Vectors and The Geometry of Space

C H A P T E R 1 0
Vectors and the Geometry of Space
Section 10.1 Vectors in the Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474
Section 10.2 Space Coordinates and Vectors in Space . . . . . . . . . . 479
Section 10.3 The Dot Product of Two Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
Section 10.4 The Cross Product of Two Vectors in Space . . . . . . . . 487
Section 10.5 Lines and Planes in Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
Section 10.6 Surfaces in Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
Section 10.7 Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . 499
Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507

C H A P T E R 1 0
Vectors and the Geometry of Space
Section 10.1 Vectors in the Plane
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises
2. (a) v 3 3, 2 4 0, 6 4. (a) v 1 2, 3 1 3, 2

(b) y
(b) y
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 3
−1
(− 3, 2)
−2 2
v
−3
v
1
−4
−5
x
−6 (0, − 6) −3 −2 −1
6. u 1 4, 8 0 5, 8 8. u 11 4, 4 1 15, 3

v 7 2, 7 1 5, 8 v 25 0, 10 13 15, 3
uv uv
10. (b) v 3 2, 6 6 1, 12 12. (b) v 5 0, 1 4 5, 3
(a) and (c). y
(a) and (c). y
12 (1, 12)
10 (− 5, 3) 4
8 v
v (3, 6) 2
6
4
x
2 −6 −4 −2 2
x (− 5, −1) −2
−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
−4 (0, − 4)
−6 (2, −6)
14. (b) v 3 7, 1 1 10, 0 16. (b) v 0.84 0.12, 1.25 0.60 0.72, 0.65
(a) and (c). y (a) and (c). y
(0.12, 0.60)
3 1.25 (0.84, 1.25)
2 1.00
1
(−10, 0) v 0.75
x (0.72, 0.65)
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 0.50
(−3, −1) (7, −1) 0.25 v
−2
x
−3
0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25
18. (a) 4v 4, 20 1

(b) 2 v 12 , 52
y y
(−1, 5)
(− 4, 20) 20
v
4v
1
x
(− 1, 5) −4 −3 −2 −1 − 1v 3 4
2
v −2
−12 −8 −4 4 8 12
x
−3 ( 12, − 25 (
—CONTINUED—
474
Section 10.1 Vectors in the Plane 475
18. —CONTINUED—
(c) 0v 0, 0 (d) 6v 6, 30
y y
6 (− 1, 5)
v
(− 1, 5) x
−15 −10 −5 5 10 15
−10 −6v
v −15
−20
0v
−25
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−30 (6, − 30)
20. Twice as long as given vector u. 22. y
u + 2v
u
2v
2u
u
x x
24. (a) 3u 3 3, 8 2, 3

2 2 16
26. v 2i j i 2j
(b) v u 8, 25 3, 8 11, 33 3i j 3, 1
(c) 2u 5v 23, 8 58, 25 34, 109 y
w
1 v
x
1 2 3
u
−1
28. v 5u 3w 52, 1 31, 2 7, 11 30. u1 3 4

y
u2 2 9
2
x u1 7
−4 −2 4 6 8 10
−3w
5u u2 7
Q 7, 7
−6 v
−8
−10
−12
32. v 144 25 13 34. v 100 9 109 36. v 1 1 2
38. u 52 152 250 510 40. u 6.22 3.42 50 52
v
u
u

5, 15
510

1
,
3
10 10
unit vector v
u
u

6.2, 3.4
52

1.24 0.68
,
2 2
unit vector
476 Chapter 10 Vectors and the Geometry of Space
42. u 0, 1, v 3, 3 44. u 2, 4, v 5, 5

(a) u 0 1 1 (a) u 4 16 25
(b) v 9 9 32 (b) v 25 25 52
(c) u v 3, 2 (c) u v 7, 1
u v 9 4 13 u v 49 1 52
u u 1
(d) 0, 1 (d) 2, 4
u u 25
uu 1 uu 1
v 1 v 1
(e) 3, 3 (e) 5, 5
v 32 v 52
vv 1 vv 1
uv 1 uv 1
(f) 3, 2 (f) 7, 1
u v 13 u v 52
uu vv 1 uu vv 1

u 1
46. u 3, 2 48. 1, 1
u 2
u 13
3.606
v 1, 2
4 uu 22 1, 1
v 5
2.236 v 22, 22
u v 2, 0
u v 2
u v ≤ u v
u 1
50. 0, 3 52. v 5 cos 120i sin 120j
u 3
5 53
i
3
u
u
0, 3 2 2
j
v 0, 3
54. v cos 3.5i sin 3.5j 56. u 4i

0.9981i 0.0610j 0.9981, 0.0610 v i 3 j
u v 5i 3 j
58. u 5 cos0.5 i 5 sin0.5 j 60. See page 718:

5 cos0.5 i 5 sin0.5 j (ku1, ku2)
v 5 cos0.5 i 5 sin0.5 j (u1, u2)

(u1 + v1, u2 + v2)
ku
u v 10 cos0.5 i
u+v ku2
u u2 (u1, u2)
u u2
(v1, v2)
v v2
u1
v1 u1 ku1
Section 10.1 Vectors in the Plane 477
62. See Theorem 10.1, page 719.
For Exercises 64–68, au bw ai 2j bi j a bi 2a bj.
64. v 3j. Therefore, a b 0, 2a b 3. Solving 66. v 3i 3j. Therefore, a b 3, 2a b 3. Solving

simultaneously, we have a 1, b 1. simultaneously, we have a 2, b 1.
68. v i 7j. Therefore, a b 1, 2a b 7.

Solving simultaneously, we have a 2, b 3.
70. y x3, y 3x2 12 at x 2. 72. f x tan x

(a) m 12. Let w 1, 12, then fx sec2 x 2 at x .
4
w 1
± 1, 12. (a) m 2. Let w 1, 2, then
w 145
1 w 1
(b) m 12 . Let w 12, 1, then ± 1, 2.
w 5
w 1
± 12, 1. (b) m 12. Let w 2, 1, then
w 145
w 1
± 2, 1.
w 5
74. u 23 i 2j 76. magnitude

63.5
u v 3i 33 j direction
8.26
v u v u 3 23 i 33 2 j
78. F1 2, F1 10

F2 4, F2 140
F3 3, F3 200
R F1 F2 F3
4.09
R F1 F2 F3
163.0
80. F1 F2 500 cos 30i 500 sin 30j 200 cos45 i 200 sin45 j
2503 1002 i 250 1002 j
F1 F2 2503 1002 250 1002
584.6 lb
2 2
250 1002
tan ⇒
10.7
2503 1002
82. F1 F2 F3 400cos30i sin30j 280cos45i sin45j 350cos135i sin135j

2003 1402 1752i 200 1402 1752 j
R 2003 352 200 3152
385.2483 newtons
2 2
R arctan 2003 35 2
200 315 2

0.6908
39.6

84. F1 20, 0, F2 10cos , sin

(a) F1 F2 20 10 cos , 10 sin
400 400 cos 100 cos2 100 sin2
500 400 cos
(b) 40 (c) The range is 10 ≤ F1 F2 ≤ 30.
The maximum is 30, which occur at 0 and 2.
The minimum is 10 at .
0 2 (d) The minimum of the resultant is 10.
0
86. u 7 1, 5 2 6, 3
1
u 2, 1
3
P1 1, 2 2, 1 3, 3
P2 1, 2 22, 1 5, 4
24
20
y
88. 1 arctan
0.8761 or 50.2
θ2
arctan
10
24 A B
2
1.9656 or 112.6
v u
x
C θ1
u ucos 1 i sin 1 j
v vcos 2 i sin 2 j
Vertical components: u sin 1 v sin 2 5000
Horizontal components: u cos 1 v cos 2 0
Solving this system, you obtain
u
2169.4 and v
3611.2.
90. To lift the weight vertically, the sum of the vertical components of u and v must 20°
30°
be 100 and the sum of the horizontal components must be 0.
u u cos 60i sin 60j v
u
v v cos 110i sin 110j

Thus, u sin 60 v sin 110 100, or 100 lb
u 23 v sin 110 100.

