3

3. Compute the minimum reservoir storage required to maintain demands of 50 m3/s

monthly river flows to the reservoir are available as follows
month Jan Feb Mar apr May Jun jul aug sept oct nov dec
Qm3/s 94 82 45 20 26 43 90 110 86 70 53 40
To simplify plotting of the mass curve, assume each month has 30 days
Month Flow days volume cumulative Demand cumulative Cumulative
(m3/s) *10^8 Vol vol*10^8 surplus dificit
*10^8
Jan 94 30 2.436 2.436 1.296 1.14
Feb 82 30 2.125 4.562 1.296 0.83
Mar 45 30 1.166 5.728 1.296 (0.13)
Apr 20 30 0.518 6.247 1.296 (0.78)
May 26 30 0.674 6.921 1.296 (0.62)
Jun 43 30 1.115 8.035 1.296 (0.18)
Jul 90 30 2.333 10.368 1.296 1.04
Aug 110 30 2.851 13.219 1.296 1.56
Sep 86 30 2.229 15.448 1.296 0.93
Oct 70 30 1.814 17.263 1.296 0.52
Nov 53 30 1.374 18.636 1.296 0.08
Dec 40 30 1.037 19.673 1.296 (0.26)
15.552 6.09 (1.97)
8 3
minimum storage required =1.97 *10 m

mass curve
25

20 |By: Raghu N. Prajapati 59

15

10

5
4. Means monthly flow for a Nepalese river given below. Determine the best installed
capacity for power duration given below i) interest rate=10%, ii) Energy price =$30 MWh iii)
Fixed cost =$50x106 iv) variable cost (electromechanical ) =$ 600/kw v) Annual O& M =2% of
the investment Vi) Economic life of project =40 years
%time 8.3 16.6 25 33.3 41.66 50 58.3 66.66 75 83.3 91.6 10
3 6 3 3 3 6 0
Power 70 588 53 305 256 183 147 107 82 72 59 52
MW 3 7

Solution:
To determine installed capacity for a given power duration, let's analyze marginal benefit and
9 ∗ %∗ ∗
cost for 1 kw installation. Total energy generated = ;<ℎ
Assuming x % of time exceedance
Total energy generated =8.76*x%=0.087x MWh per kw
Marginal benefit =0.087x*$30
=$ 2.628 x
Total cost = variable cost +o/M cost
( )@
Variable cost (annual) = > ∗ ?( )@ /
A
. ∗( . )BC
( )
A
. BC /
Variable cost =600*?
=$61.35
Total cost =61.35 +2% of 600
=$73.36
Marginal cost = marginal benefit
73.36=2.628X
X=27.91%
:. Installed capacity by interpolation for X=27.91%
∗ (305 − 537) + 537
-.7 /
. /
Power =

|By: Raghu N. Prajapati 60

 =455.95 KW

5. Determine required reservoir capacity from the data given below:

Month Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb mar Apr May Jun
Mean 30 33 35 30 29 20 15 13 10 8 7 15
monthly
flow
m3/s
Rainfall 28 30 34 8 0 0 0 0 4 6 10 16
( cm)
Eo(cm) 10 7 6 9 5 4 4 5 10 10 12 13
Demands 1500 2000 2700 4000 4800 4800 4600 4500 4500 2700 2500 1500
(Ha-m)
Assume that surface area of a reservoir is 6000 ha throughout.

Solution:
month Mean Rainf Eo (2) Q meqn Dem Demand surplus/
mont all (C - (rainf monthly and m3 dificit
hly (cm) M)( (3) all) volume (Ha-
flow (2) 3) m)
m3/s
(1)
Jul 30 28 10 18 4.167 88560000 1500 1500000 73560000
0
Aug 33 30 7 23 5.324 99336000 2000 2000000 79336000
0
Sep 35 34 6 28 6.481 10752000 2700 2700000 80520000
0 0
Oct 30 8 9 -1 - 77160000 4000 4000000 37160000
0.231 0
Nov 29 0 5 -5 - 72168000 4800 4800000 24168000
1.157 0
Dec 20 0 4 -4 - 49440000 4800 4800000 1440000
0.926 0
Jan 15 0 4 -4 - 36480000 4600 4600000 -9520000 -9520000
0.926 0
Feb 13 0 5 -5 - 30696000 4500 4500000 -14304000 -
1.157 0 1430400
0
Mar 10 4 10 -6 - 22320000 4500 4500000 -22680000 -

|By: Raghu N. Prajapati 61

 1.389 0 2268000
0
Apr 8 6 10 -4 - 18336000 2700 2700000 -8664000 -8664000
0.926 0
7 10 12 -2 - 16944000 2500 2500000 -8056000 -8056000
May 0.463 0
Jun 15 16 13 3 0.694 40680000 1500 1500000 25680000
0
32186400 -
0 6322400
0
Sample calculation
Mean monthly flow July 'Q0' = 30m3/s
Rainfall =28 cm
Evapotranspiration 'Eo' =10 cm
( +/ )∗ ∗ B
= 4.167 m3/s
∗ ∗ ∗
Monthly discharge due to rainfall =
Total discharge Q = 30 +4.167 = 34.167 m3/s
Total monthly volume in July = 34.167*30 *24*3600 = 88560000 m3
Demand of water in July =1500*104 m3
Surplus of water in July =88560000 m3-1500*104 m3 =73560000 m3
Hence the required reservoir capacity is 63224000 m3

8. The following information is available regarding the relationship between trap

efficiency
Capacity in 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
flow ratio
Trap 87 93 95 95.5 96 96.5 97 97 97.5 97.8
efficiency
Find the probable life of the reservoir with an initial reservoir capacity of 30 million m and the
annual average sediment inflow is 2,00,000 metric tons with the average annual flood inflow of
60 million m3. Assume a specific weight of the sediment equal to 1.2 g/cc. the usual life of the
reservoir will terminate when 80% of its initial capacity is filled with sediment. Find the life
period of each 20% filling up of the reservoir with the sediment.

Solution:
Average annual sediment inflow = 2*105*103 kg = 2*1011 g = 2*1011/1.2 cm3 = 1/6 million m3
Initial reservoir capacity = 30 million m, annual flood inflow volume = 60 million m
First 20% reservoir filling Second 20% reservoir Third 20% reservoir filling Fourth 20% reservoir
filling filling

|By: Raghu N. Prajapati 62

 Initial CIR = 30/60 = 0.5 Initial CIR = 24/60 = 0.4 Initial CIR = 18/60 = 0.3 Initial CIR = 12/60 = 0.2
Final CIR = 24/60 = 0.4 Final CIR = 18/60 = 0.3 Final CIR = 12/60 = 0.2 Final CIR = 6/60 = 0.1 h
h1=0.96, h2=0.955, h1=0.955, h2=0.95, h1=0.95, h2=0.93, 1=0.93, h2=0.87, haverage
haverage = 0.9575 Vol of haverage = 0.9525 Vol of haverage = 0.94 Vol of = 0.90 Vol of sediment
sediment trapped = sediment trapped = sediment trapped = trapped = 0.90x1/6 No of
0.9575x1/6 0.9525x1/6 No of years to 0.94x1/6 No of years to fill years to fill up fourth 20%
No of years to fill up first fill up second 20% up third 20% reservoir = reservoir = 6/(1/6x0.90) =
20% reservoir = reservoir = 6/(1/6x0.9525) 6/(1/6x0.94) = 38.3 years 40.0 years
6/(1/6x0.9575) = 37.6 years = 37.8 years

The total number of years to fill the 80% of the reservoir = 37.6+37.8+38.3+40.0 = 153.7 years

9. A contour survey of a reservoir sites gives following data:

Contour value Area (ha) Capacity of reservoir (ha-m)
At 200 m 6.0 14.10
At 210 m 18.1
At 220 m 34.0
At 225 m ? ?
Determine the general equation for Area Elevation Curve and Storage Elevation Curve

Solution:
Area Elevation Curve equation Ah = α + βh + γh + .................... + nh n 1
Taking datum of 200m, h =0 and considering three term only
Then, A200 = α + βh + γh or P = 6 ......................................... 1,
Similarly for contour 210 m, h= 10 then A210 = 18.1 = α + βh + γh = 6+Q10+#102
= 6+10Q+100# or 12.1 = 10Q+100# II
Similarly for 220 m contour h = 20 m, 1.4 = Q+20# --------- III
Solving equation II and III Q = 1.02 and # = 0.019
So Area Elevation curve is represented by A = 6+1.02h+0.019h2 taking h =0 for 200 m elevation
or datum

To get storage Elevation curve:

. W . 7 6
Integrate Area Elevation Curve ∆ℎ = ?6ℎ + + + XAh=20h=0
At h = 0 i.e. at 200m elevation, S0 = 14.1 so K = 14.1 hence the equation of the storage elevation
. [W . 7[6
curve is given by Yh = [6h + + + 14.1] ,so the storage volume at h 25 m i.e. at 225
m contour is S25=581.81 ha-m.

