Briquettes of rice husk, polyethylene

terephthalate (PET), and dried leaves as

implementation of wastes recycling
Cite as: AIP Conference Proceedings 1854, 020013 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4985404
Published Online: 26 June 2017

Sucipto Hariyanto, Mohammad Nurdianfajar Usman, and Nita Citrasari

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AIP Conference Proceedings 1854, 020013 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4985404 1854, 020013

© 2017 Author(s).
 Briquettes of Rice Husk, Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET),
and Dried Leaves as Implementation of Wastes Recycling
Sucipto Hariyanto1, a), Mohammad Nurdian fajar Usman1, b), Nita Citrasari1, c)
1
Ilmu dan Teknologi Lingkungan, Departemen Biologi, Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi, Universitas Airlangga,
Indonesia
a)
suciptohariyanto@yahoo.com
b)
bimausman8@gmail.com
c)
tata_its@yahoo.com

Abstract. This research aim is to determine the best briquettes as implementation of wastes recycle based on scoring
method, main component composition, compressive strength, caloric value, water content, vollatile content, and ash
content, also the suitability with SNI 01-6235-2000. Main component that used are rice husk, 2mm and 6 mm PET, and
dried leaves. Composition variation in this research are marked as K1, K2, K3, K4, and K5 with 2 mm PET plastic and
K1, K2, K3, K4, and K5 with 6 mm PET plastic. The total weight of the briquettes is 100 g and divided into 90% main
components and 10% tapioca as binder. The compressive strength, caloric value, water content, vollatile content, and ash
content were tested according to ASTM D 5865-04, ASTM D 3173-03, ASTM D 3175-02, ASTM D 3174-02. The tested
results were used to determine the best briquette by scoring method, and the chosen briquettes is K2 with 6 mm PET
plastic. The composition is 70% rice husk, 20% 6 mm PET plastic, and 10% dried leaves with the compressive strength,
caloric value, water content, vollatile content, and ash content value is 51,55 kg/cm2; 5123 kal/g; 3,049%; 31,823%, dan
12,869%. The suitable value that meet the criteria according to SNI 01-6235-2000 is compressive strength, caloric value,
water content, and ash content.

Keywords: Briquettes, dried leaves, PET, rice husk, wastes recycle.

INTRODUCTIONS
Year 2008 the use of renewable energy reach 19,9% in the world. The most renewable energy used in developing
country is firewood as fuel for cooking and warmers. This firewood also known as biomass along with rice husk,
bagasse, straws, and dried leaves. The amount of these kind of biomass is huge in Indonesia and not optimally used
as renewable energy. Those big amount of biomass in Indonesia can be potentially used as renewable energy
resources to replace the fuel, especially to substitute the use of fossils fuel that usually used and become the recycle
technology in Indonesia (Patabang, 2012).
Biomass known as energy resources with low emition gas of Sox and Nox. Biomass technically can not be used
directly because the high water content in biomass and the calorific value per unit volume is low than a fossils fuel.
One of the kind recycle technology that can be used as renewable energy is briquetting with organic and anorganic
wastes as the materials (Simanjutak, 2005). The purpose of briquetting is to raise the quality of those materials as
fuel, to make easier handling, packaging, transporting, and reduce the loss of materials in ash forms while
transporting.
Briquette is a solidified fuel that can be used as alternative energy resources in a certain shape (Purnama et al.,
2012). Briquetting process or densification also known as a method to enhance the charactheristics from the biomass
wastes. The factors that determines the briquette characteristics is the density of the materials, the particles size,
carbonization temperature, and the pressure force when printing the briquette (Sinurat, 2011).

Proceeding of International Biology Conference 2016

AIP Conf. Proc. 1854, 020013-1–020013-7; doi: 10.1063/1.4985404
Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-1528-7/$30.00

020013-1
 Plastic wastes such as plastic botles can be used as the mixing materials for briquetting. Biomass briquette with
low calorific value can be increased by adding the mixing material composition with plastic. Plastics also have
calorific value and with addition of the plastics can increase the calorific value of the briquette. The potentially
pollutants in plastics can be reduced when it mixed with the biomass in briquette (Syafiq, 2009). The purpose of this
research is to determine the best characteristics mixed composition of briquettes that chosen by scoring method
according to Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) 01-6235-2000.

