SSGC INTERNSHIP REPORT

INTERNSHIP REPORT

PREPARED BY
QAZI ABDUL SUBHAN
Internship duration: june 19th – August 3rd 2018

Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro

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Acknowledgement
At the completion of this report, I’m first thankful to the One and Only Almighty ALLAH who
gave me ability to make this report, who gave me the courage, motivation, power and
eagernessand with his grace; today I am able to prepare my report on internship at Sui Southern
Gas Company Limited.

While the extent of my debts cannot be fully acknowledged, it is a joy to record my gratitude to
all the people, who helped us in the preparation of this report. It is a pleasure to acknowledge my
debts and express my special thanks to Sir Salah-ud-din Zafar (Chief Engineer Sales) Sir Saleh
Rind (incharge HSE), Sir Sikandar Patoli (HSE), Mr. Sir Nusrat Chandio (P&D ), Mr. Sir
Rafique Memon (P&D), Sir Arif Ishani, Sir Manzoor Ahmed Memon (Incharge Maintenance)
for providing their immense support and unwavering guidance during conduct and completion of
this internship report on SSGC and it became possible for me to complete this work within short
time. I am also thankful to my Parents who cooperated with me and understood my problems and
work schedules throughout the report.

Personal Introduction:
I have been graduated from Mehran University Of Engineering and Technology this year in the
discipline of Civil Engineering. I had a keen interest in doing internship in huge organizations
like SSGCL (Sui Southern Gas Company Limited) as it would be beneficial for me in future
since it is leading and well reputed Company.

CNIC: 41306-2872613-7

DATE OF BIRTH: 17th August 1994

Father Name: Qazi Muhammad Afzal

Gender: Male

Email: subhan.qazi114@gmail.com

CELL NO: +923322680502

My Experience at SSGC: At the time I joined SSGC, I had no close information about
the company policies and strategies dragging pre held notions concerning the inefficiency
mundane nature of local companies plus the tedious and dull character of the business world, I
stepped into the door SSGC It would be quite clichéd to describe my experience as a memorable
one, however I would like to extend to the staff of SSGC my heart felt gratitude for altering
obstinate perceptions about the work environment. I found in these people the enthusiasm and
zeal quite unexpected especially at this level. Not only did the staff here welcome me warmly but
also they extended their valuable time to teach me the functioning of their respective sections
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while making it enjoyable and appealing. I was absorbed into their everyday office lives
instantly, receiving notice from lower in the hierarchy all the way to the higher level
management. Finally I wanted to highlight the current growth rate of the Pakistani economy and
the adverse impact of the brain drain. SSGC has encouraged me to and stand out as a leader in
the driver towards prosperity and development.
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INTRODUCTION TO SSGC

Sui Southern Gas Company (SSGC) is Pakistan’s leading integrated gas Company. The company
is engaged in the business of transmission and distribution of natural gas besides construction of
high pressure transmission and low pressure distribution systems. SSGCL transmission system
extends

from Sui in Balochistan to Karachi in Sindh comprising over 3,220 KM of high pressure pipeline
ranging from 12 – 24″ in diameter. The distribution activities covering over 1200 towns in the
Sindh and Balochistan are organized through its regional offices. An average of about 388,828
million cubic feet (MMCFD) gas was sold in 2009-2010 to over 2.5 million industrial,
commercial and domestic consumers in these regions through a distribution network of over
37,000 Km. The company also owns and operates the only gas meter manufacturing plant in the
country, having an annual production capacity of over 750,000 meters. The Company has an
authorized capital of Rs. 10 billion of which Rs 6.7 billion is issued and fully paid up. The
Government owns the majority of the shares which is presently over 70%. The Company is
managed by an autonomous Board of Directors for policy guidelines and overall control.
Presently, SSGC’s Board comprises of 14 members. The Managing Director/Chief Executive is
nominee of GOP and has been delegated with such powers by the Board of Directors as are
necessary to effective conduct the business of the company.

