CHAPTER 3

Introduction to Fluids in Motion

3.1

pathline
streamline
streakline

3.2 Pathlines: Release several at an instant in time and take a time exposure of the
subsequent motions of the bulbs.

Sreakline: Continue to release the devises at a given location and after the last
one is released, take a snapshot of the “line” of bulbs. Repeat this
for several different release locations for additional streaklines.

3.3
streakline
pathline hose
t =0 boy
time t

3.4
y streakline at t = 3 hr
pathline
t = 2 hr

streamlines
t = 2 hr
x

34
 dx dy streamlines
3.5 a) u = = 2t + 2 v= = 2t y t=5s
dt dt
x = t 2 + 2t + c1 y = t 2 + c2 (27, 21)
(35, 25)

= y +2 y
39.8o
∴ x − 2 xy + y = 4 y
2 2
∴parabola. x

b) x = t 2 + 2t + c 1 . ∴ c 1 = −8 , and c 2 = −4.
= y + 4 + 2( ± y + 4 ) − 8
∴ x 2 − 2xy + y 2 + 8 x − 12 y = 0. ∴parabola.

v v v
V = uiˆ + vjˆ + wkˆ  (V × dr ) z = udy − vdx
3.6 v 
dr = dxiˆ + dy ˆj + d z kˆ  using iˆ × jˆ = kˆ , ˆj × iˆ = −kˆ.

3.7 Lagrangian: Several college students would be hired to ride bikes around the
various roads, making notes of quantities of interest.

Eulerian: Several college students would be positioned at each intersection

and quantities would be recorded as a function of time.

3.8 a) At t = 2 and (0 ,0,0 ) V = 2 2 = 2 m / s .

At t = 2 and (1, −2 ,0) V = 3 2 + 2 2 = 3.606 m / s.
b) At t = 2 and (0 ,0, 0) V = 0.
At t = 2 and ( 1,−2 ,0 ) V = ( −2) 2 + ( −8 ) 2 = 8.246 m / s.
c) At t = 2 and (0 ,0,0 ) V = (−4 ) 2 = 4 m / s.
At t = 2 and (1, −2 ,0) V = 2 2 + ( −4 ) 2 + ( −4) 2 = 6 m / s.

3.9 (D) ( −51.4 × 10−5 ˆj )

A simultaneous solution yields n x = 4/5 and n y = 3/5. (They must
both have the same sign.
v
3.10 a) cos α = V ⋅ i$ / V = (1 + 2)/ 3 2 + 2 2 = 0.832. ∴ α = 33.69o
3
v 3n x + 2n y = 0  ny = − nx
V ⋅ n$ = 0. (3 $i + 2 $j ) ⋅ ( n x i$ + n y $j ) = 0.  ∴
2
n x2 + n y2 = 1  9 2
n x + nx = 1
2

4
2 3 1
∴nx = , ny = − or n$ = ( 2i$ − 3 $j ).
13 13 13

35
 v
b) cos α = V ⋅ i$ / V = −2 / ( −2) 2 + ( −8) 2 = −0.2425. ∴ α = 104 o
v −2 n x − 8 n y = 0 n x = −4n y
V ⋅ n$ = 0. (−2i$ − 8 $j ) ⋅ (n x $i + n y $j ) = 0.  ∴
n x + ny = 1 
2 2
16n 2y + n y2 = 1
1 4 1
∴ ny = , nx = − or n$ = ( −4i$ + $j ).
17 17 17

v
c) cos α = V ⋅ i$ / V = 5 / 5 2 + ( −8) 2 = 0.6202. ∴ α = −51.67 o
8
v 5n x − 8n y = 0 nx = ny
V ⋅ n$ = 0. ( 5$i − 8 $j ) ⋅ ( n x i$ + n y $j ) = 0.  ∴ 64
5
n 2x + n y2 = 1 
n y + n 2y = 1
2

25
5 8 1
∴ny = , nx = or n$ = ( 8$i + 5 $j ).
89 89 89

[(x + 2)i$ + xtj$] × (dxi$ + dyj$) = 0.

v v
3.11 a) V × dr = 0.
xdx
∴ ( x + 2) dy − xtdx = 0 or t = dy .
x+2
= dy . t [ x − 2ln x + 2 ] = y + C.
xdx
Integrate: t ∫
x +2 ∫
2(1 − 2ln 3) = −2 + C. ∴ C = 0.8028.
t [ x − 2ln x + 2 ] = y + 0.8028

[ xyi$ − 2 y $j ] × (dxi$ + dyj$) = 0.

v v
b) V × dr = 0. 2

2dx dy
∴ xydy + 2 y 2 dx = 0 or =− .
x y
Integrate: 2 lnx = −ln ( y / C). 2ln(1) = − ln( −2 / C).
∴ C = −2. lnx 2 = − ln( y / −2). ∴ x 2 y = −2.

