BER Analysis of collaborative dual-hop

wireless transimissions
A Mini Project Report
Submitted By
K.MAHESWARI( N140654 )
K.SAILAJA ( N140262 )
T.YAMUNA ( N140303 )

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies
1
Nuzvid-521202,Krishna district.
 Acknowledgement

We would like to express my very great gratitude to Mr.Riyaz Hus-

sain for his valuable and constructive suggestions during the planning
and development of our project.His willingness to give his time so gen-
erously has been very much appreciated.

2
 Abstract

In this report,The error performance of collaborative dual-hop wire-

less transmissions with maximal-ratio combining diversity is presented.Here
we are consider dual-hop collaborative wireless communications for
this report.Using well known inequality between geometric mean and
harmonic mean of positive random variables(RVs),we derive an upper
bound to evaluate in closed form an efficient and tight lower bound for
these error performance of collaborative dual-hop transmission using
Maximal-Ratio-Combining(MRC) diversity in the destination terminal.

3
Contents
1 Introduction 5

2 System model: 7
2.1 Average probability error: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2 End-to-End SNR using harmonic mean: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.3 End-to-End SNR using geometric mean: . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

3 Numerical and simulaton analysis : 15

4 Conclusions: 16

4
1 Introduction
Recently, relaying dual-hop transmissions have gained a new lease of life in
collaborative/co-operative wireless communication systems. In collaborative
diversity systems, intermediate mobile terminals are used to realy the signal
between the base station and the destination mobile terminal, when the direct
link is in deep fade. Scanning the up-to-date open technical literature, the
number of published works concerning performance analysis of dual-hop wire-
less communications systems with collaborative diversity is relatively small.In
this report,First we will consider multi-user wireless communication for our
project.Here dual-hop relaying communication has a number of advanteges over
direct-link transmission in terms of connectivity,power saving and channel ca-
pacity.Relaying techniques enable connectivity when direct transmission is not
practical due to large path-loss and/or power constraints.The relaying can be
applied to cellular,wireless local area networks and hybrid networks. We take
overall SNR at the destination by considering MRC.We rewrite SNR using har-
monic mean and geometric mean.Then using the relation between harmonic
mean and geometric mean,we find upper bound to the SNR.Then we find av-
erage upper bound by taking MGFs to the upper bound variables.To evaluate
MGFs simply we use G-functions.

5
 Then we find final equation,which gives response between average SNR and
average BER.BY using that equation we draw a graph between average Signal-
to-noise ratio(SNR) and average bit error ratio(BER) by considering several
number of collaborative dual-hop diversity paths.From that graph, By consider-
ing upper bound we will find lower bound to the average bit error ratio(BER).If
we increase the no.of collaborative dual-hop paths then performance has in-
creased. In future we may have to use more ralays to improve our quality of
our signals.

6
2 System model:
A multi-user wireless communications system, where the source terminal S com-
municate with the destination terminal D through a direct link with SNR γ0
and L dual-hop collaborative paths of non-regenerative (amplify and forward)
relays, is considered in Fig.1 Assuming MRC at the destination terminal.

Figure 1: wireless communication system where source S and destination D are

communicating through L-dual hop diversity paths

The overall SNR at the receiving end can be written as

L
X γS i γDi
γend = γ0 + .........................................................(1)
i=1
γS i + γDi + 1

where γS i is the instataneous SNR between the source S and relay i, and γDi

7
is the instantaneous SNR between the destination D and relay i.

2.1 Average probability error:

The moment-generating function (MGF)-based approach [5,chap.1] for the per-

formance evaluation of digital modulations over fading channels, allows us to
obtain the average error probability for a wide variety of modulations schemes.
Average bit error ratio:
In digital transmission,the number of bit errors is the number of bit errors of
a received bits of a data stream over a communication channel that have been
altered due to noise,interference ,distortion or bit synchronization errors. The
bit error ratio is number of bit errors per unit time.
Maximum Ratio Combiner(MRC):
Maximum ratio combiner is a type of receive diversity technique where mul-
tiple received signals are combined,thus improving sensitivity. Maximum input
maximium output(MIMO)systems using MRC will effectively raise the SNR
level of the received signal. MIMO mainly focus on high SNR.

8
 Moment Generating Function(MGF):
In probability theory and statistics, the moment-generating function of a
real valued random variable is an alternative specification of its probability
distribution. Thus it provides the basis of an alternative route to analytical
results compared with working directely with the probability density functin or
commulative distribution functions. There are particularly simple results for
the moment generating function of distributions defined by the weited sums of
random variables. However, not all random variables have moment generating
functions. As its name implies, the moment generating function can be used to
compute a distribution’s moments: the nth moment about 0 is the nth derivative
of moment generating function evaluated at 0.

9
2.2 End-to-End SNR using harmonic mean:

Harmonic mean:


Given two numbers X1 and X2 ,The harmonic mean of X1 , X2, µH x1 , X2 ,
is defined as the reciprocal of the arithematic mean of the reciprocal of X1 and
X2 .