HISTORY:
The Sui Southern Gas Company (SSGC) (Formerly Sui Gas Transmission Company Limited)
was formed in 1954. The Company in its present shape was formed on March 30, 1989,
following a series of mergers of three pioneering companies, namely Sui Gas Transmission
Company Limited, Karachi Gas Company Limited and Indus Gas Company Limited. Sui
Southern Gas Company is Pakistan's leading integrated gas company. The company is engaged
in the business of transmission and distribution of natural gas in southern part of Pakistan. Sui
Southern Gas Company transmission system extends from Sui, Balochistan to Karachi, Sindh.
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VISION:
“To be a model utility providing quality service by maintaining a high level of ethical and

professional standards and through optimum use of resources”

MISSION:
“To meet the energy requirements of customers through reliable, environment- friendly and
sustainable supply of natural gas, while conducting business professionally, efficiently, ethically
and with responsibility to all our stakeholders, community and the nation”

SSGC PIPELINE NETWORK:

SSGCL transmission system extends in the Provinces of Balochistan and Sindh comprising over
3,614 KM of high pressure pipeline ranging from 12″ – 42″ in diameter. The distribution
activities covering over 1200 towns in the Sindh and Balochistan are managed through its
regional offices. About 384,979 million cubic feet (MMCF) gas was sold in FY 2015-2016 to
around 2.8 million industrial, commercial and domestic consumers in these regions through a
distribution network of over 44,761 Km. The company also owns and operates the only gas
meter manufacturing plant in the country, having an annual production capacity of 356,000
meters on single shift basis.
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SSGC PIPELINE NETWORK

DEPARTMENTS AND THEIR FUCTIONS:

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1. Planning and Development

2. Sales
3. Health, safety and Envoirnment
4. Maintenance
5. Engineering services
6. Human resources
7. Distribution (North)
8. Distribution (South)
9. Finance
10. IT /MIS
11. Quality assurance
12. LPG/LNG
13. Stores
14. Telecommunication
15. Transmission
16. Metering

1.Planning And Development :

Planning & Development is responsible for Survey & Design, Geographical Information
System (GIS), Mapping and Contracts. The job scope includes:

 Planning, Survey and design of new transmission pipeline system, distribution supply
mains and augmentation of existing transmission / distribution system.
 Design of installations related to gas pipelines like Valves Assessments, Gas Meter
Stations, industrial consumer meter stations etc.
 To carry out gas network analysis of transmission / distribution system.
 Preparation of bid documents, tendering and award of contracts relating to pipeline
construction.
 To provide technical services to all engineering departments to resolve technical &
design issues.
 Development of Geographical Information System (GIS) maps of natural gas
distribution network and transmission pipelines.
 To undertake domestic / international business development activities for identifying
various projects where company can provide engineering, procurement and
construction services for pipeline and related facilities.
 The department has its independent Computer Aided Design (CAD) cell and GIS
mapping center with latest hardware, software and trained professionals. AutoCAD
release 2008 software is used as drafting tool in developing design drawings in CAD
cell.
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Health, Safety & Envoirnment:

To ensure that our Health, Safety and Environmental Policy is systematically applied and best
industry practices are adopted within all operations, we have developed an Integrated HSE
Management System (IMS) based upon ISO 14001:2004 and OHSAS 18001:2007 standards.
SSGCL HSE Management System is based on the continual improvement process of the Plan –
Do – Check – Act (PDCA) cycle utilized by the international certification standards. Maintaining
outstanding HSE Performance is a core value of SSGCL.

Strategy for Implementation of Integrated HSE Management System in SSGCL

HSE infrastructure at SSGC is divided into 31 sites of operational departments. Incharge of each
site is designated as HSE Focal Points. Each HSE Focal Points is responsible for the
Implementation of Company’s HSE Management System through line management under his
domain.

In compliance to Company's HSE Policy a systematic Management Program is introduced by

developing procedures and guidelines for all operational activities across the Company.

Monitoring and measurement is carried out as per standard through HSE Internal Audits and
Surveillance Audits by Certifying Body to evaluate the effectiveness of Company's HSE
Management System. This reflects the Management Commitment towards implementation of
HSE Management System.

Health, Safety & Environment department have developed 52 procedures duly approved by the
management based upon operational activities of the Company and circulated across the
company for implementation in true letter and spirit. These procedures are also available on
Company’s web portal for easy access.