[(x ]
v v
c) V × dr = 0. 2
+ 4)i$ − y 2 tj$ × ( dxi$ + dyj$ ) = 0.
tdx dy
( x 2 + 4) dy + y 2 tdx = 0 or =− 2.
x +4
2
y
t x  1 2 1  1
Integrate:  tan −1 + C = .  tan −1 + C = − .
2 2  y 2 2  2
 x 
∴ C = −0.9636. yt  tan −1 − 0.9636 = 2
 2 

36
 v v v v
v ∂V ∂V ∂V ∂V
3.12 (C) a= +u +v +w = 2 xy (2 yiˆ) − y 2 (2 xiˆ − 2 yjˆ ) = −16iˆ − 8iˆ + 16 jˆ.
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
∴ a = 82 + 162 = 17.89 m/s

v v v v v
DV ∂V ∂V ∂V ∂V
3.13 a) =u +v +w + =0.
Dt ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
v v v v
∂V ∂V ∂V ∂V
b) u +v +w + = 2x ( 2i$ ) + 2 y ( 2 $j ) = 4 xi$ + 4 yj$ = 8i$ − 4 $j
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
v v v v
∂V ∂V ∂V ∂V
c) u +v +w + = x 2t ( 2xti$ + 2 ytj$) + 2 xyt( 2 xtj$ + 2ztk$ ) + x 2 i$ + 2 xyj
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
+2 yzk = 68i$ − 100 $j − 54 k$
v v v v
∂V ∂V ∂V ∂V
d) u +v +w + = x( $i − 2 yzj$) − 2 xyz( −2 xzj$ ) + tz( −2 xyj$ + tk$ ) + zk$
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
= xi$ − (2 yz − 4 x 2 yz 2 + 2 xyzt ) $j + ( zt 2 + z) k$
= 2i$ − 114 $j + 15 k$
v 1  ∂w ∂v  $ 1  ∂u ∂w  $ 1  ∂v ∂u  $
3.14 Ω=  − i +  −  j +  −  k.
2  ∂y ∂z  2  ∂z ∂x  2  ∂x ∂y 
v 1 ∂u $
a) Ω = − k = 20 yk$ = −20 k$
2 ∂y
v 1 1 1
b) Ω = ( 0 − 0)i$ + (0 − 0) j$ + ( 0 − 0) k$ = 0
2 2 2
v 1 1 1
c) Ω = ( 2 zt − 0)i$ + ( 0 − 0) $j + ( 2 yt − 0) k$ = 6i$ − 2 k$
2 2 2
v 1 1 1
d) Ω = ( 0 + 2 xy )$i + (0 − 0) $j + ( −2 yz − 0)k$ = −2i$ + 3k$
2 2 2
v v
3.15 The vorticity ω = 2Ω. Using the results of Problem 3.7:
v v v v
a) ω = −40i$ b) ω = 0 c) ω = 12i$ − 4k$ d) ω = −4 i$ + 6k$

∂u ∂v ∂w
3.16 a) ε xx = = 0, ε yy = = 0, ε zz = = 0.
∂x ∂y ∂z
1  ∂u ∂v  1  ∂u ∂w 
ε xy =  +  = −20 y = 20, ε xz =  +  = 0,
2  ∂y ∂x  2  ∂z ∂x 
 0 20 0 
1  ∂v ∂w 
ε yz =  +  = 0. ∴ rate - of strain = 20 0 0 
2  ∂z ∂y 
 0 0 0 