And u cos 60 v cos 110 0 or
u 12 v cos 110 0

Multiplying the last equation by 3 and adding to the first equation gives
u sin 110 3 cos 110 100 ⇒ v
65.27 lb.
Then, u 12 65.27 cos 110 0 gives

u
44.65 lb.
(a) The tension in each rope: u 44.65 lb, v 65.27 lb.
(b) Vertical components: u sin 60
38.67 lb.
v sin 110
61.33 lb.
Section 10.2 Space Coordinates and Vectors in Space 479
92. u 400iplane
v 50cos 135i sin 135j 252i 252j wind
u v 400 252i 252j 364.64i 35.36j
35.36
tan ⇒ 5.54
364.64
Direction North of East: N 84.46 E
Speed: 336.35 mph
94. u cos2 sin2 1,

v sin2 cos 2 1
96. Let u and v be the vectors that determine the parallelogram, as indicated in the figure.
The two diagonals are u v and v u. Therefore, r xu v, s yv u. But,
urs
xu v yv u x yu x yv.
1
Therefore, x y 1 and x y 0. Solving we have x y 2 .
u
r
98. The set is a circle of radius 5, centered at the origin.

u x, y x2 y2 5 ⇒ x2 y 2 25
100. True 102. False 104. True

ab0
Section 10.2 Space Coordinates and Vectors in Space
z
2. z 4.
8 8
(3, −2, 5)
(4, 0, 5)
x y x y
( 32 , 4, −2( (0, 4, − 5)
6. A2, 3, 1 8. x 7, y 2, z 1: 10. x 0, y 3, z 2: 0, 3, 2

B3, 1, 4 7, 2, 1
12. The x-coordinate is 0. 14. The point is 2 units in front of the xz-plane.
16. The point is on the plane z 3. 18. The point is behind the yz-plane.
20. The point is in front of the plane x 4. 22. The point x, y, z is 4 units above the xy-plane, and above
either quadrant II or IV.
24. The point could be above the xy-plane, and thus above quadrants I or III,
or below the xy-plane, and thus below quadrants II or IV.
26. d 2 22 5 32 2 22 28. d 4 22 5 22 6 32
16 64 16 96 46 4 49 9 62
30. A5, 3, 4, B7, 1, 3, C3, 5, 3 32. A5, 0, 0, B0, 2, 0, C0, 0, 3
AB 4 4 1 3 AB 25 4 0 29
AC 4 4 1 3 AC 25 0 9 34
BC 16 16 0 42 BC 0 4 9 13
Since AB AC , the triangle is isosceles. Neither
34. The y-coordinate is changed by 3 units: 36.

4 2 8, 0 2 8, 6 2 20 6, 4, 7
5, 6, 4, 7, 4, 3, 3, 8, 3
38. Center: 4, 1, 1 40. Center: 3, 2, 4

Radius: 5 r3
x 42 y 12 z 12 25 (tangent to yz-plane)
x
2
y2 z2 8x 2y 2z 7 0 x 32 y 22 z 42 9
42. x2 y2 z2 9x 2y 10z 19 0

x 2
9x
81
4
y2 2y 1 z2 10z 25 19
81
4
1 25

x 29
2
109
y 12 z 52
4
Center:
29, 1, 5
109
Radius:
2
44. 4x2 4y2 4z2 4x 32y 8z 33 0

33
x2 y2 z2 x 8y 2z 0
4

x 2 x
1
4 33 1
y2 8y 16 z2 2z 1 16 1
4 4

x 21 y 4
2
2
z 12 9
Center:
12, 4, 1
Radius: 3
Section 10.2 Space Coordinates and Vectors in Space 481
46. x2 y2 z2 < 4x 6y 8z 13
x2 4x 4 y2 6y 9 z2 8z 16 < 4 9 16 13
x 22 y 32 z 42 < 16
Interior of sphere of radius 4 centered at 2, 3, 4.
48. (a) v 4 0 i 0 5 j 3 1k 50. (a) v 2 2 i 3 3 j 4 0k

4i 5j 2k 4, 5, 2 4k 0, 0, 4
(b) z (b) z
8 4 〈 0, 0, 4 〉
〈4, − 5, 2〉
x y x y
52. 1 4, 7 5, 3 2 5, 12, 5 54. 2 1, 4 2, 2 4 1, 6, 6
5, 12, 5 25 144 25 194 1, 6, 6 1 36 36 73
Unit vector:
5, 12, 5
194

5
,
12
,
5
194 194 194
Unit vector: 173, 673, 673
56. (b) v 4 2 i 3 1 j 7 2k z
(− 4, 3, 7)
(− 6, 4, 9)
6i 4j 9k 6, 4, 9
12
(a) and (c).
x y
(2, −1, − 2)
58. q1, q2, q3 0, 2, 2 1, 3, 2

5 2 1
Q 1, 3, 3
8
60. (a) v 2, 2, 1 (b) 2v 4, 4, 2

z z
4 8
〈4, − 4, 2〉
〈− 2, 2, −1〉
x y x y
v 1, 1, 12 5, 5, 52

1 5
(c) 2 (d) 2v
z z
2 8
〈5, −5, 〈 5
〈1, −1, 12 〈 2
x y x y
62. z u v 2w 1, 2, 3 2, 2, 1 8, 0, 8 7, 0, 4
1
64. z 5u 3v 2 w 5, 10, 15 6, 6, 3 2, 0, 2 3, 4, 20
66. 2u v w 3z 21, 2, 3 2, 2, 1 4, 0, 4 3z1, z2, z3 0, 0, 0

0, 6, 9 3z1, 3z2, 3z3 0, 0, 0
0 3z1 0 ⇒ z1 0
6 3z2 0 ⇒ z2 2
9 3z3 0 ⇒ z3 3
z 0, 2, 3
68. (b) and (d) are parallel since i 43 j 32 k 2 12 i 23 j 34 k and 34 i j 98 k 32 12 i 23 j 34 k.
70. z 7, 8, 3 72. P4, 2, 7, Q2, 0, 3, R7, 3, 9
(b) is parallel since zz 14, 16, 6.
\
PQ 6, 2, 4
\
PR 3, 1, 2
3, 1, 2 12 6, 2, 4
→ →
Therefore, PQ and PR are parallel.
The points are collinear.
74. P0, 0, 0, Q1, 3, 2, R2, 6, 4 76. A1, 1, 3, B9, 1, 2, C11, 2, 9, D3, 4, 4
\ \
PQ 1, 3, 2 AB 8, 2, 5

\ \
PR 2, 6, 4 DC 8, 2, 5

\ \ \
Since PQ and PR are not parallel, the points are not AD 2, 3, 7
collinear. \
BC 2, 3, 7
\ \ \ \
Since AB DC and AD BC , the given points form the

vertices of a parallelogram.
78. v 1 0 9 10 80. v 4, 3, 7 82. v 1, 3, 2

v 16 9 49 74 v 1 9 4 14
84. u 6, 0, 8 86. u 8, 0, 0

u 36 0 64 10 u 8
u 1 u
(a) 6, 0, 8 (a) 1, 0, 0
u 10 u
u 1 u
(b) 6, 0, 8 (b) 1, 0, 0
u 10 u
88. (a) u v 4, 7.5, 2 90. c u c, 2c, 3c

(b) u v 8.732 c u c 2 4c 2 9c 2 3
(c) u 5.099 14c 2 9
(d) v 9.014 314
c±
14
Section 10.3 The Dot Product of Two Vectors 483
92. v 3
u
u
3
1
,
1

,
3 3 3
1

3
,
3
,
3 3 3

3
94. v 5
u
u
5
2

,
3
,
1
14 14 14

7 70 , 31470 , 1470
52
96. v 5cos 45i sin 45k i k or 98. v 5, 6, 3
2
52
2
3v 103, 4, 2

v 5cos 135i sin 135k i k 1, 2, 5 103, 4, 2 133, 6, 3
2
z
8
5 2
(i + k)
2
x y
100. x0 is directed distance to yz-plane. 102. x x02 y y02 z z02 r 2

y0 is directed distance to xz-plane.
z0 is directed distance to xy-plane.
104. A sphere of radius 4 centered at x1, y1, z1. 106. As in Exercise 105(c), x a will be a vertical
asymptote. Hence, lim T .
v x x2, y y1, z z1 r0 →a
x x1 y y1 z z1 4

2 2 2
x x12 y y12 z z12 16 sphere
108. 550 c75i 50j 100k 110. Let A lie on the y-axis and the wall on the x-axis. Then
302,500 18,125c 2 A 0, 10, 0, B 8, 0, 6, C 10, 0, 6 and
c 2 16.689655 → →
AB 8, 10, 6 , AC 10, 10, 6 .
c
4.085 → →
AB 102, AC 259
F
4.08575i 50j 100k
→ →

306i 204j 409k AB AC
Thus, F1 420 → , F2 650 →
AB AC
F F1 F2
237.6, 297.0, 178.2
423.1, 423.1, 253.9

185.5, 720.1, 432.1
F
860.0 lb
Section 10.3 The Dot Product of Two Vectors
2. u 4, 10 , v 2, 3 4. u i, v i
(a) u v 42 103 22 (a) u v 1
(b) u u 44 1010 116 (b) u u 1
(c) u2 116 (c) u2 1
(d) u vv 222, 3 44, 66 (d) u v v i
(e) u 2v 2u v 222 44 (e) u 2v 2u v 2
6. u 2i j 2k, v i 3j 2k 8. u 3240, 1450, 2235