Maintenance:
Maintenance deals with the implementation of standard procedures and national / international
code of practices in pipeline construction, operation and maintenance for transmission of high-
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pressure pipeline and distribution system for low-pressure pipelines as covered under operations
manuals of the respective departments.

Maintenance Department plans and carries out technical audits to verify compliance and assess
adequacy of quality system and ensures that corrective action is taken against responsible
personnel on reported non-conformance.

Maintenance Department personnel ensure that :

 Standard practice of construction is employed.
 Standard tools are used.
 Connections and installations are leak free.
 Proper leak detection tests are carried out.
 Defective material is not used.
 All hydrostatic testing equipments are calibrated before the test and certified by Metering
department.
 Hydrostatic / Air Testing is carried out as per Standard.

The department has been established to perform core activities mainly in Distribution Regions &
Project Construction Camps as follows:

Maintenance Activities in Distribution Regions Include :

 Operational and Development Phases constructed by Projects Department.
 Rehabilitation Works
 Coordination with Development and Operations Departments for preparing of Punch list.

Leakage detection surveys are carried out for the followings:

 New CMSs
 Old CMSs
 Rectification of CMSs
 Replacement of CMSs
 Reconnection of CMSs
 TBSs, DRSs, IND & Bulk Supply CMSs

Inspection of Underground leakage rectifications, newly laid service lines, Buried valves &
Inspection of Overhead & Underground valves, Testing / Purging and commissioning activities.
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 Qualification of PE fusers.
 Qualification of MS Welders

Sales:
Sales Department being the interface of the Company endeavors to provide services to the
prospective and existing consumers of SSGCL, while maintaining integrity and practicing
ethical standards. The department provides guidance and feedback to the customers in resolution
of the grievances especially pertaining to Sales activities. The department forms an integral part
in negotiation and finalization of gas sales & purchase contracts (GSPA’s, GPA’s and GSA’s)
with the Gas Producers, Suppliers, Intermediary Parties and Corporate & Retail Consumers for
both Indigenous and Imported Natural Gas (including Regasified Liquefied Natural Gas i.e.
RLNG).

Sales department interacts and extends customer friendly services to over 5.7 million consumers,
spread over more than 3400 towns and villages across the network of SNGPL. The consumer
database includes over 5.6 million domestic, around 55,000 commercial, over 3,500 industrial /
captive power units and around 2,900 CNG consumers. It is also custodian of contracts for all
categories of consumers. It also holds the custody of bank guarantees of its consumers, which opt
to maintain security in shape of bank guarantees. In addition, Sales department maintains the
statistical data with respect to its consumers, volumes of gas sold, gas inputs, details of pipelines
etc. It also publishes the Company’s monthly reports where by the statistics are shared with the
stakeholders.

Playing its role in the Company’s pursuit to extend its services to all doorsteps across its
network, the Sales department assesses and prepares feasibility reports for development schemes.
It also prepares the projections and forecasts of demand for gas while advising appropriate gas
load management plans considering the available and anticipated quantities of gas. It is this very
function of the Department that enables the Government to plan / focus on increased exploration
of indigenous gas and exploring the options of imports of gas.

Finance:
Finance Department is responsible for setting up financial strategy including investments and
financial plans to support business operations. Assessing feasibility of new initiatives including
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their impact on affairs of the organization and development of plans and managing risks
associated with them are covered under Finance Department.

Billing:
Consumer satisfaction is one of the missions of the Company. The Billing Department of
SNGPL has been working to achieve this mission by technological up gradation thus ensuring
error free billing to the consumers. In order to facilitate the consumer this department has
collaborated with leading banks of the Country to collect bills from the consumers on their
behalf. The timely delivery of accurate bills and their recovery is the core responsibility of
Billing Department.

TREASURY:

Core function of this department is the management of company's funds with ultimate goal of
maximizing the liquidity and mitigating its operational and financial risks with prudent treasury
management. This department monitors cash inflows and outflows, collection of funds from gas
consumers, placement of company's funds and investment of all trust funds on best negotiated
rates. Arranging financing facilities from banks for projects and working capital requirement of
the company is one of the major responsibilities. Role of this department is crucial for ensuring
availability of funds for timely discharge of obligations of the company. Maintaining and
preparing accounts of all trust funds, filing of tax returns and dealing tax matters of trust funds
also come under the control of this department.