37
 2 0 0
ε xx = 2, ε yy = 2, ε zz = 0.
b) rate-of strain = 0 2 0
ε xy = 0, ε xz = 0, ε yz = 0.
0 0 0

c) ε xx = 2xt = 8 , ε yy = 2 xt = 8, ε zz = 2 yt = −4.
1 1 1
ε xy = ( 2 yt ) = −2, ε xz = ( 0) = 0, ε yz = ( 2 zt ) = 6.
2 2 2
 8 −2 0 
rate-of strain = −2 8 6 
 0 6 −4 
d) ε xx = 1, ε yy = −2xz = −12, ε zz = t = 2.
1 1 1
ε xy = ( −2 yz ) = 3 , ε xz = (0) = 0, ε yz = ( −2xy ) = 2.
2 2 2
1 3 0
rate-of strain = 3 −12 2
0 2 2

40 sin θ 
a) ar =  10 − 2  cos θ  3  cos θ −  10 + 2 
40 80 40 
3.17  1 − 2  ( − sin θ )
 r  r   r  r  r 
2

−  10 + 2  sin 2 θ = (10 − 2.5)(−1)1.25( −1) = 9.375 m/s2 .

1 40
r r 
 40   80   40  sin θ  40 
aθ =  10 − 2  cos θ  3  sin θ +  10 + 2   10 + 2  cos θ
 r  r   r  r  r 
1 1600 
−  100 − 4  sin θ cos θ = 0 since sin 180° = 0.
r r 
aφ = 0.

b) ω r = 0, ω θ = 0, ω z =  −10 + 2  sin θ −  10 − 2  ( − sin θ ) = 0.

1 40 1 40
r r  r r 
v v
At (4, 180°) ω =0 since ω = 0 everywhere.

80 sin θ
a) ar =  10 − 3  cos θ  4  cos θ −  10 + 3 
80 240  80 
3.18 ( − sin θ ) 10 − 3 
 r   r   r  r  r 
80 sin 2 θ
2

− 10 + 3  = 8.75( −1)(.9375)(−1) = 8.203 m/s2

 r  r
aθ = 0 since sin 180° = 0. aφ = 0 since v φ = 0.
b) ω r = 0, ω θ = 0, ω φ = 0, since sin 180° = 0.

38
 v v v v
v ∂V ∂V ∂V ∂V ∂ u ˆ v
3.19 a= +u +v +w = i . For steady flow ∂u / ∂t = 0 so that a = 0.
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂ t

3.20 Assume u(r,x) and v(r,x) are not zero. Then, replacing z with x in the appropriate
equations of Table 3.1 and recognizing that v θ = 0 and ∂ / ∂θ = 0:
∂v ∂v ∂u ∂u
ar = v +u ax = v +u
∂r ∂x ∂r ∂x

3.21 a) u = 2(1 − 0)(1 − e − t/ 10 ) = 2 m / s at t = ∞.

∂u  1  − t/ 10
ax =
∂t
= 2(1 − 0)  e
 10 
( )
= 0.2 m / s at t = 0.
2

b) u = 2(1 − 0.5 )(1 − e − t/ 10 ) = 1.875 m / s at t = ∞.

2

2  1 − t / 10 
ax = 2(1 − 0.5 / 2 ) e  = 0.0125 m / s at t = 0.
2 2
 10 
c) u = 2(1 − 2 2 / 2 2 )(1 − e − t/ 10 ) = 0 for all t .
2  1 − t / 10 
ax = 2(1 − 2 / 2 ) e  = 0 for all t .
2
 10 

DT ∂T ∂T ∂T ∂T  π  πt π
3.22 =u +v +w + = 20(1 − y 2 )  −  sin = − × 0.5878
Dt ∂x ∂y ∂ z ∂t  100  100 5
= −0.3693 °C/s.

Dρ ∂ρ ∂ρ ∂ρ ∂ρ −4 kg
3.23 =u +v +w + = 10( −1.23 × 10 −4 e −3000 ×10 ) = −9.11 × 10 −4 3 .
Dt ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t m ⋅s

Dρ ∂ρ ∂ρ ∂ρ ∂ρ
= 10 −
1000  kg
3.24 =u +v +w +  = −2500 .
Dt ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t  4  m3 ⋅s

Dρ ∂ρ
3.25 =u = 4 × (.01) = 0.04 kg/m3 ⋅s
Dt ∂x

∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u 10 ∂
3.26 (D) ax = +u +v +w =u = [10(4 − x )−2 ]
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x (4 − x ) ∂x
2