RESEARCH METHOD
This research will be done from materials collecting, briquetting process, briquettes quality test, and determining
the best briquettes by scoring method. Material collecting starts from rice husk from Benjeng, Gresik District and
dried leaves collected from the Faculty of Science and Technology, Airlangga University, Surabaya. Plastic that
used in this research were PET plastics that collected from one og the wastes bank in Surabaya.
The materials needed for this research were 5 kg rice husk wastes, 500 g plastic wastes which is Polyethilene
Terephthalate (PET), 5 kg dried leaves wastes, 80 g tapioca, and 1 L water. The tools that used for collecting
materials were gloves, masks, trash bags, and tweezers for wastes collection. Tools for briquetting process were
analitic balance, carbonation drum, infrared termometer, 40-60 mesh filters, shredder machine, scissor, 1 unit stove,
1 unit stirrer, 1 unit pot, 1 unit stopwatch, briquette printer with 5x5x7 cm size, and 1 unit oven. Bomb calorimeter,
furnace, oven, desicator, porcelain cup, and analitical balance were used for quality testing in laboratory.
The first step in making the briquette is started with materials combustion for rice husks and dried leaves using
the carbonation drum. The materials were putted in the drum for ¾ of the drum height, and then put the drum on the
stove and then cover the top of the drum with a wet sack for preventing the smoke came out from combustion
process, and then ignite the stove with 400oC temperature. The combustion process done for proximate 8 hours. For
the plastics were shredded by the machine continued shredded manually by scissor to reach the size 2 mm and 6 mm
shredded plastics.
The next step is material mixing. First, strain the coal ash from the combustion with 40-60 mesh and then the
mixing can be done. The total weight of mixing composition is 100 g and divided into 90 g materials and 10 g
tapioca as glue. The composition that used in this research in weight percentage of rice husk: PET: dried leaves
consecutively were composition 1 = K1, 80:10:10 %, composition 2 = K2, 70:20:10 %, composition = K3, 70:15:15
%, composition 4 = K4, 65:25:20 %, composition 5 = K5, 60:20:20 %. When the mizing is done, the final step for
briquetting process is printing the mixed materials with cube briquette printer with size 5 cm length, 5 cm wide, and
7 cm height, and then dry the printed briquettes in the oven for 24 hours with 105 oC temperatures.
The finished briquettes then tested for its characteristics to determine the quality of the briquettes. The
characteristics test done in this research were compressive strength, water content according to ASTM D 3173-03,
volatile content according to ASTM D 3175-02, ash content according to ASTM D 3174-02, and the calorific value
according to ASTM D 5865-04. And the last step is to determine the best briquette based on the result of the test
done before according to SNI 01-6235-2000.
The best briquette that chosen in this research were determined by using the scoring method based on the tests
result of the briquette characteristics. The briquette with highest score from the scoring method is decided as the best
briquette among all the samples in this research.

RESULTS

Briquettes Characteristics
Compressive strength and water content Value

Compressive strength and water content value of the briquettes can be seen in Fig. 1.

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A = Cacahan plastik 2 mm A = Cacahan plastik 2 mm
B = Cacahan plastik 6 mm B = Cacahan plastik 6 mm
(a) (b)
FIGURE 1. (a) Compressive strength, (b) Water Content