(a) u v 21 13 22 5 v 2.22, 1.85, 3.25
(b) u u 22 11 22 9 Increase prices by 4%: 1.042.22, 1.85, 3.25 .
(c) u2 9 New total amount: 1.04u v 1.0417,139.05
(d) u v v 5i 3j 2k 5i 15j 10k $17,824.61
(e) u 2v 2u v 25 10
uv
10. cos 12. u 3, 1 , v 2, 1
u v
uv 5 1
5 cos
u v 4025 cos 5003 u v 105 2
6

4
6 i sin 6 j
3 1
14. u cos i j 16. u 3i 2j k, v 2i 3j
2 2
uv 32 23 0
3 3 cos 0

2 2
v cos i sin j i j u v u v
4 4 2 2

uv
cos 2
u v
22 21 22 42 1
3
2

3
arccos 1 3 105
2

4
18. u 2i 3j k, v i 2j k 20. u 2, 18 , v 32, 61

uv
cos u
cv ⇒ not parallel
u v
u v 0 ⇒ orthogonal
9 9 321

146 221 14
arccos 3 1421
10.9

22. u 3 i 2j, v 2i 4j
1
24. u 2i 3j k, v 2i j k
u
1
6 v ⇒ parallel u
cv ⇒ not parallel
u v 0 ⇒ orthogonal
26. u cos , sin , 1 , 28. u 5, 3, 1 u 35

v sin , cos , 0 5
cos
u
c v ⇒ not parallel 35
u v0 ⇒ orthogonal
cos
3
35
1
cos
35
25 9 1
cos2 cos2 cos2 1
35 35 35
Section 10.3 The Dot Product of Two Vectors 485
30. u a, b, c , u a2 b2 c 2

a
cos
a2 b2 c2
b
cos
a 2 b2 c 2
c
cos
a2 b2 c2
a2 b2 c2
cos2 cos2 cos2 1
a2 b2 c 2 a2 b2 c 2 a2 b2 c 2
32. u 4, 3, 5 u 50 52 34. u 2, 6, 1 u 41

4 2
cos ⇒
2.1721 or 124.4 cos ⇒
1.8885 or 108.2
52 41
3 6
cos ⇒
1.1326 or 64.9 cos ⇒
0.3567 or 20.4
52 41
5 1 1
cos ⇒
or 45 cos ⇒
1.4140 or 81.0
52 2 4 41
300
36. F1: C1
13.0931 38. v1 s, s, s z
F1
v1 s3
100
F2: C2
6.3246
F2 v2 s, s, 0 v1
(s, s, s)
F F1 F2 v2 s2 y
v2

13.093120, 10, 5 6.32465, 15, 0 s2 6
cos (s, s, 0)
230.239, 36.062, 65.4655 s3 3 x
6
F
242.067 lb arccos
35.26
3
230.239
cos
⇒
162.02
F
36.062
cos
⇒
98.57
F
65.4655
cos
⇒
74.31
F
40. F1 C10, 10, 10. F1 200 C1 102 ⇒ C1 102 42. w2 u w1 9, 7 3, 9 6, 2
and F1 0, 1002, 1002
F2 C2 4, 6, 10
F2 C34, 6, 10
F 0, 0, w
F F1 F2 F3 0
4C2 4C3 0 ⇒ C2 C3
252
1002 6C2 6C3 0 ⇒ C2 C3 N
3
44. w2 u w1 8, 2, 0 6, 3, 3 2, 1, 3

46. u 2, 3 , v 3, 2 48. u 1, 0, 4 , v 3, 0, 2
(a) w1 uv vv 0v 0, 0

2
(a) w1 uv vv 13
2
11
3, 0, 2 , 0,
33
13
22
13
(b) w2 u w1 2, 3
(b) w2 u w1 1, 0, 4 3313, 0, 2213
20
13
, 0,
30
13
50. The vectors u and v are orthogonal if u v 0. 52. (a) and (b) are defined.
The angle between u and v is given by
uv
cos .
u v
54. See figure 10.29, page 739. 56. Yes, uv v v vu u u
2 2
v u
u vv2 v uu2
1 1

v u
u v
58. (a) u 5, v

8.602,
91.33 60. (a) 6417, 1617
(b) u
9.165, v
5.745, 90
(b) 21 63 42
, ,
26 26 13
62. Because u appears to be a multiple of v, the projection of u onto v is u. Analytically,
uv 3, 2 6, 4
projv u v 6, 4
v2 6, 4 6, 4
26
6, 4 3, 2 u.
52
64. u 8i 3j. Want u v 0. 66. u 0, 3, 6 . Want u v 0.

v 3i 8j and v 3i 8j are orthogonal to u. v 0, 6, 3 and v 0, 6, 3 are orthogonal to u.
68. OA 10, 5, 20 , v 0, 0, 1 70. F 25cos 20i sin 20j

\
20 v 50i
projvOA 0, 0, 1 0, 0, 20
12
W F v 1250 cos 20
1174.6 ft lb
\
projvOA 20
72. PQ 4, 2, 10 74. True

w u v w u w v
\
V 2, 3, 6
V 74 000 ⇒ w
\ \
W PQ
and u v are orthogonal.
Section 10.4 The Cross Product of Two Vectors in Space 487
2k, 2k, 2k
2k, 2k, 2k
76. (a) z
(d) r1 k, k, 0
(0, k, k)
2k, 2k, 2k
2k, 2k, 2k
k \
(k, 0, k)
r2 0, 0, 0
k2

y 4 1
k
k
cos

2
k 3
x (k, k, 0)
2
3
(b) Length of each edge:
k2 k2 02 k2
109.5
k2 1
(c) cos
k2 k2 2
arccos 12 60

78. The curves y1 x2 and y2 x13 intersect at 0, 0 and at 1, 1. y
y1
At 0, 0: 1, 0 is tangent to y1 and 0, 1 is tangent to y2. The angle 2
between these vectors is 90.
y2
At 1, 1: 15 1, 2 is tangent to y1 and 310 1, 13 110 3, 1 1
(1, 1)
is tangent to y2. To find the angle between these vectors,
x
1 1 1
cos 3 2 ⇒ 45. (0, 0) 1 2
5 10 2
80. u v u v cos
u v u v cos
u v cos
≤ u v since cos ≤ 1.
82. Let w1 projv u, as indicated in the figure. Because w1 is a scalar multiple of v, you can write
u w1 w2 cv w2.
w2 u
Taking the dot product of both sides with v produces
u v cv w2 v cv v w2 v θ v
cv2, since w2 and v are orthogonol. w1
uv uv
Thus, u v cv2 ⇒ c and w1 projv u cv v.
v2 v2
Section 10.4 The Cross Product of Two Vectors in Space
i j k
2. i j 1 0 0 k
0 1 0 z

i j k
4. k j 0 0 1 i
0 1 0
z
i j k
6. k i 0 0 1 j
1 0 0 z
1 1 1
k k −i k
j j j
1 1 1
i 1 1 i 1
x y x y x y
−1 −1 −1
i
8. (a) u v 3
2
(b) v u u v 15, 16, 9
j k
0 5 15, 16, 9
3 2
i j k
10. (a) u v 3 2 2 8, 5, 17
1 5 1
(b) v u u v 8, 5, 17

(c) v v 0 (c) v v 0
12. u 1, 1, 2, v 0, 1, 0 14. u 10, 0, 6, v 7, 0, 0

i
u v 1
0 j
1
1
u u v 12 10 21
k
2 2i k 2, 0, 1
0
i
u v 10
7
u u v 100 042 60
j
0
0
k

6 42j 0, 42, 0
0
0 ⇒ uu v 0 ⇒ uu v
v u v 02 10 01 v u v 70 042 00
0 ⇒ vu v 0 ⇒ vu v
16. u v

i j k
1 6 0 6i j 13k
2 1 1
u u v 16 61 0 ⇒ u u v
v u v 26 11 113 0 ⇒ v u v
18. z 20. z
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
v v
2 2
1 1
1 1
2 2
3 u 3 u
4 4 4
4 y 6 y
6
x x
2
22. u 8, 6, 4 24. u k
3
v 10, 12, 2
1
v i 6k
u v 60, 24, 156 2
u v

1
u v 3622
60, 24, 156
1
u v 0, , 0
3
3522 , 3222 , 31322

u v
u v
0, 1, 0
26. (a) u v 18, 12, 48 28. u i j k

u v 52.650 vjk
(b) u v 50, 40, 34
u v 72.498
i j k
u v 1 1 1 j k
0 1 1
A u v j k 2

Section 10.4 The Cross Product of Two Vectors in Space 489
30. u 2, 1, 0

v 1, 2, 0
u v
i j
2 1
1 2
A u v 0, 0, 3 3
k
0 0, 0, 3
0
32. A2, 3, 1, B6, 5, 1, C3, 6, 4, D7, 2, 2
\ \ \ \
AB 4, 8, 2, AC 1, 3, 3, CD 4, 8, 2, BD 1, 3, 3

\ \ \ \
Since AB CD and AC BD , the figure is a parallelogram.