10 10 1
= 10( −2)(−1)(4 − x) −3 = × 20 × = 6.25 m/s 2 .
(4 − x) 2 4 8
D v v ∂ v
3.27 = V ⋅∇ + observing that the dot product of two vectors A = A x i$ + A y $j + A z k$
Dt ∂t
v v v
and B = Bx i + B y $j + Bz k$ is A ⋅ B = AxB x + AyB y + Az Bz .
$

39
 ∂u v v 
ax = + V ⋅ ∇u 
∂t v
∂v v v  v ∂V v v v
3.28 ay = + V ⋅ ∇v  ∴ a = + ( V ⋅ ∇ )V
∂t  ∂t
∂w v v 
az = + V ⋅ ∇w
∂t 

3.29 Using Eq. 3.2.12:

v
v v d 2 sv v v v v v dΩ v
a) A = a + 2 + 2Ω × V + Ω × (Ω × r ) + ×r
dt dt
= 2( 20 k$ × 4i$ ) + 20 k$ × ( 20 k$ × 1.5$i ) = 160 $j − 600i$ m 2 / s
v v v v v v
b) A = 2Ω × V + Ω × (Ω × r ) = 2( 20k$ × −20 cos 30 o $j ) + 20 k$ × ( 20 k$ × 3i$ ) = −507 $i
v 2π
3.30 Ω= k$ = 7 .272 × 10 −5 k$ rad/s.
24 × 60 × 60
v
v = 5( −.707 i$ −.707 k$ ) = −3.535i$ − 3.535k$ m/s.
v v v v v v
A = 2Ω × V + Ω × ( Ω × r )
= 2 × 7 .272 × 10 −5 k$ × (−3.535i$ − 3.535 k$ ) + 7.272 × 10 −5 k$ ×
[ 7.272 × 10 −5 k$ × 6 × 10 6 (−.707i$ +.707 k$ )] = −51.4 × 10 −5 $j + 0.0224 $i m / s 2 .
Note: We have neglected the acceleration of the earth relative to the sun since it is quite small
v
( −51.4 × 10−5 ˆj ) is the Coriolis acceleration and causes air
2 2
(it is d s / dt ). The component
motions to move c.w. or c.c.w. in the two hemispheres.

3.31 a) two-dimensional (r, z) b) two-dimensional (x, y)

c) two-dimensional (r, z) d) two-dimensional (r, z)
e) three-dimensional (x, y, z) f) three-dimensional (x, y, z)
g) two-dimensional (r, z) h) one-dimensional (r)

3.32 Steady: a, c, e, f, h Unsteady: b, d, g

3.33 b. It is an unsteady plane flow.

3.34 a) d) e)

3.35 f, h

40
3.36 a) inviscid. b) inviscid. c) inviscid.
d) viscous inside the boundary layer.
e) viscous inside the boundary layers and separated regions.
f) viscous. g) viscous. h) viscous.

3.37 d and e. Each flow possesses a stagnation point.

3.38

3.39 (C) The only velocity component is u(x). We have neglected v(x) since it is
quite small. If v(x) in not negligible, the flow would be two-dimensional.

3.40 Re = V L / ν = 2 × .015/.77 × 10-6 = 39 000. ∴Turbulent.

VL
3.41 Re = = .2 × .8/1.4 × 10-5 = 11 400. ∴Turbulent.
ν

VL 4 ×.06
3.42 Re = = = 14 100. ∴Turbulent.
ν 1.7 × 10 −5
Note: We used the smallest dimension to be safe!

VD 1.2 × 0.01
3.43 a) Re = = = 795. Always laminar.
ν 1.51 × 10 −5

VD 1.2 × 1
b) Re = = = 79 500. May not be laminar.
ν 1.51 × 10 −5

VxT
3.44 Re = 3 × 105 = . ν = µ/ ρ where µ = µ(T ).
ν
a) T = 223 K or −50°C. ∴ µ = 1.5 × 10 − 5 N ⋅ s / m 2 .
1.5 × 10 −5
∴ν = = 2.5 × 10 − 5 m 2 /s.
.3376 × 1.23
900 × 1000 x T
3 × 10 5 = . ∴xT = 0.03 m or 3 cm
3600 × 2.5 × 10 −5
3.3 × 10 −7
b) T = −48°F. ∴µ = 3.3 × 10−7 lb-sec/ft2 . ν = = 3.7 × 10 −4 ft2 /sec.
.00089
600 × 5280x T
3 × 10 5 = . ∴xT = 0.13' or 1.5"
3600 × 3.7 × 10 −4

