CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study

A school uniform is a uniform wear by students primarily for a school or

otherwise education institution. They are common in primary and secondary

schools in various countries. Although often use interchangeably, there is an

important distinction between dress codes and school uniforms: According to

scholars such as Nathan Joseph, clothing can only be consider a uniform when it

“serves as a group emblem, certifies institutions legitimacy by revealing

individuals relative positions and suppresses individuality.”

Mandatory uniform policies are being consider largely for urban school

districts, and hence are being force on a predominantly minority and poor student

population (Thomas, 1994, p.42)

Many students feel the school uniform policy have little impact on the social

dramatic of the school and students find ways to express individuality by making

alterations to the school uniform (Dacosta, 2006, p.43).

Some parents and students interview in a research about the social aspects

of school uniforms say that uniforms be a violation of their right and freedom.

“Liked adults, children’s freedom to choose or to act are also circumscribed by

the community massively so by schools, with their high density, constant

supervision and evaluation, lack of privacy and the obligatory nature of their

activities." (Bodine, 2003 , p. 44 )

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 The researchers observe that some of student does not wear their respective

school uniforms .Even if it is requires by the school to wear each of individual's

school uniforms when they are inside the school but few of students are not

following, though many of them are wearing the dress code for those who have

no uniforms yet.

For this reason, the researchers realize the need to conduct a study on the

fundamental reason of some students who don't wear the school uniform. So that

it would be implement in the school and prohibit for not wearing uniform in order

to resolve.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the fundamental reason of some student

reason for not wearing the school uniforms especially that there is a considerable

number of students in Hinunangan National High School who did not wear school

uniform despite the fact that these students already had their uniforms. On the

other hand, it sought to understand the other factors influenced some students

on not wearing the school uniforms.

Scope and Limitation

This studied would be conducted in the 2nd semester of the school year

2018 -2019 in Hinunangan National High School. The respondents are Grade 11

ICT student. This research focused on the fundamental reason of some students

who did not wear their school uniforms.

2
Significance of the Study

This research would be beneficial to the following group of people:

Student. As respondents of the study, they will be able to understand the

importance of wearing school uniforms as a way of showing respect and

discipline.

Teacher. As a teacher his/her role is to guide the students and improve them for

wearing school uniform properly.

Principal. The ability to manage and has higher position in he/she would be able

to come up with solutions along with his/her subordinate on implementing the

rules and resolutions of wearing school uniforms.

Parents. Through this research, parent shall be aware of the importance of

wearing school uniforms for their children. They would be able to regulate and

motivate their children on wearing the school uniform.

DepEd. They are the one responsible for ensuring access to, promoting equity

in, and improving the quality of basic education. They have the ability to manage

and govern the basic education.

Community. A feeling of fellowship with others, as a result of of sharing common

attitudes, interest and goals. They would be able help the student to improve and

advising them wearing school uniform.

Researcher. As a researcher their task is to obtain and fulfill their study well.

They can make change in the society like improving their work of studying, it

3
would be able help student to understand as responsible one.

Definition of Terms

This study employed conceptual and operational definition of the following

terms:

Uniform. Dress of a distinctive design or fashion worn by members of a

particular group and serving as means of identification.

Dress Codes. Formally or social imposed standards of dress.

Perception. Awareness of the elements of environment through physical

sensation.

Mandatory. Required by a law or rule.

Legitimacy. Is the right and acceptant of an authority, usually governing law.

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 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents the related literature, related studies, theoretical and

conceptual framework of the study was reviewed in order to gain more insights in

relation to the different variables identified as well as the conduct of the study.