Distribution (North):
SSGCL Gas Distribution department is responsible for the safe, reliable and efficient distribution
of natural gas to its consumers through widespread pipeline network. The total length of
SNGPL's distribution network is approximately 110,500 Km, supplying around 2000 million
cubic feet per day (MMCFD) natural gas to 5.7 million consumers. The distribution network is
stretched over 3,543 No. Towns/Villages of Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Azad Jammu
Kashmir and Islamabad Capital territory. The distribution department is providing its services to
the customers in sixteen (16) regions of the company. There are approximately 5.6 million
domestic, 59,000 commercial and 4,500 Industrial/CNG/Captive Power consumers. The
department has its own Development, Operation & Metering, Maintenance, Customer Services
and UFG-Control staff in every Region which is responsible for providing gas to the consumers.
The skilled and trained staff is available in each Regions, Sub-Regions, Customer Services
Centers (CSCs) and Complaint Centers (CCs) to attend emergencies and customer complaints.

Human Resources:
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Every successful organization largely owes its success to a vibrant and professional HR
Department. Organizations are destined to fail in the absence of an HR Department which is not
playing its role emphatically.

HR Department is manned by highly devoted professionals ably led by their seniors who are
making untiring efforts aimed at the growth, sustainability and progress of the company. HR
department is fully geared to transform SSGCL into “Employer of Choice” which nurtures talent
through its enabling culture. We are committed to excellence by acquiring, developing and
retaining the right talent by aligning our policies with market and serving as a strategic partner to
the line departments. Like any genuinely progressive organization we firmly believe that human
capital is our most important asset. The individuals attached to it are with their highly developed
sense of creativity, talent and urge to play a very vital role in the long term success of this
Company. For this, HR proactively prepares and implements system hinged on merit based
recruitment, equitable policies for comparative compensation packages and a need based skill
enhancement program to further improve the knowledge base of staff and provide them with
professional development opportunities by exposing them to various kinds of cross functional
trainings , management courses, workshops, technical courses and seminars both at home and
abroad.

It is also the responsibility of HR to stay abreast with new information, skills and labor laws to
effectively manage the company’s human resource and accordingly update policies to enhance
staff satisfaction, development, motivation and retention. Employees welfare has all along
received due consideration by the Management. A number of agreements have been signed with
CBA workers Union resulting in handsome remuneration packages to employees. It is due to
sheer sincerity, welfare oriented policies and concern for every employee that there has never
been any strikes and lockouts.

It plays a pivotal role in the formulation of HR policies and their execution. It has successfully
been inculcating loyalty, professionalism and devotion in the employees. The transformation
from Personnel to HR Department has been possible only under the vision and leadership of the
Management as it is always keen to adopt global best practices in this arena. Recruitment here is
now based on third party testing to ensure transparency and merit. Performance is monitored
through Performance Management System designed following the concept of Management by
Objectives. Career development has always been a sensitive area and it consumes a good deal of
time of HR department. Presence of an in-house training institute of the Company is an added
advantage where the training programmers are arranged to bridge the skill gap and develop the
human resource for present and future assignments. Assessment Centers are developed annually
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to gauge the competency level of the human resource that forms the basis of Promotion to next
ladder in organizational hierarchy.

IT/MIS:
Function of IT/MIS department is to assist in the delivery of quality IT products and services by
managing the enterprise Data Center and Disaster Recovery Center. The department is
responsible for Enterprise Resource Planning, Customer Care & Billing, Email, Web Servers and
network connectivity. IT/MIS strives for the optimum usage of enterprise data to achieve
business objectives and assists the management in strategic decision making. IT Infrastructure
allows SSGCL employees to share resources and applications such as e-mail, voice mail, the
Internet and other crucial functions

The network maintained by the IT/MIS department connects all 15 regions over WAN links
provided by Telecom Department as well as third party connectivity providers like NTC, PTCL.
IT/MIS is managing more than 7,000 computers, printers, servers and other IT equipment
connected via copper as well as fiber. Following is a non exhaustive list of services provided by
IT/MIS department.