\ \

AB and AC are adjacent sides and
i j k
\ \
AB AC 4 8 2 18, 14, 20.

1 3 3
\ \
Area AB AC 920 2230
34. A2, 3, 4, B0, 1, 2, C1, 2, 0 36. A1, 2, 0, B2, 1, 0, C0, 0, 0
\ \ \ \
AB 2, 4, 2, AC 3, 5, 4 AB 3, 1, 0, AC 1, 2, 0
1
i
AB AC 2
3
\
1\

A AB AC 44 11
\
j k
4 2 6i 2j 2k
5 4
1
\
i j
AB AC 3 1
1 2
A AB AC
5
\
\

\
k
0 5k
0
2 2 2 2
38. F 2000cos 30 j sin 30 k 10003 j 1000k z
PQ 0.16 k

PQ
F
60°
i j k 0.16 ft
\
PQ F 0 0 0.16 1603 i
y
0 10003 1000
PQ F 1603 ft lb
\
40. (a) B is 15 5
12 4 to the left of A, and one foot upwards:
\
(d) If T AB F,
AB 5
\
4 j k dT 5
2510 cos 8 sin 0 ⇒ tan
F 200cos j sin k d 4

⇒ 51.34.
i j k
\
(b) AB F 0 54 1 The vectors are orthogonal.

0 200 cos 200 sin \
(e) The zero is 141.34, the angle making AB parallel

250 sin 200 cos i to F.
AB F 250 sin 200 cos 400
2510 sin 8 cos

0 180
(c) For 30,
12 8 23
−300
\
AB F 25 10
25 5 43 298.2.

1
42. u v w 2
0 1
1
0
1
0 1
1
2
44. u v w 1
0
0
1
2
0
1 0
2
46. u v w

1
0
4

V u v w 72
3
6
1
6 72
0 4
48. u 1, 1, 0 50. See Theorem 10.8, page 746.

v 1, 0, 2
w 0, 1, 1

1
u v w 1
0

V u v w 3
1
0
1
0
2 3
1
52. Form the vectors for two sides of the triangle, and compute their cross product:
x2 x1, y2 y1, z 2 z1 x3 x1, y3 y1, z3 z1
54. False, let u 1, 0, 0, v 1, 0, 0, w 1, 0, 0.

Then,
u v u w 0, but v
w.
56. u u1, u2, u3, v v1, v2, v3, w w1, w2, w3
u u1i u2 j u3 k
v w v2w3 v3w2i v1w3 v3w1j v1w2 v2w1 k
u1 u2 u3
u v w u1v2w3 v3w2 u2v1w3 v3w1 u3v1w2 v2w1 v1 v2 v3
w1 w2 w3
58. u u1, u2, u3, v v1, v2, v3, c is a scalar.

i j
c u v cu1 cu2
v1 v2
k
cu3
v3
cu2v3 cu3v2i cu1v3 cu3v1j cu1v2 cu2v1k
cu2v3 u3v2i u1v3 u3v1j u1v2 u2v1k cu v

u1 u2
60. u v w v1 v2
u3
v3

w1 w2 w3
w1 w2 w3
u v w w u v u1 u2 u3
v1 v2 v3
w1u 2v3 v2 u 3 w2u 1v3 v1u 3 w3u 1v2 v1u 2
u 1v2w3 w2v3 u 2v1w3 w1v3 u 3v1w2 w1v2
u v w
Section 10.5 Lines and Planes in Space 491
62. If u and v are scalar multiples of each other, u cv for some scalar c.
u v cv v c v v c 0 0
If u v 0, then u v sin 0. Assume u 0, v 0. Thus, sin 0, 0, and u and v are parallel. Therefore,
u cv for some scalar c.
64. u a1, b1, c1 , v a2, b2, c2, w a3, b3, c3

i j
v w a2 b2
k
c2 b2c3 b3c2i a2c3 a3c2j a2b3 a3b2k

a3 b3 c3
i j k
u v w a1 b1 c1
b2c3 b3c2 a3c2 a2c3 a2b3 a3b2
u v w b1a2b3 a3b2 c1a3c2 a2c3i a1a2b3 a3b2 c1b2c3 b3c2 j
a1a3c2 a2c3 b1b2c3 b3c2k
a2a1a3 b1b3 c1c3 a3a1a2 b1b2 c1c2 i
b2a1a3 b1b3 c1c3 b3a1a2 b1b2 c1c2 j
c2a1a3 b1b3 c1c3 c3a1a2 b1b2 c1c2k
a1a3 b1b3 c1c3a2, b2, c2 a1a2 b1b2 c1c2a3, b3, c3
u wv u vw
Section 10.5 Lines and Planes in Space
2. x 2 3t, y 2, z 1 t
(a) z (b) When t 0 we have P 2, 2, 1. When t 2 we have
Q 4, 2, 1.
\
PQ 6, 0, 2
The components of the vector and the coefficients of t are
\
proportional since the line is parallel to PQ .

x y
(c) z 0 when t 1. Thus, x 1 and y 2.

Point: 1, 2, 0
2
x 0 when t . Point:
3
0, 2, 13
4. Point: 0, 0, 0 6. Point: 3, 0, 2

5
Direction vector: v 2, , 1
2 Direction vector: v 0, 6, 3
Direction numbers: 0, 2, 1
(a) Parametric: x 3, y 2t, z 2 t
(a) Parametric: x 4t, y 5t, z 2t y
(b) Symmetric: z 2, x 3
x y z 2
(b) Symmetric:
4 5 2
8. Point: 3, 5, 4 10. Points: 2, 0, 2, 1, 4, 3

Directions numbers: 3, 2, 1 Direction vector: 1, 4, 5
(a) Parametric: x 3 3t, y 5 2t, z 4 t Direction numbers: 1, 4, 5
x3 y5 (a) Parametric: x 2 t, y 4t, z 2 5t
(b) Symmetric: z4
3 2
y z2
(b) Symmetric: x 2
4 5
12. Points: 0, 0, 25, 10, 10, 0 14. Point: 2, 3, 4

Direction vector: 10, 10, 25 Direction vector: v 3i 2j k
Parametric: x 2 3t, y 3 2t, z 4 t
(a) Parametric: x 2t, y 2t, z 25 5t
x y z 25
(b) Symmetric:
2 2 5
16. Points: 2, 0, 3, 4, 2, 2 18. L1: v 4, 2, 3 8, 5, 9 on line
Direction vector: v 2i 2j k L 2: v 2, 1, 5
L 3: v 8, 4, 6 8, 5, 9 on line
Parametric: x 2 2t, y 2t, z 3 t
L 4: v 2, 1, 1.5
x2 y z3
Symmetric:
2 2 1 L1 and L 2 are identical.
(a) Not on line 1

1
2
1
(b) On line
(c) Not on line

32 32 1
20. By equating like variables, we have
(i) 3t 1 3s 1, (ii) 4t 1 2s 4, and (iii) 2t 4 s 1.
1
From (i) we have s t, and consequently from (ii), t 2 and from (iii), t 3. The lines do not intersect.
22. Writing the equations of the lines in parametric form we have

x 2 3t y 2 6t z3t
x 3 2s y 5 s z 2 4s.
By equating like variables, we have 2 3t 3 2s, 2 6t 5 s, 3 t 2 4s. Thus, t 1, s 1 and the
point of intersection is 5, 4, 2.
u 3, 6, 1 (First line)
v 2, 1, 4 (Second line)
cos u v 4

4

2966
u v 4621 966 483
24. x 2t 1 x 5s 12 x = 2t − 1 x = − 5s − 12
y = − 4t + 10
y 4t 10 y 3s 11 z=t
z y = 3s + 11
z = − 2s − 4
3
zt z 2s 4 2 −3
−2
Point of intersection: 3, 2, 2

2
3
2
x 3 y
(3, 2, 2)
26. 2x 3y 4z 4 28. Point: 1, 0, 3

P 0, 0, 1, Q 2, 0, 0, R 3, 2, 2 n k 0, 0, 1
\ \
(a) PQ 2, 0, 1, PR 3, 2, 3 0x 1 0y 0 1z 3 0

z30
i j k
\ \
(b) PQ PR 2 0 1 2, 3, 4
3 2 3
The components of the cross product are proportional
(for this choice of P, Q, and R, they are the same) to
the coefficients of the variables in the equation. The
cross product is parallel to the normal vector.
30. Point: (0, 0, 0 32. Point: 3, 2, 2