Related Literature

A safe discipline learning environment is the first requirement of a good

school. Young people who are safe and secure, who learn basic American values

and the essentials of good citizenships, are better students" (U.S. Department of

Education, 1996 p.1). Safety is an essential component of any learning

environment. Function in any social setting is extremely difficult without feeling a

level of comfort. Erikson's (1968) person-in-environment perspective describes

schools as one of the most important aspects of an individual's social

development. Apart from home and one's family, the school setting is one of the

most prominent environments in an individual's social development. Not only is

the social development largely affect but it is the during these formative years

that educational development is faster. It is the job of each institution of education

to provide a safe and healthy environment for their students. Lopez (2003)

suggest that dysfunctional schools, among other things, " can hinder the social

and emotional development of children as they strive to solidify positive self-

concepts of who they are and where they fit into the environment" (p.37). Create

safer and healthier school environments is pivotal for both the social and

5
educational development of students. One possible way of improving the safety

of schools is through the institution of mandatory school uniforms. The U.S.

Department of Education States in its manual on school uniforms that “uniforms

by themselves cannot solve all of the problems of school discipline, but they can

be one positive contributing factor to discipline and safe “(p.3).

One of the first public school districts to adopt a school uniform policy be

Long Beach, California in 1994. The effects resulting from this policy cause a

dramatic shift in federal policy concerning school uniforms in public schools. The

Long Beach Unified School District publishes results were extremely positive,

gain notoriety, and influences a push towards implementation of mandatory

school uniforms in public schools nationwide. "In his 1996 state of the Address,

Bill Clinton challenge schools 'to teach character education, to teach good values

and good citizenship. And if that means that teenagers will stop killing each other

over designer jackets, then our public schools should be able to require their

students to wear school uniforms " ( Bodine, 2008, p.36). A few weeks after the

state of the Union Address, the President order the Department of Education to

distribute manuals detailing school uniform implementation to the nation's 15,000

school uniforms in the United States primarily exist in Catholic and parochial

institutions. The idea of implementing school uniform mandates into public

schools have become a controversial and widely address issue in education ever

since the push for uniforms began to gain momentum as a result of federal

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encouragement. To fully grasp the purpose of implementing uniform dress in

schools, the reasons for and against uniform dress code must be explore in

today's society, but also throughout their history. The attitudes and perceptions of

school uniforms must also be examine including that held by students who may

or may not be directly affect by the implementation of a school uniform.

Related Studies

There are many arguments both for and against the implementation of

uniforms in educational settings. Understanding the initial reasons and ideas

behind the purpose for mandatory school uniforms is critical when examining

their existence in education. Hesapcioglu and Meseci Giorgetti (2009) note that

although there has been extensive research into the functions of school uniforms,

” studies which focus on the origins of school uniforms are neglect” (p.1740).

Examining the history of uniforms in educational settings teaches us about what

they originally represent, why they were create and why they were originally use

in school settings. The initial motivation to haves students dress in a uniform

manner in school reflects the ideals of both the institution that introduce them and

the society as a whole at the time.

Hesapcioglu and Meseci Giogetti (2009) describe the common design of

early uniforms reflecting religious tradition and religious habit. According to their

research, education was control by secular clergy in eleventh century France.

Rae (1990) identifies Christs Hospital in England in the sixteenth century as what

7
as probably the first use of a uniform in an educational setting. Rae describes the

first school uniforms as a “monastic cassock” (p. ix). Davidson (1990) explains

the uniforms as a way to instill discipline and obedience in the students. They

expect to behave in a similar manner as the monks they resemble. This was the

first example of the usefulness of school uniforms. Uniform dress codes sought

to instill consistent student behavior in the schools where they were institute.

They were also use to signify the class of the students who wear them. “These

early uniforms at Christs Hospital were design to emphasize the lower status of

the children who wear them-the charity children” (Brunsma, 2004, p.5). Brunsma

continued, “ This interesting fact, that uniforms were actually use to distinguish

the lower class from everyone else in British society, is important for our

understanding of the contemporary reality of school uniforms discourse in

American society” (2004,p.5). Hesapcioglu and Meseci Giorgetti (2009) discuss

the French Revolution, and its influence on the school uniform. During this

period, the school uniform took on a “military character” (p.1743). The purpose of

these uniforms was to instill obedience and incorporate a sense of nationalism.