Unsolved Problem
1. A power development site has the following average estimated river flows. if 8615 Kw is
generated continuously throughout the year with 70% efficiency and average head of 18.3m.
What will be the storage requirement?

|By: Raghu N. Prajapati 63

 month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
106m3 349 378 286 154 126 63 86 63 189 257 286 350
(Ans: storage required 400.77*106 m3)

2. The average monthly flow of river in a typical dry year are as follows
month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
3
Q m /s 65 53 51 115 187 270 580 974 1179 355 176 123
And other relevant data are follows i) prevelling interest rate =12% ii) Energy selling price =$30
Mwh iii) installation (Electro-mech) cost = $600/kw iv) project life time = 40 yrs v) overall
efficiency of the plant = 87% vi) Effective head = 100m
a) Determine the installed capacity of such plant
b) Calculate the firm power of the plant, considering 95% probability of exceedance of flow
c) If the deficit in the firm power in the power system if 200 Mw what is the storage capacity of
reservoir to satisfy the demand. (Ans: a) 327.64 Mw b) 44.55 Mw c) 3291* 106 M3)

3. A hydropower plant is to be planned in a Nepalese river, where the mean monthly flows
for a typical year are as follows
month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
3
Q m /s 85 80 91 107 150 260 675 910 620 266 140 104
And other pertaining data to the plant are as follows i) prevelling interest rate =12% ii) Energy
selling price =$35 Mwh iii) installed capacity of the plant is 270 Mw iv) project life time = 40
yrs v) overall efficiency of the plant = 85% vi) Effective head = 130m vii) Annual O &M =3% of
capital cost.
Find out: a) probability of exceedance of design flow
b) The cost of electro-mechanical equipment for 1 Kw installation
c) Firm energy generated by the plant.
(Ans: 42.49 , U$861.03/ Kw, 759.67 Kwh)
4. A runoff river plant is installed on a river having a minimum flow of 15 m3/s. if the plant
is used as peak load plant operating only for 6 hours in a day, determine the firm capacity of the
plant a) without pondage, b) with pondage but allowing 10% of the water to be lost in
evaporation and riparian losses. Head at the plant is 10 m and plant efficiency may be assumed
as 85%. [Without pondage FC=1.251 MW, with daily pondage FC = 4.628 MW]

5. A power station has to supply the following loads on an average day. Draw the load
curve and calculate the daily load factor. What will be the plant capacity factor and utilization
factor if it has a reserve capacity of 1000 KW?
Time 11pm 5am - 6am - 7am- 9am- 12noon 1pm 5pm 7pm- 9pm-
- 5am 6am 7am 9am 12noon -1pm - - 9pm 11pm
5pm 7pm
Load(KW) 500 750 1000 2000 2500 1500 2500 2000 2500 1000

|By: Raghu N. Prajapati 64

 [Load factor=0.645, plant factor=0.461, utilization factor=0.714]

6. The effective head of 100m and overall efficiency of 85% are assumed constant. If the
design discharge is set to 1000 m3/s. calculate (a) the annual firm and secondary energy produced
by the plant (b) If the firm power is to be increased to 416.925 MW what is the amount of
storage required?
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Flow(m3/s) 100 120 140 300 320 1800 2000 2510 2000 900 500 300

7. The flow duration curve of a river is given below. I f the design discharge is taken to be
flow with the 33.32% occurrence, find the annual firm and secondary energy available. The
design head of plant is taken to be 100m. Take overall efficiency as 90%.
%of time 8.33 16. 24.9 33.3 41.6 49.9 58.3 66.6 74.9 83.3 91.6 100
6 9 2 5 8 2 5 8 1 4
3
Flow(m / 212. 191 185. 80.5 51.5 40.5 29.0 19.3 17.6 15.6 11.5 10.
s) 1 0 9
With the above provided data, if the firm power is desired to be increased to 30 MW, what is the
storage required? [63.23GWH; 292.99 GWH; 262.73×106 m3]

8. The average monthly flows of a stream in a dry year are as follows:

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
3
Flow(m /s) 117 150 203 117 80 118 82 79 58 45 57 152
It is intended to design a hydroelectric power plant across the stream, using the following data;
net head at the plant site=20m, efficiency of the turbine=905
a)plot the flow and power duration curves and calculate the firm and secondary power available
from this source of the maximum usable flow is limited to 150m3/s.
b) If it is intended to develop the power at a firm rate of 15MW, by providing storage; determine
the minimum capacity of the reservoir.
[(a) FP =7.95 MW, FE=69.91GWH, SE=92.23GWH (b) 285.664×106 m3]

9. The flow duration and head duration curve are given below. Calculate the firm and
secondary energy if the plant is designed for Q20. Take efficiency = 95%.
% time 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
3
Flow(m /s) 3510 810 405 216 189 162 135 108 81 54 40.5
Head(m) 15.84 16.5 17.16 17.82 18.84 19.14 19.8 21.45 28.1 24.75 26
[87.25 GWh, 212.78GWh]
10. Two turbo generator each of capacity 25000 KW have been installed at a hydel power
station. During a certain period the load varies from 15000 KW to 40000 KW. Calculate (a) load
factor (b) plant factor (c) utilization factor [0.6875; 0.55; 0.8]

|By: Raghu N. Prajapati 65

11. Draw a flow duration curve from the stream flow record for the proposed power
development site. If the available head is 80 m, and the maximum wheel discharge capacity is 60
m3/s. determine the firm and secondary energy at the site. Take overall efficiency is 78%
Month jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sept oct nov dec
Q 37 35 31 25 19 37 65 84 69 51 44 41
(m3/s)
[101.88 GWh, 131.33 GWh]
12. A runoff stream station with an installed capacity of 15000 KW operates at 15% load
factor when it serves as a peak load station. What should be the lowest discharge in the stream so
that the station may serve as the base load station? It is given that the plant efficiency is 75%
when working under a head of 20 m.
Also calculate the maximum load factor of the plant when the discharge in the stream rises to 20
cumecs. [15.31 m3/s, 19.6%]

13. The monthly flow of a river supplying water to a power plant in 14 successive 4 week
periods of the driest year is as follows:
Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
(week
)
Flow 1.1 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.1 0.5 0.5 0. 0.6 1.3 1.6 1.4 0.8
(m3/s) 4 8 8 8 4 6 6 6 5 7 6 5 9 3
i) Calculate the volume of reservoir storage to be provided to maintain the highest uniform
output throughout the year and calculate the continuous power if available head is 40m
ii) If a reservoir of only half the required capacity can be provided, how much power is to be
supplied by an auxiliary plant to produce the continuous power in (i). [4.52x106 m3, 26.6 KW]

14. A proposed reservoir has a capacity of 500 ha-m. The catchments area is 125 km2. and
the annual stream flow averages 12 cm of runoff. If the annual sediment production is 0.03 ha-
m/km2. What is the probable life of the reservoir before its capacity is i) reduced by 10% of its
initial capacity and ii) reduced by 25% of its initial capacity by sedimentation? The relationship
between the trap efficiency and capacity inflow ratio is as below:
Capacity 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7
/Inflow
Trap 43 60 74 80 84 87 93 95 96 97
Efficiency
(%)

15. Long term average monthly flow of a large tropical river is given below:
month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Discharge 280 250 210 84 84 210 868 1064 2380 2492 2156 659
m3/s

|By: Raghu N. Prajapati 66

Data are given below:
Efficiency (hydraulic, turbine, generator and transformer) = 96%, 93%, 98%, 99% respectively
Interest rate = 10%
Environmental release 10% of minimum monthly flow
The cost of electro-mechanical (variable cost) for 1 KW installation = US$ 600/KW
Civil cost (fixed cost) = 10%
Energy price = NRs. 4/KWh
O/M cost = 3% of investment
Economic life = 40 yrs
Tax = 5%
1. Find probability of exceedance of design flow
2. Compute installed capacity (design flow), firm and secondary energy,
Utilization factor, plant factor (considering 5% outage of plant), capacity factor
3. Find out spilling discharge and compute storage required to assure a regulates
flow from above data
4. If it is intended to develop the power of 1.5 times installed capacity by
providing storage, determine the minimum capacity of reservoir.

Examples of Chapter-3
1. A blind concrete gravity dam of 32 m base width has been designed for creating a
reservoir with the following data:
Resultant vertical force = 14158.38 KN
Resultant horizontal force =6614.39 KN
Specific bend stress =147.15KN/m2
Friction factor =0.65 and
Negative resultant moment =12176.370KN.M
Determine the factor of safety of dam against surface thrust and contour (edge) stresses at
upstream and downstream faces at the base of dam foundation during exploitation period.

