Hydropower Tutorial‐2 (a)(Chapter‐ 3 ) Submission Date: 7Th June 2021

1. The load on a hydel plant varies from a minimum of 10000 kW to a maximum of 35000 kW. Two turbo‐
generators of capacities 22000 kW each have been installed.
Calculate:
i) Total installed capacity of the plant.
ii) Load factor
iii) Utilization factor

2. The mean monthly flow of Nepalese river is given below.(Net head=100m, efficiency=87%)
Months Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
m3/s 100 120 140 300 320 1800 2000 2510 2000 900 500 300

i) Determine the best installed capacity if i=10%,n=40 yrs, energy price=$30MWh,Variable Cost=$600Kw
ii) Determine the firm and secondary Energy.
3. The flow duration Curve is as follow. If the design discharge is taken to be flow with the 33.32% occurrence. Find
the annual firm and secondary energy available. The design head of the plant is taken to be100m. Take overall
efficiency as 90%.
% time 8.3 16.66 24.99 33.32 41.65 49.98 58.32 66.65 74.98 83.31 91.64 100
Q m3/s 100 120 140 300 320 1800 2000 2510 2000 900 500 300

iii) With the above data if the firm power is desired to be increased to 30 Mw what is the storage required?
4. Mean monthly discharge of a river is as follows.
Months Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
m3/s 100 120 140 300 320 1800 2000 2510 2000 900 500 300
Head is 110m, overall efficiency is 90%, and if design discharge is selected as 850 m3/s calculate the firm and
secondary energy. If the firm power is required to be increased to 400 MW, what is the size of the reservoir
needed?

5. Sketch a typical layout of the high head diversion plant and storage scheme. Explain briefly the importance of
the peaking run off power plant over the pure runoff power plant.
6. Determine the primary and secondary energy if hydrograph as shown below is given net head=200m,
efficiency=80%, what is the volume of the pondage required if the firm capacity is increased by 150%.
Months Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
m3/s 100 120 140 300 320 1800 2000 2510 2000 900 500 300

7. What are the factors to be consider while selecting a site for a hydropower project?
8. A run off the river hydroelectric plant with an effective head 23m and plant efficiency 78% supplies power to an
isolated township for which the average daily load variation are given below
Time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
MW 18 15 14 13 15 19 25 47 48 50.5 45 42 40 53 60 65 68 70 65 51 40 30 22 18

9. A hydropower plant is to be planned in a Nepalese river where a mean monthly flow is as follow in a typical year
.
Months Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
m3/s 85 80 91 107 150 260 675 910 620 266 140 104
a) Drawing a flow duration curve find out the design flow of the power plant corresponding to the probability of
exceedance as 0.35.
b) Compute the installed capacity, firm and secondary energy from the power plant assuming the following data
Gross head = 230m, turbine, generator and transformer efficiency as 96%, 93%, 98% and 99% respectively.
c) Compute the plant factor considering 5% outage of the plant.
d) Assuming the internal consumption

10. You are developing 300 MW reservoir type project in a river basin of Nepal. Briefly mention what are the steps
you would follow from planning to commission of the project.
11. What is mean by pump storage power plant? How it can be benefit the Nepal’s power sector.
12. Sketch and explain layout of the run of river power plant .Also explain the importance of storage hydropower
plants over run of river plant.
13. A RoR plant has a minimum flow of 30m3/s and net head 70m. The overall efficiency of plant is 85%. Calculate
the installed capacity the plant i) without pontage (Design for pure RoR) ii) if the plant is designed for a peaking
plant with 6 hours peaking. The plant has two set of units such that one unit full capacity if operating during off
peak hour. The evaporation and other losses is 5% of the stored water.
14. Monthly flow volumes feeding a reservoir are given in table. Determine the storage capacity required to supply
the mean annual flow.
Months Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Vol. 296 386 504 714 810 1154 746 1158 348 150 223 182
6 3
(10 m )