Uniforms began as a tool to influence student behavior and provide and identity

to those who wear them. A historical review of school uniform policies reveals the

original intentions of their use in educational settings. The uniform represents the

beliefs and morals that were stress in the schools at the time. Structure and the

level of audience were instill through the use of a uniform dress code. Uniforms

8
were also use to create a sense of community within the student population and

potentially the nation in some instances. In addition, school uniforms were

originally design to identify students as members of a specific class as Brunsma

(2004) indicated. This was an effective method of portraying the students as

members of one distinct class. Essentially, this creates a level of equality among

the students who participate in these early uniforms. The original purposes of the

institution of school uniforms are still cite as a reason for their use today. The

debate for and against school uniforms has excite as long as they have been

implement. Through this exploration of the history of school uniforms, we can

better understand how uniforms can be use, and why, if at all, they should be.

Theoretical and Conceptual Framework of the Study

The result of the study indicates that there is a significant difference in

responses between the two groups. Students who have participated in school

uniform policies indicated a more positive attitude towards the usefulness of

school uniforms in education. Subjects who had no experience with school

uniforms showed a less positive attitude towards school uniforms policies. The

results of the study suggest that participation in a school uniforms policy could

positively influence ones perception of uniform policy usefulness. The research

comparing these two populations is limited as discussed in the literature review.

One study that revealed a similar was Murrays (1997) study of two South

Carolina schools. Murrays study revealed that the students attending a school

9
where uniforms were mandatory perceived their school climate as more positive

than the students attending a different school with no uniform policy. While for

Dacosta (2006) study examines the attitudes of students who were recently

subjected to a newly imposed school uniform policy. These students were

overwhelmingly opposed to the new uniform policy. These results conflict with the

findings of the current study, but the immediacy of the student’s reaction to the

newly imposed uniform policy may be a result.

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 Factors that effect on the students
for not wearing school uniforms

Generated Theory of students

for not wearing school uniforms.

Theory Implication/
Recommendation

Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of the Study

CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY

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Research Design

This study employed the Narrative study. It is occurs over extended periods

of time and compiles information as it happened. Like a narrative story, it takes

subjects at a starting point and reviews situations. This study would be sought

information how the students do not wore their school uniform during school time

and how would it be obtain.

Locale and Respondent of the Study

This study will be conducted at Hinunangan National High School located in

Bangcas A/B Municipality of Hinunangan Southern Leyte. The respondent of this

study are the students of Senior High school, Grade 11 GAS. The researcher

used non-probability sampling which is convenience, because it choose only

Grade 11 GAS students and also the researcher observes that this following

student will provide more information that they wanted to know.

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 Figure 2. Town Map of Hinunangan Showing the Locale of the Study

Instrument of the Study

13
 To be able to collected data, the researchers used a self-made questionnaire

which will serve as a guide in an interview with the respondents. It contains three

perspective parts of questionnaire. Part I focused on the student’s perception.

Part II focused on individual’s perspective reason. Part III focused on social

perspective.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researcher set an interview schedule to the selected grade 11 -GAS

students for the study of the fundamental reason of some students who do not

wore school uniform using the guide questionnaire. The interview will be

conducted in recess time. The data gathered shall then be used to code the

related similar statement and analyzed the answers.

Data Analysis Technique

This study employed discourse analysis techniques because it focuses on

how the respondents view the school uniform despite that the school campaign

on the wearing of it. In other hand, it considered the opinion of the students and

their freedom of expression on this matter.

CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

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Part I. Students perception

1. Do you wear school uniform in school?

Step 1. Open Coding

 Yes
 No

5 Yes 7 No

Step 2. Axial Coding

 Some students are wearing their school uniform in school.

 The other students are not wearing their school uniform in school.