Solution:
Base of the concrete gravity dam (B) = 32 m
Resultant vertical force = 14158.38 KN
Resultant horizontal force =6614.39 KN
Specific bend stress =147.15 KN/m2
Friction factor =0.65 and
Negative resultant moment = -12176.370 KN.M
The factor of safety of dam against surface thrust and contour (edge) stresses at upstream and
downstream faces at the base of dam foundation =?
]Σ^_ . ∗`∗a
Σ^b
We have factor of safety against shear failure (Sf) =

|By: Raghu N. Prajapati 67

 .-∗ +. + . ∗ ∗ -.
. 7
Or, (Sf) =
(Sf) = 1.85 < 4 defghi =
Contour (edge ) stress at upstream and downstream faces at the base is given by relation.j
" ∗
= _ .1 ± 0
` `
` Σlm
Eccentricity (e) = −
Σ^_
- . -
−
+. +
(e) =
=15.14 m
" ∗
j = _ .1 ± 0
` `
+. + ∗ .
j = .1 ± 0
Stress at heel = -813.55 KN/m2
Stress at toe = 1698.45 KN/m2

2. The reservoir has a volume of water of 3206 million cubic meters for its regulation period
and the regulated flow discharge of 152.7 cubic meter per second passes through the turbines.
Find the time taken for its regulation period.
Solution:
Volume of reservoir = 3206 millions m3 = 3206x106 m3
Regulated flow discharge = 152.70 m3/sec
Time taken for its regulation period =?
Total time (t) = V/Q
= 3206x106/152.7 Sec
= 243 days
Therefore, regulation time = 365-243 = 122 days.

3. A concrete gravity dam of given profile is purposed by a designer for implementation.

The unit shear resistance and angle of resistance is 500KN/m2 &350 respectively.# = 24
3
KN/m . You are the person to implement it so you want to check the stability of dam against
flotation, overturning and sliding before implementation. Based upon your finding do you
implement it? Fig is given below
6m

50m
40m

26m

|By: Raghu N. Prajapati 68

Solution:

H1
W1 W3
PH1 H2 PH2

U1 # H2
#H1
U2

Here, unit shear resistance 'C' = 500 KN/m2

# = 24 KN/m3
Angle of resistance (n) = 350
Consider unit length of dam

(↑ (−), ↓ (+)
Name of the Design Magnitude of forces Lever arm Moment about toe
forces ation (m) ,clockwise (-)

Vertical
forces

Weight of W1 6*55*24 =7920KN 20 +6/2=23 (+)182160 KN-m

dam

W2 *20 *50 *24 =12000KN 20 * 2/3 (+)159960 KN-m

=13.33

Wt. of water W3 * 40 *20*9.81= 2924 20/3 =6.67 (+)19503.08 KN-m

above dam
KM

ΣV1 22844.00 KN

Uplift U1 9.81 *40*26 = - 26/2 =13 (-)132631.2 KN-m

pressure force 10202.40 KN

U2 * 26 * 9.81*(50-40) = - 26*2/3 (-)22100.95KN-m

=17.33
1275.3

|By: Raghu N. Prajapati 69

 ΣU -11477. 7 KN

Net vertical ΣV 11366.3 KN

forces

Horizontal
forces

U/s water PH1 * 9.81* 502 =12262.5 50/3 =`6.67 (-) 204415.88 Kn-m
pressure m
KN
forces

D/s water PH2 * 9.81* 402 = - 7848 40/3 =13.33 (+) 104613.84 KN-m
pressure
KN
forces

ΣH +4414.5 KN

ΣM+ 466236.92 KN-m

ΣM- 359148.03 KN-m ΣM =(ΣM+ 107088.89 KN-m

)-(ΣM-)

Σr - ++.+7
.
X= Σs
= = 9.422 m
`
Eccentricity 'e' = - X = -9.422 =3.578 m
`

Eccentricity from middle third rule = = =4.33 m
`
Since e < hence stable against tension
+
= 1.99 > 1 hence safe
Σs
Σt --.-
a) Flotation factor (Ff) = =
.7
= 1.298 < 1.5 hence unstable
Σr
7 +.
b) Overturning factor (F0) = =
Σr/
]Σs v∗w yz{ ∗ . ∗
.
c) Safety against sliding (SFF) = =
Σx

1.52 > 4 (3 to 5) hence safe

]Σs yz{ ∗ .
= 1.58 > 1 ℎie|i f}g~•i
.
d) Sliding factor = =
Σx

Conclusion:

|By: Raghu N. Prajapati 70

This dam have safe against sliding and floatation and tension but unsafe against overturning. To
safe overturning, the positive moment (anticlockwise moment) should be increased. The positive
moment have been increased by increasing self weight of dam and downstream water depth
.hence this dam cannot be implement as it is unsafe against overturning.

4. Find the specific seepage discharge of the flow through the homogenous earthen
embankment dam with the following data.
Height of the dam =50m
Upstream water level = 48 m
Downstream water level =3m
Width of the dam at the top = 8 m
U/S & D/S slope of dam = 1:2.5 (V:H)
Coefficient of permeability of the soil = 2.5 cm/s

Solution:
Lo=€%1+2*2.5+8+50*2.5 -2.5*(3+∆
. .
€= • = • =0.367
W‚ƒ W∗W.„

Lo=0.367 ∗ 48+2*2.5+8+50*2.5 -2.5*(3+∆

L0=155.6-7.5 -2.5∆
L0 =148.1 -2.5∆

From continuity equation, total specific seepage discharge from zone i = total specific seepage
discharge from zone ii

|By: Raghu N. Prajapati 71

From zone ii, total specific seepage discharge from zone ii = q1+ q2
† W /†CW
Total specific seepage discharge from zone i = K. 0
∗‡C
† W /ˆ †W‰∆ W Š
= K. 0 i)
‡/∆∗ ƒ
Specific seepage discharge from Zone ii =q1 +q2
/‹∆
q1 = = ii)
Œ
/‹∆ †C
q2 = = •e ∆
iii)
Œ
From eqn ii) and iii)
/‹∆ †C
?1 + 2.3 ••Ž A
∆
q1+q2 =
Œ
From continuity equation,
† W /ˆ(†W‰∆ )W Š ‹∆ †C
(‡/∆∗ ƒ )
0= ?1 + 2.3 ••Ž A
∆
K.
Œ
∆ =seepage front which is calculated by trial and error. After knowing ∆, specific seepage
discharge could be calculated by above equation i)
† W /ˆ(†W‰∆ )W Š ∆ †W‰∆
••, . (‡/∆∗ ƒ )
0= ?1 + 2.3 ••Ž A
Œ ∆
+W /ˆ( ∆)W Š ∆ ∆
••, . 0= ?1 + 2.3 ••Ž A
∗( +. / . ∆) . ∆
/ˆ7 ∆ ∆W Š ∆ ∆
Or, . 0= ?1 + 2.3 ••Ž A
( 7 . / ∗∆) . ∆
( - -. / ∆/ . ∆W ) ∆
= ?1 + 2.3 ••Ž A
7 . ∆/ ∆W ∆
Or,
∆ ( - -. / ∆/ . ∆W )
?2.3 ••Ž A= − 1
∆ 7 . ∆/ ∆W
∆ - -. / ∆/ . ∆W / 7 . ∆ ∆W
?2.3 ••Ž A =
∆ 7 . ∆/ ∆W
∆ ( - -. / . ∆ . ∆W )
? ••Ž A
∆ + . ∆/ . ∆W
=
∆ =19.50 m
H0=3+19.5 = 22.5m
L0 =148.1-2.5∗ 19.5=99.35 m
K=2.5 cm/s =0.025 m/s
+W / . W
Specific seepage discharge = 0.025∗ . 0
∗77.
3
q = 0.226 m /s/m

5. The cross section of an earthen embankment dam consists of following data:

Top width of dam = 8m
Upstream slope =1:3 (V:H)
Upstream water depth =27 m

|By: Raghu N. Prajapati 72

Height of dam = 30m
D/S water depth = 10m
D/s slope =1:2.5 (V:H)
Base width of dam = 173m
Coefficient of permeability of body of dam = 1x10-6 m/s
Consider impervious foundation.
Based on above data:
i) Derive the equation for the seepage discharge from this dam
ii) Calculate the seepage discharge and plot the phreatic line for this dam.