2 2X1 X2
µH = 1
+ x1
= X1 +X2
x1 2

Using equation (1) γend can be written as

L L
X 1 X Hi
γend = γ0 + 1 1 1 = γ0 + ..............................(2)
i=1 γS i
+ γD i
+ γS i γD i i=1
3

where Hi is the harmonic mean of three positive RVs γS i ,γDi and γS i γDi ,
i.e. Hi = 3( γ1S i + 1
γD i
+ 1
γS i γD i
)−1 for any diversity paths

2.3 End-to-End SNR using geometric mean:

Using the well-known inequality between harmonic and geometric mean of pos-
itive RVs

Hi ≤Gi ......................................................................................(3)

10
with Gi being the geometric mean of γS i ,γDi and γS i γDi i.e. Gi = (γS i γDi γS i γDi )1/3 ,(2)
result in

1
PL 2/3
γend ≤ γb = γ0 + 3 i=1 (γS i γDi ) ............................................................(4)

where γb is now upper bound of γend having the advantage of mathematical

tractability over that in (1). Owing to the indenpendency of γS i ,γDi ,γS i γDi , the
MGF of γbi equals the product of MGFs as

L
Y
Mγb (s) = Mγ0 (s) M1/3(γS i γD i )2/3 (s)........................................................(5)
i=1

where Mγ0 (s) and M1/3(γS i γD i )2/3 (s) are the MGFs of γ0 and 1/3(γS i γDi )2/3 , re-
spectively. Owing to the MGF definition, Mrb(s) , E(esγb ), (5) can be expressed
as γS i and γDi

I
z }| {
L Z ∞ Z ∞
Y 2/3 2/3
Mγ b (s) = Mγ 0 (s) × e(s/3)γS i γD i
fγ Di (γS i )fγ Di (γDi )dγS i dγ Di .....(6)
i=1 0 0

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 Assuming a Nakagami-m fading environment, are gamma distributed RVs
with probability density function (pdf),fγi (γi ), given by

mm i

fγi (γi ) = i
γimi −1 e−mi γi /γ¯i .....................................................(7)
γi Γ(mi )

where Γ[.] is the gamma function,γ̄i is the average SNR for hope and mi
is the nakagami parameter describing the fading severity of the ith hope and
assumed with no loss of generality to be the same in all hopes using (5) and (6)
the first integral in I the one on γsi is of the form

2/3
∞ m −sγS i 2/3
γ −  γS i − 
Z
1  m m 
γ̄S i S i

I1 = γS m−1
i G1,0
0,1
1,0
×G0,1 3
.... (8)
Γ(m) γ̄S i 0 0 0

where
 x a1 , .., ap 
Gm,n
p,q
b1 , .., bp
2/3 2/3
is the Meijer’s G-function and e−mγS i /γ¯S i ,e(s/3)γS i γD i are expressed in
terms of the G-fuction . Using the integral I1 can be evaluated in closed-form
as:

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 √ 4s 3

γ¯
2
1−m 2−m
32m−1/2 3,2 h − 36 Si
m 2
, 2 i
I1 = G ..........................................(9)
(2π)3/2 Γ(m) 2,3 0, 1 2
,
3 3

The second integral in I,i.e. the one on γDi ,can be solved in the same way
as I1 as, resulting in:

√  − 24 6s3

γ¯
2
1−m 1−m 2−m 2−m
32 2m−1/2
3,4 3
Si
m2 2
, 2 , 2 , 2 , 
I2 = 2 2 × G4,3 ...................(10)
π Γ (m) 0, 13 , 32

Using the expression for the MGF of γo [5],Mγ b (s) can be finally written as

L √ 2m−3
 2
−m Y 24 s3 γ¯si 1−m 2−m 1−m 2−m
− , 2 , 2 , 2 ,

sγ 32 
36 m2 2

Mγ b (s) = 1− 0 2 2
×G3,4
4,3 ...(11)
m i=1
π Γ (m) 0, 13 , 23

For identical links,i.e. γ̄o = γ̄si = γ̄Di = γ̄ i=1,2,....,L(11) can be writtten as

−m h √ 2m−3
 2
24 s3 γ¯si 1−m 2−m 1−m 2−m
− , 2 , 2 , 2 ,

sγ 32 
36 m2 2
iL
Mγ b (s) = 1− 0 2 2
×G3,4
4,3 ...(12)
m π Γ (m) 0, 31 , 23

13
 Having the MGF of γb in closed-form, as given in ,and using the MGF-
based approach for the performance evaluation of digital modulations over fad-
ing channels, the average bit and symbol error rate can be evaluated for a wide
variety of M-ary modulations (such as M-ary phase-shift keying (M-PSK) and
M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (MQAM).

Figure 2: Error performance of BPSK for several number of collaborative di-

versity paths

14
3 Numerical and simulaton analysis :
fig.2 shows the effect of the number of dual hop collaborative diversity paths
on the overall error performance are also presented using Monte-Carlo simula-
tions.It is evident that the performance as the number of collaborative paths
increases.In additon,the bound proposed in is more efficient,specially at lower
SNRs. simulations.It is evident that the performance is increased as the number
of collaborative paths increases.In addition,the bound proposed in this report
is more efficient especially at lower SNR.

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4 Conclusions:
An efficient lower bound to the average BER performance of collaborative dual-
hop wireless transmissions with MRC diversity in the destination terminal is
presented,by applying the well-known inequality of eometric and harmonic mean
RVs.Numerical and simulation results show the tightness of the proposed bound.

16
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