Normal vector: n 3i 2k Normal vector: v 4i j 3k
3x 0 0y 0 2z 0 0 4x 3 y 2 3z 2 0
3x 2z 0 4x y 3z 8
34. Let u be vector from 2, 3, 2 to 3, 4, 2: 1, 1, 4. 36. 1, 2, 3, Normal vector: v i, 1x 1 0, x 1
Let v be vector from 2, 3, 2 to 1, 1, 0: 1, 4, 2.
Normal vector: u v
i
1
j
1
1 4
k
4 18, 6, 3
2
36, 2, 1
6x 2 2 y 3 1z 2 0
6x 2y z 8
38. The plane passes through the three points 0, 0, 0, 40. The direction of the line is u 2i j k. Choose any
0, 1, 0 3, 0, 1. point on the line, 0, 4, 0, for example, and let v be the
vector from 0, 4, 0 to the given point 2, 2, 1:
The vector from 0, 0, 0 to 0, 1, 0: u j
The vector from 0, 0, 0 to 3, 0, 1: v 3 i k v 2i 2j k
Normal vector: u v
x 3 z 0
i
0
3 j
1
0
k
0 i 3 k
1
x 2 2z 1 0
i j
Normal vector: u v 2 1
2 2 k
1 i 2k
1
x 2z 0
42. Let v be the vector from 3, 2, 1 to 3, 1, 5: 44. Let u k and let v be the vector from 4, 2, 1 to
v j 6k 3, 5, 7: v 7i 3j 6k
Let n be the normal to the given plane: n 6i 7j 2k Since u and v both lie in the plane P, the normal vector to

Since v and n both lie in the plane P, the normal vector to P is:

P is: i j k
i j k uv 0 0 1 3i 7j 3i 7j
v n 0 1 6 40i 36j 6k 7 3 6
6 7 2 3x 4 7y 2 0
220i 18j 3k 3x 7y 26
20x 3 18y 2 3z 1 0
20x 18y 3z 27
46. The normal vectors to the planes are n1 3, 1, 4, n2 9, 3, 12. Since n2 3n1, the planes are parallel, but not equal
48. The normal vectors to the planes are 50. The normal vectors to the planes are
n1 3i 2j k, n2 i 4j 2k, n1 2, 0, 1, n2 4, 1, 8,
cos
n1 n2 3 8 2 1
. cos
n1 n2 0.
n1 n2 1421 6 n1 n2

16 65.9 .

Therefore, arccos Thus, and the planes are orthogonal.

2
52. 3x 6y 2z 6 54. 2x y z 4 56. x 2y 4

z z z
4 4
3
−4 1
2
3 2 3 y
1 y
x
3 4 3 y
x x
58. z 8 60. x 3z 3 62. 2.1x 4.7y z 3 0

z z z
8
2 3
1
2
1
2 1
3 2 1
x y
1
Generated by Mathematica x
2
y
5
x 5 y Generated by Mathematica
64. P1: n 60, 90, 30 or 2, 3, 1 0, 0, 109 on plane

P2: n 6, 9, 3 or 2, 3, 1 0, 0, 23 on plane
P3: n 20, 30, 10 or 2, 3, 1 0, 0, 56 on plane
P4: n 12, 18, 6 or 2, 3, 1
P1, P2, and P3 are parallel.
66. If c 0, z 0 is xy-plane. 68. The normals to the planes are n1 6, 3, 1.
and n2 1, 1, 5.
1
If c 0, cy z 0 ⇒ y z is a plane parallel to

c The direction vector for the line is
x-axis and passing through the points 0, 0, 0 and i j k
0, 1, c. n1 n2 6 3 1 16, 31, 3.
1 1 5
Now find a point of intersection of the planes.
6x 3y z 5 ⇒ 6x 3y z 5
x y 5z 5 ⇒ 6x 6y 30z 30
3y 31z 35
Let y 9, z 2 ⇒ x 4 ⇒ 4, 9, 2.
x 4 16t, y 9 31t, z 2 3t
70. Writing the equation of the line in parametric form and 72. Writing the equation of the line in parametric form and
substituting into the equation of the plane we have: substituting into the equation of the plane we have:
x 1 4t, y 2t, z 3 6t x 4 2t, y 1 3t, z 2 5t
54 2t 31 3t 17, t 0
1
21 4t 32t 5, t Substituting t 0 into the parametric equations for the
2
line we have the point of intersection 4, 1, 2. The
Substituting t 12 into the parametric equations for the line does not lie in the plane.
line we have the point of intersection 1, 1, 0. The
line does not lie in the plane.
74. Point: Q0, 0, 0 76. Point: Q3, 2, 1

Plane: 8x 4y z 8 Plane: x y 2z 4
Normal to plane: n 8, 4, 1 Normal to plane: n 1, 1, 2
Point in plane: P1, 0, 0 Point in plane: P4, 0, 0
\ \
Vector: PQ 1, 0, 0 Vector: PQ 1, 2, 1
PQ n 8 8 PQ n 1
\ \
1 6
D D
n 81 9 n 6 6 6
78. The normal vectors to the planes are n1 4, 4, 9 and 80. The normal vectors to the planes are n1 2, 0, 4 and
n2 4, 4, 9. Since n1 n2, the planes are parallel. n2 2, 0, 4. Since n1 n2, the planes are parallel.
Choose a point in each plane. Choose a point in each plane.
P 5,0, 3 is a point in 4x 4y 9z 7. P 2, 0, 0 is a point in 2x 4z 4. Q 5, 0, 0
is a point in 2x 4z 10.
Q 0, 0, 2 is a point in 4x 4y 9z 18.
PQ n1
\
\
6 35
PQ 5, 0, 1
\
PQ 3, 0, 0, D
n1 20 5
PQ n1
\
11 11113
D
n1 113 113
82. u 2, 1, 2 is the direction vector for the line. 84. The equation of the plane containing Px1, y1, z1 and
having normal vector n a, b, c is
P 0, 3, 2 is a point on the line let t 0.
\ ax x1 by y1 cz z1 0.
PQ 1, 1, 2

You need n and P to find the equation.
i j k
\
PQ u 1 1 2 0, 2, 1
2 1 2
\
PQ u 5 5
D
u 9 3
86. x a: plane parallel to yz-plane containing a, 0, 0 88. (a) t v represents a line parallel to v.
y b: plane parallel to xz-plane containing 0, b, 0 (b) u t v represents a line through the terminal point of
u parallel to v.
z c: plane parallel to xy-plane containing 0, 0, c
(c) su t v represent the plane containing u and v.
90. On one side we have the points 0, 0, 0, 6, 0, 0, and 1, 1, 8.
n1
i
6
j
0
1 1
k
0 48j 6k
8
On the adjacent side we have the points 0, 0, 0, 0, 6, 0, and 1, 1, 8.

z
(− 1, − 1, 8)
i j k
n2 0 6 0 48i 6k 6
1 1 8 4
cos
n1 n2 36

1
(0, 0, 0) 4
(0, 6, 0)
n1 n2 2340 65 6 6 y
(6, 0, 0)
x
1
arccos 89.1
65
92. False. They may be skew lines. (See Section Project)
Section 10.6 Surfaces in Space
2. Hyperboloid of two sheets 4. Elliptic cone 6. Hyperbolic paraboloid

Matches graph (e) Matches graph (b) Matches graph (a)
8. x 4 z 10. x2 z 2 25
Plane parallel to the 4 The y-coordinate is missing so we have a cylindrical
yz-coordinate plane surface with rulings parallel to the y-axis. The generating
curve is a circle.
z
4 2
4 y 6
x
4
8
x
8
y
12. z 4 y 2 14. y 2 z 2 4 16. z ey

The x-coordinate is missing so y2 z2 The x-coordinate is missing so
we have a cylindrical surface with 1 we have a cylindrical surface
4 4
rulings parallel to the x-axis. The with rulings parallel to the x-axis.
generating curve is a parabola. The x-coordinate is missing so The generating curve is the
z
we have a cylindrical surface with exponential curve.
rulings parallel to the x-axis. The z
8
generating curve is a hyperbola.
4
20
z
15
8 4 8 y 5
12
x 10
3 1
5 2 3 y
x 4
x 5 y
Section 10.6 Surfaces in Space 497
18. y2 z2 4
(a) From 10, 0, 0: (b) From 0, 10, 0: (c) From 10, 10, 10:
z z z
y
y
3 3
y
x
x2 y2 z2 y2
20. 1 z
22. z 2 x 2 1 z
16 25 25 5
4 5
Ellipsoid 4 Hyperboloid of two sheets

3
2 xy-trace: none
x2 y2
xy-trace: 1 ellipse 1
1
xz-trace: z 2 x2 1 hyperbola 5 5 y
16 25 3
2 1 2
3 4
x
4 y
x2 z2
5 5
y2
xz-trace: 1 ellipse x yz-trace: z2 1 hyperbola
16 25 4
yz-trace: y2 z2 25 circle x2 y2
z ± 10 : 1 ellipse
9 36
24. z x2 4y2 26. 3z y 2 x 2 28. x2 2y 2 2z 2