Solution:
Lo=€%+3*3+8+30*2.5 -2.5*(10+∆
.
=
.
€= • • =0.377
W‚ƒ W∗6

Lo=0.377 ∗ 27+3*3+8+30*2.5 -2.5*(10+∆)

L0=102.179-25-2.5∆
L0 =77.179-2.5∆
From continuity equation, total specific seepage discharge from zone i = total specific seepage
discharge from zone ii
From zone ii, total specific seepage discharge from zone ii = q1+ q2
† W /†CW
Total specific seepage discharge from zone i = K. ∗‡C
0
† W /ˆ(†W‰∆ )W Š
= K. (‡/∆∗ ƒ )
0 i)
Specific seepage discharge from Zone ii =q1 +q2
(•‘ ∗ 1)
∗ Œ
dq1=-K
/‹
q1 = ’∆ •“ = ’∆ •‘
Œ

Z‘\∆
/‹
q1 = =
Œ
/‹∆
q1 = = ii)
Œ

(•‘ ∗ 1)
∆
∗ Œ
dq2=-K

|By: Raghu N. Prajapati 73

 ∆ /‹∆ ∆
q2 = ’† •“ = ’† •‘
C ΠC

Z•e‘\∆†C
/‹∆
q2 = =
Œ

Zln∆ − •e% \
/‹∆
q2 = =
Œ
/‹∆ †C
•e
∆
q2 = = iii)
Œ
From eqn ii) and iii)
/‹∆ †C
?1 + 2.3 ••Ž A
∆
q1+q2 =
Œ
From continuity equation,
† W /ˆ(†W‰∆ )W Š ‹∆ †C
(‡/∆∗ ƒ )
0= ?1 + 2.3 ••Ž A
∆
K.
Œ
∆ =seepage front which is calculated by trial and error. After knowing ∆, specific seepage
discharge could be calculated by above equation i)
† W /ˆ(†W‰∆ )W Š ∆ †W‰∆
••, . (‡/∆∗ ƒ )
0= ?1 + 2.3 ••Ž A
Œ ∆
W
- /ˆ( ∆)W Š ∆ ∆
••, . 0= ?1 + 2.3 ••Ž A
∗(--. -7/ . ∆) . ∆
- 7/ˆ ∆ ∆W Š ∆ ∆
Or, . 0= ?1 + 2.3 ••Ž A
( . +/ ∗∆) . ∆
( - . / ∆/ . ∆W ) ∆
= ?1 + 2.3 ••Ž A
. +∆/ ∆W ∆
Or,
∆ ( - . / ∆/ . ∆W )
?2.3 ••Ž ∆
A= .
+∆/ ∆W
−1
∆ ( - . / ∆/ . ∆W / . +∆ ∆W
?2.3 ••Ž A=
∆ . +∆/ ∆W
∆ ( - . / . +∆ . ∆W
? ••Ž ∆
A = . ∆/ . ∆W
∆ =11.77 m
H0=10 +11.77 = 21.77m
L0 =77.179-2.5∗ 11.77=47.75 m
K=1x10-6 m/s
-W / .--W
Specific seepage discharge = 1*10/ ∗ . 0
∗ -.-
-6 3
q = 2.67*10 m /s/m

6. Find the minimum safe width for an elementary triangular profile of a gravity dam of 20 ,
height. Neglect all other forces except the self weight, hydrostatic pressure and uplift pressure.
Assiming the specific gravity of the dam material to be 2.25, also calculate the principal and
shear stresses at the toe of the dam. Take the uplift factor c (k) as 0.45. What is the limiting
height to which this dam can be raised. Assume the allowable compressive stress “f” for the
material of foundation as 50 kg/cm2.

Solution:

|By: Raghu N. Prajapati 74

We know that for no tension at the heel when the reservoir is full and the dam is safe against
sliding, the base width of elementary triangular profile is given by:
B= = = 14.9 –
√a / √ . / .
For a value of — = 0.75, ˜i Ži} eig••‘the same value from no sliding condition.
Now,
Weight of the dam (W) = ℎ ™ #˜ Y| = š20š14.9š1000š2.25 = 335.2 }•eeif
Uplift force (U) = › ℎ ™ #˜ = š0.45š20š14.9š1000 = 67 }•eeif
Hydrostatic pressure force (P) = #˜ ℎ = š1000š20 = 200 }•eeif
Therefore, ∑• = < − ž = 268.2 }•eeif
Sum of moments of the active forces about the toe,
∑M = ∑F x 2/3xB – Pxh/3 = 268200x14.9x2/3-200000x20/3
= 1333000 kg-m
= 1333 tonnes-m
This moment is balanced by the moment of reaction about the same point,
Therefore, Rv.X=∑ Ma
Rv=∑F
∑l
= = 4.97 –
∑^ +.
X=
`
e = − Ÿ = 2.48 –
Now, normal stresses at the toe,
∑^ +. . + !
.1 + 0= .1 + 0 = 36
` ` .7 .7 W
Pn=
.7
Tan ∅ = = 0.745
Yi| ∅ = 1.555
Principal stress at the toe, j1 = >e Yi| ∅ = 36000š1.555
=56000 kg/m2 = 5.6 kg/cm2
9 9
Shear stress at the toe, ¡ = >e ¢ge ∅ = 36000 š 0.745 = 26800 W
= 2.68 W

F=#˜ ℎ (£ − X + 1)
The limiting height to which the dam can be raised is given by, the relation,

B
¤. i. ℎ = ( . / . )
= 178.5 –
Unsolved Problems
1. The gross volume of the reservoir at NWL is estimated for 10 billion cubic meters having
effective storage capacity 1.5 billion cubic meters. Determine the dead volume of the reservoir
considering 10 percent losses of it through the body of dam and the foundation seepage.
[7.50 billion cu.m]
2. A concrete gravity dam of given profile is proposed for implementation. The unit shear
resistance and angle of shearing resistance is 500 KN/m3 and 350 respectively. Unit weight of
concrete is 24 KN/m3. You are the person to implement it so you want to check the stability of
|By: Raghu N. Prajapati 75

6m
dam against floatation, overturning and sliding before implementation. Based upon your findings
do you implement it? What measure you recommend to implement it?
[Ff=1.87, Fo=1.23, Sff=4.52, SF=1.58]

3. For a gravity dam with drainage gallery as shown in figure. Calculate a) contour stress on
horizontal plane b) contour stress on vertical plane c) resultant contour stress or principal stress
d) contour shear stress e) check the stability of dam. (The permissible compressive stress for dam
is 3000 KN/m2, tanø=0.75) 6m

75 m

8m
6m

56 m
4. In a body of the earthen dam made of homogeneous materials, without drain prism in the
downstream all the essential dimensions are shown in fig. taking the permissible permeability
coefficient of the body material equal to 15 x 10-4 m/s, determine the specific flow discharge
passing through the body of dam. [8.96 lit/s]
6m
U/S 32.0 m

m1 = 3 m2=2
|By: Raghu N. Prajapati 76
 H1=30 m

D/S

H2=1.5 m

5. An earthen dam of homogeneous materials with drain pipe is given below. Determine the
co-ordinates of phreatic line and specific flow discharge passing through the body of dam.
[q=7.18lit/s] 6m
26.50 m
25.00 m

m2 = 2
H1=25 m m1 = 3

+0.00 m

10 m

6. The volume of a reservoir at NWL is estimated for 9 billion cubic meter and mean annual
flow of the river is 150 cubic meter per second along with its transportation (suspended) capacity
of 2.6 kg/per cubic meter. The volume weight of the suspended sediments having 1.6 tones per
cubic meter is 1.25 times less the bed sediments. Determine the service life of the reservoir if the
mean annual volume of sediments due to erosion of its banks and the same of sediments passing
in the downstream are 25 percent and 23 percent of the gross storage. [48 yrs]

7. Design the elementary profile of a gravity dam made of stone masonry. Given a following
data:
RL of base of dam=198m
RL of HFL of dam=228 m
Specific gravity of masonry=2.4
Safe compressive stress in masonry=1200 KN/m2
Tanø=0.70
The seepage coefficient = 1

8. The U/S and D/S slopes of a homogeneous earthen dam with 12 m toe drain are 2:1 and
3:1 (H:V) respectively. The water depth at u/s of dam is 50 m. The dam has a crest width of 20 m

|By: Raghu N. Prajapati 77

and free board of 5 m. The coefficient of permeability of dam material is 2.5 cm/hr. Calculate i)
specific discharge through the body of dam, ii) coordinates of phreatic line.

9.
For a concrete gravity dam, following are the data:

|By: Raghu N. Prajapati 78

 • U/S maximum water level=305 m
• Bed level = 225 m
• Top RL of dam = 309 m
• D/S face slope start at RL = 300m
• D/S slope = 2:3
• Tail Water = Nil
• Centre line drainage gallery is 8 m d/s of u/s face
• Uplift pressure at heel =100%
• Uplift pressure at line of gallery = 50%
• Angle of friction of bed material = 370
• Weight of concrete = 2.4 t/m3
• Permissible crushing strength of material = 11 kg/cm3
• Adopt top width of dam as 14% of the height of dam and bottom width as 62 m
Check the stability of dam against i) overturning ii) sliding iii) crushing iv) major principal stress
at toe of dam. Mention your recommendations regarding the safety of dam.