 Process, Print and Dispatch bills to more than 5.3 million consumers.
 Provide technical support for the major applications critical to the SNGPL’s day-to-day
operation.
 Provide Project Management for major enterprise business software that is implemented
within the SSGCL.
 Provide technical support for both AIX, Linux, Windows operating systems.
 Provide technical support for Oracle databases used by other departments.
 Provide management of the Data Center's environmental conditions including the
uninterruptible power supply, fire-suppression system, and air-conditioning.
 Recommend hardware and software standards, procurement of computer equipment, and
maintain computer equipment inventory
 Provide a single point of contact for hardware and software support solutions to meet
operational goals with minimal down time.
 Provide consistent and continuous planning, coordinating, scheduling, implementing and
tracking software, hardware, installations, upgrades, process changes, and problem fixes.

Software trainings to increase personnel performance, capacity building, productivity and self-
reliance in the workplace.

STORES:
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Stores Department is a service as well as physical activity department, is catering the functions
of material and inventory control and management The Department stores materials procured by
the indenting departments through Procurement Department in line with their planned
operational and development activities to achieve the overall Company targets.

The department is organized into two sub sections based on its two main functions i.e.
Operations & Technical. Operations section deals with receipt of material, quality control or
verification, rejected material management, safe and secure storage, and issuance to users, inter-
store transfers and documentation flow of materials. Technical section which is also called
Coordinator section is responsible for indent clearing, materials indexing, disposal of unwanted,
obsolete and scrap material, haulage contracts for transportation of materials & pipes.

There are 20 store locations including Central Base Stores, Manga, Basement Store Head Office,
15 Regional Stores, 02 Transmission Stores, 02 Project Stores and 01 Central Meter Shop Store
at Kotlakhpat, Lahore to meet the material requirements of Distribution, Projects, Transmission
and Compression Departments.

In general Stores Department is a focal point for product and information flow between sources
of supply and beneficiaries.

Engineering Services:
Five engineering departments namely Planning & Development, Corrosion Control,Quality
Assurance, LPG-LNG and Metering come under the control of Engineering Services (ES).Sr.
General Manager (ES) is head of five engineering departments each headed by a General
Manager who looks after the activities of its department. ES provides all technical services /
expertise required by the execution departments for undertaking their assigned jobs in
accordance with applicable international codes & standards and organizes the activities of
departments under its control. It provides a coordination link to departments falling under its
purview for better planning and execution of jobs.

 Planning and development department

 Corrosion and control department
 Quality assurance department
 Metering department
Gas chromatography:
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Gas chromatography (GC) is a common type of chromatography used in analytical

chemistry for separating and analyzing compounds that can be vaporized without
decomposition. Typical uses of GC include testing the purity of a particular substance, or
separating the different components of a mixture (the relative amounts of such
components can also be determined). In some situations, GC may help in identifying a
compound. In preparative chromatography, GC can be used to prepare pure compounds
from a mixture. In gas chromatography, the mobile phase is a carrier gas, usually an inert
gas such as helium or unreactive gas such as nitrogen. The stationary phase is a
microscopic layer of liquid or polymer on an inert solid support, inside a piece of glass or
metal tubing called a column.

Cathode prevention:
Catodic Prevention Or CP is a technique to reduce the corrosion rate of a metal surface
by making it the cathode of an electrochemical cell. This is accomplished by shifting the
potential of the metal in the negative direction by the use of an external power source
(referred to as impressed current CP) or by utilizing a sacrificial anode. In the case of an
impressed current system, a current is impressed on the structure by means of a power
supply, referred to as a rectifier, and an anode buried in the ground. In the case of a
sacrificial anode system, the galvanic relationship between a sacrificial anode material,
such as zinc or magnesium, and the pipe steel is used to supply the required CP current.
In each case, anodic areas and cathodic areas are present on the pipe surface. At the
anodic areas, current flows from the pipeline steel into the surrounding electrolyte (soil or
water) and the pipeline corrodes. At the cathodic areas, current flows from the electrolyte
onto the pipe surface and the rate of corrosion is reduced. In light of the above, it
becomes obvious that the rate of corrosion could be reduced if every bit of exposed metal
on the surface of a pipeline could be made to collect current. This is exactly what CP
does. Direct current is forced onto all surfaces of the pipeline. This direct current shifts
the potential of the pipeline in the active (negative) direction, resulting in a reduction in
the corrosion rate of the metal. When the amount of current flowing is adjusted properly,
it will overpower the corrosion current discharging from the anodic areas on the pipeline,
and there will be a net current flow onto the pipe surface eat these points. The entire
surface then will be a cathode and the corrosion rate will be reduced.
Sources of Power:-
The power sources used in cathodic protection are:
 Transformer Rectifier (TR)
 Thermo Electric Generator (TEG)
 Solar Panels