41
3.45 Assume the flow is parallel to the leaf. Then 3 × 105 = Vx T / ν .
∴ x T = 3 × 10 5 ν / V = 3.5 × 10 5 × 1.4 × 10 −4 / 6 = 8.17 m .
The flow is expected to be laminar.

V 100
3.46 a) M = = = 0.325. For accurate calculations the flow is
c 1.4 × 287 × 236
compressible. Assume incompressible flow if an error of 4%, or so, is
acceptable.
V 80
b) M = = = 0.235. ∴Assume incompressible.
c 1.4 × 287 × 288
V 100
c) M = = = 0.258. ∴Assume incompressible.
c 1.4 × 287 × 373
Dρ ∂ρ ∂ρ ∂ρ ∂ρ
3.47 =u +v +w + = 0. For a steady, plane flow
Dt ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
∂ρ / ∂t = 0 and w = 0. Then
∂ρ ∂ρ
u +v = 0.
∂x ∂y

Dρ ∂ρ ∂ρ ∂ρ ∂ρ
3.48 =u +v +w + = 0. ∴incompressible.
Dt ∂x ∂y ∂ z ∂t

V2 p γ h 9810 × 0.800
3.49 (B) = = water = . ∴V = 113 m/s.
2 ρ ρair 1.23

V2 p
3.50 = . Use ρ = 0.0021 slug/ft3 .
2 ρ
a) v = 2p / ρ = 2×.3 × 144/ .0021 = 203 ft/sec.
b) v = 2p / ρ = 2×.9 × 144/ .0021 = 351 ft/sec.
c) v = 2p / ρ = 2×.09 × 144/ .0021 = 111 ft/sec.

120 × 1000 
2

= 1.23
V2
3.51 p= ρ  / 2 = 683 Pa.
2  3600 
∴F = pA = 683 π × 0.0752 = 12.1 N.

V2 p −2 p 2 × 2000
3.52 + = 0. ∴V = = = 57.0 m/s
2 ρ ρ 1.23

42
 V12 p V22 V12
3.53 (C) + = . + 0.200 = 0.600. ∴V = 2 × 9.81 × 0.400 = 2.80 m/s.
2g γ 2g 2g

3.54 (B) The manometer reading h implies:

V12 p1 V22 p2 2
+ = + or V22 = (60 −10.2). ∴V2 = 9.39 m/s The
2 ρ 2 ρ 1.13
temperature (the viscosity of the water) and the diameter of the pipe are
not needed.

V 2 p V02 p (−10 x )2 p po
3.55 a) + = + o. + = . ∴ p = po − 50 x 2 ρ
2 ρ 2 ρ 2 ρ ρ
V 2 p V02 p (10 y ) 2 p po
b) + = + o. + = . ∴ p = po − 50 y 2 ρ
2 ρ 2 ρ 2 ρ ρ
V 2 p U ∞2 p
3.56 + = + ∞ .
2 ρ 2 ρ
a) v θ = 0 and θ = 180 o : v r = U ∞ (1 − rc2 / r 2 )( −1).
ρ 2 ρ 2  rc2  rc  
4

( )
∴ p = U ∞ − v r = U ∞  2 2 −   .
2
 r  
2 2  r
ρ 2
b) Let r = rc : pT = U∞
2
ρ ρ
c) v r = 0 and r = rc : v θ = −U ∞ 2 sin θ . ∴ p =
2
( ) [
U 2∞ − v θ2 = U ∞2 1 − 4 sin 2 θ
2
]
3
d) Let θ = 90 o : p 90 = − ρU ∞2
2

V 2 p U ∞2 p
3.57 + = + ∞ .
2 ρ 2 ρ
ρ 2 ρ 2   rc   rc  
3 6

( )
a) v θ = 0 and θ = 180 : p = U ∞ − v r = U ∞ 2  −   .
o 2

2 2   r   r  
1
b) Let r = rc : pT = ρU ∞2 .
2
ρ ρ
c) v r = 0 and r = rc : p =
2
( ) [
U 2∞ − v θ2 = U ∞2 1 − 4 sin 2 θ
2
]
3
d) Let θ = 90 o : p 90 = − ρU ∞2
2