Elliptic paraboloid Hyperbolic paraboloid Elliptic Cone
xy-trace: point 0, 0, 0 xy-trace: y ± x xy-trace: x ± 2 y
xz-trace: z x2 parabola 1
xz-trace: z 3 x2 xz-trace: x ± 2 z
yz-trace: z 4y2 parabola yz-trace: z 13 y2 yz-trace: point: 0, 0, 0
z z z
28 5
4 24
20
5
x
5 y
10 y
x 10
1
2 1 y
3 2
30. 9x2 y2 9z2 54x 4y 54z 4 0 z
4
9x2 6x 9 y2 4y 4 9z2 6z 9 81 4 81
9x 32 y 22 9z 32 4
1
2 2 3
x 32 y 22 z 32 x 4 5 y
1
49 4 49
Hyperboloid of one sheet with center 3, 2, 3.
32. z x2 0.5y 2 34. z 2 4y x 2 36. x2 y 2 ez

z z ± 4y x2 lnx2 y2 z
4 z z
4
8 −4 −4
−3 −3
−8
4
−2
4
1 8 4 4
2 1 −4 x y
x
x 2 y 3 y
−8
x
38. z 40. 9x 2 4y 2 8z 2 72 42. z 4 x2
8 x2 y2
z
z± 98 x 2

1 2
2
y 9
y 4 x2
x 0, y 0, z 0
4 z
z
2
20 5
2 10
2
x 4 4 y
10
10 20
x 20 y
x 4 3 4 y
44. z 4 x2 y2 z
46. x2 z 2 ry
2 and z ry 3y; therefore,
y 2z 3
x2 z 2 9y 2.
z0
−3
3 y
3
x
1
48. y2 z2 rx
2 and z rx 4 x2 ; therefore, 50. x2 y 2 rz
2 and y rz ez; therefore,
2
1 x2 y 2 e2z.
y 2 z 2 4 x2, x 2 4y 2 4z 2 4.
4
52. x 2 z 2 cos2 y 54. The trace of a surface is the inter- 56. About x-axis: y2 z2 r x
2
section of the surface with a plane.
Equation of generating curve: About y-axis: x2 z2 r y
2
You find a trace by setting one
x cos y or z cos y
variable equal to a constant, such About z-axis: x2 y2 r z
2
as x 0 or z 2.
58. V 2
0

y sin y dy 60. z
x2 y 2
2

4

2 sin y y cos y 0
2 2 (a) When y 4 we have z
x2
2
4, 4
1
2
z 4 x2.
z
Focus: 0, 4, 92
1.0
(b) When x 2 we have
y2
0.5 z2 , 4z 2 y 2.
4
y Focus: 2, 0, 3
π π
2
62. If x, y, z is on the surface, then

z2 x2 y2 z 42
z2 x2 y2 z2 8z 16
x2 y2
8z x2 y2 16 ⇒ z 2
8 8
Elliptic paraboloid shifted up 2 units. Traces parallel to xy-plane are circles.
Section 10.7 Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates 499
64. z 0.775x2 0.007y2 22.15x 0.54y 45.4

(a) (b) z
Year 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997
250
z 37.5 72.2 111.5 185.2 200.1 214.6 200
Model 37.8 72.0 112.2 185.8 204.5 214.7 150
100
10
20 100 y
200
x
(c) For y constant, the traces parallel to the xz-plane are (d) The traces parallel to the yz-plane (x constant) are
concave downward. That is, for fixed y (public concave upward. That is, for fixed x (worker’s
assistance), the rate of increase of z (Medicare) is compensation), the rate of increase of z (Medicare)
decreasing with respect to x (worker’s compensation). is increasing with respect to y (public assistance).
66. Equating twice the first equation with the second equation,
2x2 6y2 4z2 4y 8 2x2 6y2 4z2 3x 2
4y 8 3x 2
3x 4y 6, a plane
Section 10.7 Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates
2. 4, 2 , 2, cylindrical 4.

6, 4 , 2, cylindrical 6. 1, 32, 1, cylindrical
3
x 4 cos
2
0 x 6 cos 4 32 x cos
2
0
3
y 4 sin 4 y sin 1
2 y 6 sin 4
32 2
z 2 z1
z2
0, 4, 2, rectangular 0, 1, 1, rectangular
32, 32, 2
8. 22, 22, 4, rectangular 10. 23, 2, 6, rectangular 12. 3, 2, 1, rectangular
r 22 2 22 2 4 r 12 4 4 r 32 22 13
arctan1

4 arctan 1

5 arctan 23 arctan 23
3 6
z4 z 1
z1
4, 4 , 4, cylindrical 13, arctan 23, 1, cylindrical

4, , 1 , cylindrical
6
14. z x2 y2 2 rectangular equation 16. x2 y2 8x rectangular equation

z r2 2 cylindrical equation r 2 8r cos
r 8 cos cylindrical equation
z
18. z 2 20. r 22. r 2 cos
2
Same r 2 2r cos
z
x2 y2 x2 y2 2x
z 2
3 z2 x2 y 2 2x 0
x2 y 2 0
4 x 12 y 2 1
z
z
4
1 2
2
3 3 y
x
−2
−2 −2
2
2 y
x 2 y
3
24. z r 2 cos2 26. 1, 1, 1, rectangular

z x2 12 12 12 3

z
arctan 1
9 4
1
arccos
3
1
3,

4
, arccos
1
3
, spherical
3 2 1 2
x 3 4
5 6 y
28. 2, 2, 42 , rectangular 30. 4, 0, 0, rectangular

42 210
22 22 2 42 02 02 4

arctan 1
4
arccos 0
2 2
arccos
5
4, , 2 , spherical

210, , arccos
4
2
5
, spherical
32. 12, 34, 9 , spherical 34. 9, 4 , , spherical
3
x 12 sin cos 2.902 x 9 sin cos 0
9 4 4
3
y 12 sin sin 2.902 y 9 sin sin 0
9 4 4
z 9 cos 9
z 12 cos 11.276
9 0, 0, 9, rectangular
2.902, 2.902, 11.276, rectangular
6, , 2 , spherical
38. (a) Programs will vary.
36.
(b) , , 5, 1, 0.5

x 6 sin cos 6 x, y, z 1.295, 2.017, 4.388
2

y 6 sin sin 0
2

z 6 cos 0
2
6, 0, 0, rectangular
Section 10.7 Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates 501
40. x2 y2 3z2 0 rectangular equation 42. x 10 rectangular equation

x2 y2 z2 4z2 sin cos 10
4 cos
2 2 2 10 csc sec spherical equation
14 cos2
1
cos
2

(cone) spherical equation
3
3 48. 2 sec
44. 46.
4 2 cos 2
z
y cos z2
tan x2 y2 z2
x z
z
y 0
1 x2 y2 z2 3
x
z0
xy0
z
xy-plane
z 1
2
3 3 3 y
3
x
2
−3 −3
−3
3 y
x 3 y
3
−3 x −2
−3
50. 4 csc sec 52. 3, 4 , 0, cylindrical 54. 2, 23, 2, cylindrical
4
32 02 3 22 22 22
sin cos
2
sin cos 4
3
x4 4
z
arccos
0

arccos 12 34

9 2
2 3

6
22, , , spherical
3, 4 , 2 , spherical
4
3 4
4 y
6
6
x
56. 4, 3 , 4, cylindrical 58. 4, 2 , 3, cylindrical 60. 4, 18 , 2 , spherical
42 42 42 42 32 5
r 4 sin 4
2

3 2

1 3 18
arccos arccos
2 4 5
z 4 cos 0
2
42, , , spherical 3

5, , arccos , spherical
4, 18 , 0, cylindrical
3 4 2 5
62. 18, 3 , 3 , spherical 64. 5, 56, , spherical 66. 7, 4 , 34, spherical
r 5 sin 0 3 72
r sin 18 sin 9 r 7 sin
3 4 2
5

6 4
3
z 5 cos 5 3 72
z 7 cos
z cos 18 cos 93 4 2

3
0, 56, 5, cylindrical 7 2 2, 4 , 7 2 2, cylindrical

9, , 93 , cylindrical
3
Rectangular Cylindrical Spherical

68. 6, 2, 3 6.325, 0.322, 3 7.000, 0.322, 2.014
70. 7.317, 6.816, 6 10, 0.75, 6 11.662, 0.750, 1.030
72. 6.115, 1.561, 4.052 6.311, 0.25, 4.052 7.5, 0.25, 1
74. 32, 32, 3 6, 0.785, 3 6.708, 0.785, 2.034
76. 0, 5, 4 5, 1.571, 4 6.403, 1.571, 0.896
78. 1.732, 1, 3 2, 116, 3 3.606, 2.618, 0.588
5
Note: Use the cylindrical coordinate 2, 6
,3
80. 2.207, 7.949, 4 8.25, 1.3, 4 9.169, 1.3, 2.022