15. A hydropower plant is planned to be designed in Nepalese river, where mean monthly flows for a typical year
are as follows.
Months Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
m3/s 4.4 3.9 3.4 4.2 5.6 16.5 78.1 108.9 52.8 22.0 9.9 6.4
Other data pertaining to the plant are as follows.
Design discharge=18m3/s
Full supply level =2250 masl
Turbine centerline=1650 masl
Dia of 4 km long tunnel=3m f= 0.014
Dia of 1km long penstock= 2.2m f= 0.012
Hydraulic efficiency=95%, Turbine efficiency= 93%, Generator efficiency=99%, Transformer efficiency=99%.
Considering only the frictional loss,
i) Compute installed capacity, primary and secondary energy to be produced from the power plant
assuming that 10% minimum flow to be released downstream. What is the plant factor.
ii) The developer is interested to develop a daily peaking reservoir for 4 hours. What will be the capacity of
the reservoir to satisfy daily peaking requirement?
16. A hydropower project is planned to develop in a Nepalese River having net head of 150m, turbine efficiency of
90% and generator efficiency of 95% with monthly hydrograph as shown below:
Months Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
m3/s 100 80 60 50 40 30 40 50 70 110 150 120

As an environmental flow minimum flow of 10% of each month is mandatory. If the storage project is designed
with full regulation of annual hydrograph, find out the capacity of reservoir, installed capacity of the power
plant, and annual energy generation.
17. In a minigrid the average load variation is recorded as
 Time Hours Load(KW)
10pm‐6am 8 400
6am – 9am 3 540
9am‐6pm 9 450
6pm‐10pm 4 820
Total Energy

Power is supplied by the plant capacity of 980 Kw micro‐ hydro. Find out load factor, plant factor and
utilization factor.

18. The average monthly flow of the river in a typical dry year are as follows.
Months Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
m3/s 65 53 51 115 187 270 580 974 1179 355 176 193
And other data are as follows.

a) Prevailing interest rate=12%

b) Energy selling price for primary energy=Rs.5000MWh
For secondary energy=Rs. 8000MWh
c) Electromechanical installation cost= Rs. 80000/Kw
d) Project life time=40 years
e) Overall efficiency of plant=87%
f) Effective head=100m
g) ORM cost= 2% of electromechanical cost
h) Fixed cost= Rs. 30X109
i) Determine the installed capacity of the plant
j) Calculate the firm power of the plant considering 95% probability of exceedance.
k) If the deficit in the firm power in the power system is 200 MW what is the storage capacity of the
reservoir to satisfy the demand.

19. Mean monthly flow of the typical Nepalese river is as follows.

Months Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
m3/s 80 74 83 100 130 222 600 800 590 240 120 100

i) Calculate the installed capacity of a plant based on minimum flow of river without pondage( plant is
pure RoR) with net head 200m and overall efficiency of plant is 85%.
ii) The plant has 3 set of units turbines and generator such that one unit with full capacity is operated
during off peak hour. If the plant is designed for a peaking plant with 4 hours peaking morning 2 hours
and evening 2 hours. What will be the installed capacity of the plant?
iii) What will be the increase in benefit from peaking if peak hour energy rate is 12 kwh and off peak energy
rate is 6 kwh during minimum flow month.

20. Long term average monthly flow of a large tropical river is given below.

Months Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
m3/s 280 250 210 84 84 210 868 1064 2380 2492 2356 654
 A hydropower plant is proposed on the river to meet the peak demand of 18 MW in the month of May of an
isolated town, where average annual load is 7 MW. Topography permits a natural net head of 28m and plant
efficiency is 0.78.
i) If installed capacity is to be fixed to meet the peak demand. Determine the percentage utilization of
runoff.
ii) If the peak load increase to 37MW and average load to 23 MW in the month of May, the installed
capacity is increased accordingly and the power plant is to be operated for only five days, calculate the
pondage requirement to regulate the flow over the period.

21. Determine the reservoir capacity from the data given below.

Months Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
Mean
monthly 30 33 35 30 29 20 15 13 10 8 7 15
flowm3/s
Rain 28 30 34 8 0 0 0 0 4 6 10 16
fall(Cm)
Eo(Cm) 10 7 6 9 5 4 4 5 10 10 12 13

Demand 1500 2000 2700 4000 4800 4800 4600 4500 4500 2700 2500 1500
(Ha‐m)

Assume that the surface area of reservoir is 6000 hac throughout.