SNI 01-6235-2000 stated that the minimum requirement of compressive strength that briquette must have is 50
kg/cm2. Fig. 1 (a) shown the briquettes that were not found the minimum requirement of compressive strength value
is briquettes K3 and K5 for 2 mm shredded plastics. The 6 mm shredded plastics have K1, K3, and K5 that were not
found the minimum requirement for compressive strength value according to SNI 01-6235-2000.
The briquettes that below the minimum requirement for compressive strength value according to SNI 01-6235-
2000 caused by the materials content in the briquettes, which is the shredded plastics where the plastics is affecting
the briquette’s density. With plastics amount increased in a composition the compressive strength value is decreased
because un-similarity of the size and shape of the materials especially the plastics and causing the density decreased.
The low density can cause the compressive strength value decreased and affecting the quality of the briquettes
(Siregar, 2015).
The briquettes with 2 mm shredded plastics only have 2 of 5 samples that were not reach the minimum
requirement for compressive strength, while in 6 mm shredded plastics have 3 of 5 samples that were not reach the
minimu requirement for compressive strength according to SNI 01-6235-2000. These is caused by the size of the 6
mm is bigger than the 2 mm and causing the density of the 6 mm shredded plastic briquettes is lower than the 2 mm
shredded plastic briquettes and thus affecting the compressive strength value (Saragih, 2007).
Figure 1 (b) shown that according to SNI 01-6235-2000, every briquettes in this research both with the 2 mm and
6 mm shredded plastics did not passed the maximum water content value of 8%, which mean those briquettes have
meet the criteria for a good briquettes based on water content value according to SNI 01-6235-2000.
This is caused by the treatments acquired by every briquettes were done equally, especially in the amount of the
water added for the glue was same and the amount of the glue added to the total weight was same because the
amount of the glue added in briquettes can affect the water content value. The same treatment also aplicated to the
briquettes when the drying process in the oven at 105 oC and causing the water content evaporate (Jahiding et al.,
2011).

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 Volatile Content and Ash Content Value

Volatile content and ash content value of the briquettes can be seen at Fig. 2.

A = Cacahan plastik 2 mm A = Cacahan plastik 2 mm

B = Cacahan plastik 6 mm B = Cacahan plastik 6 mm
(a) (b)
FIGURE 2. (a) Volatile content, (b) Ash content

The maximum volatile content produced by a briquette is 15% according to SNI 01-6235-2000. As shown in Fig.
2 (a) all of the samples that tested in this research passed the maximum value for volatile content. Thus, every
sample from both 2 mm and 6 mm shredded plastics in this research did not meet the criteria for good briquettes
based on volatile content test because the volatile content is above 15%.
This is caused by the shredded plastics that contain in the briquettes have a higher volatile content compared
with the volatile content in biomass that already through a process of carbonation (Listiyanawati et. Al., 2008). The
high value of volatile content in this research can be decreased by doing the carbonation process with a higher
temperature of combustion around 500-600oC. In this research only used 400oC combustion temperature for
carbonation process. Increasing the temperature higher can increase the amount of carbon produced in each
carbonation, when the carbon content gets higher caused by the high temperature, the volatile content will be
reduced (Satmoko et al., 2013).
SNI 01-6235-2000 stated that the maximum value of ash content produced by a briquette is 8%. Figure 2 (b)
shown that the average ash content of the briquettes in this research does not meet the criteria for a good briquettes
based on ash content test according to SNI 01-6235-2000.
The high ash content produced by briquettes in this research is caused by original charactheristics of the
materials composed in briquettes, especially the rice husk. Rice husk contain many silicas, and silicas can cause the
ash content gets higher as it burnt (Lestari and Tjahjani, 2015). The ash content of 6 mm shredded plastics also
higher than the ash content from 2 mm shredded plastics, because the size of the particle when its get bigger the
density decreased. When the density is high, there will be many fixed carbon produced and makes the ash content
and also the water content decreased. The ash content can be reduced by the same method as decreasing the volatile
content. It is done by increasing the combustion temperature to 500-600oC. When the carbon content gets higher
caused by the high temperature, the ash content and volatile content will be reduced (Satmoko et al., 2013).

Kadar Kalor Briket Arang

Kadar kalor briket tiap komposisi dapat dilihat pada GAMBAR 3.

A = Cacahan plastik 2 mm
B = Cacahan plastik 6 mm

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 FIGURE 3. Calorific value of the briquettes
According to SNI 01-6235-2000 the minimum calorific value that must be produced by a briquette is 5000 kal/g.
As shown from Fig. 3, the briquettes that were not meet the minimum amount must be produced by a briquette is
briquette K1, K3, and K5 for 2 mm shredded plastics. the briquettes that were not meet the minimum amount must
be produced by a briquette is briquette K3, and K5 for 6 mm shredded plastics.
The briquettes with low calorofic value and does not meet the minimum value for calorific value caused by the
high value of the ash and volatile content that the briquettes have. With the high value of ash and volatile content in
the briquettes affecting the quality of the briquettes because the fixed carbon that produced when burnt is low and
makes the calorific value gets lower (Asip et al., 2014).
The high calorific value of the briquettes which shown at Fig. 3 the briquette K2 in both 2 mm and 6 mm
shredded plastics caused by the value of the water content were in small amount that makes the calorific value
higher. The low water content also means that when the briquettes burnt, the heat does not need a lot of calorific
energy to burn the water content. Thus, when the water content is high, the calorific value of the briquettes is used to
burn the water content and makes the calorofic value of the briquettes decreased (Asip et. Al., 2014)