82. 84. 86. 4 sec , z cos 4
4 4
Plane
Plane Cone
Matches graph (b)
Matches graph (e) Matches graph (a)
88. r a Cylinder with z-axis symmetry 90. a Sphere

b Plane perpendicular to xy-plane b Vertical half-plane
z c Plane parallel to xy-plane c Half-cone
92. 4x2 y 2 z 2 94. x2 y 2 z

(a) 4r 2 z 2, 2r z (a) r 2 z
(b) 42 sin2 cos2 2 sin2 sin2 2 cos2 , (b) 2 sin2 cos , sin2 cos ,
1 cos
4 sin2 cos 2 , tan2 , , csc cot
4 sin2
1 1
tan , arctan
2 2
96. x2 y 2 16 98. y 4
(a) r 2 16, r 4 (a) r sin 4, r 4 csc
(b) 2 16,
sin2 2 16 0,
sin2 (b) sin sin 4, 4 csc csc
sin 4 sin 4 0, 4 csc
Review Exercises for Chapter 10 503
102. 0 ≤ ≤ 2 104. 0 ≤ ≤ 2
100. ≤ ≤
2 2
2 ≤ r ≤ 4
0 ≤ r ≤ 3 ≤ ≤
z 2 ≤ r 2 6r 8 4 2
0 ≤ z ≤ r cos 0 ≤ ≤ 1
z
z
4 z
4 3
3 2
−5
−4 5 y −2
5 −2
x
4 y
4 y
x 2
2
x
106. Cylindrical: 0.75 ≤ r ≤ 1.25, z 8
108. Cylindrical z 110. 2 sec ⇒ cos 2 ⇒ z 2 plane

≤ r ≤ 3
1
2
4
4 sphere
0 ≤ ≤ 2 The intersection of the plane and the sphere is a circle.
9 r2 ≤ z ≤ 9 r2 −4
4 y
x
−4
Review Exercises for Chapter 10

1 1
2. P 2, 1, Q 5, 1 R 2, 4 4. v v cos i v sin j cos 225 i sin 225 j
\ \
2 2
(a) u PQ 7, 0 7i, v PR 4, 5 4i 5j
2 2
i j
(b) v 42 52 41 4 4
(c) 2u v 14i 4i 5j 18i 5j
6. (a) The length of cable POQ is L. y
OQ 9i yj
O
x
L2 −9 9
L 292 y2 ⇒ 81 y
4
\
θ
Tension: T c OQ c81 y 2 P Q
500 lb
Also,
18 in.
250 250 L 250L
cy 250 ⇒ T
81 y 2 ⇒ T
2
y L24 81 L2 324
Domain: L > 18 inches
(b)
L 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
T 780.9 573.54 485.36 434.81 401.60 377.96 360.24
(c) 1000 (d) The line T 400 intersects the (e) lim T 250
L→
curve at
The maximum tension is 250
L 23.06 inches. pounds in each side of the cable
since the total weight is 500 pounds.
18 25
0
8. x z 0, y 7: 0, 7, 0 10. Looking towards the xy-plane from the positive z-axis.
The point is either in the second quadrant x < 0, y > 0
or in the fourth quadrant x > 0, y < 0. The z-coordinate
can be any number.
12. Center: 0 2 4, 0 2 6, 4 2 0
2, 3, 2
Radius: 2 02 3 02 2 42 4 9 4 17
x 22 y 32 z 22 17
z
14. x2 10x 25 y 2 6y 9 z 2 4z 4 34 25 9 4
x 52 y 32 z 22 4 6
4
Center: 5, 3, 2
2
Radius: 2
2 y
4
6
8
x
16. v 3 6, 3 2, 8 0 3, 5, 8 18. v 8 5, 5 4, 5 7 3, 1, 2

z
w 11 5, 6 4, 3 7 6, 10, 4
(3, −3, 8) 8
7 Since v and w are not parallel, the points do not lie in a
6
5 straight line.
4
v 3
2
1
1
2 1
3 y
4
5
6
x (6, 2, 0)
20. 8
6, 3, 2
49
8
6, 3, 2
7
48 24 16
7
, ,
7 7
22. P 2, 1, 3, Q 0, 5, 1, R 5, 5, 0
\
(a) u PQ 2, 6, 2 2i 6j 2k,

\
v PR 3, 6, 3 3i 6j 3k
(b) u
v 23 66 23 36
(c) v
v 9 36 9 54
24. u 4, 3, 6, v 16, 12, 24 26. u 4, 1, 5, v 3, 2, 2
Since v 4u, the vectors are parallel. u
v0 ⇒ is orthogonal to v.

2
30. W F
PQ F PQ cos 758cos 30
\ \
28. u 1, 0, 3

v 2, 2, 1 3003 ft
lb
u
v 1
u 10
v 3
cos u
v 1
u v 310
83.9
Review Exercises for Chapter 10 505
< > < >

In Exercises 32–40, u 3, 2, 1 , v 2, 4, 3 , w 1, 2, 2 .< >
32. cos u
v 11
34. Work u
w 3 4 2 5
u v 1429
arccos 141129
56.9
i
36. u v 3
2 j
2
4
k
1 10i 11j 8k
3
i
vu 2
3 j
4
2
Thus, u v v u.
k
3 10i 11j 8k
1
i
38. u v w 3, 2, 1 1, 2, 1 3
j
2
2
k
1 4i 4j 4k
1

1
i j k
uv 3 2 1 10i 11j 8k
4 3

2
i j k
uw 3 2 1 6i 7j 4k
1 2 2
u v u w 4i 4j 4k u v w
1 1 5
40. Area triangle v w 22 12 (See Exercise 35)
2 2 2

2
42. V u
v w 0
1
2
0 1

0
1 25 10
2
44. Direction numbers: 1, 1, 1
(a) x 1 t, y 2 t, z 3 t
(b) x 1 y 2 z 3
46. u v
2
3
i j
5
1
k

1 21i 11j 13k
4
48. P 3, 4, 2, Q 3, 4, 1, R 1, 1, 2
\ \
PQ 0, 8, 1, PR 4, 5, 4

\
i \
j k
(a) x 21t, y 1 11t, z 4 13t n PQ PR 0 8 1 27i 4j 32k
4 5 4
x y1 z4
(b)
21 11 13 27x 3 4 y 4 32z 2 0
27x 4y 32z 33
50. The normal vectors to the planes are the same, 52. Q5, 1, 3 point
n 5, 3, 1. u 1, 2, 1 direction vector
Choose a point in the first plane, P 0, 0, 2. Choose a P 1, 3, 5 point on line
point in the second plane, Q 0, 0, 3. \
PQ 6, 2, 2

\
PQ 0, 0, 5
i j k

\
PQ
n PQ u 6 2 2 2, 8, 14
\
5 5 35
D 1 2 1
n 35 35 7
\
PQ u 264
D 211
u 6
54. y z 2 56. y cos z 58. 16x 2 16y 2 9z 2 0

Since the x-coordinate is missing, Since the x-coordinate is missing, Cone
we have a cylindrical surface with we have a cylindrical surface with xy-trace: point 0,0, 0
rulings parallel to the x-axis. The rulings parallel to the x-axis. The
generating curve is a parabola in generating curve is y cos z. xz-trace: z ±
4x
the yz-coordinate plane. z
3
4y
z
4 yz-trace: z ±
3
2
1 z 4, x 2 y 2 9
2 z
3 4 y
x −2 4
2 2 y
x
−3 −3
2 3 y
x 3
x2 y2 z2
60. 1 z 62. Let y r x 2x and revolve the curve about
25 4 100 12
the x-axis.
Hyperboloid of one sheet
−5
x2 y2
xy-trace: 1
25 4 x 5
y
x2 z2
xz-trace: 1
25 100
y2 z2
yz-trace: 1
4 100
43, 34, 3 2 3
, rectangular

64.
43
34
3 33
23, 2 , 3 2 3
, cylindrical

2 2
(a) r , arctan3 , z ,
2 3 2
43
34
3 2 3
30

30

2 2 2 3 3
(b) , , arccos , , , arccos , spherical
2 3 10 2 3 10

Vectors and The Geometry of Space

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Vectors and The Geometry of Space

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C H A P T E R 1 0

Vectors and the Geometry of Space

Section 10.1 Vectors in the Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474

Section 10.2 Space Coordinates and Vectors in Space . . . . . . . . . . 479

Section 10.3 The Dot Product of Two Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483

Section 10.4 The Cross Product of Two Vectors in Space . . . . . . . . 487

Section 10.5 Lines and Planes in Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491

Section 10.6 Surfaces in Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496

Section 10.7 Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . 499

Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503

Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507

2. (a) v 3 3, 2 4 0, 6 4. (a) v 1 2, 3 1 3, 2

6. u 1 4, 8 0 5, 8 8. u 11 4, 4 1 15, 3

18. (a) 4v 4, 20 1

20. Twice as long as given vector u. 22. y

24. (a) 3u 3 3, 8 2, 3

28. v 5u 3w 52, 1 31, 2 7, 11 30. u1 3 4

32. v 144 25 13 34. v 100 9 109 36. v 1 1 2

42. u 0, 1, v 3, 3 44. u 2, 4, v 5, 5

 uu vv  1  uu vv  1

54. v cos 3.5i sin 3.5j 56. u 4i

58. u 5 cos0.5 i 5 sin0.5 j 60. See page 718:

v 5 cos0.5 i 5 sin0.5 j (u1, u2)

62. See Theorem 10.1, page 719.

For Exercises 64–68, au bw ai 2j bi j a bi 2a bj.