10. Water stand on the d/s side of gravity dam of triangular section up to the full height of 35
m. the base width of the dam is 26 m. the uplift pressure intensity coefficient ‘C’ may be
assumed to be 0.5. Show that:
i) No tension exists anywhere along the base of the dam
ii) The dam is safe against sliding
iii) The maximum compressive stress in the body of the dam is less than the
allowable crushing strength of the material taken as 11 kg/cm2
iv) The dam is safe against overturning
Take coefficient of friction between base and the foundation is 0.75 and the unit weight
of material of the dam as 2400 kg/m2

11. A concrete gravity dam of 50 m in height has u/s slope of 8% and d/s slope of 6% with
differential head of 39 m. while d/s flow depth is 9 m. The normal stresses developed at the
foundation level are found as 1.56 kg/cm2 and 8.41 kg/cm2 in u/s and d/s respectively. Determine
the contour (edge) stresses on the vertical plane and draw their diagram.
[38850.24 kg/m2 (u/s), 41713.56 kg/m2 (d/s)]
12. The resultant vertical force and moment acting on the foundation of a medium head
concrete gravity dam with its bed width of 37 m are 1845.15 tons and 7829.18 tons (clockwise)
respectively. Determine the location of the resultant force and contour stress to be developed at
the foundation in u/s and d/s. Draw a stress diagram at the foundation level.

13. An earthen dam made of a homogeneous material has the following data:
Coefficient of permeability of dam material = 5x10-4 cm/sec
Level of top of dam = 200.0 m Level of deepest river bed = 178.0 m
| By: Raghu N. Prajapati 20
H.F.L. of reservoir = 197.5 m Width of the top of dam = 4.5 m
Upstream slope = 3:1 Downstream slope = 2:1
Determiine the phreatic line for this dam section and the discharge passing this dam.

14. An earthen dam made of a homogeneous material has the following data:
Coefficient of permeability of dam material = 5x10-4 cm/sec
Level of top of dam = 200.0 m Level of deepest river bed = 178.0 m
H.F.L. of reservoir = 197.5 m Width of the top of dam = 4.5 m
Upstream slope = 3:1 Downstream slope = 2:1
Draw the seepage line if a horizontal filler of length equal to 25 m is provided inward from the
d/s toe of the dam.

15. A flow net is plotted for a homogeneous earthen dam of height 22 m and freeboard 2.0 m.
the result obtained are:
Number of potential drops = 10
Number of flow channels = 4
The dam has a horizontal filter of 30 m length at the downstream end and the coefficient of
permeability of the dam material is 5x10-4 cm/s. Calculate the discharge per meter run of the
dam. [4x10-6 cumecs/m]

Examples of Chapter-5
1.0 Design a setting basin to remove particle size greater than 0.5mm diameter from the
water carrying mainly sand having design discharge of 5 cumecs.

Solution:
Q = 5 m3/sec
d = 0.5mm
Critical velocity v = a å , a = 44 for d>0.1mm
v=44√0.5 = 31.11 cm/sec
Considering sp.wt. of water as 9810 N/m3 settling velocity w=7cm/sec from graph
without turbulence.
.
L=
Assume h= 3m
∗ /!
L=
- /!
=12.85 m
Q=B*H*V
®
B= †∗ = ∗ .
= 5.55 m

| By: Raghu N. Prajapati 21

 ∗ 6/W
By considering retarding effect of turbulence, L=
√ / .
∗ 6/W
L= -√ / . ∗
=19.10 m
Veliranov's formula
W W .ˆ√ W
/ . Š 0
L= W
-.
Considering removal ratio 95% l=1.2
W
. W∗ W .ˆ
√ / . Š 0
L= -. ∗-W
=8.66 m

2. Design a settling basin having following data:

Design discharge = 6m3/sec
Particle diameter to be removed =0.25 mm
Depth of basin =3 m
Take settling velocity of particle = 2.5 cm/sec
In above problem if turbulence is considered, what will be the dimension of basin?

Solution:
Critical velocity 'V' =a√• cm/s , a=44 for 0.1 –– ≥ • ≤ 1 mm
=44 √0.25
=22cm/s
¼ ∗
We have without turbulence, Length of settling basin = L = ½ = .
=26.4 m
Q=bhV
Or, 6=b*3*
B= 9.26 m ≈ 9.3 –
Size of settling basin = 26.4m *9.3m*3m
¼ 6/W
When turbulence is considered, then L=
½√ / . ∗¼
∗ 6/W
= . √ / . ∗
= 80.158 m
Now, size of settling basin while considering the turbulence effect is
80.2 m*9.3m*3m

3. A hydropower Project has a surge tank at the end of 2030 m long tunnel, 4.22 m
diameter. The surge tank of circular section has diameter of 15.85 m. The penstock system
consists of 5 pipes each of 1.525 in diameter and 380 m long. These pipes can be represented by
a single penstock of 3.41 m diameter and of long 380 m. friction factor for tunnel and penstock
are 0.018 and 0.03 respectively. The acoustic wave velocity in the penstock is 1370 m/s. In

| By: Raghu N. Prajapati 22

steady state, the head reservoir level is 457 m with a discharge of 26.2 m3/s. compute the water
hammer pressure for sudden closure. Compute maximum upsurge and down surge with the time
of oscillation.

Solution:
¼ ü
The maximum water hammer pressure, neglecting friction is given by hw=
Velocity of flow in penstock pipe single V= Q/ —d2/4 =2.88 m/s and hw =
1370*2.88/9.8
= 402 m
For Surge tank analyses
‡¼ ^
The frictional head loss in the tunnel for the steady state hf= f É
putting f = 0.018, L
=2030, D = 4.22, V0 = Q/At = 1.87
Jaeger formula for hydraulic design of surge tanks for computing the maximum up or down
surge
‡ Î
Zmax = Vo Í š = 7.22 m without considering the frictional head
Î! 9

loss in the head race canal/tunnel. For calculating the maximum up surge Zup with the
head loss in the headrace conduit,
Ï
=1− + 1/9>• where Po = hf/Zmax
Ï Ð
Here, Po = 1.54/7.22 = 0.213
Therefore, Zup = 6.24 m

Clame and Gaden have given the formula for computation of lowest down surge after the
first
Ï
upward swing = −1 + 2>• ˜ℎi•i >• = ge• Ó••˜e = −4.15 –
Ï Ï
Time of oscillation is the time period for complete damping of the surge wave in the tank =
‡ Ã Î!
T= 2ÔÍ = 339 fi|f
Î
D Thoma Formula for Surg Tank Area calculation Asurgetank
¼W
≥ Ÿ Õ ℎig••g|i Ÿ Ö †/
Where H is gross head and hf is the head loss in the head race conduit

4. A penstock having diameter 1.8 m supply water from head of 150 m, there is a possibility
of the 30% increase in the pressure head due to the transient condition of the flow. If the
efficiency of the joint & design stress is 40% and 1250 kgf/cm2 respectively. Find the thickness
of penstock pipe.

Solution:
| By: Raghu N. Prajapati 23
 1.8
Here, D = 1.8m, = r = = 0.9m
2
H = 150 + 30% of 150 = 195m
Pressure intensity 'p' = γ h = 9.81×195 KN/m2
= 1912.95 KN/m2
1912.95×1000
= kgf/cm2
100×100×9.81
= 19.50 kg/cm2
PR
t = n.f/0.6p + 0.15 = 1.65 cm
Where p = 19.50 kg/cm2
R= 0.90 m, n= 0.9, f = 1250 kg /cm2

5. Design a forebay in following given data:

Discharge = 15 m3/s
Storage requirement = 4 minutes
Length of penstock = 500 m
Diameter of penstock = 2 m

Solution:
Let us assume,
Mean velocity (v’) = 0.15 m/s
Mean depth (h) = 6.0 m
Now,
Volume of storage = QxT
i.e. = 15x4x60 = 3600 m3
So, B=Q/v’h = .
= 16.7 –
¼
And, L = ` = .-
= 36.0

… … … … … (¤ )
Ø Î
Î
Drawdown/ Downsurge (y) =
Ú W
Where, Ap = = 3.14 –
®
Û= = = 4.77
Î . !
Take Af = LxB = 600
.--√ .
So, ‘ = = 2.46 –
7.+
!
> 0.545
√
Submergence,
Or f > 0.545š4.77√2
i.e. s=3.67 m.
> 0.5 + 0.4Ü• … … … … … … … (¤¤ )
!
Vortex free criteria,
.--
Here, Ü• = = = 1.08
Ø √7.+

| By: Raghu N. Prajapati 24

 !
So, > 0.5 + 0.4š1.08
Therefore, (s/d) reqd = 0.932
Again, (s/d) cal =3.67/2 = 1.84
Therefore, (s/d) cal > (s/d) reqd. OK
Since, y<h, so depth is not required.

6. Design of periodic type settling basin. Data are as follows:

Design discharge = 7 m3/s
Particle diameter to be removed = 0.3 mm
Settling velocity of particle = 2.5 cm/sec
Depth of basin = 4 m
If the turbulence is considered, what will be the diameter of basin?