Penentuan Komposisi Briket Arang Terbaik

The best composition briquette is determined based on the characteristics of the briquettes have, which is
compressive strength, calorific value, ash content, volatile content, and water content. The scoring of each sample of
briquette are shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1. Total scoring for each sample of the briquettes

Kuat Nilai Kadar
Komposisi Kadar Kadar Jumlah
Tekan Kalor Volatil
(Perlakuan) Air (20) Abu (10) (100)
(30) (30) (10)
K1 30 25 12 1 4 72
K2 30 30 14 1 2 77
A K3 25 25 14 1 3 68
K4 30 30 12 1 1 74
K5 25 25 14 1 4 69
K1 25 30 14 1 2 72
K2 30 30 14 1 5 80
B K3 25 25 12 1 4 67
K4 30 30 14 1 4 79
K5 25 25 14 1 3 68
Keterangan: A = 2 mm shredded plastics K1 = 80:10:10 %
B = 6 mm shredded plastics K2 = 70:20:10 %
Mixed composition of rice husk : K3 = 70:15:15 %
PET : dried leaves in weight K4 = 65:15:20 %
percentage K5 = 60:20:20 %

As shown at Table 1 the composition that have highest score based on scoring method is K2 with 6 mm shredded
plastics. The composition of the chosen briquette is 70% rice husk, 20% 6 mm shredded PET, and 10% dried leaves
with the total score is 80. The maximum score both for calorific value and compressive strength were added to the
score because the calorofic value and compressive strength meet the minimum value must be produce by a good
briquette, which compressive strength is 50 kg/cm2 and calorific value is ≥ 5000 kal/g according to SNI 01-6235-
2000. The scoring continued to water content which the best briquette has high score because the low water content
and below the maximum value of water content according to SNI 01-6235-2000. With the ash content also get the
best score among the briquettes in this research and the volatile content which all briquettes were have an amount
above the SNI the total score for 6 mm shredded plastics K2 is chosen as the best briquette.

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 Komposisi Briket Arang Terbaik Berdasarkan Scoring dengan SNI 01-6235-2000
The best briquette K2 with 6 mm shredded plastics chosen based on scoring method according to SNI 01-6235-
2000 can be seen at Table 2.
TABLE 2. The best briquette K2 according to SNI 01-6235-2000
No. Parameter Value Unit SNI Explanation
Compressive
1. 51,55 ± 1,061 kg/cm2 ≥50 Match in both value
strength
2. Calorific value 5123 ± 35,355 kal/g ≥5000 Match in both value
3. Water content 3,049 ± 1,278 % ≤8 Match in both value
Not match in both
4. Volatile content 31,823 ± 3,641 % ≤15
value
Match in minimum
5. Ash conten 12,869 ± 7,846 % ≤8
value

According to Table 2 the best briquette chosen based on scoring method there is a characteristic that does not
match with the standart according to the SNI 01-6235-2000, whihch is volatile content. Briquette K2 has
compressive value, calorific value, ash content, and water content that match the standart according to SNI 01-6235-
2000.

CONCLUSION
The best briquette chosen based on scoring method is K2 with the composition of the chosen briquette is 70%
rice husk, 20% 6 mm shredded PET, and 10% dried leaves with the total score is 80. The best briquette has 51,55
kg/cm2 for compressive strength, 5123 kal/g for calorific value, 12,869% ash content, 3,049% water content,
31,823% volatile content. The best briquette according to SNI 01-6235-2000 have compressive strength, calorific
value, water content, and ash value that match the standart and ony volatile content that the best riquette does not
match the standart according to SNI 01-6235-2000.

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Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke. United States of America.
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