64. v 3j. Therefore, a b 0, 2a b 3. Solving 66. v 3i 3j. Therefore, a b 3, 2a b 3. Solving

68. v i 7j. Therefore, a b 1, 2a b 7.

70. y x3, y 3x2 12 at x 2. 72. f x tan x

74. u 23 i 2j 76. magnitude

78. F1 2, F1 10

82. F1 F2 F3 400cos30i sin30j 280cos45i sin45j 350cos135i sin135j

84. F1 20, 0, F2 10cos , sin 

v v cos 110i sin 110j

u 23 v sin 110 100.

And u cos 60 v cos 110 0 or

u 12 v cos 110 0

Then, u 12 65.27 cos 110 0 gives

94. u cos2  sin2 1,

98. The set is a circle of radius 5, centered at the origin.

100. True 102. False 104. True

Section 10.2 Space Coordinates and Vectors in Space

6. A2, 3, 1 8. x 7, y 2, z 1: 10. x 0, y 3, z 2: 0, 3, 2

34. The y-coordinate is changed by 3 units: 36.

38. Center: 4, 1, 1 40. Center: 3, 2, 4

44. 4x2  4y2  4z2  4x  32y  8z  33 0

48. (a) v 4  0 i  0  5 j  3  1k 50. (a) v 2  2 i  3  3 j  4  0k

(a) and (c).

58. q1, q2, q3  0, 2, 2  1,  3, 2 

60. (a) v 2, 2, 1 (b) 2v 4, 4, 2

v  1, 1, 12   5, 5, 52

62. z u  v  2w 1, 2, 3  2, 2, 1  8, 0, 8 7, 0, 4

66. 2u  v  w  3z 21, 2, 3  2, 2, 1  4, 0, 4  3z1, z2, z3  0, 0, 0

PQ 1, 3, 2 AB 8, 2, 5

PR 2, 6, 4 DC 8, 2, 5

Since AB DC and AD BC , the given points form the

78. v 1  0  9 10 80. v 4, 3, 7 82. v 1, 3, 2

84. u 6, 0, 8 86. u 8, 0, 0

88. (a) u  v 4, 7.5, 2 90. c u c, 2c, 3c

100. x0 is directed distance to yz-plane. 102. x x02   y y02  z z02 r 2

x x1   y y1  z z1 4

x x12   y y12  z z12 16 sphere

Section 10.3 The Dot Product of Two Vectors

6. u 2i  j 2k, v i 3j  2k 8. u 3240, 1450, 2235

6. u 1 4, 8 0 5, 8 8. u 11 4, 4 1 15, 3

32. v 144 25 13 34. v 100 9 109 36. v 1 1 2

42. u 0, 1, v 3, 3 44. u 2, 4, v 5, 5

uu vv 1 uu vv 1

54. v cos 3.5i sin 3.5j 56. u 4i

58. u 5 cos0.5 i 5 sin0.5 j 60. See page 718:

v 5 cos0.5 i 5 sin0.5 j (u1, u2)

For Exercises 64–68, au bw ai 2j bi j a bi 2a bj.

70. y x3, y 3x2 12 at x 2. 72. f x tan x

74. u 23 i 2j 76. magnitude

78. F1 2, F1 10

82. F1 F2 F3 400cos30i sin30j 280cos45i sin45j 350cos135i sin135j

84. F1 20, 0, F2 10cos , sin

v v cos 110i sin 110j

u 23 v sin 110 100.

And u cos 60 v cos 110 0 or

u 12 v cos 110 0

Then, u 12 65.27 cos 110 0 gives

94. u cos2 sin2 1,

6. A2, 3, 1 8. x 7, y 2, z 1: 10. x 0, y 3, z 2: 0, 3, 2

38. Center: 4, 1, 1 40. Center: 3, 2, 4

44. 4x2 4y2 4z2 4x 32y 8z 33 0

48. (a) v 4 0 i 0 5 j 3 1k 50. (a) v 2 2 i 3 3 j 4 0k

58. q1, q2, q3 0, 2, 2 1, 3, 2

60. (a) v 2, 2, 1 (b) 2v 4, 4, 2

v 1, 1, 12 5, 5, 52

62. z u v 2w 1, 2, 3 2, 2, 1 8, 0, 8 7, 0, 4

66. 2u v w 3z 21, 2, 3 2, 2, 1 4, 0, 4 3z1, z2, z3 0, 0, 0

PQ 1, 3, 2 AB 8, 2, 5

PR 2, 6, 4 DC 8, 2, 5

78. v 1 0 9 10 80. v 4, 3, 7 82. v 1, 3, 2

84. u 6, 0, 8 86. u 8, 0, 0

88. (a) u v 4, 7.5, 2 90. c u c, 2c, 3c

100. x0 is directed distance to yz-plane. 102. x x02 y y02 z z02 r 2

x x1 y y1 z z1 4

x x12 y y12 z z12 16 sphere

6. u 2i j 2k, v i 3j 2k 8. u 3240, 1450, 2235

18. u 2i 3j k, v i 2j k 20. u 2, 18 , v 32, 61

26. u cos , sin , 1 , 28. u 5, 3, 1 u 35

30. u a, b, c , u a2 b2 c 2

32. u 4, 3, 5 u 50 52 34. u 2, 6, 1 u 41

44. w2 u w1 8, 2, 0 6, 3, 3 2, 1, 3

46. u 2, 3 , v 3, 2 48. u 1, 0, 4 , v 3, 0, 2

(a) w1 uv vv 0v 0, 0

64. u 8i 3j. Want u v 0. 66. u 0, 3, 6 . Want u v 0.

68. OA 10, 5, 20 , v 0, 0, 1 70. F 25cos 20i sin 20j

72. PQ 4, 2, 10 74. True

12. u 1, 1, 2, v 0, 1, 0 14. u 10, 0, 6, v 7, 0, 0

3522 , 3222 , 31322

26. (a) u v 18, 12, 48 28. u i j k

30. u 2, 1, 0

AB 4, 8, 2, AC 1, 3, 3, CD 4, 8, 2, BD 1, 3, 3

AB AC 4 8 2 18, 14, 20.

Area AB AC 920 2230

AB 2, 4, 2, AC 3, 5, 4 AB 3, 1, 0, AC 1, 2, 0

38. F 2000cos 30 j sin 30 k 10003 j 1000k z

(b) AB F 0 54 1 The vectors are orthogonal.

(e) The zero is 141.34, the angle making AB parallel

AB F 250 sin 200 cos 400

2510 sin 8 cos

25 5 43 298.2.

48. u 1, 1, 0 50. See Theorem 10.8, page 746.

54. False, let u 1, 0, 0, v 1, 0, 0, w 1, 0, 0.

64. u a1, b1, c1 , v a2, b2, c2, w a3, b3, c3

(c) z 0 when t 1. Thus, x 1 and y 2.

8. Point: 3, 5, 4 10. Points: 2, 0, 2, 1, 4, 3

26. 2x 3y 4z 4 28. Point: 1, 0, 3

(a) PQ 2, 0, 1, PR 3, 2, 3 0x 1 0y 0 1z 3 0

52. 3x 6y 2z 6 54. 2x y z 4 56. x 2y 4

58. z 8 60. x 3z 3 62. 2.1x 4.7y z 3 0

64. P1: n 60, 90, 30 or 2, 3, 1 0, 0, 109 on plane

Vector: PQ 1, 0, 0 Vector: PQ 1, 2, 1

12. z 4 y 2 14. y 2 z 2 4 16. z ey

24. z x2 4y2 26. 3z y 2 x 2 28. x2 2y 2 2z 2

30. 9x2 y2 9z2 54x 4y 54z 4 0 z

32. z x2 0.5y 2 34. z 2 4y x 2 36. x2 y 2 ez

62. If x, y, z is on the surface, then

2. 4, 2 , 2, cylindrical 4.

24. z r 2 cos2 26. 1, 1, 1, rectangular

28. 2, 2, 42 , rectangular 30. 4, 0, 0, rectangular