Solution:
Flow velocity (v) = a √• … … … … … … ¤
Here, d = 0.3 mm, So, a = 44
v = 44 √0.3 = 24.1 = 0.24
! !
Now, Length of basin (L) = h v/w
= 4x(24.1x10-2)/2.5x10-2
= 38.56 m
Aslo, Breadth of the basin (B), Q=VxA
7 = 0.241 x (Bx4)
B = 7.26 m
The turbulence is not neglected,
. .
Then, P = = = 0.066
√ √
So, w = 2.5-0.066 x 24.1 = 0.9094 cm/s
Now, l = hv/w = 4x0.241/0.9094 x 10-2 = 106.004 m
Therefore, B = 7/(0.241 x 4) = 7.26 m

7. A penstock carries 8 m3/s of water at head of 25 m. The cost of pipe is given by 35 hd2
rupees/m. Where h = head and d = diameter of penstock. An annual fixed charge is 8% of the
pipe line cost. The head loss in friction is 0.025$ /12.1• m/m of length of pipe. Efficiency is
80% and setting price is 70 rupees/KW annual. Calculate the most economical diameter.

Solution:
Cost of pipe line = 35 h d2
= 35 x 25 d2
Annual fixed cost = 8/100 x 35 x 25 d2 = 70 d2..............(i)
. ®W
Power loss due to head loss = # Ý $ %• = #Ý$ š
. „

| By: Raghu N. Prajapati 25

 +W +.
= 9.81 š 0.8 š 8 š 0.025 š =
. „ „
5 5
Revenue loss = 8.302 x 70/ d = 581.14 / d per annum ...............(ii)
Total cost = (i) + (ii)
c = 70d2 + 581.14 / d5
For minimum per annum cost, = 0
70x2d + 581.14 (-5) /d6 = 0
d = 1.54 m.
9. Calculate settling (fall) velocity if D=0.2 mm, s = 2.65 and T = 250c

Solution:
= 418(2.65 − 1)š0.2 š ?
+(a/ )ÉW ( - ) -
Vf = A = 40 ––/fi|
.
Re = Vf x d/# = .7 .
= 8.88 [it lies inbetween 1 to 1000, so it is transitional
zone]
+ + 0.34 = + + 0.34 = 4.05
" √" +.++ √+.++
Cd (Darcy’s coefficient) =

Vf = Í =Í
(!/ ) ( . / ) 7.+ .
Þ .
= 32.64 !

Other values (trials) are tabulated as follow:

S.N. Vf (mm/sec) Re Cd Vf

1 32.64 7.25 4.77 24.40

2 24.40 5.42 6.05 28.22

3 28.22 6.27 5.36 26.24

4 26.24 5.83 5.7 27.21

5 27.21 6.05 5.53 26.72

6 26.72 5.94 5.61 26.96

7 26.96 5.99 5.57 26.84

8 26.84 5.96 5.59 26.90

From further trials, Vf = 26.88 mm/sec

But, this theoretical analysis is for truely spherical particles
For actual shape sediment, taking 65% of Vf theorical
= 26.88 x 0.65 = 17.47 mm/sec

| By: Raghu N. Prajapati 26

Alternate Method:
Here, d=02 mm, so it lies transitional zone,
!/
Now, Vf = Í ……… ¤
Þ
¼ . . ¼
=
.7 . .7
But, Re = Vf d/# =
Vf = 4.5Re

"
+ + 0.34
√"
Cd =
So, equation (i) becomes,
(7.+ ) . .
4.5R = ß š WB 6
.
à √à

20.25R2 = 4316.4/(24/R+3/Ç + 0.34)

So, equation (i) becomes
(7.+ ) . .
4.5R = ß WB 6 š
.
à √à

.
20.25R2 = WB 6
.
à √à
1.5 2
24R+3R +0.34R = 213.156
0.34R2+3R1.5+24R-213.156 = 0
Solving, we get, R = 6.3
Cd= " + + 0.34 = 5.34
√"
7.+
So, •h = √( š . )š 1.65š0.20 = 28.431 ––/fi|
.
For, actual shape sediment, taking 65% of Vf = 18.48 mm/sec
10. Design a power canal of side slope 1:1 for conveying flow discharge of 5.6 cubic meter
per second such that the flow velocity in it does not exceed 1.7 m/sec. Take manning’s
coefficient equal to 0.018.

Solution:
Discharge (Q) = 5.60 cumec
Velocity (V) = 1.7 m/s
ɳ = 0.018
Considering trapezoidal shape,
A = BD+D2 = Q/V = 5.6/1.7 = 3.294 m2
And, assume B=3.0 m
D2+BD = 3.294
D2+3xD = 3.294
D=0.85

| By: Raghu N. Prajapati 27

Perimeter = B+2D√2
= 3+2x0.86√2
= 5.43 m
Therefore, R =A/P = 3.244/5.43 = 0.61 m
W •
• = á6 Y W
â
¼ â .- . +
S= ã W ä =ã W ä = 1.81š10/
"6 . 6

Therefore, S =1:552.50

10. If the depth of settling basin is 2.4 m and settling velocity is 0.6 m/s with design
discharge 5 m3/s, compute the dimension of periodic type settling basin considering and
without considering the turbulence effect for a hydropower plant through simple settling
theory to remove particles size of 0.5 mm.
Solution:
Take 15 % additional discharge for periodic type settling basin i.e. Q=1.15 Qd
i.e. Q=1.15*5 = 5.75 m3/s
Critical velocity, V = aå cm/s
Here, a = 44 for 0.1 mm≥ • ≤ 1 ––
i.e. V = 44√0.15
i.e. V= 17.04 cm/s
for without turbulence consideration,
Q=V*A
i.e. Q=V*b*h
i.e. 5.75 = 17.04/100 * b * 2.4
i.e. b = 14.06 m
Take b = 14.5 m
® .-
Now, length of settling basin, Õ = ½∗å = . ∗ .
= 6.61 ≈ 7 –
Therefore, size of settling basin is 7mx14.5mx2.4m
Again, considering turbulence effect, we have,
¼ •.„ . - ∗ . •.„
Õ= = = 8.992 m
½ C.„ / . ¼ . ∗ . C.„ / . ∗ . -

11. In a hydropower project penstock of diameter 2.5 m carries a flow of 4.5 m3/s to the
turbine located in the power house. A simple surge tank of diameter 6 m is at a distance
of 1500 m from the power house. Considering the instantaneous total closure, find i)
maximum height of the surge required ii) time period of oscillation wave.
Solution:
Here, penstock diameter (d) = 2.5 m
W Ú
Cross sectional area of the penstock pipe (Ap) = Ô ∗ = ∗ 2.5 = 4.909 –

| By: Raghu N. Prajapati 28

Discharge through the pipe Q = 4.5 m3/s
Ú Ú
Cross sectional area of the surge tank (As) = ∗ æ = 6 = 28.274 –
Assuming length of penstock = 3000 m
Therefore, length of upstream penstock length (L) = 3000-1500 = 1500 m.

$ç
The maximum upsurge without considering the frictional head loss is given by the relation,
Ó–gš = .
Î
Öa .Õ Îè 0
é

4.5 28.274 .
Ó–gš = ê1500 ∗ ë = 4.723 –
28.274 9.81 ∗ 4.909
‡Îì +. - .
Time of oscillation (T) = 2Ô . 0 = 2 ∗ Ô ∗ .1500 ∗ 0 = 184.46 –
Îé 7.+ ∗ .7 7

12. A penstock of discharge capacity of 5 m3/s is to be functioned in hydropower station with

a design head of 50 m. determine the economic diameter of the penstock. Take overall
efficiency of the plant at 85%
Solution:
Design discharge (Qd) = 5 m3/s
Design head (H) = 50 m
Economical diameter (D) = ?
a) By USBR formula, Ve=0.125Ø2Ž% = 0.125 ∗ √2 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 50 = 3.915 –
ÚÉW
Then, Q=AV = ∗•

=Í
® ∗
i.e., æ = Í = 1.626 –
Ú¼ Ú∗ .7
Ð C.6„
b) By Sarkaria formula, De=0.62 ∗ † C.8„
7+
Where, P = Ý#$% = 0.85 ∗ ∗ 5 ∗ 50 = 2084.625 í<
+ .
Thus, power in HP, P= .-
= 2794.403 %>
-7 . C.6„
Therefore, De = 0.62 ∗ C.8„ = 0.784 –
c) By guideline of JNN,

De= Í. 0 = Í.5.2 ∗
. ®6
0 =2.001 m
î î 6

Unsolved Problem
1. Design a settling basin with following data:
Particle size=8 mm
Specific gravity of particle=2.65
Absolute viscosity=1.3 gm/lit
Temperature of water=200c

| By: Raghu N. Prajapati 29

Discharge=1000 million lit/day [L = 11 m, B = 3.0 m]

2. Design a setting basin to remove particle size greater than 0.5mm diameter from the
water carrying mainly sand having design discharge of 5 cumecs. [L=8.66 m]

3. Compute the dimension of settling basin of a hydropower plant using the simple theory
with the data given below:
Settling velocity = 2 cm/sec
Design discharge = 5 m3/s
Particle diameter to be removed = 0.2 mm
Depth of basin = 3 m