43
 V 2 p U ∞2 p
3.58 + = + ∞ .
2 ρ 2 ρ
ρ 2 ρ 2  20π     1 
2 2
a) p = ( 2
)
U ∞ − u = 10 −  10 +

  = 50 ρ 1 −  1 +  
2π x  
2 2   x 
2 1 
= − 50ρ  + 2 
x x 
b) u = 0 when x = −1. p− 1 = −50 ρ( −2 + 1) = 50 ρ

ρ 2  60π     1 2 
2
c) p =
ρ 2
( 2
)
U ∞ − u = 30 −  30 +


2π x  
2 1
 = 450 ρ 1 −  1 +   = −450 ρ + 2 
x x 
2 2    x  
d) u = 0 when x = −1. p− 1 = −450 ρ ( − 2 + 1) = 450 ρ

V12 p 1 V 22 p2
3.59 + = + . V1 = 0 and p1 − p 2 = 20 kPa.
2 ρ 2 ρ

V22 = ( p1 − p 2 ) =
2 2
( 20 000) = 40. ∴ V 2 = 6.32 m / s
ρ 1000

3.60 Assume the velocity in the plenum is zero. Then

V12 p1 V22 p2 2
+ = + or V22 = (60 −10.2). ∴V2 = 9.39 m/s
2 ρ 2 ρ 1.13
We found ρ = 113
. kg / m 3 in Table B.2.

V2
3.61 Bernoulli from the stream to the pitot probe: pT = ρ + p.
2
Manometer: pT + γ H − γ Hg H − γ h = p − γ h.
V2 γ Hg − γ
Then, ρ + p + γ H − γ Hg H = p . ∴V 2 = (2 H )
2 ρ
(13.6 − 1)9800
a) V 2 = ( 2 × 0.04). ∴ V = 3.14 m / s
1000
(13.6 − 1)9800
b) V 2 = ( 2 × 0.1). ∴ V = 4.97 m / s
1000
(13.6 − 1)62.4
c) V 2 = ( 2 × 2 / 12). ∴ V = 11.62 fps
1.94
(13.6 − 1)62. 4
d) V 2 = (2 × 4 / 12 ). ∴ V = 16.44 fps
1.94

44
3.62 The pressure at 90° from Problem 3.56 is p90 = −3ρU ∞2 /2. The pressure at the
stagnation point is pT = ρU∞2 /2. The manometer provides: pT − γH = p 90
1 3
× 1.204U ∞2 − 9800 × 0.04 = − × 1.204U ∞2 . ∴ U ∞ = 12.76 m/s
2 2
3.63 The pressure at 90° from Problem 3.57 is p90 = −3ρU ∞2 /2. The pressure at the
stagnation point is pT = ρU∞2 /2. The manometer provides: pT − γH = p 90
1 3
× 1.204U ∞2 − 9800 × 0.04 = − × 1.204U ∞2 . ∴ U ∞ = 12.76 m/s
2 2

3.64 Assume an incompressible flow with point 1 outside in the room where p1 = 0
and v 1 = 0. The Bernoulli’s equation gives, with p2 = γ w h2 ,
V12 p1 V22 p2
+ = + .
2 ρ 2 ρ
V 22 −9800 × 0.02
a) 0 = + . ∴ V 2 = 18.04 m / s
2 1.204
V 2 −9800 × 0.08
b) 0 = 2 + . ∴ V 2 = 36.1 m / s
2 1.204
V 22 −62.4 × 1 / 12
c) 0 = + . ∴ V 2 = 66.8 fps
2 0.00233
V 2 −62.4 × 4 / 12
d) 0 = 2 + . ∴ V 2 = 133.6 fps
2 0.00233