Step 3. Thematic Coding

Theme: wearing school uniform an effective way to look good and a better

student.

2. In your own opinion, is school uniform necessary for students? Why?

Step 1. Open Coding

 Yes, because wearing school uniform can recognize into other that you

are a student of that particular school.

 Yes, for us to look like a real student.
 Yes, because as a student we consider ourselves as an educated

person, also we need to obey the rules and regulations in school.

 Yes, because it is a sign that the student are respecting their own school.
 No, because uniform is so annoying and some student can't afford with it.

15
 11 Yes 1 No

Step 2. Axial Coding

 Student wearing their school uniform to recognize them as a student and

also where the school they belong.

 Student wearing their school uniform as a show respect, obeying the rules

and regulation in school.

 Some student doesn’t like it and can't afford with it.

Step 3. Thematic Coding

Theme: The student shows their best being responsible one beyond the fact

those others against with it.

3. For this situation, do you agree if school uniform will be mandatory in all

schools both public and private schools? Why?

Step 1. Open Coding

 No, because uniform should not be mandatory, every students have their

right if they will only wear uniform or not.

 No, because not all students can afford with it.
 Yes, because wearing school uniform is must, either both the public or private school it

should be mandatory.

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 3 No 9 Yes

Step 2. Axial Coding

 Some students are disagree of wearing school uniform would be

mandatory and there are also some student who agree with it.

Step 3. Thematic Coding

Theme: Agreeing of this kind of situation is hard to deal with, for the reason

of some students have difficulties to obtain with it.

Part II. Individual’s perspective reason.

1. What is the reason why you wear or not wearing the school uniform?

Step 1. Open Coding

 I'm not comfortable with it; also it makes me feel sweaty.

 To look very presentable and comfortable
 I want to look decent and formal as a student.
 For having a points in every subjects and if there's visitors arrive in the

school.
 I have only one pair of school uniform so that I often wear uniforms.

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I'm not comfortable with To look very For having a points in

it, also it makes me feel presentable and every subjects and if

sweaty. comfortable. there's visitors arrive in

I have only one pair of I want to look decent
the school.
school uniform so that I and formal.

often wear uniforms

Step 2. Axial Coding

 Some student doesn’t like to wear school uniform for this reason of they

are not comfortable with it.

 The other student wears their school uniform to look formal and

presentable as a student.

 Student wears their school uniform to get points in every subject and for

visitors also.
 Some student can't wear with it, the reason of they only have one pair of

school uniform.

Step 3. Thematic Coding

Theme: Every student has their reason of not wearing school uniform or not,

despite of many consequences they face in life.

Part III. Socials Perspective.

1. Do you ever get teased or involved in trouble into other school when you are

wearing your school uniform? If yes, how do you handle with it? And if you say no

18
 1 No 11 Yes

support your answer?

Step 2. Open Coding

 No, I never put in that situation; instead wearing of my school uniform got

me respected into others.

 No, because I'm a good and respected student.
 Yes, at once but I choose to be silent and don't mind them, even if I get

hurt.
 Yes, and I will never be affected because I have nothing done wrong with

it.

Step 2. Axial Coding

 Some students who wear school uniform not get teased or trouble in

neither anyone nor they being respected by other.

 There's a student who got involves in this situation but they choose to be

patience and do nothing to avoid fights against them.

Step 3. Thematic Coding

Theme: Student who got experience to be involving this kind of situation might

be affect their mind for being bothers with it.

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 CHAPTER V
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Conclusion/Theory Generated

Based on the result of the study the reasons of those students who did not

wear their school uniforms said they are not comfortable on wearing it and most

of their reasons, uniforms are much expensive for them so that they could not be

able to afford with it. But despite of many consequences they face it could not

matter for being a student preferences, for them obeying the rules and regulation

in school it is their choice. Though they know what's best for them that can't harm

through their society and especially the school that they know as their second

home.