4. Compute the dimension of periodic type settling basin considering and without
considering the turbulence effect for a hydropower plant through simple settling theory.
Settling velocity = 6 cm/sec
Design discharge = 5 m3/s
Particle diameter to be removed = 0.5 mm
Depth of basin = 2.4 m

5. Design a settling basin having following data:

Design discharge = 6m3/sec
Particle diameter to be removed =0.25 mm
Depth of basin =3 m
Take settling velocity of particle = 2.5 cm/sec
In above problem if turbulence is considered, what will be the dimension of basin?
[26.4m *9.3m*3m, 80.2 m*9.3m*3m]
6. Design a settling basin on:
Design discharge = 5 m3/s
Particle diameter = 0.5 mm
Temperature = 250c
Specific Gravity (G) = 2.65
Height (h) = 3.2 [L=20]

7. Design a settling basin with the following data:

Particle size =0.008 mm
Specific Gravity = 2.65
Absolute velocity = 1.3 gm/cm-sec
Temperature of water = 200c
Discharge = 10 million liter/day [L=11m, B=3m]

| By: Raghu N. Prajapati 30

8. Design the settling basin for high head plant by using the simple settling theory. The
basin should be remove particles 70.25 mm diameters from the water conveying mainly sand. If
the design discharge be 5 m3/s and depth of basin be 3.2 m. [L=59m]

9. A penstock of discharge capacity of 5 m3/s is to be functioned in hydropower station with

a design head of 50 m. determine the economic diameter of the penstock. Take overall efficiency
of the plant at 85% [1.464 m]

10. A penstock of discharge capacity 5 cubic meters per second is functioning for a
hydropower with dynamic head of 45 m over the turbine. Determine its economic diameter.

11. Determine the thickness of penstock for a hydropower project having net head of 150m
and the internal radius of penstock is 125cm. [2.52 cm]

12. Find the wall thickness of penstock pipe (internal diameter = 2.5 m) to supply water from
head of 150 m, which increase in pressure is 35% of head. [2.52 cm]

13. Kali Gandaki “A” hydropower project operating under a head of 250 m has a surge tank
of 25 m diameter, located at distance of 6 km from the intake. The surge tank fed by concrete
pressure tunnel 9.2 m diameter which is manifold to three penstock pipes of diameter 1.75 m an
a475 m long. Under a steady state condition it carries a discharge of 50 cumecs to three turbines.
Friction factor for the tunnel and the penstock pipe may be taken as 0.016 and 0.04 respectively.
The velocity of wave in penstock is 1750 m/s. Compute:
a) Maximum upsurge and downsurge.
b) Time of oscillation [6.64m,-6.24m, 422.25 sec]

14. In a hydropower project penstock of diameter 2.5 m carries a flow of 4.5 m3/s to the
turbine located in the power house. A simple surge tank of diameter 6 m is at a distance of 1500
m from the power house. Considering the instantaneous total closure, find i) maximum height of
the surge required ii) time period of oscillation wave. [4.723 m, 186.46 Sec]

15. In a hydropower project penstock of diameter 2.5 m carries a flow of 5.5 m3/s to the
turbine loacated in the power house. A simple surge tank of diameter 5 m is at a distance of 1500
m from the power house. The total length of the penstock is 3.5 km. considering the friction
factor (f) = 0.02 and the instantaneous total closure, find i) maximum height of surge tank
required ii) time period of the oscillation wave. [7.323 m, 179.42 sec]

16. A penstock with an internal diameter of 1.20 m supplies water at a head equivalent 17.6
2
Kg/cm . There is a probability of 20% increase in the pressure due to transient condition. The
design stress and the efficiency of the joint may be assumed to 1020 kg/cm2 and 85%
respectively. Calculate the approximate wall thickness of the penstock required. [1.63 cm]
| By: Raghu N. Prajapati 31
 17. What is the maximum permissible velocity of flow and then discharge in a cast iron pipe
line of 100 mm diameter and 15 mm thick, which can be suddenly stopped by a valve at the
outlet end of the pipe without letting the rise of pressure in the pipe to exceed 1.545×103 KN/m2
taking E = 123.608×109 N/m2 and K = 206.01×107 N/m2. [V = 1.135 m/s]

18. A scheme has a gross head of 85 m, a discharge of 3 m3/s and 173 m long steel penstock
pipe. Calculate the pipe diameter of the penstock so that the power loss due to friction in the pipe
is limited to 4% of the gross head. Take the Manning’s coefficient for the penstock is 0.012.
[0.88m]
19. Design a stilling basin using following data:
Height of crest above d/s bed level = 30 m
Discharge = 80 cumecs
Width of canal = 4 m
D/s bed slope = 4:500
Manning roughness coefficient = 0.016
Cd = 0.7 [Type-III]

20. Design a lined channel to carry a discharge of 15 m3/s. The available and accepted
country slope is 1 in 9000. Assume suitable values of side slopes and good brick work in ling.
[ Width =3.7 m, Side slope=1.25:1]
21. Find out the dimension of a forebay, which accommodates a storage for 3 minutes of
operating for a hydropower plant having following data:
Design discharge = 20 m3/sec
Length of penstock = 300 m
Diameter of penstock = 2.2 m
Draw plan and section of such a forebay showing main components

22. Design a forebay for following data:

Discharge = 12 m3/s for two penstock Diameter of penstock = 2 m
Velocity in penstock = 6 m/s Limiting velocity = 0.2 m/s
Retention time = 3 min

Examples of Chapter-6
i. Design a stilling basin with following data:
Discharge = 1200 m3/s
Head over the crest = 5.25 m
Co-efficient of discharge = 0.95
Z = 25 m, i= 1/500 and ɳ = 0.016

| By: Raghu N. Prajapati 32

Solution:
Here, Q=1200 m3/s, H=5.25 m
Cd=0.95, Z=25 m,
i=1/500, n=0.016
6
We have, Q= š›• š ™ š % W šØ2Ž
6
i.e. 1200 = š 0.95 š ™ š 5.25W š √2š9.81
i.e. B = 35.56 m
Assuming o-o and 1-1 sections for u/s and d/s of the basin,
+ (Ó + % ) =
Ð W Ð W

ï
+ ï
+ + ℎÕ
Ð
& g•i ñi•• ge• Û• = 0
ï ï
Since open channel flow
W

7.+
i.e. 25+5.25=
i.e. v = 24.362 m/s
Again we have,
Q=V1xA
i.e. 1200 = 24.362 x 35.56 x y1
i.e. y1 = 1.385 m
and ‘2 = òØ(1 + 8Ü• Š − 1\
.
Where, Ü• = = = 6.61
Ø √7.+ . +
. +
‘2 = ZØ(1 + 8š6.61) − 1\ = 4.391
Also, Q=AV
W
•
$ = (™š‘•)š š .
`
0 š ¤ W
6
ɳ `
W •

1200 = (35.56š‘• )š
.
š . 0 š . 0
6 W
. .
i.e.
W
.
12.07 = ‘•š . 0
6
.
yo = 4.92 m
•
• •WCC W 6
õW 6 . 0
yc =|•¤}¤|g• •iô}ℎ = . 0 = ö 6„.„8
÷ = 4.878 –
7.+
and

So, yo> yc, subcritical flow i.e. hydraulic jump occurs.

Now, the stilling basin by following way
Fr = 6.61 > 4.5
V1 = 24.362 m/s > 20 m/s
Thus, choose USBR type-III,
Where, Tw=0.97xY2 = 0.97x4.391 = 4.26 m
| By: Raghu N. Prajapati 33
ii. The crest level for dam spillway has been kept at 723.70 m, which the maximum water
level in the reservoir is to be 734.5 m. Calculate the maximum discharge through the overflow
spillway, when the flow takes place through 5 vents of 12.2 m width each at the crest of the
spillway.

Solution:
Effective length of spillway crest (L) =5x12.2 = 61 m
Maximum flood lift on the crest (H) = 734.5-723.7 = 10.2 m
Assume, a value of coefficient of discharge Cd as 2.3
Now, Maximum discharge (Q) = G L H1.5
= 2.3x61x10.81.5 = 2.3x61x35.8
= 5020 cumecs

Unsolved Problem
1. Calculate the maximum discharge of spillway flow for the spillway through 4 vents weir
of each length 10 m for the flood level of 735 m if the crest level of the weir is 730 m. take Cd =
2.2 and neglect the contraction coefficient of pier and abutment.

2. In order to dissipate energy below the spillway by forming a hydraulic jump in the
stilling basin with depth D1 = 1 m, to D2 = 3.8 m. calculate the discharge over the spill way for
the provided effective length of 110 m spill way. [1040 m3/s]

3. Design a hydraulic jump stilling basin for the maximum discharge of 25 m3/s/m flowing
from an overfall spillway with the spillway crest 50 m above the d/s gravel river bed with a slope
So = 0.001 and n = 0.028. Check the possibility of cavitation in the basin floor and estimate the
scour d/s of the basin.