3.65 Assume incompressible flow (V < 100 m/s) with point 1 outside the wind tunnel
where p1 = 0 and V 1 = 0. Bernoulli’s equation gives
V 22 p2 1
0= + . ∴ p2 = − ρV 2
2 ρ 2 2
p 90 1
a) ρ = = = 1.239 kg / m 3 . ∴ p2 = − × 1.239 × 100 2 = −6195 Pa
RT 0.287 × 253 2
p 95 1
b) ρ = = = 1.212 kg / m 3 . ∴ p 2 = − × 1.212 × 100 2 = −6060 Pa
RT 0.287 × 273 2
p 92 1
c) ρ = = = 1.094 kg / m 3 . ∴ p2 = − × 1.094 × 100 2 = −5470 Pa
RT 0.287 × 293 2
p 100 1
d) ρ = = = 1.113 kg / m 3 . ∴ p2 = − × 1113
. × 100 2 = −5566 Pa
RT 0.287 × 313 2

V12 p V2 p 800000 V22

3.66 (A) + 1 = 2 + 2. = . ∴V2 = 40 m/s.
2g γ 2g γ 9810 2 × 9.81

45
3.67 a) p A = γh = 9800 × 4 = 39 200 Pa, V A = 0. Using hA = h2 ,
VA2 p V2 p V22
+ A + hA = 2 + 2 + h2 . p2 = p A − γ
2g γ 2g γ 2g
14 2
= 39 200 − × 9800 = −58 700 Pa
2 × 9.81

b) p B = 0 and VB = 0. Bernoulli’s eq. gives, with the datum through the pipe,
 14 2 
2 2
VB pB V2 p2
+ + hB = + + h2 . p2 =  4 −  9800 = −58 700 Pa
2g γ 2g γ  2 × 9.81

V22 p V2 p
3.68 Bernoulli: + 2 = 1 + 1
2g γ 2g γ
V22
Manometer: p1 + γ z + γ Hg H − γ H − γ z = γ + p2
2g
Substitute Bernoulli’s into the manometer equation:
V12
( )
p1 + γ Hg − γ H =
2g
γ + p1.

V12 × 9800
a) Use H = 0.01 m: = (13.6 − 1)9800 × 0.01 ∴ V1 = 1.572 m / s
2 × 9.81
Substitute into Bernoulli:
V 22 − V12 20 2 − 1.572 2
p1 = γ = × 9800 = 198 600 Pa
2g 2 × 9.81
V12 × 9800
b) Use H = 0.05 m: = (13.6 − 1)9800 × 0.05 ∴ V1 = 3.516 m / s
2 × 9.81
Substitute into Bernoulli:
V 22 − V12 20 2 − 3.516 2
p1 = γ = × 9800 = 193 600 Pa
2g 2 × 9.81
V12 × 9800
c) Use H = 0.1 m: = (13.6 − 1) 9800 × 0.1 ∴ V1 = 4.972 m / s
2 × 9.81
Substitute into Bernoulli:
V 22 − V12 20 2 − 4.972 2
p1 = γ = × 9800 = 187 400 Pa
2g 2 × 9.81

46
 V12 p V2 p
3.69 Bernoulli across nozzle: + 1 = 2 + 2. ∴ V2 = 2 p1 / ρ
2 ρ 2 ρ

V12 p V2 p
Bernoulli to max. height: + 1 + h1 = 2 + 2 + h2 . ∴ h2 = p1 / γ .
2g γ 2g γ

a) V 2 = 2 p 1 / ρ = 2 × 700 000 / 1000 = 37.42 m / s

h2 = p1 / γ = 700 000 / 9800 = 71.4 m

b) V 2 = 2 p 1 / ρ = 2 × 1 400 000 / 1000 = 52.92 m / s

h2 = p1 / γ = 1 400 000 / 9800 = 142.9 m

c) V 2 = 2 p 1 / ρ = 2 × 100 × 144 / 1.94 = 121.8 fps

h2 = p1 / γ = 100 × 144 / 62.4 = 231 ft

d) V 2 = 2 p1 / ρ = 2 × 200 × 144 / 1.94 = 172.3 fps

h2 = p1 / γ = 200 × 144 / 62.4 = 462 ft

3.70 a) Apply Bernoulli’s eq. from the surface to a point on top of the downstream
flow:
V12 p V2 p
+ 1 + h1 = 2 + 2 + h2 . ∴V 2 = 2g ( H − h)
2g γ 2g γ

b) Apply Bernoulli’s eq. from a point near the bottom upstream to a point on the
bottom of the downstream flow:
V12 p V2 p
+ 1 + h1 = 2 + 2 + h2 .
2g γ 2g γ
Using p1 = γH , p 2 = γh and h1 = h2 , V 2 = 2 g( H − h)