Transformer Rectifier (TR):-

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Transformer Rectifier is the combination of transformer and rectifier in which input AC

current may be varied and then rectified into required DC current.
Thermo Electric Generator (TEG):-
Thermoelectric generators are devices that convert heat (temperature differences)
directly into electrical energy, using a phenomenon called the thermoelectric effect.
Standard thermoelectric generator units are available at power outputs up to 600 W and
voltages up to 48 V. Higher power outputs can be achieved by adding parallel units. If
higher voltages are required for a CP installation, it is also possible to convert the low DC
voltage from the generator to a higher DC voltage. The converters, although of high
efficiency, do cause some power loss. For this reason, maximum efficiency will result if
ground beds can be built to directly use the output of the thermoelectric generator.
Solar Panels:-
Solar panels are devices that convert light into electricity. They are called "solar" panels
because most of the time, the most powerful source of light available is the Sun, called
Sol by astronomers. Some scientists call them photovoltaics which means, basically,
"light-electricity." A solar panel is a collection of solar cells. Lots of small solar cells
spread over a large area can work together to provide enough power to be useful. The
more light that hits a cell, the more electricity it produces. It works on the principle of
photoelectric effect.

FLOW DIAGRAM SMS KIT

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NATURAL GAS:
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Natural gas is a fossil fuel formed when layers of buried plants and animals are exposed to
intense heat and pressure over thousands of years. The energy that the plants originally obtained
from the sun is stored in the form of chemical bonds in natural gas. Natural gas is a
nonrenewable resource because it cannot be replenished on a human time frame. Natural gas is a
hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, but commonly includes varying
amounts of other higher alkanes and even a lesser percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and
hydrogen sulfide. Natural gas is an energy source often used for heating, cooking, and electricity
generation. It is also used as fuel for vehicles and as a chemical feedstock in the manufacture of
plastics and other commercially important organic chemicals.

PROPERTIES OF NATURAL GAS:

 Dry natural gas refers to a purified product that is entirely methane
 Wet natural gas has compounds other than methane and ethane
 Sour natural gas comprised of large hydrogen sulphide which is highly undesirable
 Natural gas is lighter than air
 Highly combustible
 Clean burning
 Highly efficient
 Abundant
 Odourless
 Non absorbing
 Non corrosive
 Highly explosive under pressure

Classification of gas pressure :

Low pressure: A gas pressure equal or less than 7 kPa. This pressure is used to supply gas
to low pressure appliances, both domestic and commercial; the most common pressure
system used.

Medium Pressure: A gas pressure exceeding 7 kPa, but not exceeding 200 kPa. This
pressure is used to supply gas over long distances to medium pressure commercial and
industrial appliances in two stage regulation installations.

High Pressure: A gas pressure exceeding 200 kPa, but not exceeding 1050 kPa. This
pressure is used to supply gas to specific high pressure commercial or industrial appliances.
This pressure is present in LPG storage tanks as well as natural gas reticulated mains.
Transmission Pipelines: Transmission pipelines carry natural gas across long distances
and occasionally across interstate boundaries, usually to and from compressors or to a
distribution center or storage facility. Description: Transmission lines are large steel pipes
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(usually 2" to 42" in diameter; most often more than 10" diameter) that are federally
regulated. They carry gas at a pressure of approximately 200 to 1,200 psi. Special
considerations: Transmission pipelines can fail due to: corrosion, materials failure, or
defective welding.