4. At an energy dissipater structure below a low spillway, the discharge is 19 m3/s and the
energy loss is 1 m at the hydraulic jump forming therein. Determine the depth of flow at both
ends of the jump. [2.748 m, 7 m]

5. Compute the discharge over an ogee spillway with coefficient of discharge Cd=2.3 at a
head of 3.8 m. The effective length of the spillway is 110 m. Neglect the velocity of approach.
[1872 cumecs]

Examples of Chapter-8

| By: Raghu N. Prajapati 34

1. A pelton wheel is supplied water under a head of 200 m through a 100 mm diameter
pipes. If the quantity of water supplied to the wheel is 1.25 m3/s. find the number of jets. Assume
w = 0.97

Solution:
Given: H=200 m
d = 100 mm = 0.1 m
Q = 1.25 m3/s
W = 0.97
n = no. of jets = ?
We know that, cross sectional area of one pipe is
Ú
a = š • = š 0.1 = 7.854š10/ –
Ú

And, velocity of jets,

V= ›Û Ø2Ž% = 0.97 š √2š9.81š200 = 60.8
!
Now, total discharge of the wheel must be equal to the discharge through the jets i.e.
1.25 = n x v x a
1.25 = n x 60.8 x 7.85x10-3
n = 2.6 (say 3)

2. A reaction turbine at best speed produces 125 KW under a head of 64 m. By what %

should the speed be increased for a head of 81 m.

Solution:
Given: P = 125 KW
H = 64 m
H1 = 81 m
We have, N1 = N x (H1/H2)1/2
= N x (81/64)1/2
= 9N/8 rpm
Increase in speed = (N1-N)/N = (9N/8 – N)/N
= 0.125 i.e. 12.5%

3. A reaction turbine is working under a head of 9 m and average discharge of 11200 liters/s
for a generator speed of 200 rpm. What is its specific speed? Assume overall efficiency of
turbine is 92%.

Solution:
| By: Raghu N. Prajapati 35
Given: H = 9 m
Q = 11200 lt/s = 11.2 m3/s
N = 200 rpm and
Ý = 92%
Let, P = power developed by turbine
Ð
We have, Ý =ï®
Ð
0.92 =
7.+ . 7
P = 909.7 KW
= 386.7 rpm (SI) or Ns = 447.4119 rpm (metric)
ø√ù ú√7 7.-
And, specific speed is N = „ = „
xB 7B

4. Find the specific speed of a centrifugal pump develops 750 lts/sec against a head of 15 m
at 725 rpm.

Solution:
We have, Q = 750 lts/s = 0.75 m3/s
H = 15 m
N = 725 m
Now, Specific speed is
øØü - ú√ .-
Ns = 6 = 6 = 82.4 rpm
xB B

5. The quantity of water available for a hydroelectric station is 275 m3/s under the head of
18 m. assuming the speed of the turbine (N) to be 150 rpm and their efficiency to be 82%.
Determine the least number of machines, all of the same size, that will be needed if i) Francis
turbine whose Ns must not exceed 395, ii) Kaplan turbine whose Ns must not exceed 690 are
chosen. What would be the individual output of the units in two cases?

Solution:
Power to be developed from the project;
1000x9.81x275x0.82
Pout = γηQH = = 54120 hP
735
ý√>
ý•˜, ýf = „
%B
ú√ù
Case i) for Francis Turbine, the limiting value of Ns = 395 = „
+B
P = 9530.75 hP

| By: Raghu N. Prajapati 36

Number of units to be installed for the Francis turbine = n= Pout/P = 54120/9530.75 = 5.678
≡ 6 nos
So, the power output from each unit = 54120/6 = 9020 hP
Hence, the specific speed of the Francis turbine to be used in the power plant will be
ø√ù ú√7
Ns = „ = „ = 384.24 ≅ 384 rpm.
xB B

√Ð
Case ii) for Kaplan Turbine, the limited Ns = 690 = „
+B
P = 29082.473 hP
Number of units = 54120/2 = 27060 hP and the Specific Speed of the Kaplan turbine will be
ø√ù ú√ - 7
Ns= „ = „ = 665.5 ≅ 666 rpm
xB +B

6. A pelton wheel has to develop 500 KW under a net head of 300 m, while running at a
speed of 500 rpm. If the coefficient of velocity for the jet = 0.97, speed ratio = 0.46 and the ratio
of the jet diameter is 1/10 of wheel diameter. Calculate:
a) Quantity of water supplied to the wheel
b) Diameter of pitch circle
c) Diameter of jets and
d) No. of jets
Take overall efficiency of wheel as 80%.

Solution:
Given; P = 8000 KW,
H = 300 m,
N = 500 rpm,
Cv = 0.97
v = 0.46 V
d = D/10 [ D = Diameter of wheel]
a) Quantity of water supplied to the wheel:
D = Ý#$%
8000 = 0.8 x 9.81 x Q x 300
Q = 3.4 m3/s
b) Diameter of pitch circle:
We have, V=Cv Ø2Žℎ = 0.97 š √2š9.81š300 = 74.4 !
So, Pripherical velocity, v = 0.46 V
v = 34.2 m/s

| By: Raghu N. Prajapati 37

 ÚÉ
= 34.2
Ú É
= 34.2
æ = 1.3 –
c) Diameter of jets:
d = D/10 = 1.3/10 = 130 mm
d) No. of jets:
â ¼ Ú
Q= š0.13
Ú
3.4 = Ýš74.4 š š0.13
Ý = 3.4 = 4

Unsolved Problem
1. A double overhang pelton wheel unit is directly coupled to 1000 KW generator, find the
power developed by each wheel, if the generator efficiency is 84%. [595 KW]

2. A pelton wheel develops 1750 KW under a head of 100 m while running at 200 rpm and
discharging 2500 liter of water /sec. Find the unit power, unit speed and unit discharge of wheel.
[1.75 kw, 20 rpm, 0.25 m3/s]
3. An impulse turbine develops 4500 KW under a head of 200 m. The turbine runner has a
speed of 200 rpm and discharges 0.8 m3/s. If the head on the same turbine falls during summer
season to 184.3 m, find the new discharge, power and speed of the turbine.
[0.768 m3/s,3960 KW, 192 rpm]
4. A turbine develops 10,000 KW under a head of 25 m at 135 rpm. What is its specific
speed? What would be its normal speed and output under a head of 20 m?
[120.7 rpm, 7160 KW]
5. A single stage centrifugal pump with impeller diameter of 300 mm rotates at 2000 rpm
and lifts 3 m3/min to a height of 30 m with an efficiency of 75%. Find the no. of stages and the
diameter of each impeller of a similar multistage pump to lift 4.5 m3 of water per minute to a
height of 130 m. When rotating at 1500 rpm. [5, 327 mm]

6. Design a pelton wheel for a head of 350 m at a speed of 300 rpm. Take overall efficient
of the wheel as 85% and ratio of jet to wheel diameter as 1/10

7. A conical draft tube having inlet and outlet diametes 1.2 m and 1.8 m discharges water at
outlet with a velocity of 3 m/s. The total length of the draft tube is 7.2 m and 1.44 m of longth of
draft tube is immersed in water. If atmospheric pressure head is 10.3 m of water and loss of head
due to friction in the draft tube is equal to 0.2 x velocity head at outlet of the tube. Determine:

| By: Raghu N. Prajapati 38

 a) Pressure head at an inlet
b) Efficiency of draft tube [2.77 m, 80.25%]

8. Determine the overfall efficiency of Kaplan turbine developing 2850 KW under a head of
5.2 m. It is provided with a draft tube with its inlet (diameter 3 m) set 1.8 m above the tail race
level. A vacuum gauge connected to the draft tube indicates a reading of 5.2 m of water. Assume
draft tube efficiency as 75%. [83.8%]

9. Design a pelton wheel turbine for a hydropower plant which have the net head 312.5 m
and discharge of 5 m3/s. Take the efficiency of the turbine as 85%.
10. A hydro-electric plant built for design of H=20 m should develop power output 2000 HP.
Determine the nos. of the turbine units if turbine having specific speed of Ns = 600 rpm are to be
used at a normal operating speed of N = 230 rpm. [1]

11. A hydropower plant was designed for 150 m3/s under the net head of 46 m. Here, turbine
speed is 165 rpm and overall efficiency is 68.5%. Determine number of units required and output
of each unit of propeller type turbine of specific speed 235 is selected. [2]

12. A powerhouse is equipped with 4 units of vertical shaft pelton turbines to be coupled
with 70000 KVA 3 phase 50 hertz generators. The generators are provided with 10 pairs of
poles. The gross design head is 505 m and transmission efficiency of headrace tunnel and
penstock together is to be 94%. The four units together will provide total power of 348000 hP at
the guaranteed efficiency of 91% and the nozzle efficiency is 0.98 then find a) jet diameter and
numbers of jets
b) the nozzle tip diameter
c) the pitch circle diameter of the wheel
d) the specific speed of the turbine
e) number of buckets on the wheel

| By: Raghu N. Prajapati 39