Theory Implication/Recommendation

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 Theoretically, the student has a big role especially in schools, whatever they

makes activities either inside and outside the school it can be trace back where

they belong. Even though wearing school uniforms are not that difficult to do, it's

self-discipline in each individual.

On the other hand the study implies that a student does not wear school

uniforms are affect towards in their schools because of their situation in life.

Furthermore, the study reveals that the theory of "not wearing school

uniforms" theoretically true even to the students who experience in this situation,

they learn to know things for being not responsible one, but despite of everything

they depend their selves by giving some reasons behind this so that we will be

able to understand them better.

Bibliography

Books
Joseph, Nathan (1986). Uniforms and no uniforms: communication through clothing.

New York: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0313251959

Davidson, A. (1990). Blazers, Badges and boaters: A pictorial history of school uniform.

Great Britain: Scope Books Ltd.

Journal/Unpublished Materials
Bodine, A. (2003). School uniforms, academic achievement, and uses of research. The

Journal of Educational Research, 97(6), 34-37.

Boutelle, M. (2008). Uniforms: Are they a good fit? Education Digest,73 (6), 34-37
Dacosta, K. (2006). Dress code blues: An exploration of urban students' reactions to a

public high school uniform policy. The Journal of Negro Education. 75 (1). 49-59.
Lopez, R.A. (2003, Fall). The Long Beach Unified School District uniform initiative: A

21
prevention-intervention strategy for Urban School. Journal of Negro Education, 72 (4)

396-405.
Murray, R.K. (1997, December ). The impact of school climate. NAASP Bulletin, 81

(1593), 106-112.
Hesapcioglu,M., & Meseci Giorgetti, F. (2009). The origin of black smock and white

collar, Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 9 (4). 1739-1750.

Online Source
U.S. Department of Education. (1996). Manual on school uniforms. Updates on

legislation, budget and activities. Retrieved october, 21, 2011, from

http://www.ed.gov/updates/uniforms.html.
Brunsma, L.P. (2004), K.A. (1998). Effects of student uniforms on attendance, behavior

problems, substance use, and academic achievement. The Journal of Education.

Lanham, MD: Rowman & little field Publishing Group.

Erckson, E. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: Norton.

Appendix A
LETTER OF PERMISSION

Department of Education
Division of Southern Leyte
District of Hinunangan
Hinunangan National High School
Bangcas A & B, Hinunangan, Southern Leyte

Sir/Madame:

We, the ICT students of the Grade 11 of Hinunangan National High School,

would like to conduct an interview to the respondents for our research study

entitled, “Fundamental Reasons of Some Students of not Wearing School

Uniform ”, in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Practical Research 1.

22
 In connection with this, we humbly request your permission and consent to

be one of the respondents of this research study. Your cooperation and

understanding will be highly appreciated. Thank you!

Respectfully yours,

KAREN GOZO CATHY MORICA JINKY PAIZ LEAH JANE GALVEZ DANIEL PURO
MEMBER MEMBER MEMBER MEMBER MEMBER

RODERICK IGNACIO PAOLO PILAR

DAISY MAE CULABA SALDY TANGOG
MEMBER MEMBER
MEMBER MEMBER

Noted by:
JOSHUA MARK A. LOPIBA ________________________
MEMBER RESPONDENT

Appendix B

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

Interview Guide Questions:

Part I. Student’s Perception

1. What is the reason why you wear or not wearing the school uniform?

2. In your own opinion, is school uniform necessary for students? Why?

3. For this situation, do you agree if school uniform will be mandatory in all

schools both public and private schools? Why?

Part II. Individual’s Perspective Reason.

1. What is the reason why you wear or not wearing the school uniform?

23
Part III. Social’s Perspective.

1. Do you ever get teased or involved in trouble into other school when you are

wearing your school uniform? If yes, how do you handle with it? And if you say no

support your answer?

24