Distribution Pipelines: Distribution pipelines, also known as "mains," are the middle
step between high pressure transmission lines and low pressure service lines. Distribution
pipelines operate at an intermediate pressure. Description: Distribution pipelines are small to
medium sized pipes (2" to 24" in diameter) that are federally regulated and varying pressure
levels, from as little as 0.3 up to 200 psi. Distribution pipelines typically operate below their
carrying capacity. Distribution pipelines are made from a variety of materials, including
steel, cast iron, plastic, and occasionally copper. Service Pipelines:- Purpose: Service
pipelines connect to a meter that delivers natural gas to individual customers. Description:
Service pipelines are narrow pipes (usually less than 2" diameter) that carry odorized gas at
low pressures, such as 6 psi. Service pipelines are typically made from plastic, steel, or
copper. Why H2S, CO2 remove from the natural gas? H2S gas very poisonous, corrosive,
flammable and explosive. Dissolved in water, hydrogen sulfide is known as hydrosulfuric
acid. Hydrogen sulfide is considered a broad-spectrum poison, meaning that it can poison
several different systems in the body, although the nervous system is most affected. Nitrogen
is a common contaminant in natural gas and is quite difficult to remove. Nitrogen lowers the
BTU value of the gas. Natural gas will be accepted for transport by pipeline only if it
contains less than a specified amount of nitrogen, typically somewhere between 4% and 6%.
Carbon dioxide is an important greenhouse gas; burning of carbon-based fuels since the
industrial revolution has rapidly increased the concentration, leading to global warming. It is
also a major source of ocean acidification since it dissolves in water to form carbonic
acid.Co2 gas is use as a Fire extinguisher. It reduces the heating value of natural gas.

Construction of pipeline:
A pipeline construction looks much like a moving assembly line. A large project typically is
broken into manageable lengths called “spreads,” and utilizes highly specialized and qualified
workgroups. Each spread is composed of various crews, each with its own responsibilities. As
one crew completes its work, the next crew moves into position to complete its piece of the
construction process.

These tasks include:

 Pre construction survey

 Clearing and grading
 Trenching
 Pipe stringing
 Welding and coating pipe
 Lowering pipe in and backfilling
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 Testing
 Restoration

Pre construction Survey: Before construction begins, crews survey environmental

features along proposed pipeline segments. Utility lines and agricultural drainages are located
and marked to prevent accidental damage during pipeline construction. Next, the pipeline’s
centerline and the exterior right of way boundaries are staked.

Clearing and grading: The pipeline right of way is cleared of vegetation. Temporary
erosion control measures are installed prior to any earth-moving activities.

Trenching: Topsoil is removed from the work area and stockpiled separately in
agricultural areas. Crews use backhoes or trenching machines to excavate a pipeline trench.
The soil that is excavated during ditching operations is temporarily stockpiled on the non-
working side of the trench.

Pipe stringing: Individual joints of pipe are strung along the right of way adjacent to the
excavated ditch and arranged so they are accessible to construction personnel. A mechanical
pipe-bending machine bends individual joints of pipe to the desired angle at locations where
there are significant changes in the natural ground contours or where the pipeline route
changes direction.

Welding and coating pipe: After the stringing and bending are complete, the pipe
sections are aligned, welded together, and placed on temporary supports along the edge of the
trench. All welds are then visually and radio graphically inspected. Line pipe, normally mill-
coated or yard-coated prior to stringing, requires a coating at the welded joints. Prior to the
final inspection, the entire pipeline coating is electronically inspected to locate and repair any
coating faults or voids.

Lowering pipe in and backfilling: The pipe assembly is lowered into the trench by
side-boom tractors. The trench is backfilled using a backfilling or bladed equipment; no
foreign materials are permitted in the trench.

Testing : After backfilling, the pipeline is hydrostatically tested following federal

regulations. Test water is obtained and disposed of in accordance with applicable federal,
state and local regulations.

Restoration: Our policy is to clean up and restore the work area as soon as possible. After
the pipeline is backfilled and tested, disturbed areas are restored as close as possible to their
original contours. Restoration measures are maintained until the area is restored, as closely as
possible, to its original condition.
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References:
 wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_valves
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion
 http://www.tlv.com/global/TI/steam-theory/types-of-valves.html
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_measurement
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_transport

Suggestion:
 There should be proper introductory classes so that the internees could get maximum
knowledge about the relevant department
 Internees should survey various projects that are currently on going.
 Maximum practical knowledge would be given rather than to have verbal discussion
SSGC INTERNSHIP REPORT