V12 p V2 p
3.71 + 1 = 2 + 2. p2 = −100 000 Pa, the lowest possible pressure.
2 ρ 2 ρ
600 000 V 22 100 000
a) = − . ∴ V2 = 37.4 m/s.
1000 2 1000

300 000 V 22 100 000

b) = − . ∴ V2 = 28.3 m/s.
1000 2 1000

47
 80 × 144 V 22 14.7 × 144
c) = − . ∴ V2 = 118.6 ft/sec.
1.94 2 1.94

40 × 144 V22 14.7 × 144

d) = − . ∴ V2 = 90.1 ft/sec.
1.94 2 1.94

3.72 A water system must never have a negative pressure, since a leak could ingest
impurities. ∴ The least pressure is zero gage.
V12 p 1 V2 p
+ + gz 1 = 2 + 2 + gz 2 . V1 = V 2 . Let z 1 = 0, and p2 = 0.
2 ρ 2 ρ
500 000
= 9.81 z 2 . ∴ z2 = 51.0 m.
1000

ρ
3.73 a) p1 =
2
(V 2
2
)
− V12 =
1000 2
2
( )
2 − 10 2 = −48 000 Pa

b) p1 =
ρ
2
(V22 − V12 ) =
902 2
2
(
2 − 10 2 = −43300 Pa)
c) p1 =
ρ
2
(V22 − V12 ) =
680 2
2
(
2 − 10 2 = −32600 Pa)
d) p1 =
ρ
2
(V22 − V12 ) =
1.23 2
2
(
2 − 102 = −59.0 Pa )

3.74
V12 p 1 V 22 p 2
2
+
ρ
=
2
+ .
ρ
p1 =
ρ 2
2
(
V2 − V12 =
1.23 2
2
) (
2 − 82 = −36.9 Pa )

3.75 (D) p1 =
ρ 2
2
(
V2 − V12 =
902
2
) (
30 2 − 152 = 304400 Pa )
3.76 Apply Bernoulli’s equation between the exit (point 2) where the radius is R and
a point 1 in between the exit and the center of the tube at a radius r less than R:
V12 p 1 V 22 p 2 V 2 − V 12
+ = + . ∴ p1 = ρ 2 .
2 ρ 2 ρ 2
Since V2 < V1 , we see that p1 is negative (a vacuum) so that the envelope would
tend to rise due to the negative pressure over most of its area (except for a small
area near the end of the tube).

VD
3.77 Re = . For air ν ≅ 1.5 × 10 −5 . Use reasonable dimensions from your
ν
experience!

48
 20 × 0.03
a) Re = = 4 × 10 4 . ∴Separate
1.5 × 10 −5
20 × 0.005
b) Re = = 6700. ∴Separate
1.5 × 10 −5
20 × 2
c) Re = −5
= 2.7 × 10 6 . ∴Separate
1.5 × 10
5 × 0.002
d) Re = = 670. ∴Separate
1.5 × 10 −5
20 × 2
e) Re = = 2.7 × 10 6 . ∴Separate
1.5 × 10 −5
100 × 3
f) Re = = 2 × 10 7 .
1.5 × 10 −5
∴It will tend to separate, except streamlining the components
eliminates separation.

3.78 A burr downstream of the opening will create a region that

acts similar to a stagnation region thereby creating a high
pressure since the velocity will be relatively low in that region.
stagnation
region

V2 10 2 B VB
3.79 ∆p = ρ ∆n = 1000 × 0.02 = 40 000 Pa Along AB, we
R 0.05
expect VA > 10 m / s and VB < 10 m /s.
A

VA

3.80 The higher pressure at B will force the fluid toward the lower
pressure at A, especially in the wall region of slow moving
fluid, thereby causing a secondary flow normal to the pipe’s
axis. This results in a relatively high loss for an elbow.

V12 p1 V 22 p2
3.81 Refer to Bernoulli’s equation: + = +
2 ρ 2 ρ
p A > pB since VA < VB

pC < pD since VC > V D

pB > p D since VD > V B

49